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BIOLOGICAL AGENTS and INSECTICIDES to CONTROL BUNCH MOTH, Tirathaba Rufvena in OIL PALM ESTATES in SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

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BIOLOGICAL AGENTS and INSECTICIDES to CONTROL BUNCH MOTH, Tirathaba Rufvena in OIL PALM ESTATES in SARAWAK, MALAYSIA Journal of Oil Palm ResearchBIOLOGICAL Vol. 29 AGENTS (3) September AND INSECTICIDES 2017 p. TO 323 CONTROL – 332 BUNCH MOTH, Tirathaba rufvena IN OIL PALM ESTATES IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA DOI:Journal https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017.2903.04 of Oil Palm ResearchBIOLOGICAL Vol. 29 AGENTS (3) September AND INSECTICIDES 2017 p. TO 323 CONTROL – 332 BUNCH MOTH, Tirathaba rufvena IN OIL PALM ESTATES IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL BUNCH MOTH, Tirathaba rufvena IN OIL PALM ESTATES IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA SAHARUL ABILLAH MOHAMAD*; ZULKEFLI MASIJAN*; RAMLE MOSLIM*; MOHAMAD ROSMAN SAHARULSULAIMAN*; ABILLAH SU CHONG MOHAMAD*; MING**; ZULKEFLI SIAW TING MASIJAN*; CHUAN‡; NORMANRAMLE MOSLIM*; KAMARUDIN*; MOHAMAD SITI RAMLAH ROSMAN ‡ SULAIMAN*; SU CHONGAHMAD MING**; ALI* SIAW and TING SITI NURULHIDAYAHCHUAN ; NORMAN AHMAD* KAMARUDIN*; SITI RAMLAH AHMAD ALI* and SITI NURULHIDAYAH AHMAD* ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The effectiveness of biological products and insecticides in controlling the infestation of Tirathaba The effectiveness of biological products and insecticides in controlling the infestation of Tirathaba rufivena in oil palm estates in Sarawak, Malaysia was evaluated. The study was conducted in two sites rufivena in oil palm estates in Sarawak, Malaysia was evaluated. The study was conducted in two sites from November 2014 to May 2015 on oil palm aged 4 and 5 years. The treatments tested in both sites were from November 2014 to May 2015 on oil palm aged 4 and 5 years. The treatments tested in both sites were commercially available and MPOB-produced Bacillus thuringiensis product, Metarhizium anisopliae, commercially available and MPOB-produced Bacillus thuringiensis product, Metarhizium anisopliae, chlorantraniliprole and cypermethrin. The study showed that the first and second instar larvae of bunch chlorantraniliprole and cypermethrin. The study showed that the first and second instar larvae of bunch moth were found mostly on male inflorescences, and the third and fourth instar larvae were found on female moth were found mostly on male inflorescences, and the third and fourth instar larvae were found on female inflorescences and developing bunches. All treatments were effective in reducing the larval population inflorescences and developing bunches. All treatments were effective in reducing the larval population of bunch moth as early as seven days after the first treatment (DAFT). However, the larval population of bunch moth as early as seven days after the first treatment (DAFT). However, the larval population at plots treated with B. thuringiensis recorded inconsistent results. In Site 1, it was observed that only at plots treated with B. thuringiensis recorded inconsistent results. In Site 1, it was observed that only the commercial B. thuringiensis was able to control the larval population of bunch moth up to 34 DAFT. the commercial B. thuringiensis was able to control the larval population of bunch moth up to 34 DAFT. Whereas in Site 2, both B. thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae products gave control as good as Whereas in Site 2, both B. thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae products gave control as good as chemicals up to 49 DAFT. Chlorantraniliprole application gave rapid reduction and was able to reduce and chemicals up to 49 DAFT. Chlorantraniliprole application gave rapid reduction and was able to reduce and maintain low population of bunch moth up to 59 days after the last spraying. A more comprehensive study maintain low population of bunch moth up to 59 days after the last spraying. A more comprehensive study is needed to be carried out by incorporating other control measures such as mass trapping of adults and is needed to be carried out by incorporating other control measures such as mass trapping of adults and spraying of larvae using biological and chemical products in the coastal peat areas. spraying of larvae using biological and chemical products in the coastal peat areas. Keywords: oil palm, bunch moth, Tirathaba rufivena, cypermethrin, chlorantraniliprole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, peat. Keywords: oil palm, bunch moth, Tirathaba rufivena, cypermethrin, chlorantraniliprole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, peat. Date received: 29 December 2016; Sent for revision: 3 January 2017; Received in final form: 27 February 2017; Accepted: 4 July 2017. Date received: 29 December 2016; Sent for revision: 3 January 2017; Received in final form: 27 February 2017; Accepted: 4 July 2017. INTRODUCTION and Indonesia (Khoo et al., 1991; Susanto et al., INTRODUCTION 2011).and Indonesia This species (Khoo is eteasily al., 1991;recognised Susanto based et alon., Bunch moth is also known as ‘inflorescence moth’ the2011). forewing This colourationspecies is easily of the recognised adult moth, based which on orBunch ‘fruit moth moth’ is ofalso palm known (Basri as and‘inflorescence Norman, moth’2000). isthe greenish forewing or colouration brown, with of the thin adult red moth, stripes which for Outor ‘fruit of 30 moth’ species of palmreported, (Basri one and species, Norman, Tirathaba 2000). femaleis greenish and silveryor brown, gray withfor male thin (Figurered stripes 1) (Khoo for rufivenaOut of 30is speciesfound infestingreported, oilone palm species, in MalaysiaTirathaba etfemale al., 1991; and Basrisilvery and gray Norman, for male 2000; (Figure Moore, 1) (Khoo2001). rufivena is found infesting oil palm in Malaysia Accordinget al., 1991; toBasri Yaakop and Norman,et al. (2015), 2000; the Moore, species 2001). of According to Yaakop et al. (2015), the species of * Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Tirathaba consists of five larval stages, where each * BandarMalaysian Baru Palm Bangi, Oil Board,43000 Kajang,6 Persiaran Selangor, Institusi, Malaysia. stageTirathaba is differentiated consists of five by sizelarval and stages, body wherelength. each The E-mail:Bandar [email protected] Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. larvaestage is are differentiated the destructive by size stage, and bodydamaging length. both The E-mail: [email protected] ** Research and Development Department, malelarvae and are femalethe destructive inflorescences, stage, anddamaging developing both ** LambirResearch Research and Development Centre, Sarawak Department, Oil Palms Berhad (SOPB), male and female inflorescences, and developing 98007Lambir Miri, Research Sarawak, Centre, Malaysia. Sarawak Oil Palms Berhad (SOPB), fruitlets of young bunches (Lim, 2012). On 98007 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. developingfruitlets of bunches,young thebunches larvae feed(Lim, and 2012). scrape Onon ‡ Research and Development Department, developing bunches, the larvae feed and scrape on ‡ TaResearch Ann Plantation and Development Sdn Bhd, Department, the fruitlets, later boring holes into the mesocarp up 96000Ta Ann Sibu, Plantation Sarawak, Sdn Malaysia.Bhd, tothe the fruitlets, kernel. later High boring infestation holes can into greatly the mesocarp reduce theup 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. to the kernel. High infestation can greatly reduce the 323 323 JOURNAL OF OIL PALM RESEARCH 29 (3) (SEPTEMBER 2017) 1 cm 1 cm a b Figure 1. Dorsal view adults of Tirathaba rufivena. a) Male b) female collected in Sarawak, Malaysia. quality and weight of the fruit bunch and may cause Thus, the main aim of this study is to evaluate malformed and premature bunch abortion (Alouw the effectiveness of microbial agents and chemical et al., 2005). It was also reported that the areas which insecticides to control the population of T. rufivena experienced heavy infestation have recorded lower in oil palm planted on peat. number of bunches per palm and high number of rotten bunches (Idrus et al., 2016). Infestation is characterised by the presence of long tube of silk MATERIALS AND METHODS and frass in the bunch, which are reddish when fresh and brownish-black when old (Lim, 2012). Experimental Site and Design T. rufivena is becoming an important insect pest on oil palm planted on peat in Sarawak (Lim, The study was conducted in two sites namely 2012; Zulkefli et al., 2012). Outbreaks of this pest Site 1 and Site 2. In Site 1, the experiment was have been reported throughout oil palm plantations conducted in Block 305, Kuala Igan Estate, Igan, on peat, with most badly affected areas located on Sarawak, Malaysia from November 2014 to February coastal peat in Mukah, Sibu and Miri (Zulkefli et al., 2015. In Site 2, the study was carried out in Block 2015). A survey in 2016 showed that the estimated K39, Tinbarap 7/9 Estate, Bakong, Sarawak from affected areas were more than 47 700 ha (MPOB, March 2015 to May 2015. In both experimental sites, 2016). The increasing population of bunch moth is the experiment was carried out using a randomised associated to the abundance of food sources such as complete block design with four replications, unharvested ripe bunches, the presence of breeding covering 20 sub-plots. The planting designs in sites such as inflorescences and scarcity of natural both sites were different. In Site 1, each sub-plot enemies (Susanto et al., 2011). comprised of 68 palm with the arrangement of Planters mainly rely on insecticides, particularly four inter-row palms x 17 in between palm, giving cypermethrin, to control the bunch moth (Lim, 2012). an estimate of 1360 treated palms. Meanwhile, in This is due to fast action and low cost as compared Site 2, each sub-plot comprised of 48 palms with to B. thuringiensis (Basri et al., 1991). However, the the arrangement
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