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The States and Their Indian Citizens. INSTITUTION Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.; Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept

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The States and Their Indian Citizens. INSTITUTION Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.; Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept DOCUMENT RESUME ED 087 583 RC 007 640 AUTHOR Taylor, Theodore W. TITLE The States and Their Indian Citizens. INSTITUTION Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.; Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 72 NOTE 323p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock No. 2402-0024; $2.80) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS Activism; *American Indians; Attitudes; Cultural Background; *Federal Government; Federal State Relationship; *Government Role; History; Laws; Legal Responsibility; *Local Government; Philosophy; Reservatipns (Indian); Self Concept; Social Relations; *State Government; Treaties; Tribes ABSTRACT This study is about the American Indians who welcomed the colonists to the New World and the relationship of their descendants with the non-Indian society around them. Although much has been written about the Indians and the Federal Government, there has been limited attention given to the relationship of the Indian with local and State governments. The document attempts to remedy this by giving special attention to Indian, local, and State governmental relationships as well as the role of Federal Government. All of the States were canvassed to obtain their statutes, executive orders, and special organizational arrangements for- their Indian citizens. Also, a questionnaire was circulated to obtain the attitudes-of tribal chairmen towards services from the local, State, and Federal Government. The book raises questions and issues, and offers alternatives and recommendations which should be discussed and evaluted by future leaders, especially in terms of the relationship of the Indian and his government to non-Indian society. The book may be of interest to Indian leaders; local, State, and Federal executive and legislative officials; and students of federalism in general. The 15 Appendices, which comprise over 1/2 of the book, include such things as demographic tables, tribal lists, and a summary of the Indian messages of Presidents Johnson and Nixon. (FF) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION L WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION 'OSITION OR POLICY The Stctes and Their Inc TheodoreW Taylor Prepared in part while the author was on a Federal ExecutiveFellowship with the Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1970-71. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Washington, D.C. 1972 About the cover: "Two Men Conversing," based on pictograph from an Ojibwa chant. (Garrick Mal lery, "Picture Writing of the American Indians," published in the Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1888-89) , Smithsonian Institution, p. 243.) Map in pocket of first printing of "The States and Their Indian Citizens""Indian Land AreasGeneral" is now available as a separate item. It can be ordered by cat- alog number I.20.47:IN 2/4 from the Superintendent of Documents. The Library of Congress number for "The States and Their Indian Citizens" is 73-600607. The Superintendent of Documents catalog number is I20.2:ST 2/3. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.80 (paper cover) Stock Number 2402-0024 iv FOREWORD This study is about the first Americans who welcomed the colo- nists to the shores of the New -World and the relationship of their descendants to the non-Indian society around them. The very form of the American system of government, according to Alvin M. Jose- phy, Jr., was influenced by the Iroquois Confederacy. Over the years governmental Indian programs and Indianreactions have led to our present status of and policy toward Indians. Although much has been ,written about the Indians and the Fed- eral Government, there has been limited attention to the relation- ship of the Indian to local and State government. The author of this study has attempted to remedy this by special attention to Indian, local, and State governmental relationships as well as the role of Federal Government. It is clear that some American Indians have a unique relationship to the other governments in this coun- try. This study comes at a time of critical review of the relationships between the various governments in our -Federal system and makes a significant contribution to our understanding.The conflict in the Indian community as to the desirability of special Federal services to urban Indians is explored. Indeed, the generalpolicies and phi- losophies discussed in this study may significantly contribute to a greater understanding of the relationships between ethnicminori-' ties and the general population as well as to options available for future growth of our Federal system in general. I am particularly intrigued by the study's emphasis on reservation programing and tying in the yearly budget cycles of all supporting groups to such programs. Our democratic philosophy holds high the freedom and dignity of the individual. Dr. Taylor's suggestions on how to achieve such freedom and dignityincluding a maximum degree of self-deter- minationwill he of interest to Indian leaders; local, State, and Federal executive and legislative officials; and students of federal- ism in general. Secretary of the Interior vi PREFACE The Bureau of Indian Affairs was fortunate in being able to recommend the nomination of Theodore W. Taylor as a Federal ExecutA Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D. C. for the year July I, 1970 to June 30, 1971. He was accepted and most of this study was done in that period. Dr. Taylor hadbeen in the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1950 to 1956 as Management Planning Officer and again from 1966 to 1970 as Deputy Commis- sioner. He had also written his doctoral dissertation for Harvard University on "The Regional Organization of Indian Affairs" (1959). In the process of this study, Dr. Taylor canvassed all of the StateS to obtain their statutes, executive orders, and special organizational arrangements for their Indian citizens. This resulted in the assem- bly of this information for the first time in the form of a draft handbook. Each State received a copy. Dr. Taylor also obtained the attitudes of tribal chairmen towards services from the local, State, and Federal Government through cir- culation of a questionnaire. This material was also assembled in an informal report and sent to all respondents. Both of the above studies provided background and information for portions of this book. It goes without saying that Dr. Taylor approached this study as a . scholar. His preSentation and conclusions are the results of this study and represent his views and not necessarily those of the Bu- reau of Indian' Affairs, the Department of the Interior, orthe Brookings Institution. "The States and Their Indian Citizens" is a stimulating and well documented book. It raises questions and issues; and offers alterna.: tives and recommendations which should be discussed and evalu- ated by our future leaders. This is especially true of the discussion vii of the relationship of the Indian and his government to the non- Indian society. As Dr. Taylor points out, the basic decisions on these vital matters will have to be made by the Indians themselves. They will come to sounder conclusions if they probe all options. The Bureau of Indian Affairs is pleased to make this book availa- ble to Indians and others interested in American Indians, especially those who desire to help Indians achieve their rightful place in our Nationeconomically, socially, and politically. Commissioner of Indian Affairs MI 41. 1 fs.x 4434 iCts,11EIVEMA, Virginia Governor Linwood Holton receives Mattaponi Indian tribute presented by Chief Curtis L. Custalow (left) and Jacob V. Custalow at Richmond, Va. (Photo:The Richmond News Leader,November 24, 1971.) viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Doing a thorough study on a subject as complex and fluid as "The States and Their Indian Citizens" involved the help of many peopleIndian and non-Indian. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Louis R. Bruce initially sug- gested the review of State Indian commissions and has supported the study from the beginning. Robert L. Bennett, former Commis- sioner, read portions of the manuscript and made helpful sugges- tions. Former Commissioner Philleo Nash gave valuable time to discuss the original outline of the study. Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Public Land Management Harrison Loesch approved my nomination by the Department as a Federal Executive Fellow at the Brookings Institution. No Bureau or Departmental official has impinged on my complete academic freedom. I am certain that some would disagree with emphasis, in- terpretation, reasoning, and recommendations found in the study. James M. Mitchell and Fordyce Luikart of the Brookings Ad- vanced Study Program were of great assistance in counseling me on the project. Senior Fellows of the Brookings Institution David T. Stanley, Herbert Kaufman, and James L. Sundquist read all or por- tions of the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions. David Stanley was particularly helpful because of his interest and his pre vious experience with the Indian Health Se vice when he was in the Office of the Secretary, Department Of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dr. George A. Graham, Executive Director, National Academy of Public Administration, was very helpful in discussing the idea of this study in its germinal stage. His interest in the Indian problem had been stimulated by his experience as Chairman of the 1948 Hoover Commission Task Force on Indian Affairs. The chairmen of Indian councils who responded to my question- ix naire provided data on Indian leadership attitudes without which the study would lack a base. I am deeply grateful to them for this courtesy. The Governors, their staffs, Indian Commission members, and executive directors with whom I have corresponded and talked to personally and over the telephone were universally helpful.
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