A Strain of Clover Yellow Vein Virus That Causes Severe Pod Necrosis Disease in Snap Bean

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Strain of Clover Yellow Vein Virus That Causes Severe Pod Necrosis Disease in Snap Bean e-Xtra* A Strain of Clover yellow vein virus that Causes Severe Pod Necrosis Disease in Snap Bean Richard C. Larsen and Phillip N. Miklas, Unites States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350; Kenneth C. Eastwell, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, IAREC, Prosser 99350; and Craig R. Grau, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706 plants in fields were observed showing ABSTRACT extensive external and internal pod necro- Larsen, R. C., Miklas, P. N., Eastwell, K. C., and Grau, C. R. 2008. A strain of Clover yellow sis, a disease termed “chocolate pod” by vein virus that causes severe pod necrosis disease in snap bean. Plant Dis. 92:1026-1032. local growers. The necrosis frequently affected 75 to 100% of the pod surface. Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) outbreaks occurring since 2000 have been associated with severe Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) (family virus epidemics in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the Great Lakes region. Our Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) was sus- objective was to identify specific viruses associated with the disease complex observed in the pected as the causal agent based on pre- region and to survey bean germplasm for sources of resistance to the causal agents. The principle liminary host range response; however, causal agent of the disease complex associated with extensive pod necrosis was identified as Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), designated ClYVV-WI. The virus alone caused severe mo- identity of the pathogen was not immedi- saic, apical necrosis, and stunting. Putative coat protein amino acid sequence from clones of ately confirmed. ClYVV causes mild to amplicons generated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was 98% identical to severe mosaic, leaf malformation and vein ClYVV strain no. 30 identified in Japan that has not been reported to cause pod necrosis. necrosis, stunting of the plant, and apical ClYVV-WI amplicons were 96% identical to a mild strain of ClYVV from Oregon. A distin- necrosis in highly susceptible cultivars guishing feature of this new strain is that it does not react with Potyvirus broad-spectrum mono- (22). Pods often are mottled, twisted, or clonal antibody PTY 1. A survey of common bean lines and cultivars revealed that, in addition to malformed. Symptoms in bean plants in- UI-31 and US1140 with known resistance to ClYVV, lines with the bc-3 gene for resistance to fected with ClYVV can be highly variable Bean common mosaic necrosis virus also were resistant to ClYVV-WI. An evaluation of 63 snap due to the numerous strains of the virus bean cultivars and breeding lines revealed just one, Roma 442, with a moderate level of toler- and their interaction with different bean ance to ClYVV-WI. Introgression of the bc-3 gene and resistances from UI-31 and US1140 into cultivars. Symptoms frequently resemble snap bean may offer a high level of resistance to extensive pod necrosis disease caused by those caused by the closely related Potyvi- ClYVV in the Great Lakes region. rus BYMV, making visual distinction be- tween the two viruses difficult. Genes for resistance to ClYVV have Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a viruses that may constrain production in been reported in the literature. The cyv major crop in the Great Lakes region of the the absence of resistance. The potential gene present in US1140 (23) was trans- United States. The most significant pro- negative effect of viruses on snap bean ferred to ‘Black Knight’ (27), UI-31 pos- duction occurs in Wisconsin, Michigan, production was fully evident in 2000 when sesses two recessive genes (32), and the New York, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. Snap a severe virus outbreak occurred in Wis- desc gene discovered in snap bean cv. bean crops also are produced in the Pacific consin and other neighboring snap bean Jolanda also was present in snap bean Northwest, Georgia, Florida, and Ontario, production states. The most frequently cultivars Imuna and Evolutie (26). The Canada. In 2005, 124,367 ha of snap bean detected viruses included Cucumber mo- latter three cultivars are not currently were harvested with a farm gate value of saic virus (CMV) and many distinct strains grown in the United States. The reactions approximately $400 million (35). Because of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) (8,13). The of these resistant sources against isolates most snap bean pods are produced for outbreaks were directly associated with of ClYVV from the Great Lakes region are fresh market, freezing, or canning, pods high populations of the soybean aphid unknown. To our knowledge, no other harvested with imperfections due to dis- (Aphis glycines) in adjacent soybean fields commercial snap bean cultivars have been ease or mechanical injury are discarded, (9). A high incidence of mixed infections evaluated for resistance or tolerance to effectively reducing the growers’ yield. of CMV and AMV was associated with ClYVV. The objectives of this work were Pods harvested with imperfections that necrotic lesions or line patterns on pods to validate whether ClYVV was responsi- exceed allowable thresholds result in rejec- (8). Other viruses detected included Bean ble for the chocolate pod disease in snap tion by processors of the entire harvest. common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean bean, and to identify sources of resistance Snap bean cultivars in the United States yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Clover yel- to the virus. are susceptible to many important plant low mosaic virus, Tobacco streak virus, and White clover mosaic virus. Although MATERIALS AND METHODS Corresponding author: Richard Larsen BCMV was detected, Bean common mo- Field isolates, host plants, and serol- E-mail: [email protected] saic necrosis virus (BCMNV) never was ogy. Snap bean plants exhibiting leaf mo- detected in any samples evaluated. saic, apical stem necrosis, and pod necrosis * The e-Xtra logo stands for “electronic extra” and Significant virus outbreaks again oc- symptoms were collected from fields in indicates that Figures 1 and 2 appear in color in the curred in 2001 (13) and 2003 to 2005 (R. Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, online edition. Larsen, unpublished) in Iowa, Illinois, and New York during the 2001–05 growing Accepted for publication 14 February 2008. Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, New seasons. Samples were tested routinely by York, Wisconsin, and the province of On- indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent tario, Canada. The same complex of vi- assays (ELISA) (2) for AMV using a poly- doi:10.1094/ PDIS-92-7-1026 ruses resulted in yield losses up to 100%, clonal antiserum produced at the United This article is in the public domain and not copy- especially in fields of late-season process- States Department of Agriculture– rightable. It may be freely reprinted with custom- ary crediting of the source. The American Phyto- ing and fresh-market snap bean crops. Agricultural Research Service (USDA- pathological Society, 2008. During these growing seasons, snap bean ARS) laboratory in Prosser, WA, and for 1026 Plant Disease / Vol. 92 No. 7 CMV using commercially available poly- technology Information GenBank database chloride; 5 mM dithiothreitol; 500 mM clonal antiserum (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). for each virus. Target areas for forward and each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP; and 1 The group-specific ELISA for potyviruses reverse primers were selected from con- µM reverse primer. After the addition of 5 used monoclonal antibody (MAb) PTY 1 served regions in nucleotide sequence µl of total nucleic acid, the final reaction developed by Jordan (10) and commer- alignments of nine different accessions was brought to 20 µl with sterile water. cially available (Agdia, Inc.). Assays were (AB003308, AB011819, AF185959, After 3 min at 70°C followed by cooling to performed according to the manufacturer’s AF203536, AY169801, D86044, D89539, 4°C, 200 units of Moloney murine leuke- protocols. Reactions were evaluated 30 D89540, and S77521) of ClYVV and eight mia virus reverse transcriptase (Promega min and 24 h after the addition of sub- accessions (AB029436, AB029436, Corps., Madison, WI) was added to the strate. Leaf tissue exhibiting mosaic symp- AY178050, AY192568, D28819, D83749, reaction and incubated at 42°C for 1 h. The toms was ground using a mortar and pestle DQ641248, and U47033) of BYMV. The subsequent PCR amplification consisted of in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH forward (F) primers for ClYVV and 25-µl reactions containing 2 µl of first- 7.4, containing10 mM sodium sulfite. The BYMV were located in the NIb region of strand cDNA template; 10 mM Tris, pH extract then was used to inoculate a limited the viral polyprotein. The reverse (R) 8.0; 50 mM potassium chloride; 0.1% selection of diagnostic bean host plants, primer for ClYVV was located at the 3′ Triton X-100; 1.5 mM MgCl2; 150 mM including ‘Hystyle,’ ‘Sutter Pink,’ ‘Black terminus of the coat protein (CP) gene, and each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP; 500 Turtle II,’ and UI-34. Chenopodium quinoa the reverse primer for BYMV was located nM each forward and reverse primer; and 1 Willd. and C. amaranticolor Coste & at the 3′ terminus of the nontranslated unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Reynier were used as local lesion hosts. region. The primer sequences are as fol- Corp.). Thermocycling parameters were When other viruses were suspected based lows: ClYVV-F, 5′-TTGATGACAGCC optimized and a final profile was employed on visual diagnosis or detection by ELISA, AGATG-3′; ClYVV-R, 5′-GAATCGTGC that consisted of a single cycle of 2 min at local lesions were carefully excised from TCCAGCAATG-3′; BYMV-F, 5′-GAT 95°C; followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at C. quinoa as soon as they became visible, GGAGAGGAGCAGGTGCAC-3′; and 94°C, 1 min at 58°C, and 1 min at 72°C; ground as above, and inoculated to C.
Recommended publications
  • Papaya Ringspot Virus (Pry): a Serious Disease of Papaya
    HAWAII COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa COMMODITY FACT SHEET PA-4(A) FRUIT PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS (PRY): A SERIOUS DISEASE OF PAPAYA M. S. Nishina, Extension Agent, mTAHR, Hawaii County W. T. Nishijima, Extension Specialist, Plant Pathology F. Zoo, Curator, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Hilo C. L. Chia, Extension Specialist, Horticulture R. F. L. Mau, Extension Specialist, Entomology D. O. Evans, Researeh Associate, Horticulture INTRODUCTION column. PRY infection will reduce the size of fruits; newer fruits at the top of the column will be Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRV) causes a smaller than normal. deadly disease of papaya that severely reduces production and kills the plants. Stems PRY is found in some areas of Hawaii but not Symptoms include: in others. It is very important to suppress out­ • "Water-soaked" spots and streaks on breaks of PRY where it occurs and to keep it from green stems and leaf petioles (Figure 4). invading new areas. PRY has no chemical cure. Control is by InsectVectors prevention, primarily through sanitation. Sani­ Indicators are: tation includes controlling the aphid vectors of • Aphids feeding on the younger papaya the disease and removing and destroying all plant tissues. plants infected with the disease, including • Aphids in quantity on other crops nearby. papaya plants and alternate host plants. All papaya growers, _including home gar­ Alternate Host Plants deners and commercial growers, need to be on The principal alternate hosts are cucurbits, guard against PRY. Anyone observing suspected such as: PRY symptoms should call the nearest Depart­ • Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Thunb.) ment of Agriculture or Cooperative Extension • Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) Service office.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Diseases of Cucurbits
    report on RPD No. 926 PLANT December 2012 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN VIRAL DISEASES OF CUCURBITS Most common viral diseases of cucurbits in Illinois are cucumber mosaic (Cucumber mosaic virus), papaya ringspot (Papaya ringspot virus), squash mosaic (Squash mosaic virus), watermelon mosaic (Watermelon mosaic virus), and zucchini yellow mosaic (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus). Depends on the time of infection, viral diseases could cause up to 100% yield losses in cucurbit fields in Illinois. Statewide surveys and laboratory and greenhouse tests conducted during 2004-2006 showed that Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) was the most prevalent virus in commercial gourd, pumpkin, and squash fields in Illinois. Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) was the second most prevalent virus in commercial gourd, pumpkin, and squash fields. SqMV was detected in more counties than any other five viruses. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were less prevalent in commercial gourd, pumpkin, and squash fields. All of five viruses were present alone and mixed in the samples tested. Earlier in the growing seasons (July and early August), single-virus infections were detected. Mixed infections were more common from mid August until the end of the growing season in October. Dual infection of WMV and SqMV was the most prevalent mixed virus infection detected in the fields. Most viruses infecting pumpkin and squash showed similar symptoms. The most common symptoms observed in the commercial fields and in the greenhouse studies were light- and dark- green mosaic, puckering, veinbanding, veinclearing, and deformation of leaves of gourd, pumpkin, and squash.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Papaya Ringspot Virus-P
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(2): 434-439 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Epidemiology of Papaya ringspot virus-P (PRSV- JEZS 2019; 7(2): 434-439 © 2019 JEZS P) infecting papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) and Received: 10-01-2019 Accepted: 12-02-2019 influence of weather parameters on population Pushpa RN dynamics of predominant aphid species Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Pushpa RN, Nagaraju N, Sunil Joshi and Jagadish KS Nagaraju N Abstract Professor, Department of Plant Papaya ringspot virus-P (PRSV-P) disease is a most destructive and devastating disease of Papaya Pathology UAS, GKVK, (Carica papaya Linn.). All the growth stages of papaya are vulnerable to PRSV infection. PRSV is style Bangalore, Karnataka, India borne and transmitted by many species of aphid vectors in a non-persistent manner and spreads rapidly in Sunil Joshi the field. Monitoring of transitory aphids using yellow sticky traps in papaya orchard revealed, trapping Pr. Scientist (Entomology) & of eight major aphid species viz., melon or cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), cowpea aphid (Aphis Head Division of Germplasm craccivora), milkweed aphid (Aphis nerii), bamboo aphid (Astegopteryx bambusae), green peach aphid Collection and Characterisation (Myzus persicae), eupatorium aphid (Hyperomyzus carduellinus), cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) ICAR-National Bureau of and banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). The number of efficient vectors decides the epidemiology Agricultural Insect Resources, of PRSV incidence. Hence, a very high incidence of PRSV was observed between 14th and 23rd week Bangalore, Karnataka, India after transplantation which was coincided with increased aphid population.
    [Show full text]
  • Five Multiple-Virus-Resistant Common Bean Breeding Lines
    CULTIVAR & GERMPLASM RELEASES HORTSCIENCE 30(6):1320–1323. 1995. Provvidenti, 1987a). B-21 carries resistance to BCMV, BYMV (Dickson and Natti, 1968), BlCMV, cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus Five Multiple-virus-resistant Common (CABMV) (Provvidenti et al., 1983), TMV (Thompson et al., 1962), and WMV Bean Breeding Lines (Provvidenti, 1974) as governed by the I, By- 2, Bcm, Cam, Tm, and Hsw genes, respectively B. Scully1 (Kyle and Provvidenti, 1993; Provvidenti et Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3200 East al., 1989). B-21 also is resistant to PeMV (unpublished data). In B-21, the I gene confers Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430-8003 resistance to BCMV pathogenicity groups I, R. Provvidenti2 II, IVa, Va, Vb, and VII and high-temperature- sensitive resistance to groups III, IVb, VIa, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, VIb (Drijfhout, 1978). The BCMV reaction NY 14456 profile of GN-1140 is equivalent to the differ- 3 ential GN-123, including tolerance to patho- D. Benscher genicity groups VIa and VIb; resistance to Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 South pathotypes I, II, III, Va, and Vb; and suscepti- West 280 Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314 bility to groups IVa, IVb, and VII as condi- tioned by bc-u and bc-12 (Table 1). When the 4 D.E. Halseth I gene is coupled with these recessive alleles, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, tolerance or resistance is expanded to more NY 14853 BCMV pathotypes, and these genotypes are protected against systemic hypersensitive ne- J.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: the Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus
    Supplementary Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus Kiran R. Gadhave 1,2,*,†, Saurabh Gautam 3,†, David A. Rasmussen 2 and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan 3 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]. † Authors contributed equally. Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: date Abstract: Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid- transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • First Detection of Papaya Ringspot Virus-Type W and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Infecting Cucurbita Maxima in Paraguay
    Journal of Plant Pathology (2020) 102:231 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00367-7 DISEASE NOTE First detection of papaya ringspot virus-type W and zucchini yellow mosaic virus infecting Cucurbita maxima in Paraguay Arnaldo Esquivel-Fariña1 & Viviana Marcela Camelo-García1 & Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende1 & Elliot Watanabe Kitajima1 & Luis Roberto González-Segnana2 Received: 14 April 2019 /Accepted: 11 July 2019 /Published online: 29 July 2019 # Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2019 Keywords Cucurbits . Potyvirus . Diagnose Cucurbits are among the most important crops for the rural fragments of 398-and 1186-bp, respectively. Four amplicons family’s economies of many departments of Paraguay, due to for each virus were sequenced. In BLASTn analysis, PRSV-W the favorable markets at national and international level. In amplicons (MK751456-MK751459) shared 95.65–97.95% July 2018, mosaic, leaf deformation, chlorosis and stunting identity with PRSV-W isolates (DQ104819, AF344642). were observed in plants of Cucurbita maxima var. Zapallito Similarly, ZYMVamplicons (MK751460-MK751463) shared in an experimental area located in the campus of the National 94.78–98.78% identity with ZYMV isolates (AB004641, University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo County, Central AJ420019). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of Department, Paraguay. The incidence of symptomatic plants these potentially damaging viruses of cucurbitaceous crops was around 80% in an area of 2.500 m2. Preliminary trans- in Paraguay. Future investigations are required to determine mission electron microscopic examination of ultra-thin sec- their distribution and economic impact on cucurbit production tions of naturally infected plants revealed the presence of in- in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Lupinus Albus
    ls & vira An ti ti n re A t r f o o v l Barakat and Torky, J Antivir Antiretrovir 2017, 9:2 i r a a Journal of n l r s u DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000159 o J ISSN: 1948-5964 Antivirals & Antiretrovirals Research Article Article Open Access Molecular Detection of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Lupinus albus Plants and its Associated Alterations in Biochemical and Physiological Parameters Ahmed Barakat and Zenab Aly Torky* Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt Abstract Bean yellow mosaic virus is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated Leguminosae plants worldwide causing mosaic, mottling, malformation and distortion in infected cultivar plants. Present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of infection of Lupinus albus (Lupine) with Bean yellow mosaic virus. Virus isolate was identified by detection of the coat protein gene amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and also via Chenopodium Amaranticolor as a diagnostic host plant. Results showed that infection can be induced under greenhouse conditions and infected plants showed a considerable level of mosaic symptoms. As disease development in infected plants is always associated with physiological and chemical changes, some metabolic alterations parameters have been evaluated like photosynthetic pigment contents, total carbohydrate content, total soluble protein, total protein, total free amino acid, proline induction, total phenolics, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid content in healthy and infected lupine plants. Results showed a great variation in all the biochemical categories in Lupinus albus infected with bean yellow mosaic virus as compared to healthy plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification, Biology, and Control of Small-Leaf Spiderwort (Tradescantia Fluminensis): a Widely Introduced Invasive Plant1 Jason C
    SL428 Identification, Biology, and Control of Small-Leaf Spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis): A Widely Introduced Invasive Plant1 Jason C. Seitz and Mark W. Clark2 Introduction which are native tot he state of Florida (http://florida.plan- tatlas.usf.edu/Results.aspx). The placement of T. fluminensis Tradescantia fluminensis (small-leaf spiderwort) is a peren- within the Tradescantia genus was supported by DNA nial subsucculent herb native to tropical and subtropical sequencing analysis by Burns et al. (2011). The specific regions of Brazil and Argentina (Maule et al. 1995). The epithet fluminensis is derived from the Latin fluminis mean- species has been introduced to the southeastern United ing “a river” (Jaeger 1944) in reference to the Rio de Janeiro States as well as California, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. It province of Brazil (da Conceição Vellozo 1825). Synonyms is also introduced to at least 13 other countries, where it of T. fluminensis consist of T. albiflora Kunth, T. decora W. is often considered invasive. The species thrives in moist Bull, T. laekenensis Bailey & Bailey, T. mundula Kunth, and areas, where it forms dense monocultures and reduces T. tenella Kunth (http://theplantlist.org). recruitment of native plants. Tradescantia fluminensis alters the decomposition rate of leaf litter and is capable It belongs to the family Commelinaceae, which comprises of altering the nutrient availability, moisture regime, and about 650 species worldwide (Panigo et al. 2011). The invertebrate community in invaded areas compared to taxonomy suggests that multiple evolutionary origins of non-invaded areas. A good management strategy should invasiveness exist within the family because both invasive include preventative actions and any occurrences of this and non-invasive species are present within multiple plant should be eradicated before it is allowed to spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus Quantification, Flowering, Yield, and Fruit Quality in Tropical Pumpkin
    HORTSCIENCE 56(2):193–203. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15525-20 nonpersistent manner via aphid feeding. Hosts for PRSV include commercial crops of Caricaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Tripathi Virus Quantification, Flowering, Yield, et al., 2008), whereas ZYMV is generally limited to the latter. Olarte-Castillo et al. and Fruit Quality in Tropical Pumpkin (2011) judged PRSV to be the most important virus disease on cucurbits in the tropics and (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) subtropics. ZYMV was described first in Italy by Lisa et al. (1981); since then, it has been reported in all cucurbit growing areas. Des- Genotypes Susceptible or Resistant to biez and Lecoq (1997) list more than 50 locations in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceana, Two Potyviruses and North America were ZYMV has been í reported. Wilfredo Seda-Mart nez and Linda Wessel-Beaver Viral infections of cucurbit crops were Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at identified in Puerto Rico as early as the 1930s Mayaguez,€ P.O. Box 9000, Mayaguez,€ PR 00681–9000 by Cook (1936) and later by Adsuar and Cruz í Miret (1950). Surveys in 1981 to 1992 indi- Angela Linares-Ram rez cated a high incidence of viral diseases Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico, HC around commercial cucurbit farms in Puerto 02, Box11656, Lajas, PR 00667 Rico (Escudero, 1992). ZYMV was con- firmed in Puerto Rico in 1996 (Lecoq et al., Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues 1998). In 2001 and 2002, a survey of cucurbit Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico, crops in Puerto Rico with virus symptoms South Botanical Garden, 1193 Guayacan Street, San Juan, PR 00926 showed 69% of all samples infected by ZYMV and 59% of samples infected with Additional index words.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Diseases in Faba Bean, Chickpeas, Lentil and Lupins. Impacts, Vectors
    Viral diseases in faba bean, chickpeas, lentil and lupins. Impacts, vectors/causes and management strategies for 2021 Joop van Leur and Zorica Duric (NSW DPI, Tamworth Agricultural Research Institute) Key words faba bean viruses, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, aphids GRDC codes DAN00202, DAN00213/BLG209, DAN00213/BLG204 Take home messages • The severe virus epidemic in faba bean in northern NSW during 2020 was initiated by early and massive flights of aphids (mainly cowpea aphids) that carried Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) into the crops • After a 2-year drought, heavy January and February rains in north-west NSW triggered the emergence of naturalised medics and other pasture legumes, which allowed a build-up of aphids and virus prior to the emergence of faba bean crops • Most faba bean crops were sown into bare ground as cereal stubble was lacking after the extended drought. Lack of standing cereal stubble or uneven emergence makes pulse crops particularly vulnerable to early aphid infections • Relatively mild and dry conditions during the start of the season favoured aphid multiplication in the faba bean crops and a fast spread of virus from initial infection foci • Co-infections of BYMV and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) caused particularly severe symptoms in several crops • Both BYMV and AMV are non-persistently transmitted viruses that require only a short probing period by a viruliferous aphid to infect a plant. Slow-acting insecticides like imidacloprid applied to seed will not prevent infection of non-persistently
    [Show full text]
  • List of Viruses Presenting at the Wild State a Biological Risk for Plants
    December 2008 List of viruses presenting at the wild state a biological risk for plants CR Species 2 Abutilon mosaic virus 2 Abutilon yellows virus 2 Aconitum latent virus 2 African cassava mosaic virus 2 Ageratum yellow vein virus 2 Agropyron mosaic virus 2 Ahlum waterborne virus 2 Alfalfa cryptic virus 1 2 Alfalfa mosaic virus 2 Alsike clover vein mosaic virus 2 Alstroemeria mosaic virus 2 Amaranthus leaf mottle virus 2 American hop latent virus ( ← Hop American latent virus) 2 American plum line pattern virus 2 Anthoxanthum latent blanching virus 2 Anthriscus yellows virus 2 Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus 2 Apple mosaic virus 2 Apple stem grooving virus 2 Apple stem pitting virus 2 Arabis mosaic virus satellite RNA 2 Araujia mosaic virus 2 Arracacha virus A 2 Artichoke Italian latent virus 2 Artichoke latent virus 2 Artichoke mottled crinkle virus 2 Artichoke yellow ringspot virus 2 Asparagus virus 1 2 Asparagus virus 2 2 Avocado sunblotch viroid 2 Bajra streak virus 2 Bamboo mosaic virus 2 Banana bract mosaic virus 2 Banana bunchy top virus 2 Banana streak virus 2 Barley mild mosaic virus page 1 December 2008 2 Barley mosaic virus 3 Barley stripe mosaic virus 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-GPV 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAV 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-RGV 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-RMV 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus-SGV 2 Barley yellow mosaic virus 2 Barley yellow streak mosaic virus 2 Barley yellow striate mosaic virus 2 Bean calico mosaic virus 2 Bean common mosaic necrosis virus 2 Bean common mosaic
    [Show full text]
  • The Hcpro from the Potyviridae Family: an Enviable Multitasking Helper Component That Every Virus Would Like to Have
    bs_bs_banner MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY (2018) 19(3), 744–763 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12553 Review The HCPro from the Potyviridae family: an enviable multitasking Helper Component that every virus would like to have ADRIAN A. VALLI1,*, ARAIZ GALLO1 , BERNARDO RODAMILANS1 ,JUANJOSELOPEZ-MOYA 2 AND JUAN ANTONIO GARCIA 1,* 1Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain 2Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG-CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain structure, RNA sequence and transmission vectors (Revers and SUMMARY Garcıa, 2015). Most potyvirids (i.e. viruses belonging to the RNA viruses have very compact genomes and so provide a Potyviridae family) have monopartite, single-stranded and unique opportunity to study how evolution works to optimize the positive-sense genomes of around 10 000 nucleotides that are use of very limited genomic information. A widespread viral encapsidated by multiple units of a single coat protein (CP) in flex- strategy to solve this issue concerning the coding space relies on uous and filamentous virus particles of 680–900 nm in length and the expression of proteins with multiple functions. Members of 11–14 nm in diameter (Kendall et al., 2008). Exceptionally, bymo- the family Potyviridae, the most abundant group of RNA viruses viruses are peculiar in this regard, as they have a bipartite genome in plants, offer several attractive examples of viral factors which that is encapsidated separately. Inside the infected cells, the viral play roles in diverse infection-related
    [Show full text]