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A Ripple in Development? Long Term Perspectives on the Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004

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A Ripple in Development? Long Term Perspectives on the Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 This report is a follow-up evaluation of linkages between immediate relief, rehabilitation (or reconstruction) and development (LRRD) related to the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. The first A Ripple in development? LRRD evaluation was carried as part of the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) set of evaluations in 2005–06. The LRRD2 evaluation report covers experiences up to the end of 2008 in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Maldives, i.e. from the four years after the disaster. A number of organisations and government agencies have supported this evaluation in various ways, with the aim to provide conclusions and lessons learned that are useful for mitigating the consequences of possible future disasters. Long term perspectives on the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami to the Indian Ocean Long term perspectives on the 2004 response A ripple in development? Long term perspectives on the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 A joint follow-up evaluation of the links between relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD) A ripple in development? Long term perspectives on the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 A joint follow-up evaluation of the links between relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD) The report has been written by: Emery Brusset (team leader) Mihir Bhatt (deputy team leader) Karen Bjornestad John Cosgrave Anne Davies Yashwant Deshmukh Joohi Haleem Silvia Hidalgo Yulia Immajati Ramani Jayasundere Annina Mattsson Naushan Muhaimin Riccardo Polastro Treena Wu Autors: Emery Brusset (team leader) Mihir Bhatt (deputy team leader) Karen Bjornestad John Cosgrave Anne Davies Yashwant Deshmukh Joohi Haleem Silvia Hidalgo Yulia Immajati Ramani Jayasundere Annina Mattsson Naushan Muhaimin Riccardo Polastro Treena Wu The views and interpretations expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the organisations commissioning this study. Copyright: John Cosgrave and the organisations commissioning the evaluation. Registration No.: 2008–001230 Date of final report: May 2009 Cover: Niklas Hägglund Published by Sida 2009 Printed by Edita, 2009 Article number: SIDA52010en ISBN 978-91-586-4086-3 This publication can be downloaded/ordered from www.sida.se/publications Table of contents Abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................... 5 Executive summary ......................................................................................... 7 Foreword by the chairman of the joint steering committee ................... 15 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Reason for the evaluation ........................................................................17 1.2 Introducing LRRD ....................................................................................19 1.3 Evaluation approach................................................................................ 21 1.4 Data collection methods .......................................................................... 25 2 The state and civil society........................................................................ 31 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................31 2.2 Perceptions of state and civil leadership in recovery ..................................32 2.3 Policy dimensions: focus on conflict, the harmonisation agenda .................37 2.4 Decentralisation & subsidiarity .................................................................42 2.5 Changes in participation & issues of accountability .................................... 45 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................47 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic recovery ........................................ 49 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................49 3.2 Targeting of aid on poverty in Aceh and Nias ............................................ 54 3.3 Macro level support to household livelihoods in Aceh and Nias ......................59 3.4 Roles of NGOs for livelihoods in Aceh and Nias ......................................... 62 3.5 Macro-economic recovery and households in Sri Lanka and the Maldives ...66 3.6 Comparative weight and handover among actors in Sri Lanka and the Maldives .................................................................. 68 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................71 4 Social fabric and community development ........................................... 73 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................73 4.2 Effect of integrated development on social relations .................................75 4.3 Effect of local initiative on functional communities .....................................76 4.4 Effect of aid on micro politics and culture .................................................80 4.5 Effect of reconstruction on social exclusion ..............................................82 4.6 Effect of Information and participation on social fabric ............................... 83 4.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................84 3 5 Risk reduction ............................................................................................. 87 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................87 5.2 Changes at legislative and administration level ..........................................88 5.3 Changes in organisational knowledge .......................................................89 5.4 Changes in awareness ............................................................................90 5.5 Risk reduction ........................................................................................91 5.6 Preparedness and early warning .............................................................. 92 5.7 Significance of impact ............................................................................. 93 5.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................96 6 Capacity development .............................................................................. 97 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................97 6.2 Local development frameworks: whose capacity? .................................. 100 6.3 International alignment around capacity building priorities ........................101 6.4 Use of existing capacity ........................................................................103 6.5 Conclusion ...........................................................................................105 7 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 107 7.1 The need for linkages to be based on structural analyses ........................107 7.2 Analysis of the findings from the first LRRD evaluations ........................... 109 7.3 The need to give greater effectiveness to the state .................................111 7.4 The economic effect of aid is significant but not targeted ........................ 112 7.5 Social fabric is best restored by integrated action ...................................113 7.6 The practice of risk reduction grows slowly ............................................ 114 7.7 Capacity building: a key yet undeveloped linkage .................................... 114 7.8 Overall conclusion ................................................................................ 115 8 Recommendations ................................................................................... 117 8.1 For affected country governments ......................................................... 117 8.2 For donor governments ......................................................................... 119 8.3 For United Nations, Red Cross and Red Crescent, and NGOs .................... 120 8.4 For civil society agencies ......................................................................122 Appendix 1 Terms of reference.................................................................. 123 Appendix 2 Details of methodology .......................................................... 139 Appendix 3 List of persons and groups met ........................................... 143 4 Abbreviations and acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AFD Agence Française de Développement AIDMI All India Disaster Mitigation Institute ALNAP Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action BAPPENAS Indonesian Ministry of Planning BPK Badan Pengawas Keuangan – Supreme Audit Board Indonesia BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia BRR Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency CBO Community Based Organisation Dara Development Assistance Research Associates DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EC European Commission ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office GDP Gross Domestic Product ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDP Internally Displaced Persons IDRC International Development Research Council (Canada) IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent ILO International Labour Organisation IOM International Organisation for Migration ISDR International Strategy for
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