Geography & Human Rights Bibliographic Database
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Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗
Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗ Lars-Erik Cedermany Simon Hugz Livia I. Schubiger§ Francisco Villamil{ March 30, 2018 Abstract While many studies provide insights into the causes of wartime civilian victim- ization, we know little about how the targeting of particular segments of the civilian population affects the onset and escalation of armed conflict. Previous research on conflict onset has been largely limited to structural variables, both theoretically and empirically. Moving beyond these static approaches, this paper assesses how state-led civilian victimization targeting members of specific ethnic groups affects the likelihood of ethnic conflict onset, and the evolution of conflicts once they break out. Relying on a new dataset with global coverage that captures the ethnic identity of civilian victims of targeted violence, we find evidence that the state-led civilian victimization of particular ethnic groups increases the likelihood that the latter be- come involved in ethnic civil war. We also find tentative, yet more nuanced, evidence that ethnic targeting by state forces affects the escalation of ongoing conflicts. ∗Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 5-8, 2018, San Francisco. Previous versions of this paper were presented at the American Political Science Association (APSA), San Francisco, August 31–September 3, 2017, the Annual Conference of the European Political Science Association (EPSA), Milan, June 22–24, 2017 and the Annual Meeting of the Conflict Research Society, September 18-19, 2017, Oxford University. We thank Inken von Borzyskowski and the other participants for their helpful comments. Financial support by the Swiss Network for International Studies is greatly appreciated. -
Feminist Geographies of Difference, Relation, And
FEMINIST GEOGRAPHIES OF DIFFERENCE, 4 RELATION, AND CONSTRUCTION Deborah P. Dixon and John Paul Jones III Introduction and their associated methodologies: hence the plural ‘geographies’ in the title of this Feminist geography is concerned first and chapter. To facilitate our survey of feminist foremost with improving women’s lives by geography, we draw out three main lines of understanding the sources, dynamics, and research. Each of these holds the concept of spatiality of women’s oppression, and with gender to be central to the analysis, but they documenting strategies of resistance. In differ in their understanding of the term. accomplishing this objective, feminist geo- Under the heading of gender as difference, graphy has proven itself time and again as a we first consider those forms of feminist source for innovative thought and practice geographic analysis that address the spatial across all of human geography.The work of dimensions of the different life experiences feminist geographers has transformed research of men and women across a host of cultural, into everyday social activities such as wage economic, political, and environmental arenas. earning, commuting, maintaining a family Second, we point to those analyses that (however defined), and recreation, as well as understand gender as a social relation. Here, major life events, such as migration, procre- the emphasis shifts from studying men and ation, and illness. It has propelled changes in women per se to understanding the social debates over which basic human needs such relations that link men and women in com- as shelter, education, food, and health care are plex ways. In its most hierarchical form, these discussed, and it has fostered new insights relations are realized as patriarchy – a spatially into global and regional economic transfor- and historically specific social structure that mations, government policies, and settlement works to dominate women and children. -
The Emergence of Radical/Critical Geography Within North America
The Emergence of Radical/Critical Geography within North America Linda Peake1 Urban Studies Program, Department of Social Science York University, Canada [email protected] Eric Sheppard Department of Geography University of California, Los Angeles, USA [email protected] Abstract In this paper we aim to provide a historical account of the evolution of Anglophone radical/critical geography in North America. Our account is structured chronologically. First, we examine the spectral presence of radical / critical geography in North America prior to the mid-sixties. Second, we narrate the emergence of both radical and critical geography between 1964 / 1969 until the mid-1980s, when key decisions were taken that moved radical / critical geography into the mainstream of the discipline. Third, we examine events since the mid- 1980s, as radical geography merged into critical geography, becoming in the process something of a canon in mainstream Anglophone human geography. We conclude that while radical / critical geography has succeeded in its aim of advancing critical geographic theory, it has been less successful in its aim of 1 Published under Creative Commons licence: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2 Eric’s first exposure was as an undergraduate at Bristol in 1971 when the newly hired lecturer Keith Bassett, freshly returned from Penn State, brought a stack of Antipodes to one of his lectures. Linda’s radical awakening also came in the UK, in the late 1970s courtesy of her lecturers at Reading University. Sophie Bowlby took her The Emergence of Radical/Critical Geography in North America 306 increasing access to the means of knowledge production to become a peoples’ geography that is grounded in a desire for working towards social change. -
Spatial Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Murshed, S. Mansoob; Gates, Scott Working Paper Spatial horizontal inequality and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal WIDER Research Paper, No. 2004/43 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Murshed, S. Mansoob; Gates, Scott (2004) : Spatial horizontal inequality and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal, WIDER Research Paper, No. 2004/43, ISBN 9291906328, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU- WIDER), Helsinki This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/63435 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Research Paper No. 2004/43 Spatial Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal S. -
2014 Vol. 5, No. 1
PRISM VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 A JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS PRISM About VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 PRISM is published by the Center for Complex Operations. PRISM is a security studies journal chartered to inform members of U.S. Federal agencies, allies, and other partners on complex EDITOR and integrated national security operations; reconstruction and state-building; relevant policy Michael Miklaucic and strategy; lessons learned; and developments in training and education to transform America’s security and development EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Ross Clark Ben Graves Caliegh Hernandez Communications Daniel Moore Constructive comments and contributions are important to us. Direct communications to: COPY EDITORS Dale Erickson Editor, PRISM Rebecca Harper 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 3605) Christoff Luehrs Fort Lesley J. McNair Sara Thannhauser Washington, DC 20319 Nathan White Telephone: (202) 685-3442 DESIGN DIRecTOR FAX: Carib Mendez (202) 685-3581 Email: [email protected] ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Gordon Adams Dr. Pauline H. Baker Ambassador Rick Barton Contributions Professor Alain Bauer PRISM welcomes submission of scholarly, independent research from security policymakers Dr. Joseph J. Collins (ex officio) and shapers, security analysts, academic specialists, and civilians from the United States and Ambassador James F. Dobbins abroad. Submit articles for consideration to the address above or by email to [email protected] Ambassador John E. Herbst (ex officio) with “Attention Submissions Editor” in the subject line. Dr. David Kilcullen Ambassador Jacques Paul Klein Dr. Roger B. Myerson This is the authoritative, official U.S. Department of Defense edition of PRISM. Dr. Moisés Naím Any copyrighted portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted MG William L. -
Anarchism What Geography Still Ought to Be
Anarchism! What Geography Still Ought To Be Simon Springer Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: This article is a manifesto for anarchist geographies, which are understood as kaleidoscopic spatialities that allow for multiple, non-hierarchical, and protean connections between autonomous entities, wherein solidarities, bonds, and affinities are voluntarily assembled in opposition to and free from the presence of sovereign violence, predetermined norms, and assigned categories of belonging. In its rejection of such multivariate apparatuses of domination, this article is a proverbial call to non-violent arms for those geographers and non-geographers alike who seek to put an end to the seemingly endless series of tragedies, misfortunes, and catastrophes that characterize the miasma and malevolence of the current neoliberal moment. But this is not simply a demand for the end of neoliberalism and its replacement with a more moderate and humane version of capitalism, nor does it merely insist upon a more egalitarian version of the state. It is instead the resurrection of a prosecution within geography that dates back to the discipline’s earliest days: anarchism! Keywords: anarchism, colonialism, Marxism, neoliberalism, postanarchism, radical geography Introduction We, “frightful Anarchists” as we are, know only one way of establishing peace and goodwill among women and men—the suppression of privilege and the recognition of right ...It pleases us not to live if the enjoyments of life are to be for us alone; we protest against our good fortune if we may not share it with others; it is sweeter for us to wander with the wretched and the outcasts than to sit, crowned with roses, at the banquets of the rich. -
'Critical' Geographies
Area (1999) 31.3, 195-1 98 Research, action and ‘critical’ geographies R M Kitchin” and P J Hubbardt *Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland. Email: [email protected]. tDepartment of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU. Email: [email protected] In the 199Os, the notion of ‘doing’ critical geogra- teaching and writing. Given the current espousal of phies has become one of the central themes infusing ’critical’ geography as a form of geographical prac- human geographic study. Eschewing the strictures tice that is politically and socially aware, it might be of radical Marxist approaches (which principally considered surprising that the interface between focused on the forms of oppression and inequality academia and activism has been little explored in the wrought by capitalist process), critical geography geographic literature (for exceptions, see Routledge has consequently sought to examine the diverse 1996; Chouinard 1997; forthcoming Kitchin 1999). sociospatial processes that regulate and reproduce Indeed, the absence of critical reflection on the social exclusion. The lens of critical geographers has merits and limitations of action-led or participatory thus widened from a narrow focus on capital-labour research indicates that such efforts remain few and relations to encompass broader processes of social far between. As such, it appears that many social disadvantage and marginalization as they affect and cultural geographers are happy to survey (and women, ethnic minorities, sexual dissidents, disabled ‘map’) the exclusionary landscape, but rarely do people and so on. Simultaneously, this ’critical much to change that landscape apart from the agenda’ has been accompanied by a heightened occasional token nod to ‘planning and policy concern that the geographer’s research on social recommendations’. -
Marxism and Geography in the Anglophone World
Essay Neil Smith Marxism and Geography in the Anglophone World In October 1997 an article appeared in the impeccably bourgeois magazine, the New Yorker, which championed Karl Marx as the “next new thinker”. Down on Wall Street, wrote John Cassidy, there is a new appreciation for Marx’s understanding of capitalism, and a sense that Marx anticipated brilliantly what so-called globalization was all about th (Cassidy 1997). The impending 150 anniversary of The Communist Manifesto intensified the clamour. As Marx and Engels famously wrote there, the bourgeoisie “creates a world after its own image”, and so with the dragon of international socialism apparently slain after 1989, despite local holdouts in Cuba and North Korea, and with Marx no longer the demon of capital, expectant young Wall Street financiers could embrace Marx’s vivid depiction of capitalism as a remarkably prescient portrait of the neo-liberal global order they themselves strove to create. Marx had brilliantly anticipated globalization, and Wall Street thought it was a good thing. But the “Marx boom” of 1997-98 quickly fizzled as capitalism itself turned sour. The Asian economic crisis exploded, Indonesia’s Suharto was overthrown in a deadly revolt, and the economic malaise spread to Brazil, Mexico and Russia. Marx, it seemed, still had a sting in his tail. Reading Das Kapital to understand how capitalism really worked was one thing. But the same Das Kapital also seemed to teach that economic depression was endemic to capitalism, the stock market was a giant swindle, the Asian economic crisis – rooted in overproduction in Thailand and generalized into the region’s currency and security markets – was a classic capitalist crisis, and that political struggle is equally endemic to capitalism. -
Geographic Pattern of Disability Receipt Largely Reflects Economic and Demographic Factors Disability Benefits Especially Important in South and Appalachia by Kathy A
January 8, 2015 Geographic Pattern of Disability Receipt Largely Reflects Economic and Demographic Factors Disability Benefits Especially Important in South and Appalachia By Kathy A. Ruffing1 About 6 percent of the nation’s working-age population receives disability payments from Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) or Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and people who depend on those benefits live in every state, county, and congressional district. Nevertheless, there’s a distinct “geography of disability.” Some states, chiefly in the South and Appalachia, have much higher rates of receipt — nearly twice the national average.2 In contrast, states along the Washington-to-Boston corridor (where many policymakers and opinion leaders live), on the West Coast, and in the Great Plains and Mountain West have relatively few disability beneficiaries. While some critics see this disparity as evidence of problems with the programs, it mostly reflects a few key demographic and economic factors. In a nutshell, states with high rates of disability receipt tend to have populations that are less educated, older, and more blue-collar than other states; they also have fewer immigrants. (See Table 1 for state-by-state data.) In fact, those four factors alone are associated with about 85 percent of the variation in disability receipt rates across states.3 Furthermore, those factors are directly or indirectly related to the programs’ eligibility criteria. Less-Educated Workforce, Other Factors Affect Disability Receipt Applicants for Social Security disability benefits must have a severe and long-lasting medical impairment that prevents them from doing substantial work, as documented by clinical findings from acceptable medical sources. -
The Geography of Disability and Economic Disadvantage in Australian Capital Cities (Full Publication) (AIHW)
The geography of disability and economic disadvantage in Australian capital cities Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Canberra Cat. no. DIS 54 © Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2009 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under theCopyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to the Head, Media and Communications Unit, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601. A complete list of the Institute’s publications is available from the Institute’s website <www.aihw.gov.au>. ISBN 978 1 74024 910 2 Suggested citation Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2009. The geography of disability and economic disadvantage in Australian capital cities. Cat. no. DIS 54. Canberra: AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Board Chair Hon. Peter Collins, AM, QC Director Penny Allbon Any enquiries about or comments on this publication should be directed to: Dr Louise O’Rance Australian Institute of Health and Welfare GPO Box 570 Canberra ACT 2601 Phone: (02) 6244 1102 Email: [email protected] Published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Cover image ©iStockphoto.com/James Wright Printed by New Millennium Print, Canberra Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................................iv -
Environmental Justice, Conservation & Racial Justice
Environmental Justice, Conservation & Racial Justice About this resource This round-up offers a curated resource list for scholars, practitioners, students, and activists interested in intersections among environmentalism, conservation, justice, and racism. Organized conceptually and thematically, this is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather one of many resources available that can be generative of new conversations in the classroom, in workshops, and across communities. Acknowledgements Purdue University is located in the traditional homelands of the Woodland People. We honor and appreciate these Indigenous caretakers which include the Bodéwadmik (Potawatomi), Lenape (Delaware), Myaamia (Miami), and Shawnee People. We thank the many contributors who provided feedback and suggestions for this document. This work was initiated by members of the Building Sustainable Communities Signature Research Area, Center for the Environment, Purdue University. Contributors included environmental justice scholars, activists, and artists from Purdue University and beyond. A special thanks to Zhao Ma, Malik Raymond, Melissa Poe, Shannon McMullen, Teresa Mares, Andrew Flachs, and Jennifer Johnson for their comments and contributions. Laura Zanotti served as the resource curator. *Indicated resources available from Purdue libraries. Why we need to talk about race when we talk about the environment ● Thomas, Leah. (2020). Why Every Environmentalist Should be Anti-racist. Vogue. ● Purdy, Jedediah. (2015) Environmentalism’s Racist History. The New Yorker. ● Reid, Lauren. (2018). Why Race Matters when we Talk about the Environment An interview with Dr. Robert Bullard. Greenpeace. ● Toomy, Diane. (2018). How Green Groups Became So White and What to Do About It. Yale Environment 360. ● Race and the Anthropocene Vol. 38: Issue 1, 2020. Society & Space ● Baldwin, A. -
The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents
POMEPS STUDIES 30 The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents Introduction . .. 3 Seeing Like a State-builder: Replication of Donor Reconstruction Dilemmas in Syria . 8 Frances Z. Brown, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace & University of Oxford Reconstructing Authoritarianism: The Politics and Political Economy of Postconflict Reconstruction in Syria . 14 Steven Heydemann, Smith College & The Brookings Institution Legal Pluralism and Justice in Iraq after ISIL . 22 Jacqueline Parry, Institute for Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraqi Sulaimani Physical and Societal (Re)construction in Nineveh post Islamic State . 28 Dylan O’Driscoll, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI), University of Manchester Postwar Reconciliation and Fragile Peace in Algeria . 34 Caroline Abadeer, Minerva/Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace Yuree Noh, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center Algeria’s Peace Process: Spoilers, Failures and Successes . 38 Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Resident Scholar, Carnegie Middle East Center Lebanon and the fog of reconstruction . 44 Deen Sharp, Earth and Environment Sciences, City University of New York Libya’s Policing Sector: The Dilemmas of Hybridity and Security Pluralism . 51 Frederic Wehrey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Marshalling Order in Yemen: How Reconstruction Will Make or Break the Post-War Order . 56 Peter Salisbury, Chatham House Thinking about Legality: