2612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 move that, pursuant to the order pre ·. As a very new Member of Congress, I But there is another imperative at viously entered, the Senate stand in ad certainly do not presume to tell the Presi work, namely, justice. journment until tomorrow. dent how to run his job. I .do not pre What· is the rule for them must be the Mr. President, I so move. tend to be a great expert in foreign pol rule for Israel, .until such time as there The motion was agreed to; and Cat 8 icy. I am seeking to learn the duties of is eqU'al justice for all. o'clock and 6 minutes p. m.) the Senate being a Member of Congress and I am Therefore, Americans oppose sanctions adjourned, the adfournment being, unde~ trying hard to become familiar with the against Israel. the order previously entered, until to operation of our Government generally. We realize that Israel must witnuraw morrow, Wednesday, February 27, 1957, I admit I have much to leairn. from Egypt, but, in return, must have at 12 o'clock meridian. Nevertheless, I should think by now it genuine guaranties that Egypt will not would be obvious to anyone in our Gov-. interfere with the passage of Israeli ship ernment, and particularly anyone as ping through the Suez Canal and NOMINATION .signed to responsible duties in connection through the Gulf of Aqaba. Executive nomination received by the with foreign policy, that before attempt Whatever formula is negotiated to Senate February 26, 1957: ing to settle this far-reaching crisis in achieve these ends, as a preliminary to settlement of the tensions in this area, . DEP_ARTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR the-Middle East on the basis of what we hope Nasser might be willing to do, that will be acceptable to the American people Olin Hatfield Chilson, of Color~~o. to be provided that no sanctions are brought to Under Secretary of the Interior, vice Clarence we make sure we know his real inten A. Davis, resigned. · tions. bear against Israel. · Much of the difficulty in getting Israel Otherwise, our Government will ignore I I ..... •• out of the areas the U. N. says Israel the majority opinion of its own people, should evacuate is based on the plain fact leading to a loss of confidence in its con HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that Nasser has agreed to and then re duct of foreign policy. pudiated a series of understandings There must be no sanctions against TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1957 which turned out to be insincere, .or at Israel. least turned out to be misunderstandings. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. As long ~s we let policy be set that way, MARY ANN BARTHOLOMAY-SHE The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, any peace will be built on Egyptian sand. D. D., ofi'ered the fallowing prayer: COOKED THE BEST CHERRY PIE IN AMERICA Eternal God, our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee for this new day. May we THE UNITED NATIONS AND EGYPT Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I ask i·ejoice and be glad in it. Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani unanimous consent to address the House We gratefully acknowledge that always mous consent to address the House for for 1 minute and to revise and extend and everywhere Thou art ministering 1 minute and to revise and extend my my remarks. unto our many needs, ·sustaining and remarks. . The SPEAKER. Is there objection to supporting us in our weakness and re The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New straining and guiding us in our strength. the request of the gentleman from York? · Hear us in our prayers of intercession Massachusetts? · There was no objection. for all who are the victims of difficult There was no objection. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I am and .tragic circumstances. Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, the Ameri pleased and honored to announce that · Help us to cultivate a .nobler skill in can conscience is· uneasy, as ·it views . America's best cherry pie baker is in the art of brotherly living, and may our our Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde foreign Washington today. She is Mary Ann minds and hearts sense the high value policy. Bartholomay, of Henrietta, N. Y., a resi and eternal worth of all human souls. No word of criticism for Egypt which dent of my Congressional district. Grant that we may hasten the coming still stands in contempt of a U. N. reso After capturing State and regional of that glorious day of prediction when lution, but righteous indignation and awards, Mary Ann just the other day every need shall be supplied. · threats of sanctions against Israel under was chosen the winner of the National In.Christ's name we bring our petition. similar circumstances. Cherry Pie Baking Contest in Chicago. Amen. How to reconcile these opposites? She won out over representatives of every other State, Canada, Alaska, and The Journal of the proceedings of It just cannot be done without treating both alike.· Hawaii. It is a high honor, and from all yesterday was read and approved. Is the leadership we contribute to the reports, a well-deserved one. United Nations to be based on military · Mary Ann is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Karl Bartholomay. She is 17 and BUILDING ON SAND assistance and economic aid, accom panied by secret diplomacy that is as a senior at ~ush-Henrietta High School, Mrs. GRANAHAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask variable as the wind? where she is preparing to become a home unanimous consent to address the House This does not satisfy Americans. economics major in college. Besides her for 1 minute. Diplomats must never forget that the cooking proclivities, she has been ex The SPEAKER. Is there objection to conduct of foreign policy cannot be tremely active in 4-H work, with the the request of the gentlewoman from alienated .from public opinion here in the Youth Fellowship and the junior board Pennsylvania? United States. · · o.Z the Henrietta Civic Center. There was no objection. . Our people are known for their sense She _is in Washington today, accom Mrs. GRANAHAN. . Mr. Speaker, of fair play. panied by Miss Jane L. Merry, 4-H Club throughout· the long period of negotia They do not believe in the doctrine of .agent for Monroe County, to present one tions, conferences, statements, speeches, expediency, whereby a small nation is of her famous.pies to a representative of announcements and proposed deals for pressed to the limit, while a larger na President Eisenhower. I am sure the achieving peace in the Middle East, many tion, guilty of brutal aggression, goes un President will be most appreciative of of us have been impressed by the hope punished. this tasty gift. lessness of building something durable The United Nations can never COJll Mr. Speaker, Mary Ann Bartholomay on sand. mand the confidence and support of proves a point I have long contended Much of our Government's approach mankind, unless it establishes a consist that the best cooks in America come and many of the proposals put forward ent policy. And for that, in the present from the 38th Congressional District of by Secretary Dulles have apparently state of the world, it must depend upon New York. I am therefore not surprised been based entirely on an assumption of just leadership on the part of the United that this award has come to a resident of good faith and an assumption of coopera States. that area, but I do want to extend my tion from Egypt's Nasser. There must be no sanctions against heartiest congratulations to this queen Isn't that attempting to build on sand? Israel unless similar sanctions are in of cherry pies. I wish her many more Hasn't the Egyptian dictator shown that voked against Egypt, Communist Russia, years of happiness and success in cook any arrangement he enters into is only and India. ing and in life. at best a temporary policy which he will Obviously all this cannot be done on I am also proud to announce that west repudiate at will? the basis of votes and vetoes. ern New York's far-famed cherry indus- 1.957 . ·- CONGRESSIONA~ .RECORD.- HOUSE 2613 try received recognition recently when 16. FRANK T. Bow. . · Mr: Chairman, we have with us -again· H. B.
mittee members and has been, as usual, BUREAU oF MINES lumination, proximity to electric power the real workhorse for this subcommittee. The budget estimate for the Bureau of dangers of impounded -waters, .unsaf~ I must also pay my respects to our for- Mines for fiscal year 1958 is $26,633,000, explosives, and mechanical equipment. . mer staff assistant, Mr.· Carson Oulp, which is $4,435,950 more than the cur In view of the great hazards and in who has taken over the job of staff as- i·ent fiscal year. spite of the exhaustive work that the sistant to another subcommittee, and This increase is distributed in 4 Bureau. of Mines has done to prevent who assisted Mr. Wilhelm in the han- principal categories-namely, $3,712,250 accidents, both fatal and nonfatal, we dling of this bill. We are indeed g·rate- in conservation and development of min experienced early this month, February ful to these two fine men for their assist- eral resources; $595,700 for health and 4 I believe, a major disaster in a coal ance. safety: . $23,000 for construction; and mine in Virginia and West Virginia Now, since the previous speakers have $105,000- for general administrative ex just a few days after the statement of covered pi:etty thoroughly the high- penses. the Director of the Bureau of Mines lights of the bill, I will not attempt to Broken down by obligations the budget .Mr. Ankeny, before our committee, that discuss all the bureaus in the Interior estimate for fiscal 1958 is (a) conserva we were about .to enter a 26-month pe- Department. tion and development of mineral re riod ,without a major disaster. . • . • As a matter of fact, in summarizing · sources, $19,575,000; (b) health and - In looking over -the statistics for the the bill, you will note that the Bure·au of safety; .$5,900,000; (e) construction $·23, past 20 .years you will see that the vast the Budget recommended an appropria- 000; (d) general administrative expenses; number of fatal accidents 1·anged from tion of $515,189,700 for fiscal 1958. · · ·$1,135,000. over 1,400 in 1937 to 785 in 1951. You · The committee allowed $454,395,700, or Our subcommittee granted the entire will also note that since 1951 fatal acci a reduction of $60, 794,000-a 12-percent request except a reduction of $875,000 for dents have decreased to 444 last year. reduction. conservation and development of min- The incidence of fatalities has re The major portion of that reduction eral resources. ma·ined fairly constant since 1953 when is in the refusal of the committee to go This reduction of $875,000 includes there were 461. $210,000 for standby expenses of the It will also be seen that "falls of roof" along with the minera1 acquisition pro- plant at Rifle, Colo.; disallowance of 110 gram for tungsten, asbestos, fiuorspar, cause between 50 and 65 percent of the and columbium-tantalum, in accordance new positions, and so forth. ' fatal accidents in both the anthracite with Public Law 733. . Since the Rifle project is on the Navy and bituminous mines. The purchase of tung~ten, particu- oil-shale reserves, the committee is of While we all realize that as long as the opinion that this item should be we have mining we will also have fatal larly, was discussed during the supple- taken care of in the Navy appropriation, and nonfatal accidents, yet I am of the mental appropriation for 1957 a few even though the Bureau of Mines does opinion that a further large reduction days ago, when your committee and the the work. can be secured with a stepping up of House refused to allow a supplemental of Because there is considerable difficulty preventive measures and research. $30 million. in recruiting engineers and technical · Cooperation between all concerned An explanation of this item a11d the men in most of the governmental de o_per;:ttors, workers, State and Federal reasons for the committee's refusiilg to p·artments and bureaus, it was felt that Governments-can effect a minimal sanction further purchases of tungsten , the increase asked for by the Bureau of ·amount of deaths and maimed people in . are set forth fully on pages 3, 4, and 5 of Mines was excessive. The committee the United States. our report. tlJ.erefore disallowed 110 new positions of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE -GEOLOGICAL SURVEY the requested increase. The Bureau of the Budget recom- The increase asked for in conserva;. The National Park Service people· are mended an appropriation of $38,775,000 tion and development of resources was, to be congratulated on. the ;fine work for 1958 fiscal year. The committee ap- of course, justified in view of the very that they have been doing so far this proved $36 million for this bureau, which fine ·increase in the research program. year. is all inclusive for- · It is believed that this modest cut should More progress has been made than at (a) Topographic surveys and map.. not interfere with its progress. any time in the past and mission 66 will accomplish a much desired improvement pings. HEALTH AND SAFETY (b) Geologic and mineral resource in our park services. surveys and mapping. Historically, one of the basic missions Some 57 million people are expected to of the Bureau of Mines is the promotion (c) Water resources investigations. of health and safety in the mineral visit the parks in 1957 and 60 million in (d) Soil and moisture conservation. industries. the 1958 fiscal year. (e) Conservation of lands and min.. This function of the Bureau of Mines With virtually all the land acquired for the Independence National Histori erals. is carried on through programs of safety cal Park in Philadelphia and demolition (f) General administration and special education, accident-prevention training, purpose buildings. development of safer mining methods, progressing, it is hoped that the project The work of this bureau is very im- proving the safety of equipment and will be completed at as early a date as portant, and while. there is a cut of explosives for use in coal mines, and the possible. $2,775,000 from the budget estimate, it mandatory inspection of coal mines FOREST SERVICE does represent an increase of $4,398,000 under the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act. Since this Agriculture facility has been over the 1957 fiscal year, the current Since the enactment of the Federal placed under the jurisdiction of the In appropriation. Coal Mine Safety Act there has been terior Department Subcommittee for This bureau, like most of the others, is quite a diminution of fatal and nonfatal Appropriations it has provoked a great finding it difficult to recruit engineering accidents. deal of interest to our subcommittee. personnel to take care of their expanding On January 16, 1957, when the Bureau It calls for the largest amount in ap programs. As is indicated in the report, of Mines was before our committee, it propriations in this bill. there were 511 vacancies for those posi- was testified by the new Director, Mr. The budget estimate for the Forest tions as of December 31, 1956. In other Ankeny that "We are about to approach Service was $126,i86,000. The commit words, with half of fiscal 1957 gone they a 26-month period without a major dis tee allowed $118,456,000, an increase of were only able to fill 117 out of 628 aster, and if we make it in the next 2 or $16,945,250 over the 1957 allowance of vacancies. 3 days that will be the record, the longest $101,510,750 and a decrease of $7,730,000 However, in the face of all these period in history that the industry has from the budget estimate. So that out handicaps, this bureau is being called ever operated without a major disaster." of this large budget estimate there wa.s a Underground mining is, as you all cut of $7,730,000 which was from 2 upon to step up its mapping of all sorts know, the most hazardous of the mineral sources-$3,730,000 from forest land from all the Federal Departments and industry. It must be carried on under management and $4 million for tree the States. adverse natural conditions, and the haz- planting which is a cooperative with the As usual, the Geological Survey has ards range from falling of overhead roof .various States. done a fine job and it has the continued rock, · explosive or harmful gases and . The reasons for the cuts are fully ex· confidence of this committee. dusts, restricted working space and il- plained in the committee report. · 2618 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSIJ. Februar1.J 26 I appreciate the vast amount of work f ectly plain he did not support the con a,, fit. I should like to address my re that con:ies under the jurisdiction of the tinuance of this program as an emer marks to the· gentleman from Iowa. Forest Service. gency defense program, but as an interim I looked at the President's budget. I The expanded program that they have program, to sustain t~is vital part of the found that the farming industry of this presented for 1958 is indeed one that will American economy until the Secretary Nation is being subsidized to the tune require a great deal of time and energy of the Interior comes up with a promised of $5 billion which represents about half to fulfill. long-range mining program. of the actual profits of the farming peo They envisage almost as many visitors · To quote his statement precisely, here ple of America. And yet we are told to the national forests as the national is what he said: here that $90 million in total to keep parks which in itself proves the interest It is recognized that our total mobili this vital mining industry alive on an in the forests of the average person. . zation program must rest, i! it is to succeed, interim basis until the administration The keeping abreast of a sustained on the foundation of a strong anq sound comes up with a long-range program is timber yield while cutting billions. of economy. somehow morally wrong. I just cannot board feet each year is indicative of good It is clear that if the industries with see it. It takes 5 years to put a mine in which we are dealing this morning are shut production. When this mining industry management. It is to be hoped that re down, one segment of our economy will be forestation keeps ahead of the allowable weakened. closes down .. we are going to lose it. And, cutting. Surely no one can argue that closed dcwn let me say to my friends who are in I have been greatly interested in pre mines filled with water, with miners out of terested in other types of mining, lead, vention and proper management of fires work, can do anything but weaken a seg: zinc, copper, manganese, and other types in our coal mines. It seems to me that ment of our economy. · npt specifically included in this particu with the terrible and extensive fires tak We felt last year and still feel that it lar public law, if this same program to ing place in our forests--national and would be unwise for the Congress to permit aid and assist the mining industry is not this to happen in vrew of the fact that the brought into existen~e, we will simply private-that research is very necessary administration intends to recommend and and indeed urgent. . . the Congress to consider, long-term policies not have a mining industry in this coun Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Chairman, will that are designed to create a more favorable try. That is what is involved here today. the gentleman yield? economic climate for these industries than And, to hear the argument that it is Mr. FENTON. I yield to the gentle- now exists. somehow morally wrong to subsidize man from Colorado. . As l indicated last year, we regard this such a vital industry flies in the face of Mr. ASPINALL. I wish to compliment as purely interim stop-gap legislation. what our country is doing in many other the gentleman and the committee of Nevertheless, vie feel that it is important instances. which he is a member for the deletion for Congress to go through with the policy Mr. BUDGE. Mr. Chairman, will the set forth in Public Law 733 until the long gentleman yield further? It was, of of the sum for the pilot plant at Rifle, term policy is developed and enacted into Colo., because of the jurisdictional ques law. course, through my courtesy that the tion involved. I think under the circum gentleman obtained his time. stances the committee acted wisely. That is the testimony of Dr. Flemming, Mr. ENGLE. I am very deeply in Mr. FENTON. I thank the gentleman. who is quoted as the basis and authority debted to him and thank him so much Since the Rifle profect is on the Navy for the action of the appropriations sub.:. for it. oil-shale reserve, the committee was of committee, given this morning, February Mr. BUDGE. All of us are very sym the opinion that this item should be 26, 1957, before the Senate Committee pathetic toward the .domestic mining taken care of in the Navy appropriation on Interior and Insular Affairs. industry. . bill. Mr. BUDGE. l\'Ir. Chairman, will the Mr. ENGLE. They need something Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman, I have gentleman yield? besides sympathy. no further requests for time. Mr. ENGLE. I. yield to the gentleman Mr. BUDGE. The distinguished gen Mr. KIRWAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield from Idaho. tleman from California is the chairman 10 minutes to the gentleman from Cali... Mr. BUDGK I wonde:r if the gentle of the committee which acted upon the fornia [Mr. ENGLE]. man would comment on this statement authorizing legislation. Mr. ENGLE. Mr. Chairman, I appre by the American Mining Congress in its MF. ENGLE. I was the author of the ciate the generosity of my friend the gen declaration of policy adopted at Los An bill. tleman from Ohio [Mr. KIRWAN] and geles, Calif., on October 1-4, 1956. Mr. RUDGE. I think that the gentle regret again to find myself in serious Mr. ENGLE. I know what the state man should, in an fairness to the House, disagreement, not only with him but. also ment is and I. will comment on it right admit that this program touches only a with my friend the gentleman from Iowa now if the gentleman wants me to. do very small segment of the mining in [Mr. JENSEN]. so. dustry. Now, the facts of the matter are The committee has refused to include that of the almost $15 milion which was Mr. BUDGE. It is one short para spent last fall on this program, 86 per in this appropriation bill the money for graph: tungsten and other minerals that like cent went to 11 producers; 92 percent The use of direct subsidies will lead to went to 18 producers. Now, that is a wise were excluded from the urgent de eventual Government· control of industry. very small percentage just in this par ficiency bill earlier this session. The The nature of mining requires that the in ticular segment of the mining industry committee in both instances has quoted dustry make long-range plans, and revocable testimony of the Office of Defense Mobi or stop-gap measures by the Government compared to the overall mining picture. lization in support of and as a basis for contribute little to the real problem. Mr. Speaker, I include.herewith a sum refusing this money. mary of revised list of tungsten pro This is a stopgap measure. Will the ducers participating in Public Law 733 I want t.J call the attention of the com ... gentleman comment on that statement? mittee today to the fact that Dr. Arthur program: Mr. ENGLE. That is entirely correct. Wah Chang: S. Flemming~ Director of tl...e Office of The idealistic position of the mining in Defense Mobilization, appeared before Cali!ornia.------$552,622 dustry is it would prefer not to have a Nevada ------819,620 the Senate Committee on Interior and subsidy program. That is precisely the Colorado------819,620 I11..sular Affairs this morning and testi point I want to get to and I am glad the Subtotal ______2, 191,862 fied in support of this program author gentleman brought it up. They would ized by Public Law 733. In particular, I prefer an adequate tariff. called his attention this morning to- the Union Carbide (Ne.vada.) ------ •44, 902 The plain facts are that if we do not Union Carbide and Nuclear: language appearing on page 5 of the give the mining industry in this country California:______,. committee report, as follows: 1,105,884 some help, the entire mining industry Nevada ------546,755 Proponents, o! this nondefense subsidy is going to close up. That is the prob claim t'hat conttnuing support of these min lem faced by the administration and Subtotal------1,652,639 ing industries is necessary to asst ~ The SPEAKER Is there objection to .not be materially_ decreased after ~~e new ,required to perform 6 months of active duty the request of the gentleman from program was put into effect. training to be followed by 57'2 years' service -The members of the subcommittee will in the National Guard (Ready Reserve) "Louisiana? · . find before them a memorandum of under where active pa_rticipation will be required. There was no objection. standing. I will have the agreement read 5 .- Persons in a deferred status, age 26 and Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. in a moment, but I · can tell you that ·this over, -who possess qualifications- in a tech' Speaker, I rise this morning tO ~nnounce memorandum of . understanding settles the nical or .scarce MOS, under regulations pre .. to the membership that the Subcommit two questions which have p,lagued us for the scribed by the Secretary of the· Army, !!-nd tee on Armed Services which was con past 3 weeks. It p~ovides th.at the 11 _weeks' members of the Alaska Scouts will not be sidering the dispute of the Army and training program advocated by the Guard required to undergo active duty for training will go into effect in conjunction with the upon enlistment in the National Guard, but National Guard has reached a solution of 6 months training, but the 11 weeks' training may volunteer to do so.· the problell). -which is satisfactory to all program will be discontinued on January 1, 6. It is agreed that the size of the Army parties. We had a vote this morning 1958. Furthermore, all persons enlisting in National Guard shall be maintained at an in the subcommittee and approved a the 11 weeks' program must have completed authorized strength of approximately 400,000 "memorandum of understanding" which their training by that date. After January 1, for the remainde_r of fiscal year 1957 and has been worked out with the .A,rmy, and 1958, all new recruits in the Guard under fiscal year 1958, and thereafter at such the Army National Guard Association. 26 years of age will be required to perform greater or lesser strength as may be de. Under the terms of this memorandum 6 months of active duty training. termined in annual appropriations of the The agreement assures the Guard that its Congress, and it is agreed to use every means of understanding enlistees between the strength will not decrease below approxi to maintain the Guard at approximately the ages of 17 and 18 % will be given 6 mately 400,000, or such strength as may be determined figure. The..Army agrees to pro months' active field training in the Na set by appropriations of Congress. There vide sufficient spaces in the 6 months' train tional Guard after the 1st of January are several ways that this can be accom ing program to allow _the National Guard to 1958. Prior to that time they can enlist plished and these are included in the agree- reach this figure, taking into consideration in a program of 11 week_s' training, buJ ment. . the input into the Guard from other pro that program will cease to exist January In all such matters where there is an grams. 1, 1958. honest difference of opinion there must be 7. Persons enlisting while satisfactorily give and take on the part of all parties, if an pursuing a full-time course of high school When the 6-months' program goes agreement is to be reached. Both the Army instruction may have their active duty for into effect, the Army agrees to certain and the National Guard, in my judgmept, training deferred for a period of not more programs to assure the strength of tlfe have been extremely fair in their approach to than 1 y~ar in order not to interrupt their National Guard so we may know that at this problem and are entitled to high credit high school course of instruction; provided, no time will the strength of the National for their actions and good faith in attempt that persons enlisting for 11 weeks of active Guard fall below the level set .by the ing to work out an agreement. duty for training may be deferred from United States Congress which at the If this report is adopted by the subco~ entrance on such active duty for training mittee· it should bring to a close an old con· until their graduation; provided, they will present time is 400,000. troversy which has existed between the complete their active duty for training prior Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Regular Army and the National Guard. · As to January l, 1958. to place in the RECORD at this point a a matter of fact, if this memorandum of 8. It is agreed that everything possible will short statement which I made before understanding is agreed to by the subcom be done to maintain _the Army National the subcommittee this morning together mittee it can well be considered a basis upon Guard at. its appropriated strength, supra, with a copy of this memorandum of un which· a new · era of good will and under including the following actions: derstanding entered into between the standing between the National Guard and (a) Recruitment of persons between 17 the United States Ariny will begin, and in and 18 7':! years of age for either 11 weeks' or Army and the National Guard so that it the future may be considered as a corner 6 months' active duty for training as set will be available to· all the Me.mbers of stone of support for the strongest and most forth in paragraphs 1 and 2, supra. the House. active establishment the Army has been able (b) Recruitment of persons age 18 through The SPEAKER. Is there objection to to maintain in this country in peacetime. 25 for the 6 months of active duty for .train the request of the gentleman from Lou ing as set forth in paragraph 4, supra. isiana? MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING REGARDING (c) Recruitment of persons age 26 through 35 as set forth in paragraph 5, supra. There was no objection. THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RE SERVE'S 6 MONTHS' TRAINING PROGRAM ( d) Nonassignment of prior _service per (The matter referred to follows:) sonnel to the Vnited States _Army Reserve Members of the subcommittee, I have 1. Until January 1, 1958, persons between for a period of 60 days subsequent to their called the subcommittee together so that the ages of 17 and 187':! may enlist in the release from active duty during which time I could submit a memorandum of under National Guard for 11 weeks of active duty the Army National Guard shall have ex standing concerning the .Army National training and the remainder of the unex clusive opporturiity for recruitment of such Guard and the Army Reserve 6-months pended portion of the obligation is to be personnel. • spent in the National Guard (Ready Re (e) Recruitment · for the Army · National training program. serve), where active participation will be Everyone knows the problems ".'e have had Guard will be accomplished by the Regular required, provided, persons entering the 11 Army Recruiting Service-on the same basis in this regard. The Department of the weeks' training program must have enlisted Army issued a directive on January 19 which as recruitment for the active establishment in such program on a date sufficient ly prior and the Army Reserve. . requires all National Guard recruits to per to January 1, 1958, to insure completion form 6 months of active-duty 'training after (f) As a last resort, the prerelease of per of 11 weeks of training by January 1, 1958. . sonnel on active duty. April 1, 1957. The Guard opposed the pro 2. Persons within the age group 17 to 187':! visions of this directive. The subcommit who voluntarily perform 6 consecutive tee held 2 full weeks of hearings on this months' active-duty training will only be problem. The subcommittee then author required to serve 3 years in addition to the INTERNATIONAL PANCAKE DAY ized the chairman to proceed to negotiate 6 months' active duty for training in the RACE AT LIBERAL, KANS. this matter with the Army and the National National Guard (Ready Reserve) where Guard, in order to see if some area of agree- active participation will be required. At the Mr. BREEDING. Mr. Speaker, I ask ment could not be reached. · end of that period they may be transferred unanimous consent to address the House I have discussed this problem with virtu to the Standby Reserve for the remaining for 1 minute, to revise and extend my ally every member of the subcommittee-and 4 7':! years of their total 8-year obligation. remarks, and include extraneous matter. many members of the full comm1ttee. I con It is understood, however, that these young tacted representatives of the Army and of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to men may remain in the National Guard, if the request of the_ gentleman from the National Guard Association and dis acceptable, and if they volunteer to do so. cussed the matter at length with both 3. Beginning January l, 1958, all persons Kansas? groups. enlisting in the National Gµard _between the There was no objection. · As ·a result I can now announce to the ages of 17 and 18 7'2 will be required to per Mr. BREEDING. Mr. Speaker, in old subcommittee that a full agreement h~s form 6 months of active duty for train~ ng, England it was customary for the house been reached with the National Guard Asso and the 11 weeks' active..,duty training course wives to drop whatever they were doing ciation and the Army. will be discontinued. The Ready and Stand · and hurry to the church at the tolling Practically all of our members agree that by Reserve obliga~ions will be tpe same as 6 months of active duty training should be set forth in the foregoing .paragraph, 6 of-the bell to be "shriven" of their sins. required of new· recruits . in the Natienal mo:q.ths' ~ctive duty for training, .3 years In 1445 a ·wife in Olney, England, started Guard. The big problem has been td decide Ready Reserve and 47':! years Standby Re baking her pancakes ·rather late. They when this program should go int.o effect and serve. were not quite finished when the church how we could assure the Guard that the 4. Persons ·between the ages 187':! through bell rang, but she hurried, off to the overall strength qf_the National Guard would 25 enlisting in the National Guard . will be "sbriving" carrying her griddle and pan- 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2625 cakes with her. Thus an annuai sport traveling trophy, a griddle engraved with NEAR EASTERN POLICY ing event was born. past winners' names, now hangs in the Lib eral Chamber of Commerce office for all the The SPEAKER. Under previous or In Liberal we heard of this 500-year townsfolk to see. Approximately a dozen der of the House, the gentleman from old event of pancake racing over a 415- housewives are in training now to prevent California [Mr. RoosEVELT] is recog yard course from the town pump to the the loss of the trophy. nized for 60 minutes. church, and in 1950 the challenge was Various methods of training are used, Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I -accepted by Rev. R. C. Collins, vicar of usually under husband's advice, most of the rise to bring before_the House the im Olney. In the running of the First In would-be contestants practice running in the portant "issues arising out of the Presi"'.' ternational Pancake Day Race over iden later afternoons or evenings. And it is nothing to see a woman running round and dent's speech to the country last tical courses, times o~ the winners in round the block where she lives fiipping her Wednesday, because it is my firm con both Liberal and Olney were compared pancake in a skillet, cheered on by the mem viction that these issues need a thorough by transatlantic telephone. bers of her family. · airing. I hope that at the conclusion of Mrs. Breeding and I cordially invite One more serious contestant in recent my remarks, as many Members as pos"'.' the Members of the 85th Congress to years would eat nothing for breakfast but a sible will join in· the debate. I propose attend this world famous celebration in cereal guaranteed to give you the utmost in to yield the floor to any Member for com.: Liberal, Kans., on March 5, 1957. pep and energy, and would eat no fats for ments after my -remarks are completed: months before the race. Others give up There is something very wrong in the LIBERAL, . KANs.--One of the strangest chocolates and cigarettes or go for long daily events in the realm of athletics will take walks to build up their wind. picture of the United States supporting place in Liberal March 5 when housewives The police were alerted one evening when sanctions against a small democracy will run 415 yards through the main streets rural residents saw a man in an automobile like Israel. It violates the traditional at 11 :55 a. m. fiipping pancakes in skillets apparently trying to run down a woman on American sense of fair play. I was in a traditional race with the housewives of the road. As it turned out, she was prac amazed that the President of the United Olney, England. In the eighth annual such ticing for the pancake race, in the lights of States in his speech chose to call Israel race, Olney housewives will be trying to even the car while her husband times her efforts. the score. Liberal leads, 4 to 3. an aggressor, as if there had not been Athletic attire is prohibited in the race. justified provocation because of numer . It all started more than 500 years ago in Regular housewifely garb of housedresses, England when on Shrove Tuesday, ...the day paron, headscarf, and oxfords or regular ous belligerent a~ts by Egypt. The before lent, housewives used up accumulated street shoes are required. Arab-Israeli conflict did not begin on cooking fats before fasting by baking pan The best time ever turned in for the race October 29. There is a long history cakes. Legend has it that one day a house was 1 :05.1 by Mrs. Binnie Dick in 1955. She of Arab guerrilla warfare and aggression wife baking pancakes lost track of time until won the race here three consecutive years, prior to that date, culminating in the suddenly she heard the church bell ring, and was international champion twice. self-defense action of Israel. During the calling everyone to the shriving service in After three local victories, a contestant is Arab invasion at the establishment of the church. In her haste she ran to the disqualified. church, clad in her. apron and with her the State of Israel in 1947, Israel suffered skillet in hand, and this was the first pan With a tradition of 500 years of racing over 10,000 casualties. Continued ag.. cake racer. behind them, Olney housewives jumped off · gression by Egypt and other Arab States . Other women of Olney in following years, to a quick lead, winning in 1950 and 1951. after the signing of the armistice agree not to be outdone by their neighbors, got Liberal women soon caught on and won in ments, for example, took the lives of 100 into the act. The one who beat the others 1952. Olney avenged their loss in 1953, but Liberal girls found the winning combin~tion Israelis and left 132 others wounded in , to the church was kissed by the Verger, and 1951 alone. In fact, from the signing the kiss came to be called the "kiss of' peace" and swept the 1954, 1955, and 1956 races for and is still the traditional prize for the a record string of consecutive victories. of the armistice agreements to the end winner of the pancake ·race here and in Winning times are: of 1955, Israel has suffered 1,293 casual England. · ties at the hands of the Nasser-inspired Liberal got into the competition in 1950 Year Liberal, Olney, guerrilla armies operating to a large ex after a picture of the Olney racers appeared Kans. England tent from bases in the Gaza Strip. I in a magazine. Liberal jaycees decided that may add that the Gaza Strip is not their housewives might be just as fast on 1950_------1:18 1:10. 4 Egyptian territory and its Arab inhabit their feet as the English women. They dis 1951 _------1:14. 5 1:12. l ants are not recognized as Egyptian patched a letter to the Vicar of Olney, who 1952_ ------1:08 1:10. 8 citizens, nor has Egypt ever done any ramrods the race over there, challenging the 1953_ ------1:09 1:07.2 English to an international race. Vicar 1954_ ------1:07. 7 1:12.2 thing for these 200,000 refugees. Let it 1955_ ------1:05. 1 1:18. 5 be established once and for all that the Collins quickly accepted and the race was 1956------1:14. 6 1:15.2 on. action of Israel was wholly an act of Each year since tlten on Shrove Tuesday Interest will run high in the March 5 event legitimate self-defense. thousands of cheering spectators crowd the in both places. Olney will be trying hard I was equally amazed by a recent state streets in each town to watch the apron-clad to even up the score. Liberal will be trying ment of one of my colleagues here on the housewives fiit and flip their way merrily to chalk up the comfortable margin another floor of the House that our paramount down the v1llage streets in this sporting ges win would bring. The whole town is pitching interest demands that we do not dare ture of international good will. in with feverish excitement making ready to antagonize the Arab nations for fear · In spite of any temporary diplomatic dif for the day-long celebration which accom that this would jeopardize our oil inter ferences between the United States and Eng panies the event. Festivities here include a land, the race has always been carried out parade, beauty and amateur contests, dances, ests. I hope that we will never come in a spirit of friendly competition and has and parties honoring the visiting celebrities to the point when we have to sell otir remained a strong and permanent link of who crowd into the small town of 10,000 for friends down the river for a mess of oil international friendship between the people the unique spectacle. Liberal, not normally or sacrifice our historic moral principles of the two countries. well known for its athletics, will shine if for the sake of expediency, and when I In Liberal the race course is over brick and pancake racing is ever added to the Olympics. speak of these moral principles, I want asphalt streets. In Olney the setting is cob them to be applied in accord with a blestone streets, thatched-roofed cottages, and the old bull-inn. Both races, according PANCAKE DAY SCHEDULE, LIBERAL, KANS. single standard in all situations. to age-old tradition, end at a church, where TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1957, PANCAKE DAY The double standard of morals at the the kiss of peace is administered-in Eng 6:45 a. m.: All Civic Club pancake break- United Nations is revolting to most land by the church verger and in Kansas by fast. Americans. We cannot accept without the British Consul. The accompanying whirr 9: 30 a. m.: Pancake Day parade. protest one rule for the strong nations of television cameras and the general hub 11: 15 a. m.: Kids' Pancake Day race. and another for the weak. We cannot bub of a major celebration are background 11:55 a. m.: International Pancake Day ignore the fact that Soviet Russia has additions to the traditional kiss, brought on race. defied 11 resolutions dealing with the by intense new coverage of the event. 12: 15· p. m.: Telephone call to Olney, Eng- Hungarian situation. India objects to The Kansans are one up on the British land. the United Nations resolution dealing now after Mrs. Nina Jordan, 25-year-old gas 1 p. m.: Kiddies free matinee-plaza. company employee, ran the cold and slippery 1:30 p. m.: Five-State beauty contest. with the Kashmir problem, and I have 415 yards in 1: 14.6 last year to beat the Olney 4:30 p. m.: Fifth annual all-American Pan yet to hear in the United Nations a de time of 1: 15.2. Winning times are compared cake Day race. mand for punitive measures against by transatlantic telephone call. 7 p. m.: Finals of amateur contest, coro either of these nations, or against Egypt, _ In the eighth annual race coming up, Mrs. nation of international, and all-American which has openly and repeatedly defied Jordan is expected to defend her title. The race winners. the United Nations security Council 2626 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 resolution of 1951, calling for a halt to Unitea Nations. Here is where the trou transportation t6 the-Mediterranean, in her practice of blockading the Suez ble lies. Without lessening our support cluding passage through Israel from the against Israeli shipping. of the U. N., we must recognize the exist Guff-of Aqaba. · There is a lamentable tendency to ing hard fact. Fifth. An all-out effort in the United gloss over the fact that Israel's insist · There is a ·voting bloc in the United Nations to secure and to set up enforce ence upon firm guaranties for the .secu Nations which has developed within the ment machinery for an embargo of all rity of its citizens and the freedom of its year which could spell death for the lit military arms shipments to any country shipping is the result of belligerent acts tle nation of Israel in the years ahead. of the Middle East until permanent by Egypt. The raids of the Egyptian We should consider it. peaceful conditions and treaties have fedayeen and the blockades imposed by Because of the Soviet veto. in the Secu been reached between Israel and the Egypt against Israel shipping through rity Council, the real power of the United Arab States. Suez and through the Gulf of Aqaba were Nations has shifted to the General As Only such an approach would justify acts of war openly proclaimed as such by sembly,. where all the nations may vote. the terms we are demanding of Israel. Egypt when she attempted to justify the ·But in the assembly, a resolution can be Admittedly, it is not an easy one, but it violation of the armistice agreements to adopted only by a two-thirds vote. can contribute immeasurably to the paci which she had affixed her signature in This gives the Afro-Asian-Soviet group fication . and progress of the Near East, 1949. of 36 nations the power to defeat any and would not injure our Western ideas In this perspective, it becomes un resolution of which it disapproves. of liberty and freedom. It certainly is thinkable and immoral to speak of im This applies today to the Israel debate far less dangerous than the present ill posing sanctions against Israel. If because it means that while sanctions -fated policy of toying with sanctions of Israel withdrew her troops from the against Israel could be adopted, no Gen doubtful morality and high-explosive po shores of the Straits of Tiren and from eral Assembly resolution could be passed tential. Mr. Speaker, it is high time that the Gaza Strip without adequate guar against Egypt if she resumed the block the United States, under the leadership anties, Egyptian raids would begin once ade against Israel shipping and the raids of its Presi<;lent, rise to the great chal more and the blockade of Aqaba would against Israel settlements. It means lenge of our time. The privilege of lead be restored. It would be far more fitting that the United Nations can no longer ing the world forces of freedom will, I if the United Nations first obtained from strike a just balance on the Arab pray, be met by a program bold enough, Colonel Nasser a renunciation of his self Israel issue. far sighted enough, and humane enough proclaimed state of belligerency agains~ It behooves us, therefore, to evolve our to insure the coming of lasting peace with Israel, and until Egypt is prepared · to own foreign policy in the area, a policy justice. enter some satisfactory arrangement, that is firmly based upon our own in Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, will the the United Nations should station its terests, that is willing to take risks in gentleman yield? emergency force at Aqaba and in the pursuance of our objectives, not a set of Mr. ROOSEVELT. I am delighted to Gaza Strip, so that peace can be main platitudes. Such a policy would have yield to the gentleman from New York. tained along her borders with Israel. as its paramount aim, the welfare of the Mr. ROONEY. I wish to commend It is manifestly unfair for the United United States and its allies in the free the gentleman from California upon States to continue the economic squeeze world, and would prove ourselves to be these forthright statements and say that which it is presently imposing on Israel, a nation interested in true justice, not I agree with him. and I strongly deplore our failure to just in temporary gain because of oil Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen resume our aid program to Israel. I considerations or other special interests. tleman very much indeed. wonder how many of my colleagues are There has been much talk of a "void" Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, will the aware that the 1956 program of surplus in the Middle East, with respect to re gentleman yield? foods for Israel amounting to about sponsible leadership. If we are truly in Mr. ROOSEVELT. I am happy to forty to fifty million dollars is in a state terested in filling that void, in the in yield to the gentleman from New York. suspension. In addition, the $25 million terests of permanent peace, even now it Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask grant-in-aid to Israel voted by the Con is not too late to do some or all of the unanimous consent that the gentleman gress under the foreign-aid program has following: from New Jersey [Mr. Annomz1ol may not gone forward, and the technical First. Secure from Egypt a valid and extend his remarks immediately follow assistance program to Israel, which has legal binding agreement to give to the ing those of the distinguished gentleman brought our top experts to help in devel United Nations the responsibility of from California; and, on my own be oping Israel's agriculture, industry, maintaining free passage through the half, I ask unanimous consent that my transportation, health and education, Straits of Tiran for all nonbelligerent remarks may also be extended at this public administration, and mass com shipping of all nations. Failing this, to point in the RECORD and to include two munications facilities, has been inter reach agreement with appropriate na documents which I am about to refer to, rupted by the recall of most of these ex tions mutually binding themselves to together with tabulations and exhibits perts. Israel thus is faced with a major guarantee this freedom of passage. connected thereto. economic problem at a time when it is Second. Failing a voluntary agreement The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there admitting over 80,000 homeless refugees. by Egypt that United Nations forces objection to the request of the gentleman Given this increased flow of refugees, should be permanently established in from New York? .nany of them victims of communism in control of military and civilian functions There was no objection. Hungary and Poland, as well as the per in the Gaza Strip, we should lead a fight Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I am secuted Jews from Egypt and north for a declaration by the Assembly of the very glad that the gentleman from Cali Africa, the withdrawal of American aid United Nations that because of the vio fornia has seen fit to take this time. I constitutes severe hardship. In addi lations of previous armistice agreements, know the distinguished gentleman from tion, the arbitrary denial of passports to it has become the responsibility of the Illinois CMr. BOYLE] will follow him American citizens who wish to travel to United Nations to assume such powers. shortly with another special order on the Israel, particularly now that the holy Third. To secure from the United same subject. I wish to commend them season of Passover is approaching, con Nations Assembly a statement that any and all of the other Members of the stitutes a particularly unfriendly act on further assaults upon Israel territory or House who participate in these special the part of this administration toward citizens from the Sinai Desert will justify orders for giving their time and atten the only democratic country in the Mid the closing of the border and the man tion to this very important matter. dle East. I call upon the President to ning of the border by United States May I direct the attention of the House restore this urgently needed aid and to security forces. to certain facts to supplement or cor treat Israel once again as she is entitled Fourth. A statement that the United roborate what is being said. Corrobo to be treated as a valuable ally in our States will consider a failure by Egypt ration of the distinguished gentleman's battle against Communist aggression. to help organize and adhere to the inter statements is unnecessary. Neverthe President Eisenhower told the Nation nationally controlled Suez Canal admin less some people may say, you made some that the United Nations ought to sup istration will be considered by the United statements, you made some charges. Is part peace in the Middle East. He has States as an indication of bad faith, and there any evidence to back them up? thrown the full responsibility for keep result in immediate steps by the United Mr. Speaker, there is ample evidence ing the peace in the Middle East to the States in establishing other means of to substantiate every statement of fact 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP - HOQSE 2627· that has been made on the subject by little as 10 pounds. That .is all they annihilating her was not mere bluif. They the distinguished gentleman from Cali were able to take out. show clearly that the concentration uf Egyp What is even worse than that, one hos tian forces In the -north of the . Sinai Desert fornia. One document I hold in my was of a definitely offensive character, de hand is entitled "Nasser's Pattern of Ag tage was taken from each family; one signed ior an all-out war against Israel. gression." Its contents will be included person out of every family was seized by Thus, a directive of the command of the in my remarks in accordance with leave the Egyptian authorities without war 3d Infantry Division of the Egyptian Army already granted to me. This contains rant or process, thrown into jail without states that: "Every commander must prepare the translations into English ·af various indictment or trial, and held as a hostage himself and his soldiers for the important documents. The Arabic appears here, so that the rest of the families as they battle with Israel in which we are fully im got beyond the borders of Egypt would mersed, with the aim of realizing our lofty too, but in accordance with the rules of tradition, 1. e., to overpower and destroy Is the House the Arabic will not appear in not tell of the terrorism that was being rael in the shortest possible time, and with the RECORD. The translations into Eng practiced upon them under this dictator the greatest brutality and bestiality in bat lish will. These are photostats of orig Nasser. tle." inal documents captured from the Egyp All of these things, all of these black The documents reveal that the troops sta tian Army, taken from prisoners cap record documents, long since have been tioned in the Sinai Desert in an offensive tured by the Israel Army. placed on the desks of President Eisen posture against Israel included the 3d and 8th Infantry Divisions, th.e 1st Armored They contain, among other things, hower and Secretary of State Dulles, and Brigade and three infantry battalions, with original orders issued to these men, not all that has happened has been a dread strong armor, air cover, airships, and vast only issued to the officers and members ful-a deafening silence. There were supplies built up during the past year. of the Egyptian armed forces but to the any number of requests made to the .:rroops were being trained for the impend guerrillas, to the fedayeens, the trained President and to the Secretary to do ing invasion. guerrillas, who are actually part and something in the United Nations .about Other documents throw a revealing light parcel of the Egyptian Army. We find this horrible situation. Once in Decem on the fedayeen Bquads recruited by the set forth here their orders to go into ber a United States delegate to the Egyptian High Command from criminal ele ments in the Gaza area for the purpose of Israel and commit all kinds of murder United Nations rose on the ftoor of the murder, robbery, and sabotage in Israel. and ravage, robbery and destruction. general assembly and referred to this Finally, there are the drawings found in a You have the details here, the dates of and said it would be best that we do not .school where the children were asked to the orders, the precise directions to these talk any more about it and asked all exercise their imagination on how best to kill people. Throughout these documents those delegates who listed their names Israelis; and the Arabic edition of Hitler's you will find repeated the statement that to speak on the subject not to speak any Mein Kampf, standard reading for Egyptian Egypt and Egyptians cannot rest and further on the subject, lest the talk ofilcers, from which they are taught to draw will not rest until every Israeli has been their inspiration for the war of extermina worsen the situation. tion against Israel. annihilated. Shades of Hitler. . I have in my hand another document I think it is high time that the Presi THE EGYPTIAN ARMY which in accordance with leave granted dent directed his delegation to the - Nasser: "The war between us and Zionism to me will also be spread on the RECORD United Nations to stand up and protest has not yet ended, and perhaps has not yet as part of my remarks. It deals with even begun. For us, this war of tomorrow 11,gainst these inhumane and bestial acts or of the near future means the ending of a another important phase of this matter, and that something should be done about disgrace, the realization of a hope and the though actually independent of the war it. If we meant what we said when we Tegaining of rights.;, (From Nasser's intro or belligerency between Egypt and Israel became a party to the convention on duction to the book, This Is Zionism, Cairo, or between the Arabs and Israel. It is human rights of the United Nations, it ·1955.) entitled "The Black Record. Nasser's is high time something was done about Gen. Abdul Akim Amer (Egyptian mtnister ·Persecution of Egyptian Jewry." this. of war and commander in chief of the Egyp Here you have documented Nasser's tian Army): "Our army stands at the fron Again I commend the gentlemen who tier ready to teach the Zionists a lesson they persecution of Jews of all nationalities, .are participating in these special orders not only British Jews, French Jews, ·Will nev~r- forget, when the time is ripe." and I join them in urging that tpere ·(Broadcast by Government-controlled Cairo Jews who came there from all parts of can be no peace without justice in that Radio, January 22, 1956.) Europe, but the native born Egyptians, Anwar Al-Sadat (Egyptian minister of men, women, and children who trace .part of the world or anywhere else. I am sure that if the program .that the ·state): "Wait and see, Ben-Gurion. Soon their ancestry back to Jews who were will be proven to you the strength and will born in Egypt, long before Nasser's an gentleman from California has so suc .power of the Arabs. Egypt and the Arab cestors. These people have been de cinctly set forth is implemented, we can nations will teach you a lesson and quieten prived of their Egyptian nationality have peace in that part of the world you forever. Egypt will grind you to the solely because they are Jews. The Brit peace with honor-peace with dignity dust." (Reported in "Al Goumhouriya," offi ish Jews, the French Jews, other Euro peaee with justice. -cial government newspaper, April 8, 1956.) pean Jews who had sought refuge in The two items I referred to during my Th-e ofilcial directives of army commanders Temarks are as follows: prove the avowedly aggressive character of Egypt during the Hitler days, are all de the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Desert and prived of their rights. Many of them NASSER'S PA'ITERN OF AGGRESSION-CAPTURED the Gaza Strip. As _stated by Maj. Gen. had been naturalized as Egyptian DOCUMENTS REVEAL ARMY AND FEDAYEEN Ahmed Salam, commander of the 3d In citizens. ROLES IN EGYFI'IAN PLOT AGAINST PEACE .tantry Division, in the document here repro By one fell swoop of the hand, Mr. On October 29, 1956, the Army of Israel duced and translated, the aim of the Egyp Nasser, after, I repeat, after the fighting crossed into the Sinai Desert in order to tian army in the Sinai Desert and in the wipe out the bases from which fedayeen ter .Gaza Strip was the destruction of Israel: ceased, after the United Nations said, rorist gangs were sent by the Egyptian high this fighting between Israel and Egypt, command into Israel, and break up the con Subject: Directive No. 2 of commander, and between Britain and France and centration of military forces, which had been 3d Infantry Division ~Egypt, must stop, and after they had built up during the previous year for an at Third Infantry Division (Operations) stopped the fighting, Nasser issued these tack upon Israel. Registration No. 558/2/56/2/5/E. decrees depriving these people of all of In the course of the rapid Israel advance Date: February 15, 1956. their rights and drove them all out of the Egyptian forces were broken up, over From C. 0. Egyptian Dis-'.;rict, Palestine. 5,000 prisoners were taken and heavy booty To C. 0. Reinforced 5th Infantry Brigade. Egypt. Many of them were given orders was captured. The remnants of the defeated The following is the essence of the direc- to leave on an hour's notice. As these Egyptian Army fled in disorder to the west tives of the commander of the 3d Division people, with written orders of expulsion, "bank of the Suez Canal. So rapidly did they to commanders and officers on the days and arrived at the point of departure, they abandon their positions that the Egyptian dates detailed below: were searched, the orders were taken headquarters units failed to destroy their El Arish, day, February 1, 1956. from them, and they were required to archives, which fell into the hands of the Rafah, day, February 3, 1956. .sign a document indicating that they advancing Israel forces. Khan Yunis, day, February 4, 1956 . were leaving Egypt voluntarily, and The documents seized in these archives, Gaza, day, February 4, 1956. some of which are reproduced below, bear Please see to the execution of these direc • .abandoning all of their property and significant testim,ony to the preparations tives by all ofilcers and insure that these money to the Egyptian Government. made by the Egyptian military junta for war directives shall not be put down in writing They were permitted to leave with a few agai'nst Israel. They- Teveal that the oft '.for classification lower than battalion or Egyptian pounds, in most instances as stated Egyptian plan of invading Israel and parallel classtfication in other units. 2628 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE February 26 1. Introduction: Every c Hassan el Bakourl (Egyptian Minister of mentioned chief of intelllgence to the com 2. Attacked the settlem~nt -0f Sumeil, de Religious Properties): "There ls n<;> reason manding general of the armed forces, who stroying its guardhouse by throwing a hand . why the faithful fedayeen, hating their ene approved it on condition that the volunteers grenade on it. Later they infiltrated into · mies, should not penetrate into Israe~ and constitute a part of the Egyptian National the settlement and blew up a house and an - transform the lives of its citizens into a hell. Guard. The approval was. given during a its inhabitants and later fied. Yes, brother and sister Arabs. The fedayeen visit of the commanding general at the front. a. Lay in ambush along the road which . will be victorious because their motives are The document is signed by: links the village of al-Jasir to Falujja and holy and their aims are the highest. They · Lt, Col. AHMAD SALEM, attacked a pickup vehi-cle belonging to the will be victorious because they are more dili Staff Officer, Commander of the Israel army and carrying soldiers. The ve gent in death than Israel is in life." (Voice Military Forces in Sinai. hicle was damaged and it is presumed that of the Arabs radio, April 11, 1956.) EGYPTIAN ARMY INTERVENES ON BEHALF OF there were casualties among the passengers. Government-controlled Radio Cafro: FEDAYEEN ON TRIAL FOR MURDER 4. Ambushed three vehicles carrying "Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, soldiers on the Falujj-a-Abu Jaber road. 'It the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of How the Egyptians recruited murderers· ls presumed that there were casualties among Islam, and they will cleanse the land of and other criminals for the fedayeen is fur the Jewish soldiers. Palestine. Therefore, ready yourselves; shed ther substantiated in a copy of an official 5. During their stay in this area they saw tears, cry out and weep, 0 Israel, because letter sent to the administrative governor a convoy of 86 vehicles moving from north the day of your liquidation is near. This of Gaza by Egypt's chief of intelligence, to sou.th, and iniormed us accordingly. we have decided and this ls our belief. • • • commander of the fedayeen, in a successful Attached are several cuttings :from the There will be no peace on the border because intervention in behalf of Yunes Mubarak Egyptian press describing the acts of valor we demand vengeance and vengeance is Is Hassan el-Abid, on trial for murder in Gaza. Of the fedayeen. rael's death." (August 31, 1955.) . The letter dated September 17, 1955, and As the above-mentioned is one of the The documents captured in the Sinai cam signed by Maj. Mustafa Muhammad Hafez, accused in major crimes case No. 26/55, and paign clearly prove the objectives of the said: - ta-king into account his wonderful acts, we fedayeen murder gangs, organized by Nas "The above-mentioned represents our office would ask you to have mercy on him and ser to take vengeance on Israel through a and is one of our most trusted men. He can weigh his past full of acts of sacrifice. A hit-and-run campaign of murder of civilians always be depended upon to perform impor way should be found to help him and not and sabotage of vital installations. tant and dangerous missions. During the endanger his . life.. It may be mentioned Infiltration and marauding had been going period in which he worked for our office, he as well that there will be an opportunity to on ever since the 1949 armistice agreement, was a paragon of manhood and highest use him in the future if he knows that the though on a smaller scale. In 1955, Nasser courage, always showing his love and readi authorities took notice of his courageous organized and trained the fedayeen as a ness for sacrifice for Egypt and the Egyptian actions in the past. paramilitary force, equipped and directed armed forces. CAPTURED FEDAYEEN DESCRIBES TERROR GOAL He has already proved this in the past by by the Egyptian Army. The character of the terrorism practiced· is Their function was to enter deep in to Israel performing good deeds, especially quite recently. corroborated in the testimony of fedayeen territory, ambush road traffic, kill men, captured in Israel. women, and children, blow up wells and The above mentioned has volunteered to work with the Palestinian national guard· Thus Abdullah Hassan Abu Sardani told water installations, mine roads, collect mili the Jaffa military court, April I956~ t~ry data, and at night den;i.olish_ houses in and has performed numerous infiltrations into Israel together with his comrades. He "I heard that the fedayeen receives a wage which settlers and their iammes were peace of 9 Egyptian pounds per mission, so I de fully asleep. acted in causing explosions and sabotage and killings to avenge the incursion of the cided to enlist at the office of Major Hafiz. Israel's narrow size and long frontiers sur After training for 15 days at Mahal in the rounded on three sides by Arab States made Jews into our position in Hamam on August Gaza .strip, I was .sent to a camp in Egypt it an ideal target for these hit-and-run tac 22, 1955. near the Pyramids. There, Egyptian officers tics. The country has virtually no hinter These operations had important conse taught us how to use British rifles, the Bren la~d. At its widest point,. it ls not more quences for they instilled fear and anxiety and Browning machineguns, the Karl Gustav than 68 miles across. At its narrowest point, into the Israel nation. They also raised the automatic. and hand grenades. After that, I there are only 10 miles from the Mediter morale of Gaza residents and refugees, as returned to a fedayeen base in the Gaza rar.ean to Israel's eastern frontier. Few vil well as members of the armed forces at that Strip, Major Hafiz sent two groups of us into lages and towns are far from the border. moment. These acts have raised high the Israel. One was instructed to reach Jaffa; The accelerated fedayeen attacks followed name of Egypt among nations, and especially the second, consisting of 10 men, was to at Nasser's arms deal with the Soviet bloc. By among the Arab peoples. tack the area Wadi Rubin, Yavne, Kubeiba, November 1956 Israel, as a result of Egyptian The lion •s share of these wonderful acts Gedera, Rishon-le-Zion. At the border, action, had experienced 1,834 cases of armed belongs. to the above-mentioned. He and Major Hafiz shook hands with everyone and robbery and theft, 1,339 cases of armed the men of his squads have done good deeds, said: 'Good luck. You know your jobs- clashes with E'gyptian armed forces, 439 cases which it is worth while to mention and to shoot up vehicles and kill everyone in sight.' of incursions from Egyptian-controlled ter praise. And there they are: We answered: 'Right, sir, that's what we are ritory, 172 cases of sabotage perpetrated by On August 29, 1955, they performed the pald for.' We carried 400 bullets each and Egyptian military units and fedayeen in following acts of revenge: hand grenades. We were taken to the border Israel. Over 450 Israel citizens were killed 1. Kllled three people working in an orange by jeep and crossed the lines near the or and over 1,000 wounded by fedayeen terror grove in Belt Hanan, 12901495. chards at Beit Hanun." ists and other Arab attackers. 2. Killed a mechanic in the power stations EGYPTIAN EMBASSY IN JORDAN IS FEDA YEEN BASE near al-Kubeiba. CHARACTER OF THE FEDAYEEN Having done their nefarious work in Israel, The fedayeen were recruited for the most 3. Exploded a charge under the 70-meter the fedayeen crossed over into Jordanian ter part from the destitute Arab population in main mast of the broadcasting station. Four ritory and handed over their arms and sup the Gaza Strip which had been captured by subsidiary masts de-pend on this main mast plies to the Egyptian Embassy in Amman. the Egyptian Army when it invaded Palestine in the Kubeiba area, 12721448. These documents reveal the connivance be in 1948. 4. Attacked the Jaliya settlement near al tween Egyptian and Jordanian authorities in After recruitment, the fedayeen were first Kubeiba, killing a man and wounding four the conduct of terrorist activities against trained in Egypt and then employed on a others. Destroyed a building and damaged Israel: monthly basis or paid for each mission. A the store, or the Pining room of the settle "Directorate of Military Intelligence, Intel large proportion of them were murderers and ment. ligence Otlice-Palestine, No. 3597/24/1, Gaza criminals released from prison on condition 5. Laid an ambush on the main road at 15.8 1956. that they join the fedayeen units. Follow al-Mughar. They saw a convoy of 22 various "Subject: Supplies and arms that the Pal ing is a document on this subject found by vehicles coming from the north. They estinian fedayeen have transferred to the Israel troops in Gaza. The translation of the opened submachinegun fire on a pickup Egyptian Embassy in Amman. fir.st paragraph reads as follows: which was last in the convoy. The vehicle "EXECUTIVE OFFICER: This is to notify you JULY 10, 1955. had to stop and return fire, then continued that the Palestinian fedayeen that arrived in To: Head of Operations Division. its way to overtake the convoy. It is to be. Jordan and have accomplished acts of re From: Headquarters, Military Forces in presumed that there were casualties among venge in Israel during the period April Sinai-Intelligence. the occupants of the vehicle. The men of 8-15, 1956, have returned their arms and Subject: The Palestine National Guard. the ambush succeeded in escaping eastward supplies to the Egyptian Embassy in Amman. Reference: Your letter of November 6, 1955. and laid another ambush in the area of el In Gaza a committee has been organized to. 1. These volunteers were recruited for Jabaliya, between the village of Ajjur l'egister these supplies and arms. The lists service in the national guard, and not in the 14:281219 and the village of Tel e-Safi. have been passed to the Eastern Command. regular forces, by the Chief of Intelligence On August 30, 1955, they performed the "Enclosed find copy of said lists for your in Palestine, and most of them have a crim following operations: knowledge and use. . inal past and they have but one desire: to 1. Attacked a civilian pickup on its wa.y "SAGH (Major) J wreak vengeance on Israel and to steal there. from Tel e-San to the Ajjur settlement and "Assistant Director, Field Military In The action of the volunteers was taken in killed its three occupants, destroying the telligence, Mohammed Fathi Mahmoud, accordance with the proposal of the above- vehicle. "(For Bikbashi (Lieutenant Colonel)). 2630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 "For your information-copy to com several others wounded in · highway am TEACHING HATRED mander of the liberation army. bushes; two wells were blown up. Nasser: ·"I am not :fighting solely against "List of arms transferred to the Egyptian Two days later 4 workers were am Israel but also against world Zionism and Embassy in Jordan in the period April 8- bushed and killed; 2 soldiers were shot Jewish capital. My task is to deliver the 15, 1956, giving registration numbers to death and 5 others wounded ·when. Arab world from destruction through Zionist of all weapons. Total: 59 units Karl-Gustav their vehicles struck a mine near the settle intrigue which has its roots in the United submachineguns (with the registration ment of Beeri. States and which receives aid from Britain numbers of the weapons) 295 Karl-Gustav In Gela village a well was blown up, at and France. • • • The hatred of the Arabs magazines and 1 rifle." Nahla grenades were thrown into a farmer's against the Zionists is very strong, and there house and a woman was severely injured. is no sense in talking about peace with Israel. U. N. CHIEF OF STAFF SAYS SPONSORS OF FEDA There were further ambushes and attacks YEEN ARE AGGRESSORS There is not even the smallest place for on the following days, the entire toll being negotiations between the Arabs and Israel." On March 17, 1955, Gen. E. L. M. Burns, ten dead and many wounded. then chief of the United Nations Truce Su (Interview with New York Post correspond- Three weeks later fedayeen ambushed a ent, October 14, 1955.) · pervision Oi:g~nization, reported to the ~e bus traveling from Safad to Haifa, attacking curity Council: "Infiltration from Egyptian Radio c'airo: "Peace between us and the it with machinegun fire and hand grenades, Jews is impossible. As far as we are con controlled territory has not been the only killing and wounding twelve of the pas cause of present tension, but has un sengers. cerned, it is a matter of life and death, not doubtedly been one of the main ·causes." Between April 7 and 11, 1956, the wave a di.spute over frontiers or interests. Nor is On April 8, 1956, General Burns, in a letter of fedayeen murder and destruction reached it a difl'.erence over viewpoints whi{)h require to Israel's Foreign Minister, -declared, inter its peak. During those five · days there was mediation for settlement. The Middle East alia: "I am dispatching to the Foreign Min a total of 64 attacks, in which 14 people were cannot hold both of us. It is either we or ister of Egypt a protest against the action of killed and 43 wounded. Among them six them. • • • There is no other solution. the fedayeen, assuming it to have been au children and their teacher, who were • • • Steel and bullets will realize our ob thorized or tolerated by the Egyptian au murdered at the agricultural school of jectives." (In a broadcast on January 12, thorities, and requesting the immediate with Shafrir while attending evening services. 1956.) drawal of any persons under Egyptian con In the summer of 1956, following the na The campaign of hate against Israel does trol from the territory of Israel. tionalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyp not stop short of the schools. It is part of "I consider that if Egypt has ordered these tian Government, and the subsequent inter classroom instruction in Egypt. Reproduced fedayeen raids she has put herself in the national conferences and discussions, ·there below are drawings submitted by high-school position of an aggressor." was a comparative lull in the activities of students, in El Arish, chief town of the Sinai Desert, in an examination under the general FEDAYEEN ARE PRAISED FOR THEIR ATTACKS the fedayeen. However, as soon as Security council discussions on the Suez Canal issue heading of "Ambushing Israelis." For efficiency in acts of murder and sabo had come to an end, Egypt again felt free to MEIN KAMPF tage, the fedayeen were awarded certificates turn against Israel and orders were given for of merit: An · Arabic translation of Hitler's Mein a resumption of the fedayeen raids into Kampf was part of the standard issue to "General Command of the Armed Israeli territory : Egyptian officers. This is the cover and Forces, Gaza Area Command, Are/ Post. In 1 week, 24 Israeli citizens were killed and frontispiece of copies found on Egyptian "Certificate of Merit wounded by the terrorist squads. prisoners-of-war. On October 14, 1956, the fedayeen organ "No. Rank: A volunteer sergeant. ized a raid on Sde Boker, the Negev home of "Name: Al Sayed Hasan Dahasmah. the Prime Minister of Israel, deep inside THE BLACK RECORD-NASSER'S PERSECUTION "Unit: K. 313. Israeli territory. OF EGYPTIAN JEWRY "I, Captain Tala'at Suleyman. Jalabi, Com- Commenting upon this raid, Cairo Radio, INTRODUCTION . mander of the Aref post, hereby declare that on October ,16, 1956, broadcast the text of the above mentioned has fulfilled his holy - On October 29, 1956, units of the Israeli an official communique issued by fedayeen Army entered the Sinai Peninsula. On No mission on the land of Palestine on May 28, · headquarters in Gaza: "The fedayeen head 1956, in a perfect way. He acted on the Is vember · 1, within 72 hours of this thrust, quarters in Gaza has issued a communique "the Egyptian .Government. promulga~d a raeli soil with exemplary courage, valor and stating that a group of fedayeen succeeded bravery, and maintained excellent discipline, series of detailed, highly complex decrees on October 13 to cross the southern border which, among other things, established a the highest morale and a noble behavior. He of Palestine in order to discover the concen is a man who understands and appreciates state of siege, imposed a thorough-going tration points and the factories which the censorship, facilitated the denationalization discipline and reveres it. , Zionists have started to transfer to the "Thereby the present certificate is delivered of certain Egyptian citizens, and provided a .coastal region so.as to get them out of the fl.re juridical basis for the subsequent sequestra to him. range of Egyptian guns which threaten to "(Signed) CAPT. TALA'AT SUI.EYMAN, tion and confiscation of property of various destroy them. The communique of fedayeen private persons. Commander, Are/ Post." headquarters in Gaza states also that all the On the very next day, November 2, the ''General command of the armed forces, fedayeen returned safely to their bases, ex General Assembly of the United Nations Gaza Strip command, Ara/ post cept two who are ·believed to have been killed adopted a resolution calling for a cease-fire "Certificate of Merit in an encounter which took place between and the withdrawal of Israeli, British and "Name: Mohammed Al Sid Af-Hashash. them and the guards of Prime Minister Ben French forces from Egypt. On the follow "Rank: Volunteer sergeant. Gurion's home in Sde Boker. Further, it is ing day, the United Nations adopted a reso "Unit: National Guard. believed that two other fedayeen have been lution calling for the creation of a U. N. "I, Uzabashi (Captain) Talaat Suleyman wounded and taken to a. hospital in Reho emergency force to enforce the truce. On Jalabi, commander of the Araf post, give voth. The fifth of the fedayeen has not yet November 4, the Egyptian Government pub witness herewith that the above has ful returned from his mission in occupied Pales- lished further military decrees implementing filled his holy duties in Paiestine during the tine." · its earlier regulations for the seizure of period 6 June 1956 to 6 September 1956 and On October 15, 1956, an ambulance was private property. On November 6, the United fulfilled his tasks inside the area of Israel ambushed north of Safi.ah. Nations cease-fire was accepted by the bel in the best way possible. He has serv.ed as On October 20, 2 army vehicles were blown ligerent parties and arrangements were made a sublime example of bravery, heroism and up by mines placed on the Ketziot road, and for supervision of the cease-fire by an in willingness to sacrifice himself. In addition 3 soldiers were killed and 27 wounded. ternational U. N. police force. It was expected that the repressive meas he set an example of the highest discipline FEDAYEEN REORGANIZED AFTER SINAI CAMPAIGN and high morale and is able to assume re ures enacted during the hostilities would be sponsibility to the full. After the Sinai campaign Nasser reorgan withdrawn or annulled after the cease-fire. "This certificate is issued for the above ized his fedayeen operations so that on De But this expectation proved futile. Begin reasons. cember 2, 1956, the Government-controlled ning with reports received from Cairo on No "Uzbashl (captain), Cairo Radio could announce, "a heavy cam vember 15, and almost daily thereafter, it "Commander Araf Post. paign inside Israel in the coming winter." became evident that Egypt was bent on ex "Certificate issued on 6.9.56." And on December 24, 1956, Cairo Radio ploiting the brief hostilities to despoil and stated that "if Israel prevented the use of ultimately destroy its Jewish community. SOME TYPICAL FEDA YEEN ACT.IVITIES Gaza bases there are many other places Indeed, after the termination of hostilities, These are some typical terrorist activities which could be used for that purpose." "The the persecutions of Egyptian Jewry, far from carried out by the fedayeen in Israel: Government of Egypt is organizing fedayeen diminishing, took on such intensity that On March 24, 1955, Patish (a village in the and instilling them with readiness to fight." their ultimate import could not be mistaken. Negev) was attacked while a wedding cele Other Arab governments, the broadcast said, The initial reports from Cairo came to the bration was going on. One of the brides "are training fedayeen and instructing them world's notice in confused and fragmentary maids was killed, and 20 other guests were in warfare which is neither forbidden nor form. This was due to the special care taken wounded. shameful." by the Nasser regime to obscure the truth On October 27, 1955, there were seven During the month of December 1956, . over and veil its arbitrary actions in secrecy. attacks by fedayeen in Israel territory adja 30 raids were organized inside Israel from Patterned on Nazi techniql.les, the Egyptian cent to the Gaza Strip. A farmer was killed, bases in Jordan and Lebanon. campaign against the Jews has been con- 1-957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2631 ducted with ruthless efficiency and disre vent such reprisals."· (New. York Times, to exclude them from virtually all segments gard of the minimal moral standards that November 25, 1947.) of Egyptian economic life is demonstrated civilized nations embrace. These threats are now realities. Despite by the effect of a decree announced in Cairo There are, -however, important differences avowals by Egypt's officials that there is hos on January 15, 1957. To quote the New York 'between Hitler's and Nasser's approach. The tility only to Zionists and not to other Jews, Times of January 16: · iatter has· learned to avoid the errors com open anti-Semitic comments have appeared "Nasser has decreed the 'Egyptianization• mitted by , Hitler. Where Hitler's anti in the Egyptian press and have been made of all British and French banks and insur semitism was blatantly avowed, Nasser's by Colonel Nasser himself. On August 14, ance companies in Egypt. • • • All other anti-Semitism is concealed. Where Hitler 1955, he publicly stated: foreign banks and insurance companies were openly attacked Jews as Jews, Nasser has "I am not fighting solely against world given 5 years before they too would be resorted to the disingenuous pretense that Zionism and Jewish capital.'' (Al Ahram, 'Egyptianized'. • * • Private shareholders his animus ls limited to "Zionists." In shor~. Cairo, August 15, 1955.) · will continue to retain their stocks in com the Egyptian Government has learned from Following the same line, the Cairo news panies, but all shareholders must have Hitler's example that it cannot afford to paper, El Tahrir, on November 27, 1956- · been born in Egypt and must be Egyptian ignore world opinion and that it is more that is, after the wartime censorship had citizens. Directors must be nativeborn expedient to conduct its anti-Jewish cam already been instituted and no newspaper citizens also. • • • Another decree to be paign in a manner that would avoid inter article could appear without the sanction of come effective tomorrow makes it impera national notoriety. In the words of Dean the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior-pub tive that all agents representing foreign James A. Pike of the Cathedral of St. John lished an article describing the history, tra manufacturers in Egypt must be native-born the Divine in New York, "Nasser is much ditions, and religious practices of the Jews, Egyptian ·citizens. However, the Govern more clever than the Nazis." in terms as odious as any that can be found ment can in c~rtain cases extend permission The precautions of secrecy taken by the in the Nazi and Fascist publications of the to foreigners to continue as agents of those Nasser regime and its deliberate obfusca 1930's and 1940's. companies for five years more." tions made it difficult in the initial stages If there was any lingering doubt that the Since a large proportion of the Jewish of the anti-Jewish campaign to piece to semantic maneuver of adopting the term community has been barred from Egyptian gether an exact picture of what was taking "Zionist" for "Jew" was designed solely to citizenship, this decree disqualifies practic place in Egypt. The early reports could only divert world opinion from the essential char ally all Jews from participating in any hint at the systematic and well-organized acter· of Egypt's anti-Jewish campaign, it is Egyptian financial corporation. The "Egyp plan, long in preparation, :that had been put finally dispelled by the scope of that cam tianization" program under Nasser is remi into practice to pauperize, denationalize and paign. The number of Jews affected by the niscent of the Nazi slogan "Germany for the expel the Jewish community. Since then, acts of internment, expulsion, and seques Germans" and- the Nazi technique for pau thousands of Egyptian Jews have arrived in tration is so large as to preclude any belief perizing the Jews and forcing them out of Europe and Israel and have corroborated by that the target of Egypt's wrath is solely the the country. · their own experiences the harrowing reports "Zionists" who allegedly menace Egypt's That .the destruction of the Jewish com of journalists, travelers, and diplomats about security. munity is a deliberate and long-planned the desperate plight of the Jewish commu policy of the Nasser administration is made nity of -Egypt. Official Egyptian documents The doctrine of "Egyptianization" - evident by the dispatch with which it pro also have come to light which testify to In the earlier phases of the Egyptian antl mulgated its new nationality laws and the the drastic measures adopted by Egypt to Jewish outbreaks, there was a tendency to regulations governing the sequestration of destroy the Jewish community. believe that they represented merely a tem ·private property. These decrees are intricate The physical survival of one of the oldest porary and passing expression of ultra-na ·and comprehensive. They are obviously the and· most peaceful religious communities of tionalist fervor intensified by Israel's entry product of considerable study and prepara.. the world is at stake. Its rescue depends into Sinai. But the scope of the continuing tion. They could not have been conceived, upon firm intervention with the Nasser re anti-Jewish campaign, and the speed with written and printed in the three or four days gime by our own country as well as by the which it has reached into every corner of that intervened between the opening of mili other free nations. Egyptian Jewish life, indicate that it is the tary hostilities between Israel and Egypt and culmination of a carefully prepared and their publication in official journals. The I. EGYPTIAN XENOPHOBIA planned design for the dispersion and de very perfection of the techniques now em The semantic ruse struction of the Jewish community. ployed by the Egyptian government clearly Spokesmen for the Egyptian Government One Of the proudly proclaimed doctrines indicates that these acts reflect not an im have repeatedly denied that it is engaged of the Nasser revolution ls that of "Egyp provised response in a moment of crisis but iri a . campaign of anti-Jewish repression; tianization." This professedly is intended a thorough and well-wrought plan for the they contend that whatever action has been only to encourage domestic ownership of spoliation and destruction of the ancient taken against. Jews has been directed solely domestic industry, but actually it ts a Jewish community of Egypt. against "Zionist agents." But the fact is euphemism for a program that includes the In carrying out this design the Nasser that the Zionist movement has had little expropriation of private property, the exclu government has resorted to four principal influence among Egyptian Jews. This is not sion from economic life, and the expulsion measures: (1) seizure of hostages; (2) de surprising if only because Egypt's 50,000 from Egypt not only of so-called "enemy nationalization of Jews; (3) internments Jews, a tiny minority in Egypt's total pop aliens" and "foreigners" but also of non and expulsions; and ( 4) sequestration of ulation of 22,000,000, would not have been Moslem native Egyptians, no matter how long property. they and their families have resided within so foolhardy, even if they so desired, to II. TECHNIQUES OF DESTRUC~ION espouse pro-Zionist or pro-Israel attitudes the land. It should be borne in mind that a. since 1948, let alone engage in any acts even large majority of the 50,000 Jews living in The seizure of hostages remotely inimical to the security of the Egypt were born there and derive from fam The most reprehensible of all the acts of Egyptian Government. ilies who have lived there for generations, · persecution ordered by Nasser-the seizure But as Fred Sparks, a Scripps-Howard cor but that less than 20 percent have been per of hostages-is motivated by two considera respondent, has observed, the Egyptian au mitted to obtain Egyptian citizenship. tions: to terrorize the Jewish community thorities emphasize the anti-Zionist rather About 15,000 were deemed stateless and the and to intimidate Jews expelled from the than the anti-Jewish aspects of their dis rest were technically the nationals of for country from speaking the truth about what crimination strictly for public relations pur eign countries, principally Great Britain, is taking place in Egypt. In seizing hos poses: France, Italy and Greece, even though most tages, it has reverted to a method of sup "At this time there is 'no anti-Jewish of them had never been outside of Egypt's pression that all civilized states have ab terror' in the manner of a Hitler-style po borders. jured. In seeking to ensure the silence of grom. The pressure--subtle and unofficial The Egyptian authorities, by restrictive in the Jews who have departed from Egypt, the is a 'shadowy persecution.' • • • The Gov terpretation of the Nationality Act of Sep Nasser regime has emulated typical totali ernment has condemned anti-Jewish threats tember 13, 1950, ·as well as earlier statutes, tarian practices. and violence; such publicity cannot serve for years have in effect barred all Jews from An Associated Press dispatch from Port Colonel Nasser in his battle for world opin citizenship in the interest of preserving na Said on November 26, 1956, reported that ion." (New York World Telegram, December tional homogeneity. Since 1936, an occa "Jews began leaving Port Said today, leaving 27, 1956.) sional Jew has been permitted naturaliza behind hostages seized from each family by But in 1947, Egyptian leaders were less dis tion, but throughout this perioct such cases the Egyptians the night before the British creet. Dr. Mohammed Hussein Heykal Pasha, were exceptional. It is ironic that many and French landings." The seizure of hos technically stateless Jews, as well as those then chief of the Egyptian delegation to the tages was confirmed the next day by Mr. nominally nationals of other countries, be United Nations, publicly warned that: · Harry Coe,. the British consul in Port Said. long to families whose residence in Egypt Mr. Coe declared that he had received re "The lives of 1,000,000 Jews in Moslem antedates that of some members of tl:\e mili ports that of the 300 Jewish residents of countries would be jeopardized by partition tary junta now in control of the govern Port Said one member of each family was • • • if Arab blood is shed in Palestine, ment. taken away by the Egyptian police and none Jewish blood will necessarily be shed else Neverthelesi;;, these are the persons now has been heard .from since. He added that where in the world despite all the sincere being made the principal victims of Egyp the secret police reportedly seized a number efforts of the Go".ernment concerned :to P!e- tianization. The. way this program operates of Jewish.leaders in raids in other :c:gyptian _2632 CONGRESSIONAL: ~RECORD _- HOUSE February 26 ·cities. '(New York World Telegram, Novem . Egyptian Government has effected the mass _.scope. . In the. :first weeks of December a ber 29, 1956.) eviction of Jews on the pretext of their ahp_ _nm;nber of Egy_ptian _Jewish escapees ·gave This practice of seizing hostages extended malous legal status. It has expelled_ or affidavits to tpe .America_n ,Jewish Congres~. beyond the immediate emergency of the ..forced the departure of thousands of per attesting to the measures employed by the British and French landings. On December sons whose f!Ole fault is that they. coµlA n.ot Egyptian Government to oppress its Jewish · rn; the Washington Star reported: persuade the Egyptian. .Oovernment · t:P.at population and to harass them into volun "The last ship1oad of Jews fled Port Said Jewish affiliation should be no bar to citi tary., flight. These p~rsons are ui:iwilling to yesterday,- leaving behind two frightened zenship. '!'.he a".erage stateles~ Jew in ·Egypt disclose their name.s for publication but they families. Th~se two refused to depart until is neither a recent arrival -nor· a person in are rea,dy to appear befor.e any official agency their men are released from hostage. different to citizenship. Typically, he be of, the United Stat~s or the United Nations "They say it's no use going anywhere longs to a fay;nily that h~s resiqed in the to describe the conditions _they have per without their men," .explained Rabbi Marcel country for generations and has made ener sonally witnessed in Egypt. The reason for Kallfa, Jewish chaplain for the French forces getic efforts to acquire nationality. In other ~heir insistence on anonymity is understand who supervised yesterday's departure. modern States he would be considered emi able and, of itself, a significant commentary "They feel life isn't worth while \Iii.th just nently qualified for the responsibilities and on Egypt's reign: of terror. · half their families and they would just as opportunities of citizenship. In selecting _ There are uniform themes running well suffer here as somewhere else." stateless Jews as the chief victims of xeno _through all the statements that have been He added: "Please, no names, they're in _phobic nationalism, the Egyptian Govern received. The mass arrests of Egyptian Jews trouble enough already." ment was careful to single out the most are accompanied by no legal warrant and "Jewish families had been visited by vulnerable group in the country. The state .t:t:iere is no provision.for arraignment or in Egyptian secret police in the early morning less persons can make no claim to the pro d~ctment. There · is no discernible pattern hours just before British and F'rench troops tection of any government and there exists or rationale in the sequence of arrests or in no official agency empowered to intervene in the manner in which individuals are singled landed here last month and one member of ·out for imprisonment. No one is appraised each -ramny was taken hostage. There has their behalf. · The mass expulsion of the Jewish com of the identity of others arrested or of the been no word of theni since, Jews here say. -grounds for arrest. Part of the nightmarish Rabbi Kalifa said his check of families here munity began with the sudden and shocking notification to thousands of stateless persons atmosphere derives from the mixture of in showed 92 had been taken from Port Said's formality and ruthlessness with which the total :ewish population of 300 in that raid.-'' that they were to be expelled, in most cases within a matter of 7 to 10 days. The alter arrests are carried out. The police ·appear On December 12, a New York Post corre native to evacuation was internment. There suddenly at the residence of the person to be spondent reported that he had personally arrested, almost always late at night or in talked to a dozen persons whose friends and was no publication of an edict, or decree or general order of expulsion: In most ca~ei;;, the early morning, obviously to avoid public relations had disappeared, and that in a police descended on the stateless Jews and attention. Occasionally the arresting officers synagogue he visited "every Jew I talked to ordered them to leave or face 1.Ip.prisonment. a:e in civilian dress. There is no explana had a clos~ friend or relative who had just In a few- cases, however;Egyptian police did tion for the arrest and very little conversa 'disappeared.' " i~ue to individuals written orders of expui tion · of any kind. Persons arrested ar'e The denationalization process s10n · in · the expectation that these · docu- -quietly ordered to pack a small case of per- .ments would be extracted from them at the sonal articles and are then taken . to the A product of the combined thinking of nearest police station. From that point they Egypt's Jewish department and the authors time of departure. A few of these orders however, were brought out of Egypt. ' are assigned to. .-detention· centers. Durihg of the Egyptianization program was Law No. the arrests there is no violence. The police 329, issued on November 20, 1956 by Presi After originally concentrating its fire mainly on stateless Jews, the Egyptian Gov have been careful to permit no show of dent Nasser. This law, in effect, denation brutality on the streets. But this restrainl; alized all Zionists and laid the groundwork ernment began to widen its target. It does not trouble now to make nice distinctions as is dropped at the door of the detention for branding as undesirable all stateless Jews centers. · · .in Egypt because of their alleged failure to to nationality. There are reports that on November 23, 1956, instructions were issued As noted earlier, stateless Jews at first integrate themselves into Egyptian life and comprised the overwhelming majority of because of their presumably unstable loyalty by Sheikh El Bakouri, the Egyptian Minister of, Religious Affairs, and read on that day those arrested. Bu_t since then Jews of all . to the state. The text of the law was .pub nationalities have been interned·: Possession lished in Egypt's Journal du Commerce et de by order of the government in every mosque in every town and village in Egypt. El Ba of a passport of another · country, even one la Marine and reproduced in the Egyptian at peace with Egypt, offers rio ·protection to newspaper, Le Progres Egyptien. kouri announ~ed that from that day on· all Jews in Egypt were to be regarded and treated Egyptian Jews. At best, a foreign passport The most drastic feature of this law is as enemies of the country; He urged the serves only to expedite final departure. The contained in Article 1, which stipulates that people of Egypt to refrain from ' contact, American. Jewish Congresg. has in its files "neither Zionists, nor those against whom whether c~mercial or social, with Egyptian an affidavit from an American Jew interned a judgment has been handed down for Jews, and assured them that the remaining in Egypt recently ·even though he had been crimes of disloyalty to the country or for Jews would soon be compelled to depart. traveling on a United States passport. This treason" are to be considered Egyptian na He stated that the government was proceed person, a native of Cairo, had entered the tionals, and that "no request for the delivery ing expeditiously to rid Egypt of the Jews; United States as a quota immigrant but had of a certificate of Egyptian nationality will and on that ground alone asked Egyptians returned to Egypt to attend to personal busi be accepted from persons known as Zionists." to refrain from private retaliations against ness affairs. He was released from prison The law provides that the citizenship of all them. only after he had guaranteed he would leave Jews who acquired Egyptian nationality Mass arrests Egypt. after January 1, 1900, is to be ·reexamined While it ts impossible to determine the for possible denationalization . proceedings Under cover of legalistic pretexts for per secution, the life of the Egyptian Jewish exact number of arrests, it is certain that and only those who can persuade the min they have been carried out steadily since ister of interior that they are not lacking in community has already been converted into a nightmare of oppression. Emergency Law Isra~l's ~ntry into Sinai. A dispatch ap loyalty and that they are not Zionists are pearing m the New York Times as early as secure against cancellation of nationality. No. 533 of 1954 authorized the Military Gov ernor of Egypt to "order the arrest and November 24 reported that~ It has already been noted that the Egyp "Two days after the Israeli attack of Octo tian authorities tend to use the terms apprehension of suspects and those who prejudice public order and security." The ber_ 29, the Egyptian police rounded up be Zionist and Jew interchangeably. When provisions of this law furnished the legal tween 25 and 30 Jews and took them to Cairo. this is taken into account, along with what basis for the arrest and detention of thou In effect, they are hostages there. 'What can is known of the avowed anti-Jewish views sandf! o~ persons, in.eluding many already un I do? What can I do?' an elderly widow of Zakariah Mohieddine, who functions in der order of deportation but who were unable sobbed. Her older daughter, age 30, was Egypt as chief censor as well as minister of to obtain foreign passage. It is estimated among those taken to Cairo." the interior, it is evident that the Jews who that at least 1,000 persons were imprisoned On the same day ·the Times correspondent --apply to him for preserving their nationality under wretched physical conditions in the in Cairo, Osgood Caruthers, noted that al will receive scant sympathy. Whatever their Prison des Barrages in Cairo, and in special though "the Egyptians have made ·it a mat pers.onal beliefs and sympathies, Egyptian detention centers in Cairo, Alexandria, ter o~ basic doctrine that. their strongest op Jewish nationals who acquired citizenship Assouan, and Heliopolis. Those jailed in position was aimed at Ztonism and at Israel after 1900 have only the remotest chance of cluded practically every leader ill Egyptian and not _against the Jewish people," never~ maintaining their nationality. Jewish communal life. Almost every mem theless the arrest ·orders "according to au The chief effect of the new nationality ber of the Jewish Community Councils of thoritative estimates affect thousands of law will be to augment the ranks of· state both Cairo and Alexandria was arrested and Jews in Cairo who are ?f foreign nationality, less Egyptian Jews, and this is an ominous imprisoned in the earliest stages· of the many of them British and French subje.cts, time in Egypt to be rendered stateless. The terror. A few have since been released. or who are in the status of stateless persons. promulgation of this law heralds the sum- In seeking to screen its ruthless conduct It was not known· how many others might . mary deportation of 15,000 stateless .J-ews. from the world the Egyptian Government has be affected throughout the rest of the coun- o _ne of the more cynical aspects of Egypt's not been entirely successful. · It is · impos · try." He went on to observe: anti-Jewis campaign is its use of· legal forms . sible, despite.. the most carefully contrived "As- it is, Britons, Frenchmen, and Jews to disguise its lawless behavior. The schemes, to conceal otli<::ial -crimes of su-0h of foreign nationality; or · in the· stateless 1957 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE 2633 category, were being given individual orders that for two 3-day periods in the 60 days they "Of the 967 who arrived, ·394· were women as to when they were to pack up and leave were held. the 500 went without any suste• and 104 were children." (Times; January the country. They were permitted to take :tiance at all. 7.) with them 20 Egyptian pounds ($56) for each "And the food, when it was given, was com There are widespread reports that upon adult and 10 Egyptian pounds for each parable only to prisoner of warfare in the learning of the arrest and imprisonment of minor." latter days of wartime Germany. Although : Jewish leaders, the chief rabbi of Egypt, On November 27,.a New York Herald Trib orders were given for the men tO be allowed Halm Nahoum Effendi, acted 'to obtain their une correspondent reported from Port Said: 2 hours of daily exercise in the open, they release. His appear was summarily rejected, "Some 150 Jews, many of them old resi were never allowed out of the buildings. On and he was instructed by government offi· dents of this city, fled Egypt today on board arrival their watches and ell personal jewelry cials not tO meddle in · "political" affairs. a French hospital ship. were taken by Hadidi's guards--and never Rabbi Nahoum, who has held office since "Taking along not much more than they returned. 1922, had been repeatedly decorated by Egypt could carry, they sailed for Marseilles with "The women internees were equally bitter. ian governments for his public services. 37 other evacuees from this occupied area. The women were first taken to the school in When his attempted intervention was so The group, which included 30 children, de Heliopolis, where their food was below sub brusquely rebuffed, Rabbi Nahoum-:<>ld, sick, parted rather than face an uncertain fate sistence level and sanitation facilities limited. and almost blind-sent his resignation to when Anglo-French forces leave and _ the They also were stripped of all jewelry and President Nasser. Immediately thereafter Egyptian Government takes over again. trinkets." . two- members of the security police came to "Before the trouble began, the commu:p.ity . An International News Service dispatch in his· home and took him to tlte Ministry of totaled an estimated 300 families. • • • The the New York Journal-American of January 7 the In.terior where he was ordered to rescind number of iews still here is believed to be reported: · his resignation; this he refused to do. One less than 50. "One man told of being taken to Cairo's of his subordinates, however, was prevailed "Most of the group were stateless, but a few Abassia Prison, where he was strung up by upon to issue an unauthorized "denial" of carried Egyptian passports. They sailed his wrists and beaten for 3 days. He said the Rabbi Nahoum's resignation to an Associated with refugee permits that will allow them torture was administered by Egypt's secret. Press correspondent. This' "denial" is not to stay in France for 3 months before de police in an effort to make him tell where his given much credence among the Egyptian ciding on a new domicile." fortune was hidden. - An International News Service correspond "He added that another prisoner subjected Jews who were his congregants and were fam111ar with the duress to which he was ent reported that a Jewish escapee in Paris to the same brutalit~ ' went mad. ·.had told him: . - "One -woman refugee, whose .husband .still ..subjected. Th~ -New York Post -reported on " 'The policeman ·who .arrested me was a -is in -prison, related: 'The terror began soon January 8: fairly high official,' he told me: 'We've got after the war began. Superintendents of all "No one believes the Egyptian version of a list of 6,000 Jews we're going to imprison buildings began reporting the names of all . the recent broadcast by Egypt's Chief Rabbi or expel. And that's only a first list of 6,000. Jews and other foreigners to police. Then Nahoum. They all claim Egyptian strong .Soon there'll be no more Jews in Egypt. came the police raids and orders confining us arm men visite.d this aging, blind martyr and You'll all have to go.' The refugees arrived to our apartments. When the police would said: 'You must say you are a loyal in Europe begging correspondents not to use come after midnight, we knew it was bad. Egyptian; · otherwise ·you are a Zionist. their names for fear of reprisals against rel They would point at .some member of our Zio:t;1.ists are our mortal enemies and if you atives" (New York Journal-American, De family and say, "Come along. You're are a Zionist all Jews here will be named cember 21, 1956) . wanted." Then they would take the member Zionists and imprisoned.' " - Conditions in . the Improvised detention to the police stat!on and imprison him with-_ In the face of incontrovertible evidence of centers into which internees have been out court procedure.' the mass arrests and abuse of Egyptian Jews, herded are . appalling. The -New York· Post. _ "She said the prisoners would be jailed Egyptian officials have blandly denied all. of January 8, 1957, gave this account: along with criminals." However, like Egyptian Foreign Minister "Jewifiih refugees arriving from EgY.pt dis ·The arrival ·of· the refugee ship Misr in Mahmoud Fawzi, they have been compelled closed today they were · led handcuffed Naples on January .7, 1957, afforded Western to admit that "a few. Jews" were taken into ;through the streets bf Cairo and Alexandria. correspondents the first opportunity of' in .custody , "because they were dangerous to .and were stoned and spat upon by Arab mobs terviewing a substantial group of Egyptian the security of the state." · (New York Times, while their guards laughed and taunted; Jews free of Egyptian survemance. The New November 29, 1956.) Fawzi's "few Jews" be 'Now you are going to die.' . York Times correspondent who reported their came in the admissions of Lt. Col. Za "The men among the Misr's passengers had _arrival was able to persuade some of the kariah Mohieddine, Minister of the Interior, all been held at the Sebil School in Cairo, escapees to disclose their names: "288 Jews" who were being detained "for .which the Egyptians had converted into an "Aboard th~ Misr were Dr. Jacob Coen and reasons of security." (Times, December 4, internment camp. The women were in Dr. Raymond Bayer, both formerly on the __1956.) In addition, Colonel Mohieddine, :terned first at the Betesh School in Heliop .staff of the Jewish Hospital in Cairo. They while denying blanket seizure of Jewish prop:. .olis, a suburb of Cairo, and later transferred had been held in the Jewish school in Cairo erty, admitted that "the assets of rich Jews" to the Citadel prison. One of the women with hundreds of other men. The women had been placed under government control .was interned with a 2-day-old baby. ·and their families had been sent to a camp "to be sure that they do not try to smuggle "For the first 3 days of internment the at Heliopolis. their money out of the country." (New York men at Sebil were kept completely without "The physicians said there were 15 camp Post, December 4, 1956.) Col. Abdel Kader Hatem, director of the Egyptian Information 'rood by the camp commandant, Major Hadidi, inmates to a room in the Cairo school. a blue-uniformed official of the national Office, stated that of the non-Egyptian Jews After reveme at 6 a. m., armed guards in Egypt "only 280 had been asked to leave polic.,. marched the inmates, 3 by 3, to a washroom. . "The stocky, muscular major seems to have for 'security reasons,' and 26 of these were '.!'hen there were checks by policemen at .now out of the country.'~ (New York Jour .conformed to the classic pattern of prisoner 10 a. m. and 2, 4, and 10 p. m. of war and concentration camp command nal-American, December 21, 1956.) But, at "Rabbi Shalom Morg said that most of his another point, Colonel Hatem had the effron ants. He was violently anti-Semitic, often fellow passengers were destitute. proclaming that Egypt had no place for tery to claim that "Egypt has not deported "Elie Matalon, 22 years old, former em one single Jew." (New York Post, December Jews-although Colonel Nasser himself has ·ployee of a photographic agency In Cairo, said ·said many times that Egpyt welcomes "loyal _26, 1956.) 'How much faith can be reposed Jews," a statement at which these· refugees 'he had been deprived of Egyptian citizenship in official Egyptian denials of anti-Jewish laugh with some ironic bitterness. and interned aft.er he had applied for a pass . measures can be gaged by the fact that port to go to Paris. -· ~' For t_he first 3 days at Sebil, Major Hadidi Premier Habib Bourgoufba, a Moslem him locked 18 to 20 men in small rooms in which "Victor Benattar, a stateless chemist, who self and one who is certainly sympathetic to camp beds were packed so closely the oc:.. had been working for a foreign pharmaceu Arab aspirations, has found it necessary to cupants had to crawl over them to reach the tical concern in Cairo, charged that Egyptian protest to Egypt about the discrimination door when they were finally allowed out. For police had beaten him tm he signed a dec against Jews of Tunisian nationality. He the first 3 days they were kept without food. laration that he was leaving the country for reminded Egypt that his government had "In all there were more than 500 men in good. never "made any difference between Tuni terned at Sebil. They were allowed to go to "Ibrahim Vetaya, born in Egypt to Turkish sians on the basis of their religion.'' (New the toilet only twice a day and then· only parents, said he had been expelled with his York Times, December 26, 1956.) wife and children after local authorities had during 1 hour in mloyment of· the whole Egyptian Jewish are not in jail find themselves without . tion the decision of an administrator who community. means of support. Bank accounts have been ..depletes the assets of a Jewish firm in his cus· At the present t,ime, with only a few ex frozen, private and commercial property tody through a series of disadvantageous ·ceptions, Jewish businesses are not permitted sequestered, industrial and commercial firms "deals with enterprises · owned by Moslems. to operate in Egypt under their legal own- requisitioned and Jewish employees dis~ There is in addition a public purpose. The · ers. Jewish employees have been dismissed missed. A once economically independent Egyptian Minister of the Interior has pub :from all sequestered firms including foreign community has been reduced to poverty and ,Ucly invited Moslems to bid on shares of ·corporation·s not own.ed by- Jews. One in want and faces a desperate future. Depart stock in firms sequestered from their Jewish -formant of -the American Jewish Congress ·ment stores, banks, and textile firms kno~ 9wners. The Nasser government is thus able related· that of 40 Jews employed in the office throughout Egypt and the Middle East have to advance its Egyptianization program. of tlle Shell Oil Co. in Cairo only 4 were been sequestered or confiscated. Official Under the gui5e of legality, it has taken -permitted to return to their desks on the llsts of sequestrations contain the names of . properties belonging to Jews who spent thefr •day following the appointment of a govern hundreds of business enterprises, including lives in developing them and placed them in ·rnent -administrator under proclamation such well-known and long-established firms . the hands of Egyptian Moslems. No. 4. as the Cicurel, Chemla, Hanau, and Chalons Proclamation No. 4 provided only the gen · No property is too small for sequestration department stores; the banking houses of eral legal authority for sequestration; with and government functionaries have not hesi Zilka and Mosseri; the Pinto Cotton firm, :in a week after its publication, implement ·tated to exploit the situation for private and many others. Conservative estimates ing regulations were isued. Decree No. 170, gain. Reporting the experiences of persons indicate the assets sequestered or frozen _published on Novembe·r 8, 1956, listed 440 he had interviewed, Barrett McGurn wrote amount to at least $400 million. persons whose properties were to be se from Naples on January 7 in the New York The principal legal device for the seques questered and who were made liable to ar Herald Tribune: tration of Jewish property is contained in _rest and expulsion. Decree No. 171, published "One said that he had lost a $55,000 print Egyptian Military Proclamation No. 4, pub on November 11, mentions 25 additional per .Ing plant. Another, born 58 years ago in lished in the Journal Officiel No. 88 bis A of ,sons, including the pr~sident of the Jewish Alexandria, but never an Egyptian citizen, November 1, 1956. This proclamation, titled community in Cairo. Decrees Nos. 174 to said that he had lost a $25,000 farm prop the "Administration of the Property of Per · 196, published in the period from November ·erty. sons Interned or Put Under Surveillance 11 to 13, 1956, name 13 of the principal mer "Many said that army officers and police and Other Persons and Institutions," should . cantile or commercial enterprises owned by were taking apartments which fleeing Jews be distinguished from proclamation No. 5, ·Jews to ·be sequestered. ·were leaving. · Egyptians are offering to buy promulgated on the same day, which prO It is no accident that of the hundreds of -the property of fleeing Jews but sometimes vides for the seizure and administration of persons who have been specifically include(! at merely 1 percent of value, it was reported. assets in Egypt belonging to British, Fr.ench, tn decrees issued pursuant to proclamation One boy said that his father had been offered or Australian subjects. The very publica No. 4 almost an were Jews who were either $125 in payment for the family's $15,000 tion of proclamation No. 4 indicates that. all 'Egyptian nationals, stateless persons or na house. other sequestration proclamations have some tionals of countries other than Britain or - "'Most aboard were members of the lower purpose apart from freezing the funds of France. Without the extraordinary author ·middle class, many of them small shopkeep enemy aliens. ity of proclamation No. 4, their property ers, but some, according to their fellows, left Proclamation No. 4 is specifically addressed -could not have been touched under any '-as much as '$125,000 to $600,000 in apart to the control of assets belonging to persons regulation providing for the blocking or se ment houses, land, and · large commercial placed under surveillance who are not enemy questration of the a.Ssets of enemy aliens. firms.',. nationals. It clearly contemplates the In addition to the seizure of businesses In its determination to squeeze every bit of wholesale expropriation of property of state- under regular sequestration orders, all Jew- .profit from its expellees, the· Government 1957 CONGRESSIONAL. R.Ec6R.b ~ Hbi1SE' 2635 has even stripped them -oi modest private' physicians" and a subsequent decree declar-· selves by ·articles-55 ·and ·sa of the charter to possessions. Persons searched at Egyptian ing that "Jews are excluded from the prac take joint and separate actions in coopera airports have had to surrender even such tice of law.'' tion with the U. N. to· achieve universal re i.tems of personal jewelry as wristwatches,' · Perhaps the closest parallels between the spect for, and observance of, human rights tiepins, and brooches. This relentless pres two regill}es is to be found in the programs of · and fundamental ·freedoms for all without sure has succeeded in forcing the Jewish economic expropriation. In November 1938, distinction as to race, ·sex, language, or· community to try to sell its property for Hermann Goering decreed that "Jews • • • · religion. trifling sums: are excluded from the operation of individual These declarations and pledges are gradu "Those ordered to leave-or who, under retail businesses, exporting firms, and sales ally being made effective. Since its first pressure, decide to go-can take out 100 agencies" and, further, that from that date meeting the U. N. has attempted to translate pounds (or $280) • Business and property on "no Jew can manage a firm. • • *" These the majestic generalities of the charter intO' and valuables like jewels, furniture, fur coats, edicts have been paralleled by a number of. precise· undertakings and ::ltimately to estab are padlocked by a public custodian for Egyptian ones. lish an international code of human rights future disposition. By 1938 some 120,000 German Jews were having the effect of law. On December 10, "Naturally, deportees don't expect to hear driven to migrate to other countries. Just; 1948, the General Assembly without a single again from the custodian. They make every as the Egyptian escapees are permitted to dissenting vote (Soviet Russia, Saudi Arabia, effort at salvage. I was approached on a take with them a maximum of 20 Egyptian and six other countries abstaining) adopted Cairo Street and offered a vast amount of pounds (a 100 pounds according to some the universal declaration of human rights. currency and jewelry for my word that I reports), so Jewish emigrants from Ger Among the provisions of this declaration, in would have a bank pay the deportee a trifling many were divested of their possessions and tended as a "common standard of achieve~ amount of dollars in Paris. I rejected the permitted to carry out a maximum of 10 inent for all peoples and all nations," are deal, but there is profitable traffic with these German marks. On all capital transferred two that are directly relevant to this study; unfortunates; many participating are in abroad the German treasury levied a flight Article 9 of the declaration provides: "No government service. tax of 25 percent and allowed the remaining· Qne shall be subject to arbitrary arrest, de "When police have the power to deal with, 75 percent to be transferred in blocked marks tention, or exile.'' enemy aliens they ·are seidom gentle, often whose value was only one-sixth of the free · Article 15 provides: "Everyone has the corrupt." (World Telegram, December 28. mark. Nasser has gone even further: he has right to nationality. No one shall be arbi 1956.) compelled Egyptian Jews to flee abroad in trarily deprived of his. nationality nor denied American newspapers continue to report. an even more destitute condition than their the right to change his nationality... that the Egyptian Government is hamstrung German predecessors. · It ls clear from the legislative history of for cash. (The New York Times, January 2., Nasser's aim, like Hitler's aim, ls :first the these two provisions that the term "arbi 1957.) A. J. Liebling in the New Yorker of pauperization and then the expulsion of the trary" means more than· "illegal" but rather January 12, 1957, noted that the economists Jewish community. In both countries, Jew any a.ct "taken at the will and pleasure of in EgYPt believe that the sequestration of ish enterprises and properties were seized to some person who could not be called upon to British and French enterprises has yielded bolster an economy weakened by ruinous show just cause for it." few tangible assets to the Egyptian Govern military expenditures. Goering, in a memo The members of the United Nations have ment and that for the most part these have randum in 1938, cryptically noted: "Very likewise been concerned with the protection been offset by the counterblockage of Egyp critical situation of the Reich Exchequer, of civilians during the time of war or armed tian funds in Great Britain and France. Relief through the billion [marks) imposed conflict. At Geneva, in 1949, four conven Most of the French and British firms were bn Jewry, and through profits accruing to tions were ·signed and later ratified by most principally service organizations, he wrote, the Reich in the Aryanization of Jewish en of the members of the United Nations, in and all the Egyptians got with most of these terprises:• Nasser's grandiose aims have cluding Egypt and the United States. The properties was a heap of office fl.!rniture and also entailed financial outlays beyond the Fourth Geneva Convention attempts to pro their own money back. capacity of Egypt's economy and the expro~ tect "the whole of the populations of the These profitless ·seizures· of British a~d priation of Jewish properties is a patent countries in conftict, without any adverse French assets may account in part for the source of relief. · aistinction based, in particular, on race, na avidity and haste with which Jewish property It is significant that the notorious Johanri tionality, religion, or political opinion • • *" has been despoiled. Egyptian Jews can take von Leers, formerly a top official of the Nazi· (art. 13). Article 27 of the convention no countermeasures and Egypt, by looting Propaganda Ministry, occupies an important in defining the rights of "protected persons" its own nationals and stateless persons, place fn the Ministry of National Guidance. declares . that .they "are entitled, in all cir• places itself beyond the reach of interna With such men: as von Leers occupying in cumstances, to respect for their persons, their tional action. Whatever they wrench from fluential posts in .Nasser's government, it is ·honor, their family ·rights, their religious the Jewish community, they take in abso not surprising that Egyptian officers and men convictions and practices, and the.Ir manners lute immunity. In the words of an Egyptia:q in Sinai were found to have carried copies and customs." While internment is specift Jew, identified by the Ass9ciated Press as a of an Arabic translation of Hitler's Mein ·cally allowed, it may be ordered "only if the former Egyptian industrialist who escaped Kampf in their knapsacks, and that an. im~ ·security of the detaining power makes it to Naples: , portant Damascus newspaper, Al Manar, absolutely necessary" (art. 42). Article 33 "We are probably Egypt's most profitable .should have been moved to write: .forbids punishment for an offense which export of the ye~r. We are taking out of the "One should not forget that, in contrast to ·a protected person has not "personally com country, all of us together, a few thousand Europe, Hitler occupied an honored p!ace, in mitted" and likewise forbids "reprisals pounds. We are leaving in Egypt tens and the Arab world. His name awakened in Arab ·against· protected persons and. their prop tens and tens of thousands of pounds in cash, hearts feelings of love and enthusi·asm. The erty." jewelry, profitable businesses, and indus Arab world should be congratulated on pro · While Jews in Egypt of Egyptian nation tries.'' (New York Post, January 7, 1957.) ducing in its midst this Hitler who has ality are not protected by the Fourth Geneva shaken the world from end to end. • • • m. NASSERISM AND HITLERISM Convention, Jews of British or French na ·r.rournalistsJ are mistaken if they think tionality and stateless Jews are (arts. 4 The parallels bet:ween Hitler's campaign hurt~ng that by calling .Nasser Hitler they are and 13). against the Jews of Germany a_nd Nasser's ·us. On the contrary, his name malces u~ attack upon the Jews of Egypt are too close proud. Long live Hitler, the Nazi who struck The acts of reprisal taken against Egyptian to be coincidental. The anti-Jewish tech at the heart of our enemies. Long live the Jewry not possessing Egyptian nationality niques developed in Germany are now being Hitler of the Arab world." (Quoted in the confiscation of property, internment, dena applied in Egypt with increasing rigor. Nas Paris Le Monde, August 17, 1956.) tionalization, and deportation-are all in vio ser's "Egyptianization" and Hitler's "Aryani lation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. zation" programs have the same xenophobic IV. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations has, however, failed to intent and both concentrate on the Jews as The preamble of the Charter of the United take any public action with respect to Egyp their primary target. ·Nations recites that- tian Jewry. It did not request the Secretary It has already been noted that on Novem .. "W~, the peoples 9f the United Nations, General to investigate the grave reports that ber 20, 1956, Nasser in effect opened the door determined· ••• to reaffirm faith in funda .had caused so much concern. It set up no for denationalization of Egyptian Jews. Sim mental human rights, in the dignity ana committee of inquiry. The General Assem ilarly, on July 26, 1933, the German Minister worth of the human person, in the equal bly addressed no inquiries to Egypt. A des- of Interior handed down a decree providing right of men and women • • • do hereby . ultory discussion was held in December 1956 for the denationalization of a large percent: estabUsh an international organization to be and then the matter died. At no time was a age of German Jewish citizens. Jewish law known as the United Nations." resolution on Egyptian Jewry presented to The very first article of the charter re yers in Egypt have been disbarred, and Jew the Assembly. ish physicians, dentists, pharmacists, archi peats this high resolve, declari~g that. among tects, and other professionals have been . the stated purposes of the United Nations In other similar cases the U. N. had not dropped from the rolls .of their professional are "promoting and encouraging respect fo.r ·been silent. Despite the opposition of the societies and have· been prevented in othe·r . human rights and, for fundamental _freedoms Soviet bloc, the United Nations has adopted. . ways from practicing. This duplicates a for all without distinction as to race, sex, no less than 10 different resolutions relating German statute of' .Tuly 25, 1938, which cre language, or religion: • ·• •" .. Finally, the ·to the· oppression of the gallant Hungarian clared that "Jews are not to be licensed as member states of the U. N. pledge them- revolutionaries. These resolutions asked for CllI--166 2636 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - .HOUSE February 26 food and medicine for the Hungarian refu-. has not appe~red to advance either in deter The deep attachment of the United States gees, called for an end. to deportations, re-. mining the facts or in rallying world opinion to the concept of religious freedom has in- . quested permif!sion for U. N. observers to ex to the necessity of opposing firmly and im-, duced our Government in the past to inter amine the situation in Hungary, and desig-. mediately Egypt's contravention of funda cede in instances. of religious persecution nated a committee to hear the testimonY. of_ mental human rights and liberties. In early and even where such intercessions entailed Hungarian refugees. , January, in response to an appeal by the direct criticism of the internal legislation The contrast is almost unbelievable. The American Jewish Congress and other organi of other states. In 1840, in the first rep nations whose hearts were · justly open for. zations for vigorous action to save those who resentation relating to Jews made by the Hungarian refugees could not find the time. are being persecuted in Egypt, the State De United States to any foreign state, Secre even to talk about the persecution of Egyp partment, in a form letter, stated that it was tary of State John Forsyth, at the direction tian Jewry. still trying to obtain an accurate picture of of President Van Buren, instructed the the situation in Egypt in the light of the American Consul at Alexandria, Egypt, to V. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES many conflicting assurances now being made intervene in behalf of Damascus Jews who The United States has expressed its con and that the problem is being kept under had been falsely accused of murder. cern to the Government of Egypt over the active surveillance. Since that time the diplomatic record ls pressures exerted on British and French na-· These sentiments, which in ordinary cir studded with instances of altruistic interven tionals and on the Jewish community in cumstances might have provided some com tion by American officials on behalf of per Egypt. On December 21, 1956, Ambassador fort, can hardly allay anxiety at a time secuted Jewish populations abroad. The James J. Wadsworth, the Alternate United when the Egyptian Government is moving United States, for example, protested on be States Representative at the United Nations, with rapidity arid thoroughness to destroy half of the Jews in Morocco in 1863, to stated to the plenary session of the General the lives and liberties ot the Jewish com Persia in 1897, to Russia in 1908, to Syria and Assembly: munity. What is perhaps the most disap Palestine in 1915, to Italy in 1938, and to "The United States has received informa pointing aspect of the State Department's Argentina in 1943. In the Nazi era, the tion concerning the treatment of certain na response is its assertion that it is still not United States Government utilized avail tionals and stateless persons in Egypt which in full possession of the facts. The reports' able diplomatic channels to protest the atro occasions concern. It has not yet been pos of Egyptian excesses have appeared in the cities of Hitler's regime. sible to evaluate this information fully. Nor press of virtually every no·n-Arabic country. In 1878 Secretary of State William Evarts has it been possible to obtain a clarification In addition, there are at least 8,000 expellees interceded in Morocco, despite an awareness of some aspects of the situation which are from Egypt (as of January 23) who can that his action might be construed as im-· still obscure. testify froni their own experience to the cruel proper. In accord ·with America's finest "The information which is presently avail treatment of the Jewish community of Egypt. ideal of compassion for the victims of suf able to my Government indicates that an in The conscience of the American people has fering and oppression, he wrote the Ameri determinate number of persons, including been outraged by Egypt's persecution of an can Consul in Morocco: "Still, there might British and French nationals and persons of innocent and powerless minority and by its be cases in which humanity would dictate Jewish origin, in Egypt have been subjected flagrant assault on those principles of free a disregard of technicalities, if your influ to pressure and intimidation, and in some dom and human dignity all free nations ence would shield Hebrews from oppression." cases have been ordered deported. While we cherish. Civic groups', church bodies, and It is in this traditional spirit of humanity recognize the right of any government to labor and professional associations have and understanding that we ought to ap take measures which are necessary in the in urged the United States to take more effec proach the agony the Jewish community is terests of its security, the United States must tive diplomatic action than it has thus. far: undergoing in Egypt today. express its concern at any unwarranted pres Thus on December 16, 1956, 34 leading sures exerted against minorities. Christian clergymen in the United States VI. CONCLUSION "The United States Ambassador in Cairo addressed a moving appeal to President Once again, a Jewish community has been has ·been requested to bring to the attention Eisenhower to seek action by the United Na.: doomed to destruction by a brutal dictator_. of the Government of Egypt the concern of tioris . to end the perl?·ecution of Jews in ship. the American. people over these reports. Egypt. These clergymen included many of For many· weeks Jewish leaders ·had been - "The United States hopes that everything our most respected religious spokesmen, a . assured by "their governments and by the possible will be done to insure that measures good number of whom have been actively, spokesmen of international organizations will not be employed which will. discrim\nate concerned for years in Middle Eastern prob .. that the Egyptian dictatorship had under unjustly against human beings merely on lems, including the problem of providing taken only a limited action against a hand racial or religious grounds or on the basis for and resettling the Arab refugees. Their ful of Jews as a precautionary measure justi of foreign nationality." 'appeal stated in part: fied by emergency war conditions. These Mr. Wadsworth's statement was significant "While we .are gratified that the United statements were made and widely dissemi since it made clear that, whatever confusion States Government is expressing its deep nated on the basis of replies to inquiries ad existed at the time about the exact state of concern to the Government of Egypt, we feel dressed to the Egyptian Government and its affairs in Egypt, there was at.least sufficient impelled to express to you our deep concern leading members. Today it is all too clear evidence to warrant the United States Am over the campaign of violence entered upon that behind this propaganda of calculated bassador's intervention in Cairo. · It raised by the Government of Egypt against citizens, deception the Egyptian Government was en the reasonable expectation that the United stateless persons, and nationals of other gaged in the task of uprooting the Jewish States Government would pursue an inves lands. community and making its further existence tigation that would substantiate or refute "In the present Egyptian program directed impossible. the charges. With the_ resources at their against the human rights, security, freedom, A substantial number of Jews whose fam command, with the abundant data available and economic welfare of Egyptian Jews and ilies had resided in Egypt for generations for its study, appropriate United States agen Jews in Egypt, a pattern has emerged that were denationalized; many Jews of all na cies, it was felt, would readily ascertain the is clearly imitative of the Hitler pattern tionalities were served with orders of expul· truth and assume leadership in the United and of the present Communist pattern in sion; thousands were subjected to intimida. Nations in the eff_ort to cause tlw Egyptian Hungary. • • • tion and pressure with the object of com Government to desist in its campaign of "In canceling citizenship, in ordering de pelling them to apply for permission to violence and violations of· basic human free portation of citizens, or stateless persons and depart. In order to insure that this delib doms. nationals of other lands, in taking· away erate creation of a new refugee problem. Unfortunately, Mr. Wadsworth undermined property, in co"nfiscating bank accounts, in should not evoke protests from international the effect of his expression of our Govern the establishment of concentration camps, public opinion, those who had expulsion ment's concern by following immediately and in holding men and women as hostages, orders were deprived of them before depar with this statement: we find an awful and terrible imitation and ture and they, as well as all who left, were "I make bold to conclude with a plea. I refinement of the Hitler program and prac compelled to sign statements certifying that suggest that the matter we are now discuss tices which ultimately plunged. the world they. were going voluntarily. The victims of ing is not one which is likely to benefit into war.• • • this lawless and vicious process were de from prolonged discussion here; certainly it "The United States, indeed the world, paid prived Of their possessions and Were allowed will not benefit from any intemperate dis an appalling price to rid humanity of these to take with them only trivial sums and cussion. That is why, without in any way evils when finally it was forced to go to war personal effects needed on the journey. wishing to cut off speakers whose names have against Hitlerism. Since then, mankind has Hundreds of those who have reached lands been inscribed on the list of speakers and been on guard against a renewed outbreak of refuge have testified that they were taken who will follow me to the rostrum, I would of this malady in many lands, even in our from prison or concentration camps, often suggest to them, as well as to other repre• own Nation. It is pur persuasion that un in shackles, to the ships, and subjected to sentatives who may desire to speak on this less the United States opposes firmly and im indignities on the way. subject, that the most useful thing we could mediately the reappearance of racism in Over 8,000 of such refugees, out of a total do would be to bring this phase of the dis- Egypt, in whatever guise, this pernicious evil Jewish population of approximately 50,000, cussion to an early end." · will endanger the spiritual foundation of have now reached lands of freedom. This Since Mr. Wadsworth's declaration a.t the morality and freedom in all the world." steady stream threatens to become a flood U. N. General Assembly, the United States (New York Times, December 17.) unless in the meantime international au- 1957" CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 2637 thorities exert themselves iri an . effort to slnc~ire eff'ortS made privately by interna.; ()f enlightened selr-tnterest for the fnterria halt it. tional diplomacy and democratic govern tional community and all democratic govern• An element of major importance in the ments to urge counsels of moderation on the ments to intervene eµergetically to halt the scheme of persecution elaborated by the Egyptian regime, but they have apparently destruction of the Egyptian Jewish com Egyptian authorities has been the seques .. failed. · munity. tration of Jewish properties. Orders were The Egyptian Government has worked out This solemn obligation is one which the promulgated authorizing the appropriate its a_nti-Jewish · designs wit.h the aid o! United States Government should in par military authority to sequester the property notorious Nazis and with the aid of tech ticular assume. The United States Govern not only of enemy aliens but of any other niques elaborated by the Hitler regime. It ment was a bulwark of support for the persons whom this authority at its unfet"! has pursued these designs in :flagrant contra Nasser regime in the recent crisis. It has tered discretion might designate. As a. re :vention of international agreements which become a beacon of hope for all groups sult, hundreds of properties and enterprises, it has helped to draft and which it has rati throughout the world· who chafe under belonging in whole or in part to Jews, and fied. Adapting the Nazi methods to the tyranny and. oppression. Its prestige would among them some of the most important in Egyptian scene. the Nasser regime has en be tarnished by failure to act in a situation the country, have been taken over by the acted special legislation to give the color of which so palpably calls for the United States government. No distinction has been made legalism to its inhumanities; it has taken Government's immediate action. on grounds of nationality. Among the vic hostages from Jewish families in order to There are three· courses which the United tims are Egyptian citizens, stateless persons, silence the victims who have escaped. States Government can pursue. and which foreigners of various nationalities other than The process of spoliation and persecution all men who abhor violence, cruelty and op and in addition to British and French na was undertaken not during the conflict with pression will enthusiastically endorse. tionals. Every Jewish enterprise of any sig Israel but after the U. N. intervened to save First, the President of the United States nificance has, in fact, been sequestered un the Nasser regime from destruction. The should remind the Government of Egypt di der those orders. cease-fire became effective on November 6 rectly of its obligation as a member of the Closely associated with this process of se but the sequestration order is dated No United Nations and of the civilized commu questration has been the deliberate impov vember 8. The new nationality law, which nity to abandon its present course of inhu erishment of th& great mass of Egyptian stripped many Jews of Egyptian nationality man oppression. of its Jewls~ population, to Jewry by depriving it of the means of liveli on the flimsiest pretexts, dates from No- cease and desist from its acts of arrest, eco hood. Jews have been dismissed or sus .vember 20. · nomic strangulation, persecution and de pended without compensation from posts in The implications or Egypt's campaign to portation. · all public enterprises and services. The same end the existence of the Jewish community Second, the United States delegation to fate has overtaken Jewish employees in the should be seriously pondered by the free the United Nations should take the lead in sequestered enterprises and businesses. peoples of the world. It should be recalled the General Assembly in calling for action Non-Jewish employers have been forced, that the Nazi regime struck out first at the consistent with the Charter of the United often against their wm. to dismiss Jewish Jews and then proceeded against other Nations and with the several internationaJ employees. Jewish professionals have groups. Similarly, the assault by the Nasser compacts to which Egypt is a signatory that through various devi.ces been deprived of the regime on the Jews, its most defenseless mi expressly guarantee respect for fundamental right to practice. The result has been that nority, Inaugurates a process which can ex human rights. a once prosperous community has been re tend to every group which bars the way to Third, the Government of the United duced in a few weeks to the status of the grandiose Pan-Arabic design under Egyp States should extend this country's tradition paupers. tian leadership, articulated in Nasser's book of sanctuary and haven to the Egyptian Jewish communities everywhere have been The Philosophy of the Revolution. refugees. It should use the existing author profoundly shaken by the apparent help For the leaders of the free world to ignore ity. exercised by the Attorney General under lessness of the U. N. in the presence of this these portents, is to do so .at the peril of the immigration laws on behalf of Hun great human tragedy. Not a single authori world peace. In these circumstances, apart garian refugees in a similar fashion on be tative voice has been raised on behalf of the from the dictates of humanity and compas half of those Jews and stateless persons in Egyptian Jews by the international commu sion, apart from preserving the cherished Egypt who have been deported or compelled nity in public protest. There have been ideals of freedom and liberty, it is a matter to leave. APPENDIX. Arriva.ls of refugee Jews from Egypt, Nov. 22, 1956'-Jan. 23, 1957, ports, d.ates of disembarkation and number of refugeetJ Name of vessel · Piraeus Numb.er Naples Number Marseilles Number Achil Arab·world because he· is getting·con.ces- · Mr. ROOSEVELT. · Mr. Speaker, I ask sume the · position of extreme ~ vulner- · sion· after concession· with. the apparent· unanimous ·consent that the gentleman· ability ·Which· could only result from re- · backing of our State Department. - from Ohio [Mr. ASHLEY] may extend'his turning to the status quo of last year and· Have we in America forgotten that at remarks at this point in the RECORD. ' the years 'leading up to last year. Sure-· one time · oU:r country was also a small · ·The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ly we must-- recognize, if we are to be nation attempting to establish a true de- the request of the gentleman from Cali- honest, that the United Nations has mocracy just like Israel is trying to do fornia? . : failed to provide Israel with that mini- today? Here is an outpost in the most There was no obJection. . mum degree of security which the in- troubled part of the world where a little ·- Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Spe.aker, .it seems tegrity of any democratic nation nation has established a government of to me that the core of this problem for demands. freedom and whose progress in the short our country lies not in the Middle East It is for this reason, Mr. Speaker, that time of its existence might be called but here in the United States. We can I concur with the sentiments expresseq miraculous. · make a real contribution only if we face by my colleagues and that I exhort this Here is a country which has brought tJ:i~ problem here-and tJ:iis is a resp~n~i- administration to devote its great poten inodern know-how to a backward area billty and-a challenge which the admrms- tial leadership, both within the United and whfch has practically cultiv~ted the tration at?-d Congress must face up to. ·· States and outside, to ·the -immediate desert sands and made them give the ne- Just a httle over a year ago-on Febru- problem of protecting the basic rights , · cessities of life. Here is a country fn- ary 7, 1956-many of us who ·are here · and guarantee~ng· thw security of Israel wliiCh hospitals have been built to ~d..:. to~ay participated in_a leng_ th~ debate'on an~ the other Middle Eastern-nations. minister to the Arabs-where they have ~his s~me mat~er. I recansay~ng on that. The SPEAKER pro· tempore (Mr. been cured of disease which would have oc~asio~ ~hat we m~st fa,ce ~~e fact that HOLLAND). · The Chair recognizes the taken many Arab lives. Here is a nation· the-realities of the situation in the Near gentleman from Illinois '[Mr. BOYLE] for where millions of Americans of both Jew- Eas~ a~e not wh~t they were a yeai: ago. 60 minutes, under a special order hereto- ish and Christian faiths · have donated ~ov1et influe~ce is now firmly estabb.shed fore entered. money to build an outpost of real civi- m Egr,pt and in other areas of th~ Middle Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, I want to lization. ~~st : . Ma?Y. Members of this body congratulate the gentleman from Cali- ! could go on and on enumerating the Joined in pointing o~t n?t only th~ clea~- fornia [Mr. RoosEvELT] for his fine pres contributions Israel has made to that cut danger of Soviet influence in t?IS entation. I want to adopt by reference part of the world. She has demonstrated area. t?ut also. the dangers surrounding and incorPorate in my speech those ob that free people can build a nation of the rising tensions between Israel and the servations he has made. freedom and of progress. It could be Arab States. . For some 3 hours I have noted that that dictators of backward cotlntries are . In the 12. months which have elap~ed the great chairman of the Committee on afraid their subjects will somehow dis- ~ince ~hat time, Mr. Speaker, the admin- Government Operations, the gentleman cover what it means to have the freedom is~r~tion has faced up to only one of the~e from Illinois [Mr. DAWSON], has been h" h ff critically dangerous problems. There is sitting in the Chamber. I know there w ic 1. sr~e 1 ~ ers. . no question but that the recently an-- are few greater liberals in the world I beheve _this deba.te has brought very nounced Eisenhower doctrine recognizes than that great chairman of the Com clea~ly ~o the America~ people the sad the disastrous consequences which will mittee on Government Operations. I reallzat10n tJ:iat the pollc~ of our s.t.ate follow the further establishment of So- know that he has many and varied de-· I;>epartment is n~t th~_P?llcy of a f.ri~nd viet influence in the Middle East. Tragi-· mands on his tiine. - Out of deference or a bro~:t:er. Neither is it that of a kin- cally late though it may be, I believe that to his tight schedule 1-am very happy,· gred_spmt, b~t .more on ~he ord_er of a this doctrine will offer some hope of halt- if Mr. DAwso:N desires at this time, to ' bru~al bully, ~illmg to sacr~fice thi~ small ing the covert Soviet aggression which yield-such time to him as he may need nat10n to ·gain the good will of Dictator has as its aim the paralysis of the econo- to talk about. this highly~ critica1 subject; l'.'lasser. . . _. . . mies of our best allies. - · ·. Mr. DAW~Ol'.'l of Illinois. Mr. I r~abze that 011 pl~y~ an 1JJ?-POrtant But surely we are all aware that the Speaker, I want to thank the gentleman part in some of the decisions which h~ve Eisenhower doctrine offers no United from Illinois CMr. BOYLE] for his cour been made, but ~ hope we ai:e not go~ng states leadership for the solution of the tesy. I am not prepared at this time to to revert to a pobcy that considers money hostility between Israel and the neigh- carry on. I ·came to listen to my col~ or profits before th~ welf.are of.free peo- boring Arab States. Our efforts appear leagues [Mr. RoosEVELT and Mr. BOYLE] ~le. Surely the United Statt=:s is not go- to be directed to , perpetuating the and others who spoke on this subject mg to tell other s~all nations .of. the shadowy policy of "impartial friendship'' matter. I am in agreement with all that world they are too llttle or too uni~por- which long since has lost us the respect I have heard. tant to consider. How art=: we gomg to of Arabs and Israelis alike. Mr. BOYLE.· Mr. Speaker, from what appeal to oppressed people . 1~ w_e appea~e Actually, of course, there is nothing you have already heard on the floor to the oppres~ors? Has the principle.of big impartial about our policy in the Middle day and what you have read in the news bu~ine_ss .sC! perl?-eated. the thinkmg of East. We are all too ready to relegate papers and seen over the television and this adm~mstrat1on that they only want the fate of Israel to the United Nations, heard over the radio for some months, to play with the strong at the expense of and at the same time to use every means i.t is not hard for you to grant that the the weak? . possible to pressure this isolated outpost situation in the Middle East poses one of Mr. Speaker, I hope and pray that this of democracy into the totally indefensi- the most challenging problems that has is not the case. I hope that the President- ble position in whfoh it has found itself come across the international scene in of the United States who is morally re- for nearly 5 years. generations. sponsible for our foreign J?Olicy will not we are quick to brand Israel's military Today the fate of Israel, yes, prob- become known as the Neville Chamber~ action into the Sinai Peninsula as ag- ably the fate of the United Nations, the lain of his day by appeasin~ Dict~tor gression, but we steadfastly refuse tO fate maybe even of democratic processes Nasser at the expense of our friend, little_ consider the -Egyptian acts which in- in the ·world scheme, are at stake; and Israel. The people of Israel have suffered spired this move as anything akin to since the attention of the world has been much at the hand~ of the ~a~s._ Hun- aggression. - · -- · so riveted on this problem maybe we dreds have been killed while t1llmg th~ President Eisenhower is very impres- ought to go back .in retrospect just a soil. Rifles must be kept handy at all sive when he states that under no cir- little bit to better understand some of times. - cumstances can Israel, as an aggressor, the physical facts that gave rise to this Israel today is engaged in the same sort lay-down conditions for her withdrawal- situation. of struggle waged by the Founding Fa"'. from the Gaza · Strip and the Gulf of The giant oil companies with their bil thers of America in their fight for sur-_ Aqaba, but the fact of the matter is that lions of dollars at stake have indulged viva! againi;;t th.e Indians._. The fate _of for months prior to this pronouncement; in a program of advertising, public re Israel and its right to exist among th~ the United- States has done everything latiQns, and brainwashing to the extent free nations of the world lies largely possible to negotiate with Israel the con· that it is almost a proved and estab in the hands of the President of the ditions of her withdrawal. lished premise in this occult syllogism United States. I hope he shall· rise to· Clearly, Mr. Speaker, we recognize the that Israel is an unjust aggressor in this the occasion. indefensibility of requiring Isra-el to re- whole picture and should be dealt with 2648 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 summarily; Having accepted-that prem which must be eradicated. Other Arab whatever flag~from reaching the Israeli ise, of course, you never go into or ap leaders have spoken of "one Arab na port of Elath. Although the Egyptian proach the more necessary question of tion,'' vowing to mobilize all Arab authorities assured the United States "unclean hands"; you never resolve the strength to destroy Israel. that the gun ·emplacements were not in question of self-defense. Through the Such has been the situation for nearly tended to restrict shipping in the gulf, centuries of civilization the history of 9 years. The continuing violation of only a handful of ships succeeded in every nation has recorded the fact that Israel's borders by Arab raiders from loading or discharging cargoes at the self-defense was one of the most noble Syria, Jordan and Egypt has meant con Israeli port prior to November 1956. and one of the most moral occupations stant vigilance to meet the assaults that These repeated, flagrant violations of and assignments of free people. If you have taken such a heavy toll of Israeli international rights of free commerce will recall the current history, the short life and property. It has meant the and navigation for all nations were pro history of Israel, you find through 9 long diversion of a large measure of Israel's tested by Israel before the United Na years she has been challenged repeatedly very limited resources to maintain the tions Security Council. On September for her very existence, and. the challenge military strength with which to defend 1, 1951 the Security Council called upon has been no isolated or ill-thought-out her frontiers. It has meant that new Egypt "to terminate the restriction on boast; no, it has been repeated and re towns and settlements in a land where passage of international commercial iterated so often that you can scarcely no point is more than 25 miles from a shipping and goods through the Suez blame any nation for taking upon itself hostile border must serve as frontier Canal wherever bound, and to cease all the titanic etrort of defending itself fortresses-must be built in such a way interference with such shipping beyond against the aggression of her avowed· as to provide the most advantageous de that essential to the safety of shipping in and mortal enemy. That probably is the fense positions rather than to provide for the canal itself and to the observance of fact that provoked Abba Eban, Israel's the best utilization of land and other the international conventions in force." 4mbassador to the United States, and natural resources. That resolution has been completely head of the delegation to the United Na But the constant pillaging and harass disregarded by Egypt. Before the Se tions, to observe and point out to the ment of Israel's frontiers has been only curity Council, Egypt insisted that the United Nations General Assembly on one aspect of the concerted Arab effort armistice agreement signed with Israel November 1, 1956, the historical back to destroy Israel. Since 1948 the Arab did not put an end to-a state of war with ground. I quote his statement: States have maintained a consistent eco Israel and would not prevent Egypt from Stretching back far behind the events of nomic boycott of Israel. Cut oil' from exercising "certain rights of war." this week lies the unique and somber story natural sources of vital materials and The same attitude of belligerency was Of a small people subjected throughout all from natural markets for her industrial repeated in 1954 when Israel again pro the years of its national existence to a furi products, Israel has been compelled to tested to the Security Council that ous, implacable, comprehensive campaign of subsist with enormous foreign trade Egypt's continued restrictions on shiP hatred and siege for which there is no paral deficits. In 1955, for example, Israel's Of lel or precedent in the modern history of ping were violations the armistice nations. Not for one single moment imports were valued at $326 million and agreement and of the Security Council's throughout the entire period of its modern exports at only $86 million. own resolution. In this instance the national existence has Israel enjoyed that In 1948 the Government of Egypt in resolution calling upon Egypt to permit minimal physical security which the United augurated a program of visit, search,. and Israel-bound ships to pass through the Nations Charter confers on all member seizure of vessels known to be or sus Suez Canal and referring the issue of states and which all other member states pected of being involved in the trans shipping in the Gulf of Aqaba to the Is have been able to command. portation of goods to or from Israel. raeli-Egyptian armistice commission was Israel is a beleaguered state. Its 8,000 Both ships and cargoes were confiscated vetoed by the Soviet Union. Thus, in square miles of territory-about the size in some instances and punitive measures the more than ·5 years since the original of the Commonwealth of Massachu taken against the shipping of various United Nations resolution was adopted setts-are wedged between the Mediter countries desiring to enter into normal calling for an end to Egypt's interfer ranean Sea and hostile· Arab nations. commercial relations with Israel, The ence with free navigation, neither the From the time of the United Nations flags of at least 15 nations, possessing un United Nations nor the major powers, General Assembly's resolution calling for conditional right of free navigation of singly or in concert, have found means the partition of Palestine-November 29, the Suez Canal, have been abused by un of securing Egypt's compliance with 1947-Arab guerilla bands and then justifiable interception-and that by a that resolution. Israel, the target of armies from the adjacent Arab States state which professes to abide by the Suez Egypt's intransigence, has been com carried on full-scale war against the Canal Convention of 1888. The basis of pelled to distort its trade paterns and ex Zionists, determined to destroy the new that Convention is the assurance that pend vast sums needed for other pur state. For nearly -a year the new Re '' The Suez Maritime Canal shall. always poses on· rerouting its shipping. public of Israel fought for its very ex be ·free and open, in time of war as in This is well illustrated by the situation istence against overwhelming odds, time of peace, to every vessel of com with respect to oil, as well. Lacking fought and put to rout the Arab armies merce or of war, without distinction of other adequate sources of fuel and with the exception of Jordan's Arab Le flag." Ships attempting passage through power, and believing that its hope of gion in the Jerusalem area. Under aus the canal, with Israeli goods among their achieving economic viability lies in the pices of the United Nations, armistices cargoes, nevertheless have been confis development of small industries, Israel were concluded between Israel and the cated and sold, sailors have been impris is dependent to a considerable extent on neighboring Arab States. The first · of oned, and penalties have been imposed petroleum products. Its own oil produc these was signed on February 24, 1949, on shipping lines known to have touched tion, while promising, supplies only a almost exactly 8 years ago, between Is at Israel's Mediterranean ports. All of small fraction of the country's needs. rael and Egypt. Subsequent arrange this represents a"l etrort to destroy by Situated geographically near to the vast ments were made between Israel and economic warfare a small nation that oil fields of Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi t)yria, Lebanon and Jordan. could not be crushed by Arab military Arabia, and possessing a large, modern These armistice agreements were to be force. refinery at Haifa, Israel would have easy the first step toward the conclusion of ·These restrictions ori peaceful inter access, under normal conditions, to am genuine peace treaties between Israel and national commercial shipping have been ple supplies of oil. Yet the oil produced the Arab States. In reality, they only applied since 1950 to the Gulf of Aqaba- so abundantly from the Middle East exchanged one form of warfare for an the· approach to the Negev and the new fields has been denied to Israel. Not only Israeli port of Elath at the head of the did Iraq cut the pipeline originally sup other: full-scale military action for bor gulf-from the Red Sea. On the tip of plying the Haifa refinery from the Mosul der raids, guerrilla attacks, economic the Sinai Peninsula and.on two tiny, pre area, ·but neither Saudi Arabia, Kuwait boycotts and blockades, all of these un viously uninhabited islands-Tiran and or Bahrein will perm.it oil concessionaires derscored by the unremitting hostility of Sinafar-straddling the entrance to the to divert any production to ·Israel. the Arab States toward Israel and their Gtil.f of A EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Federal Aid for School Construction February 20, that the organization is opposed I don't know exactly how many classrooms to Federal aid for school construction. we are short. But even the most conserva This is not very shocking. tive estimate of the Department of Health, EXTENSION OF REMARKS It is consistent with the chamber's appar Education, and Welfare puts the current ent desire for a return to the good old days OF shortage at 159,000 rooms. which means government for the benefit of The shortage exists-the shortage is criti the robber barons and others out to gouge cal. HON. PAT McNAMARA the public. OF :MICHIGAN No distortions by the chamber of commerce Efforts by the Federal Government to be can hide this basic need of our country. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES genuinely helpful to all the people are sum- marily rejected. -· Again I urge the Senate to move promptly Tuesday, February 26, 1957 But while denouncing Federal aid, the to consider the school construction measures chamber also took another long step along that have been introduced. Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, I its dusty trail back to the dark· ages when it ask unanimous consent that a statement proclaimed there was actually a surplus of I have prepared relating to Federal aid classrooms today. - for school construction be printed in the According to this same article, the cham Replies to . Ques~onnaire Sent to Citizens RECORD. ber puts this surplus at 14,000 classrooms. of the Fourth District of California There being no objection, the state This outrageous statement is directly con ment was ordereP. to be printed in the trary to the opinion of the President of the United States, the Department of Health, EXTENSION OF REMARKS RECORD, as follows: Education, and Welfare, the National Educa OF LET Us BUILD SCHOOLS tion Association, a large part of Congress Even though the United States Chamber of and the authorities of most of· our States. HON. WILLIAM S. MAILLIARD Commerce was founded in 1912, I have always not to mention the children stacked like OF CALIFORNIA suspected a stubbornness on the part of that cordwood in our present schools. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES organization to acknowledge the presence of However, the chamber has never been Tuesday, February 26, 1957 the 20th century. known to be swayed by the facts. Today we have further proof of the cham I will not attempt to explain the mathe Mr. MAILLIARD. Mr. Speaker, the ber's antediluvian outlook on life. matical whimsy by which the chamber of citizens of the Fourth District of Cali We are informed by the chamber, accord commerce arrives at this 14,000 figure. Nor fornia have again shown a commendable ing to an article in the Washington Star of do I intend to enter into a numbers game. interest in their Government by respond-