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GM Agricultural Technologies for Africa: a State of Affairs GM AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR AFRICA A State of Affairs Judith A. Chambers, Patricia Zambrano, José Falck-Zepeda, Guillaume Gruère, Debdatta Sengupta, and Karen Hokanson REPORT OF A STUDY COMMISSIONED BY THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE IFPRI ABOUT IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), established in 1975, pro- vides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes part- nerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development imple- menters, public institutions, the private-sector, and farmers’ organizations. ABOUT AfDB The African Development Bank (AfDB), founded in 1964, is a multilateral develop- ment institution whose mission is to promote sustainable economic development in its Regional Member Countries (RMCs), thus contributing to poverty reduction. The AfDB’s Strategy for 2013–2022 is designed to place the Bank at the center of Africa’s transformation and to improve the quality of Africa’s growth. The Strategy is built around two objectives: (i) to make growth inclusive by broadening access to economic opportunities for more people, countries, and regions, while protecting the vulnerable; and (ii) to make growth sustainable by helping the continent to transition gradually to green growth. It is supported by five operational priorities in which the Bank has unmatched advantage, expertise, access, and trust: infrastructure development, regional integration, private-sector development, governance, and skills and technology. Copyright © 2014 International Food Policy Research Institute and African Develop- ment Bank. While all contents of this report are protected by copyright, the African Development Bank authorizes the use of data contained in the report (excerpts, databases, charts and tables, pictures, and so on) provided that suitable acknowledgment of the African Devel- opment Bank as source and copyright co-owner is given: © AfDB-IFPRI 2014. For information about permission to reproduce all or part of the material, photocopies, translation agreements, and co-edition partnerships: [email protected]. The boundaries, names, and designations used in the maps herein do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the African Development Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute, or their partners and contributors. International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA Telephone: +1-202-862-5600 www.ifpri.org Design David Popham Cover design Julia Vivalo Cover photo © 2008 G. M. B. Akash Panos Book layout Princeton Editorial Associates Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona CONTENTS Boxes, Tables, AND Figures .................................... iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................. vi Acknowledgments ............................................ xii DISCLAIMER ..................................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................xiii Introduction and Purpose of the Report ............ 1 Agricultural Biotechnology (Agbiotech) and African Development ............................... 3 Key Issues .............................................. 19 Politics, Communication, and Outreach ...........63 The Way Forward: Recommendations for Concrete Next Steps ................................ 71 Appendix A: Select Country Summaries ........... 74 Appendix B: Rapid Assessment of National Biotech Innovative Capacity in Africa............89 Appendix C: Tables ...................................93 REFERENCES .................................................... 103 ABOUT THE AUTHORS and Contributors .................... 119 iv BOXES, TABLES, AND FIGURES BOXES 1 Status of genetic modification approvals in South Africa, 2014 .................... 31 2 African Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) ................................................ 32 3 Key issues included in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) ............... 42 4 Potential capacity building needed to implement the Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress ............................................................. 43 5 The African regional intellectual property (IP) treaties ............................ 50 6 Definitions ............................................................................ 57 TABLES 1 Forest genetic modification (GM) activities around the world, 2010 ............. 17 2 CGIAR public- and private-sector genetic modification projects in Kenya, 2006 ................................................................................... 18 3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Office of Science and Technology (OST) networks of centers of excellence in biosciences, 2009 ...... 24 4 Public agriculture expenditures, 1980–2007 (as a percentage of total expenditure) .......................................................................... 27 5 African Development Bank (AfDB) group loan and grant approvals for agriculture, 2006–2012 ............................................................................ 28 6 Total financial resources and financial resources per researcher in select countries, 1985–2000s (thousands of 1993 international PPP dollars) ........... 29 7 Agricultural research budgets in Africa, 1985–2005 (thousands of constant 1993 international dollars) .......................................................... 29 8 Mapping countries to policy situations and policy objectives, 2014 ............... 35 9 Biosafety policy options in Africa, 2001 ............................................ 37 10 Status of biosafety policies and legislation in Africa, 2014 ......................... 38 11 Policy to practice: Confined field trials (CFTs), commercial releases (CR), greenhouses (GH), and transformations (TR) in selected countries, 2014 ....... 40 12 A sampling of biosafety capacity-building programs active in Africa, 2009 ...... 41 13 Examples of countries producing both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops, 2012 ................................................................. 54 14 Biosafety, labeling, biotechnology, and organic agriculture status of selected countries of Asia and Africa, 2007 ................................................... 58 15 Limits on genetically modified (GM) product use in select African countries, 2013 ................................................................................... 60 v 16 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) Africa-focused biotechnology and biosafety-related grants, 2012 ................................................... 66 A1 Burkina Faso: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 .................. 75 A2 Egypt: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 .......................... 76 A3 Ghana: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 .......................... 77 A4 Kenya: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 .......................... 78 A5 Malawi: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 ......................... 79 A6 Nigeria: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 ......................... 82 A7 South Africa: Genetically modified crops approved and in the pipeline, 2014 .... 84 A8 Uganda: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 ......................... 86 A9 Zimbabwe: Genetically modified crops in the pipeline, 2014 ..................... 88 B1 Policy situations to improve the use of biotechnology in Africa ................... 92 C1 Economic performance indicators by country for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and conventional cotton ............................................................. 93 C2 Genetic modification research and commercialized projects, 2003–2010 ........ 94 C3 Transgenic research of CGIAR, 2008 ............................................... 96 C4 Numbers and education levels of plant biotechnologists and breeders in Africa, 2001–2007 ............................................................................ 98 C5 Relative intensity of human resource availability in Africa, 2014 .................. 99 C6 African biotechnology capacity indicators, 2014 ..................................100 C7 A sampling of communication and outreach initiatives in Africa, 2009 ..........102 FIGURES 1 Numbers and global area of countries with biotech crops, 1997–2013 ............. 4 2 GM crops: 175.3 million hectares planted in 27 countries, 2013 ................... 5 3 Trends in selected food production indicators for Africa, 1980–2012 (2000 = 100) ........................................................................... 8 4 Spatial distribution and intensity of selected biophysical crop production constraints in Africa, 2010 ............................................................ 9 5 Biotechnology tools used in Africa, 2011 (percent use by the institutions surveyed) ............................................................................. 22 6 A decision tree for export risk determination: Five critical questions ............. 55 B1 The Furman, Porter, and Stern (FPS) model for determinants of national innovative capacity ................................................................... 90 vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AATF African
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