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Characterization of a New Isolate of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Group-IV

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Characterization of a New Isolate of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Group-IV atholog P y & nt a M l i P c r Journal of f o o b Kaur et al., J Plant Pathol Microb 2015, 6:10 l i a o l n o r DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000309 g u y o J Plant Pathology & Microbiology ISSN: 2157-7471 Research Article Open Access Characterization of a new isolate of Bean yellow mosaic virus Group-IV Associated with Mosaic disease of Gladiolus in India Charanjeet Kaur1, Susheel Kumar1, Raj SK1*, Chauhan PS2 and Neeta Sharma3 1Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, U.P, India 2Deparment of Plant Microbe Interaction, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, UP, India 3Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226025, U.P, India Abstract A new isolate of Bean yellow mosaic virus of group-IV associated with leaf mosaic and flower color breaking symptoms of gladiolus has been characterized based on virus transmission, symptomatology, presence of flexuous rod-shaped particles of 720 nm × 11 nm, Western blot-immunoassay using BYMV antiserum and sequence analysis of full length viral genome (accession number: KM114059, CK-GL2 isolate). The CK-GL2 isolate shared 90-96% nucleotide identity with known BYMV isolates and showed close phylogenetic relationships with phylogenetic group IV isolates of BYMV. Recombination analysis showed eight recombination events in the genome of CK-GL2 isolate and suggested that 80% of the genome was recombinant of six different parental phylogenetic groups of BYMV. Keywords: Gladiolus; Mosaic disease; Virus transmission; Particle Materials and Methods morphology; Complete genome; Sequence analysis; Bean yellow mosaic Sample collection and estimation of disease impact virus Two consecutive surveys were conducted in commercially Introduction cultivated fields near Lucknow and experimental plots at CSIR-National Gladiolus (Gladiolus sp., family Iridaceae) is a vegetatively Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India during 2011-2012. Virus propagated ornamental plant of economic value which occupies a like symptoms of severe mosaic on leaves and sepals, and color breaking prominent position in global flower industry [1] and ranks amongst in floral petals were observed in all ten commercially grown gladiolus the top six flowers of export market. Gladiolus ranks second in area and cultivars: Aldebaron, Decisso, Promise, Regency, Shagun, Snow production of cut flowers grown in India [2]. It is being grown in an Princess, Sylvia, Tiger Flame, True Love and Vink’s Glory. Symptomatic as well as asymptomatic leaf samples of gladiolus from each cultivar area of 11,660 ha in the country with an estimated production of 1060 were collected and stored at -80°C until further use. million cut flowers. The total floriculture export of gladiolus from India was 10,165.28 MT of value approximately 138 million rupees in the Ten of the representative symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, year 2012-13 [3]. Gladiolus is prone to viral, fungal, bacterial, pests and from each cultivar, were also uprooted and used for comparison of phytoplasmal diseases which affect its yield and production worldwide, morphological parameters. For estimation of yield losses, parameters causing losses to the floriculture industry [4,5]. These diseases reduce like height of the plant, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves the quantity and quality of gladiolus flowers and in some cases may in each tiller, length of spikes, number of florets per spike, number cause significant plant mortality [6]. of cormels per plant, and fresh weight of mother corms in each plant were measured and mean values of ten plants for each morphological Under natural conditions, various viruses infect gladiolus that parameter were computed in Table S1. include: Arabis mosaic virus (AMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), Cucumber mosaic virus Virus transmission by mechanical (sap) inoculation and by (CMV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Ornithogalum mosaic aphids virus (OrMV), Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV), Tobacco The 1.0 g of symptomatic leaf tissue of gladiolus was macerated in 10 mosaic virus (TMV), Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Tobacco ring spot ml cold potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.8, supplemented with virus (TRSV), Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Among them, BYMV is the most prevalent in gladiolus which causes mosaic symptoms on leaves, color-breaking in flowers *Corresponding author: Raj SK, Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, Council and reduces plant vigor [7]. Limited work has been done in India on of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, UP, India, Tel: +91-522-2297950; Fax: +91-522-2205839; virus symptomatology, particle morphology and serological detection E-mail: [email protected] of BYMV [8]; CMV [9,10]. However, a detailed study on complete Received September 17, 2015; Accepted October 16, 2015; Published October characterization of BYMV isolate has not been done so far in India. 20, 2015 Keeping in view of the high rate of mosaic disease incidence Citation: Kaur C, Kumar S, Raj SK, Chauhan PS, Sharma N (2015) Characterization of a new isolate of Bean yellow mosaic virus Group-IV Associated with Mosaic on gladiolus and deterioration in quality production in gladiolus disease of Gladiolus in India. J Plant Pathol Microb 6: 309. doi:10.4172/2157- grown in India, biological, serological, morphological and molecular 7471.1000309 characterization and identification of BYMV infecting gladiolus has Copyright: © 2015 Kaur C, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under been conducted with a long term goal to develop a disease management the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and strategy in gladiolus. source are credited. J Plant Pathol Microb ISSN: 2157-7471 JPPM, an open access journal Volume 6 • Isue 10 • 1000309 Citation: Kaur C, Kumar S, Raj SK, Chauhan PS, Sharma N (2015) Characterization of a new isolate of Bean yellow mosaic virus Group-IV Associated with Mosaic disease of Gladiolus in India. J Plant Pathol Microb 6: 309. doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000309 Page 2 of 8 0.5% β-merceptoethanol, 0.1% thioglycolic acid, 0.01 M EDTA, 0.1% naturally infected plant leaf (from field) and aphids (reared in insect Na2SO3 and 0.01 M DIECA additives) using a sterile pestle and mortar house) using TRI reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA) following the on ice. The homogenate obtained was inoculated onto carborandum manufacturer’s instructions except that the mixing of pellet was done dusted leaves of various recipient host species. Local and systemic by inverting or tapping of tube to avoid mechanical sheering of RNA. symptoms on host plants were recorded 30 days post inoculation (dpi). The extracted RNA was qualitatively analyzed and used as template For insect transmission, aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) transmission for cDNA synthesis. Reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain studies were conducted as described earlier [8]. All inoculated plants reaction (PCR) were done separately. were kept in insect-proof cages and observed for 30 days for symptom For cDNA synthesis, 2 µg total RNA was denatured for 3 min at 70°C, development, if any. quenched on ice and mixed with 100 pM reverse primer (Table S2). Partial purification of virus and transmission electron cDNA synthesis was carried out using MMuLV reverse transcriptase microscopy (TEM) enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., India) in a 20 μl reaction volume at 42°C for 45 min following the instruction manual. The virus was partially purified from infected gladiolus samples PCR was carried out using reverse and forward primers. For PCR, 5 μl (after single lesion transfer) and formvar backed carbon coated copper of the cDNA mix was added to a 100 μl polymerase reaction mixture grid (400 mesh, Canemco and Marivac Inc., Canada) were floated on 50 containing 200 mM of dNTPs, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 5U Taq polymerase µl of virus preparation for 2 min. The excess buffer was washed with 10 (MBI, Fermentas, Inc., Hanover, MD, USA), 10X PCR buffer, 200 ng of mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) followed by three washes by sterile water. each primer and RNase-free water. PCR was performed in Sure cycler Virus preparations were negatively stained with 2% Uranyl acetate (pH 8800 (Agilent Technologies Products (M) Sdn. Bhd., Penang, Malaysia). 4.6), excess stain was soaked away with a piece of clean filter paper. The Then PCRs were performed with the conditions: initial denaturation at air-dried grids were observed in a TEM at 80,000 x magnification. 94°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec; annealing ° ° ° Cytological inclusion bodies and scrolls, formed due to potyvirus at 50 C, 54 C and 60 C for 30 sec for these primer respectively; and ° ° infection, were also observed in infected gladiolus leaf samples. The elongation at 72 C for 1 min; followed by final elongation at 72 C for leaf was washed with 1X phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.2), fixed in 10 min. 2.5% glutraldehyde solution prepared in sodium cacodylate buffer (pH ° The 5’ untranslated region (UTR), P1 and partial HC-Pro regions 7.2) for 2 h at 4 C. Samples were washed with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate of the potyvirus were amplified by 5’-RACE kit (FirstChoice® RLM- buffer and post fixed in 1% osmium tetraoxide for 2 h. Samples were RACE RNA Ligase Mediated RACE, Ambion, Life Technologies, USA) again washed with sodium cacodylate, dehydrated in acetone series (15 following manufacturer’s instructions. For 5’-RACE, total RNA was to 100%) and embedded in araldite-DDSA mixture (Ladd Research processed with CIP and TAP enzymes; RNA adaptor was then ligated Industries, USA).
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