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—Their Biology and Management IUCN Publications new series No. 23 Bears —Their Biology and Management Papers and Proceedings of the International Conference on Bear Research and Management CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA 6-9 November 1970 Published with the financial assistance of the World Wildlife Fund Union Internationale International Union pour la Conservation de la Nature for Conservation of Nature et de ses Ressources and Natural Resources Morges, Switzerland, 1972 The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an independent international body, formed in 1948, which has its headquarters in Morges, Switzerland. It is a Union of sovereign states, govern- ment agencies and non-governmental organizations concerned with the initia- tion and promotion of scientifically-based action that will ensure perpetuation of the living world—man's natural environment—and the natural resources on which all living things depend, not only for their intrinsic cultural or scientific values but also for the long-term economic and social welfare of mankind. This objective can be achieved through active conservation programmes for the wise use of natural resources in areas where the flora and fauna are of particular importance and where the landscape is especially beautiful or strik- ing, or of historical, cultural or scientific significance. IUCN believes that its aims can be achieved most effectively by international effort in cooperation with other international agencies, such as UNESCO and FAO. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is an international charitable organization dedicated to saving the world's wildlife and wild places, carrying out the wide variety of programmes and actions that this entails. WWF was established in 1961 under Swiss law, with headquarters also in Morges. Since 1961, IUCN has enjoyed a symbiotic relationship with its sister organiza- tion, the World Wildlife Fund, with which it works closely throughout the world on projects of mutual interest. IUCN and WWF now jointly operate the various projects originated by, or submitted to them. The projects cover a very wide range from education, ecological studies and surveys, to the establishment and management of areas as national parks and reserves and emergency programmes for the safeguarding of animal and plant species threatened with extinction as well as support for certain key interna- tional conservation bodies. WWF fund-raising and publicity activities are mainly carried out by National Appeals in a number of countries, and its international governing body is made up of prominent personalities in many fields. (Photo. K.Kamori) I n t he bear par k on Hokkai do. IUCN Publications new series No. 23 bears -their biology and management A selection of papers and discussion from the Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management held at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada 6 to 9 November 1970 under the sponsorship of the Environmental Sciences Centre (Kananaskis) and the University of Calgary Edited by Stephen Herrero, Ph.D. and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 1972 Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, Switzerland, 1972 PRINTED BY Unwin Brothers Limited THE GRESHAM PRESS OLD WOKING SURREY ENGLAND Produced by 'Uneoprint' A member of the Staples Printing Group (UO3614) Prefatory Note Presentation of papers and discussion occupied the period 6 November to 8 November 1970, following which a field trip was held on the 9th. The papers were delivered to one of five topical panels. A discussion followed each series of papers. At the conference banquet on the evening of 7 November a special paper on 'The Status and conservation of bears (Ursidae) of the world—1970' was pre- sented by Dr. Ian McTaggart Cowan. Papers and their authors are listed in the Table of Contents which follows, under the headings of the five panels under which they were presented. The name of the chairman of each panel is also included. Four other papers, whose authors—Dr. Curry-Lindahl, Dr. Kistchinski and Dr. Uspenski—were unfortunately unable to attend the conference, could not be pre- sented during the sessions of the relevant panels. They make a valuable addi- tional contribution to the material published in this volume. 7 Contents Page Introduction to the biology and management of bears. Stephen Herrero 11 PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS MOVE- MENTS AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BEARS. John Craighead, Chairman. Radio tracking brown bears on Kodiak Island. Vernon D. Berns & Richard J. Hensel 19 Black bear population dynamics at Cold Lake, Alberta, 1968-1970. G. A. Kemp. 26 Population characteristics of the Northern Interior grizzly in the Yukon Territory, Canada. A. M. Pearson 32 Use of foot trail travellers in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) activity. Michael R. Pelton 36 A summary of the black bear population characteristics in Pennsylvania. Gary C. Wakefield 43 Grizzly bear mortality and studies in Montana. Kenneth R. Greer 53 Life History of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Northeast Siberia. A. A. Kistchinski 67 The brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Europe: decline, present distri- bution, biology and ecology. K. Curry-Lindahl 74 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION 81 PANEL 2: DENNING-CONTROL MECHANISMS, SITE SELECTION AND PHYSIOLOGY. G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Chairman. Data on grizzly bear denning activities and behavior obtained by using wildlife telemetry. Frank C. Craighead, Jr. & John J. Craig- head. 84 Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens. G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Mary A. Folk & Judy J. Minor. 107 Remarks on denning habits of Alaska brown bears. Jack W. Lentfer, Richard J.Hensel, Leo H. Miller, Leland P.Glenn & Vernon D. Berns. 125 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION 133 PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES. Thor Larsen, Chairman. Infra-red scanning for polar bear. James W. Brooks 138 Further notes on polar bear denning habits. Charles J.Jonkel, George B. Kolenosky, Richard J. Robertson & Richard H. Russell. 142 9 Page Norwegian polar bear hunt, management and research. Thor Larsen. 159 Polar bear—sea ice relationships. Jack W. Lentfer. 165 Immobilization and tagging of polar bears in maternity dens. A. A. Kistchinski & S. M. Uspenski. 172 New data on the winter ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) on Wrangel Island. S.M. Uspenski & A. A. Kistchinski. 181 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION 198 PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR. Valerius Geist, Chairman. Reproductive synchrony in the female black bear. Stuart L. Free & Eugene McCalfery. 199 Notes on behavioral development of two female black bear cubs: the first eight months. Gordon M. Burghardt & Lorraine S.Burghardt. 207 Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linne) of North America. Stephen Herrero. 221 Social behavior of the Alaska brown bear. Derek Stonorov & Allen W. Stokes. 232 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION 243 PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS. Stephen Herrero, Chairman. Knowledge and attitudes concerning black bears by users of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Gordon M. Burghardt, Ronald O. Hietala & Michael R. Pelton. 255 Preservation and management of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. Glen F. Cole. 274 Bears and man in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, 1880-1980. John S. Marsh. 289 Conservation of the grizzly—ecologic and cultural considerations. A.M.Stebler. 297 Grizzly bear—man relationships in Yellowstone National Park. John J. Craighead & Frank C. Craighead, Jr. 304 Bear damage and bear control in Japan. Tetsuo Inukai. 333 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION. 334 The status and conservation of bears (Ursidae) of the world—1970. I. McT. Cowan. 343 Index of contributors and participants. 368 10 Introduction to the Biology and Management of Bears STEPHEN HERRERO Research Associate, Environmental Sciences Centre (Kananaskis) and Assistant Professor, Department of Biology and Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta. Bears have fascinated man for many thousands of years. Howell (1965) sug- gested the man-cave bear relationship gave rise to the best known and most durable form of animal worship, the Cult of the Bear, which had its start back in Neanderthal times and persisted until the late Paleolithic—covering a span of some 40, 000 years. Since then men have hunted and shot bears, tamed bears, continued to worship bears, studied bears, and have been intrigued by their be- haviour and appearance in zoos, circuses, along roadsides and in their natural environment. Bears are difficult subjects for scientific study. For most of the year indivi- dual bears are either solitary or exist only in small groups, occasionally con- gregating at choice feeding spots. Most species are wary of man and possess acute senses which enable them to avoid man. Bears are usually challenging animals to observe under natural conditions. Their power, size, relative secretiveness and certain humanoid characteristics (ability to stand on their hind legs, plantigrade feet, involved care of the young) partly account for man's interest in them. It has become clear during the past two decades that if man is to preserve his wildlife heritage, he must either leave significant areas of appropriate habitat completely alone, something which man has not yet been willing to do, or as an alternative man must, through scientific study, come to understand the life cycles of animal species. This understanding of the requirements of each species can then be used as a basis for regulating the activities of man in areas set aside for wildlife preservation, and also for meeting the basic habitat requirements of each species. Prior to 1970, little scientific study had been done on bears. Available informa- tion came primarily from non-scientific sources: (1) Reports of early travellers in regions inhabited by bears (THWAITES, R. G. (ed.) 1904. Original journals of Lewis and Clark ex- pedition, 1804-1806. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., COUES, E. (ed.) 1965. New light on the early history of the greater north- west.
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