2612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 move that, pursuant to the order pre­ ·. As a very new Member of Congress, I But there is another imperative at viously entered, the Senate stand in ad­ certainly do not presume to tell the Presi­ work, namely, justice. journment until tomorrow. dent how to run his job. I .do not pre­ What· is the rule for them must be the Mr. President, I so move. tend to be a great expert in foreign pol­ rule for , .until such time as there The motion was agreed to; and Cat 8 icy. I am seeking to learn the duties of is eqU'al justice for all. o'clock and 6 minutes p. m.) the Senate being a Member of Congress and I am Therefore, Americans oppose sanctions adjourned, the adfournment being, unde~ trying hard to become familiar with the against Israel. the order previously entered, until to­ operation of our Government generally. We realize that Israel must witnuraw morrow, Wednesday, February 27, 1957, I admit I have much to leairn. from , but, in return, must have at 12 o'clock meridian. Nevertheless, I should think by now it genuine guaranties that Egypt will not would be obvious to anyone in our Gov-. interfere with the passage of Israeli ship­ ernment, and particularly anyone as­ ping through the Suez Canal and NOMINATION .signed to responsible duties in connection through the Gulf of Aqaba. Executive nomination received by the with foreign policy, that before attempt­ Whatever formula is negotiated to Senate February 26, 1957: ing to settle this far-reaching crisis in achieve these ends, as a preliminary to settlement of the tensions in this area, . DEP_ARTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR the-Middle East on the basis of what we hope Nasser might be willing to do, that will be acceptable to the American people Olin Hatfield Chilson, of Color~~o. to be provided that no sanctions are brought to Under Secretary of the Interior, vice Clarence we make sure we know his real inten­ A. Davis, resigned. · tions. bear against Israel. · Much of the difficulty in getting Israel Otherwise, our Government will ignore I I ..... •• out of the areas the U. N. says Israel the majority opinion of its own people, should evacuate is based on the plain fact leading to a loss of confidence in its con­ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that Nasser has agreed to and then re­ duct of foreign policy. pudiated a series of understandings There must be no sanctions against TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1957 which turned out to be insincere, .or at Israel. least turned out to be misunderstandings. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. As long ~s we let policy be set that way, MARY ANN BARTHOLOMAY-SHE The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, any peace will be built on Egyptian sand. D. D., ofi'ered the fallowing : COOKED THE BEST CHERRY PIE IN AMERICA Eternal God, our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee for this new day. May we THE UNITED NATIONS AND EGYPT Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I ask i·ejoice and be glad in it. Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ unanimous consent to address the House We gratefully acknowledge that always mous consent to address the House for for 1 minute and to revise and extend and everywhere Thou art ministering 1 minute and to revise and extend my my remarks. unto our many needs, ·sustaining and remarks. . The SPEAKER. Is there objection to supporting us in our weakness and re­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New straining and guiding us in our strength. the request of the gentleman from York? · Hear us in our of intercession Massachusetts? · There was no objection. for all who are the victims of difficult There was no objection. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I am and .tragic circumstances. Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, the Ameri­ pleased and honored to announce that · Help us to cultivate a .nobler skill in can conscience is· uneasy, as ·it views . America's best cherry pie baker is in the art of brotherly living, and may our our Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde foreign Washington today. She is Mary Ann minds and hearts sense the high value policy. Bartholomay, of Henrietta, N. Y., a resi­ and eternal worth of all human souls. No word of criticism for Egypt which dent of my Congressional district. Grant that we may hasten the coming still stands in contempt of a U. N. reso­ After capturing State and regional of that glorious day of prediction when lution, but righteous indignation and awards, Mary Ann just the other day every need shall be supplied. · threats of sanctions against Israel under was chosen the winner of the National In.Christ's name we bring our petition. similar circumstances. Cherry Pie Baking Contest in Chicago. Amen. How to reconcile these opposites? She won out over representatives of every other State, Canada, Alaska, and The Journal of the proceedings of It just cannot be done without treating both alike.· Hawaii. It is a high honor, and from all yesterday was read and approved. Is the leadership we contribute to the reports, a well-deserved one. United Nations to be based on military · Mary Ann is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Karl Bartholomay. She is 17 and BUILDING ON SAND assistance and economic aid, accom­ panied by secret diplomacy that is as a senior at ~ush-Henrietta High School, Mrs. GRANAHAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask variable as the wind? where she is preparing to become a home unanimous consent to address the House This does not satisfy Americans. economics major in college. Besides her for 1 minute. Diplomats must never forget that the cooking proclivities, she has been ex­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to conduct of foreign policy cannot be tremely active in 4-H work, with the the request of the gentlewoman from alienated .from public opinion here in the Fellowship and the junior board Pennsylvania? United States. · · o.Z the Henrietta Civic Center. There was no objection. . Our people are known for their sense She _is in Washington today, accom­ Mrs. GRANAHAN. . Mr. Speaker, of fair play. panied by Miss Jane L. Merry, 4-H Club throughout· the long period of negotia­ They do not believe in the doctrine of .agent for Monroe County, to present one tions, conferences, statements, speeches, expediency, whereby a small nation is of her famous.pies to a representative of announcements and proposed deals for pressed to the limit, while a larger na­ President Eisenhower. I am sure the achieving peace in the Middle East, many tion, guilty of brutal aggression, goes un­ President will be most appreciative of of us have been impressed by the hope­ punished. this tasty gift. lessness of building something durable The United Nations can never COJll­ Mr. Speaker, Mary Ann Bartholomay on sand. mand the confidence and support of proves a point I have long contended­ Much of our Government's approach mankind, unless it establishes a consist­ that the best cooks in America come and many of the proposals put forward ent policy. And for that, in the present from the 38th Congressional District of by Secretary Dulles have apparently state of the world, it must depend upon New York. I am therefore not surprised been based entirely on an assumption of just leadership on the part of the United that this award has come to a resident of good faith and an assumption of coopera­ States. that area, but I do want to extend my tion from Egypt's Nasser. There must be no sanctions against heartiest congratulations to this queen Isn't that attempting to build on sand? Israel unless similar sanctions are in­ of cherry pies. I wish her many more Hasn't the Egyptian dictator shown that voked against Egypt, Communist Russia, years of happiness and success in cook­ any arrangement he enters into is only and India. ing and in life. at best a temporary policy which he will Obviously all this cannot be done on I am also proud to announce that west­ repudiate at will? the basis of votes and vetoes. ern New York's far-famed cherry indus- 1.957 . ·- CONGRESSIONA~ .RECORD.- HOUSE 2613 try received recognition recently when 16. FRANK T. Bow. . · Mr: Chairman, we have with us -again· H. B. plans and specifications Commission, acting in accordance with set up to be a matching program with the for a structure symbolizing the ideals of the provisions of the authorizing legis­ States, but we do not know yet whether democracy and freedom. The President lation? the States will accept or how far they will has appointed a member of this Commis­ sion,· the Vice President and the Speaker Mr. KIRWAN. · We have a code on go. So until we can determine that we that-. They are not allowed · to spend· have cut the $4 million out. qf the House have likewise appointed members to this Commission. This money in -advance unless ·it is appro­ Last year a question was asked on the priated. floor of the House by the gentleman from· Commission held its first meeting in Jan­ uary of 1956 in pursuance of that au­ · Mr: ASPINALL. ' Will the gentleman Iowa [Mr. GRossJ-. He is an alert and a tell us what is to protect any civilian good Congressman. He asked the spon­ thorization, yet so far as I know they sor of the· bill reorganizing the Fish and have never been provided with any funds serving on these commissions, which are Wildlife Service how many employees it to carry out what the Congress author­ authorized by the Congress and by the would take and received the answer that ized them to do. I am not going to make Executive, in connection with expenses it would not take over six. Yet this year any appeal to reinstate such a small item· which they incur doing the work they this department comes in and requests as this, but I wish merely to say that I are authorized to do and that they are an increase of over $900,000 for admin­ am disappointed that the committee saw in fact commanded to do? istrative overhead, an increase of over fit to leave these funds out of the bill. Mr. KIRWAN. The answer is, Do not 100 percent. Mr. KIRWAN. We left that out, as incur any expenses until an appropria­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will the the gentleman from Washington states, tion takes place. That is very simple. gentleman yield for a slight correction? but the committee thought the request The code is there. It is prescribed in Mr. KffiWAN. I yield. should be denied. We may be wrong in the Antideficiency Act. We have turned Mr. GROSS. The response was that our judgment. This would be a won­ this item down twice before. it would take 10 or 12 additional em­ derful monument, but there is this Capi­ · Mr. ASPINALL~ Then it is the posi­ ployees, yet this year I understand they tol, there is Washington Monument, and tion of the gentleman that any money requested $900,000 from your committee the Lincoln Monument. This new mon­ that may have been spent by members :for this reorganization, which was sup­ ument would cost millions, yet they are of the Commission in the performance posed to provide for greater efficiency hollering about balancing the budget. of their duties should not have been and economy. It is not just the item of $25,000. I have spent until -the gentleman's committee Mr. KIRWAN. The gentleman is cor­ never seen a group of architects or engi­ has appropriated the funds? rect. neers in my life, especially when it comes Mr. KffiWAN. Let me explain it this Mr. GROSS. And if the gentleman to spending the Government's money, way. A Commission was authorized to will yield another moment I want to that are not for building the finest plan the new civic auditorium. We ap­ commend you, Mr. KIRWAN, and your monument in the world. propriated no money but they went committee most heartily for refusing Mr. WESTLAND. I agree with the ahead and spent some. We turned down the huge increase that was sought, and gentleman. However, it is my under­ their request and told them if they came telling these people to come back with standing the actual cost of construction in here in the right way, that we would detailed information in support of their of this monument would be through pub­ reconsider. They stopped work and request for $900,000 or any part of it. lic donations and it would not be a came in with an appropriate request Mr. KIRWAN. And I thank the gen­ charge against the Federal Government. which we granted. tleman. He will remember that I said Mr. KIRWAN. I would like to see just The public has awakened to the fact he was alert and a good Congressman, one building in Washington put up the that a $72 billion budget has been re­ and I mean that sincerely. · way the gentleman is talking about. quested for 1958. · And, there are many I wish to again emphasize that we have They talk about many of them that will things needed in this country today, so cut this bill by 12 perc~:p.t, and I -am be put up through public donations but that I think we could get along without a;sking the Members present today to it always costs the Government money. another monument. I again repeat, we s:upport the committee. · If there is _any I happened to be on the Public Build- already have the Jefferson monument, 2616 CONGRESSIONAL RE€0RD- HOUSE- February 26 the Lincoln monument,- and the Capitol We have many problems to cope with commercial fisheries, and the Congress , and we can do without another that pertain to these public lands. For authorized it. Then they bring in a re­ one until we see better days. instance, the Bureau of Land Manage­ quest in this budget .for in the neighbor­ Mr. ASPINALL. Then let me suggest. ment has approximately 180 million hood of $900,000 to support that new de­ that some of us should be· more careful acres under its jurisdiction. Ten years partment of the Fish and Wildlife Serv­ in accepting assignments from the House ago we were appropriating the large sum ice. The committee has allowed what of Representatives and the other body of one--half eent an acre, or almost one­ it felt necessary to start an organization. understanding at the time of our ac­ half cent an acre, for soil and moisture but we did not allow enough to go ab­ ceptance that we are following the leg­ conservation on those 180 million acres· solutely head over heels into the ex­ islative mandate ef Congress and the of the public domain. The committee penditure of funds to establish a com­ Executive, and later :finding that our has· gradually brought that expenditure plete organization of regional offices, dis­ work has been for naught. up to 21/4 cents per acre. And yet we trict offices,, and a great body of people Mr. KIRWAN. It has not been for have· people who think that we are here in Washington, D. C., to admin1.ster naught. You did not get the aµpropria• spending too much money for soil and that department. That is the one the tion, and you have no right to go on do­ moisture conservation on the public do­ chairman just spoke of a minute ago and ing any work without it. The gentleman main. We spent such a small amount about which the gentleman from Iowa would not go out and work for some pri­ in the past that wind erosion and water ~Mr. GROSS] talked~ vate concern if they did not have the; erosion have taken their toll no end on In conclusion, may I say a word about money. these public lands. We should be spend­ a member of this committee who has Mr. WIER. Mr. Chairman, will the ing much mure on water and soil con­ done yeoman service in the field of mines gentleman yield? servationr But with a budget of over $71 and mining. That Member is the Hon­ Mr. KIRWAN. I yield to the gentle­ billion, the committee felt that it was orable Dr. FENTON, of Pennsylvania, who man from Minnesota. necessary not to increase but to reduce grew up with the mines, so to speak, and Mr. WIER. While you are discussing wherever we could. who has had the responsibility on this the monuments and other governmental 1 am sure that the American people, committee to see to it that mines were buildings here. has the money been ap­ generally speaking, who know the prob­ properly taken care of and that the laws propriated up to this time for the tak­ lems that. we have in this committee as were lived up to. ing over of three or four Blackstones, the they pertain to all our natural resources, . I venture this statement, that no man Congressional Hotel, and others? would like to spend much more than we in America has done more for the min­ Mr. KIRWAN. I could not tell you. are spending today for the preservation, ing industry and for the safety of mining Mr. WIER. Where is the money; com-' the conservation of our natural re­ than our :fine and able colleague, Dr. ing from2 I have never seen any au­ sources, our mother earth, our resources FENTON, of Pennsylvania The gentle­ thorization for it. under the ground, and our timberlands. man from Ohio [Mr. KIRWAN] I am sure Mr. KIRWAN. I could not tell you. The timberlands are under the Forest will tell you that the committee puts Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman,, I yield Service that now comes under the juris­ complete trust in Dr. FENTON's judgment myself 10 minutes. diction of this committee. as far as mines and mining are con­ . Mr. Chairman, at the outset of my But because of the fact that we are cerned,. and to a. very great degree on remarks, I want to say that I am in per­ :spending so much money for other other matters pertaining to this com­ fect agreement with our chairman, the things, many of which I am sure should mittee~ gentleman from Ohio [Mr. KIRWAN], re­ not take priority over the conservation Mr. Chairman, this is a good bill. I garding the tungsten issue. I am sure of our natural resources, we feel it is nec­ only wish that our :fiscal condition in that I · can ·speak for every member of essary to hold down expenditures for this Ame:rica today was such that we could very important Department of the Inte­ j,ustly spend moFe, but such is not the the committee when I say that the com­ case. This committee has done as good mittee was unanimous in the action we rior and the Forest Service, to the point took regarding that item. Certainly, as that we have done so. a job as we possibly know how, under the chairman said, if we had approved For instance, the request of the Bu­ present conditions, and I hope the House this appropriation request for tungsten will approve this biH unanimously. reau of the Budget was for something The CHAIRMAN. The time of the and somebody in the Congress or out of. like 2,000 more employees than they have gentleman has expired. the Congress learned the facts about, the at the present time. Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield matter, they would have laughed our The committee went through each one 5 minutes to the gentleman from Penn­ committee off the :floor today, for by no of those requests with a :fine-tooth comb. sylvania [Mr. FENTO.Nl.. stretch of the imagination can anyone­ We reduced that request by 1,300 em­ Mr. FENTON. Mr. Chairman, :first of who knows the facts approve such a re­ ployees, yet there are more employees in quest. all I want ta compliment our subcom­ this bill for the Department of the In­ mittee chairman, Mr. KIRWAN, for the With respect to this bill, the budget terior and the Forest Service than there fine, impartial manner in which he han­ request was for $515,189,700. The com­ were in the :fiscal 195'1 bill. dled our Slilbcommittee hearings and his mittee reduced that amount by $60,- I just heard a little colloquy on the presentation today. 794,000. Now, in this bill you wm :find :floor of this House where one Member It has been a pleasure to work with that there is $3, 739,300 less for 1958 than said that there was an authorization for him as well as with the other members was allowed for :fiscal 1957. We reduced $25,000 to be spent for a Monument on this subcommittee-regardless of po­ the budget request by 12 percent, and we Commission. We have heard that story litical affiliation. reduced where we felt reductions were in so long. We have heard fine, able con­ The experience of the gentleman from order. scientious Members of Congress stand IE:>wa [Mr. JENSEN] r the ranking minority There are some things in this bill that on this fioor when an authorization bill member of this subcommittee and its are very important; many things, as a. was before this body and say, "This is former chairman, together with that of matter of fact. There are 24 bureaus just an authorization bill, this is not an our chairman, Mr. KIRWAN, is invaluable and agencies all dealing with matters of appropriation bill. The Appropriations to the rest of us. gTeat concern to the American people. Committee will yet have an opportunity The gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. There are 70 appropriation items in this to operate on this bill. Maybe they NORRELL] is also a long-time member of bill, and again they are broken down in­ will not give anything." the committee, and his advice and guid­ to many smaller items. However, the facts are, as history re­ ance is always appreciated. It is a far-reaching and important bill cords and as the record~ show, that 99 Mr. SIEMINSKI, of New Jersey; Mr. for America. We have under the depart­ times out. of 100 the Congress appro­ MAGNUSON, of Washington; and Mr. ments of Government dealing with the priates the money to support an author­ BUDGE, of Idaho, are the younger men public domain in this bill 771 million ization bill. Many times that authoriza-· who make up the committee. Their con­ acres of land, on the mainland and in tion bill should never have been brought tributions in the final analysis of the Alaska-771 million acres of land of the to the fioor of the House. Interior Department's request for funds public domain, land that is owned by the There is the Fish and Wildlife Service. axe appreciated. Federal Government, by the people of Last year it asked for an authorization Our staff assistant, Eugene Wilhelm, America. to establish a separate department for was especially wonderful to the subcom- 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 261'l

mittee members and has been, as usual, BUREAU oF MINES lumination, proximity to electric power the real workhorse for this subcommittee. The budget estimate for the Bureau of dangers of impounded -waters, .unsaf~ I must also pay my respects to our for- Mines for fiscal year 1958 is $26,633,000, explosives, and mechanical equipment. . mer staff assistant, Mr.· Carson Oulp, which is $4,435,950 more than the cur­ In view of the great hazards and in who has taken over the job of staff as- i·ent fiscal year. spite of the exhaustive work that the sistant to another subcommittee, and This increase is distributed in 4 Bureau. of Mines has done to prevent who assisted Mr. Wilhelm in the han- principal categories-namely, $3,712,250 accidents, both fatal and nonfatal, we dling of this bill. We are indeed g·rate- in conservation and development of min­ experienced early this month, February ful to these two fine men for their assist- eral resources; $595,700 for health and 4 I believe, a major disaster in a coal ance. safety: . $23,000 for construction; and mine in Virginia and West Virginia Now, since the previous speakers have $105,000- for general administrative ex­ just a few days after the statement of covered pi:etty thoroughly the high- penses. the Director of the Bureau of Mines lights of the bill, I will not attempt to Broken down by obligations the budget .Mr. Ankeny, before our committee, that discuss all the bureaus in the Interior estimate for fiscal 1958 is (a) conserva­ we were about .to enter a 26-month pe- Department. tion and development of mineral re­ riod ,without a major disaster. . • . • As a matter of fact, in summarizing · sources, $19,575,000; (b) health and - In looking over -the statistics for the the bill, you will note that the Bure·au of safety; .$5,900,000; (e) construction $·23,­ past 20 .years you will see that the vast the Budget recommended an appropria- 000; (d) general administrative expenses; number of fatal accidents 1·anged from tion of $515,189,700 for fiscal 1958. · · ·$1,135,000. over 1,400 in 1937 to 785 in 1951. You · The committee allowed $454,395,700, or Our subcommittee granted the entire will also note that since 1951 fatal acci­ a reduction of $60, 794,000-a 12-percent request except a reduction of $875,000 for dents have decreased to 444 last year. reduction. conservation and development of min- The incidence of fatalities has re­ The major portion of that reduction eral resources. ma·ined fairly constant since 1953 when is in the refusal of the committee to go This reduction of $875,000 includes there were 461. $210,000 for standby expenses of the It will also be seen that "falls of roof" along with the minera1 acquisition pro- plant at Rifle, Colo.; disallowance of 110 gram for tungsten, asbestos, fiuorspar, cause between 50 and 65 percent of the and columbium-tantalum, in accordance new positions, and so forth. ' fatal accidents in both the anthracite with Public Law 733. . Since the Rifle project is on the Navy and bituminous mines. The purchase of tung~ten, particu- oil-shale reserves, the committee is of While we all realize that as long as the opinion that this item should be we have mining we will also have fatal larly, was discussed during the supple- taken care of in the Navy appropriation, and nonfatal accidents, yet I am of the mental appropriation for 1957 a few even though the Bureau of Mines does opinion that a further large reduction days ago, when your committee and the the work. can be secured with a stepping up of House refused to allow a supplemental of Because there is considerable difficulty preventive measures and research. $30 million. in recruiting engineers and technical · Cooperation between all concerned­ An explanation of this item a11d the men in most of the governmental de­ o_per;:ttors, workers, State and Federal reasons for the committee's refusiilg to p·artments and bureaus, it was felt that Governments-can effect a minimal sanction further purchases of tungsten , the increase asked for by the Bureau of ·amount of deaths and maimed people in . are set forth fully on pages 3, 4, and 5 of Mines was excessive. The committee the United States. our report. tlJ.erefore disallowed 110 new positions of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE -GEOLOGICAL SURVEY the requested increase. The Bureau of the Budget recom- The increase asked for in conserva;. The National Park Service people· are mended an appropriation of $38,775,000 tion and development of resources was, to be congratulated on. the ;fine work for 1958 fiscal year. The committee ap- of course, justified in view of the very that they have been doing so far this proved $36 million for this bureau, which fine ·increase in the research program. year. is all inclusive for- · It is believed that this modest cut should More progress has been made than at (a) Topographic surveys and map.. not interfere with its progress. any time in the past and mission 66 will accomplish a much desired improvement pings. HEALTH AND SAFETY (b) Geologic and mineral resource in our park services. surveys and mapping. Historically, one of the basic missions Some 57 million people are expected to of the Bureau of Mines is the promotion (c) Water resources investigations. of health and safety in the mineral visit the parks in 1957 and 60 million in (d) Soil and moisture conservation. industries. the 1958 fiscal year. (e) Conservation of lands and min.. This function of the Bureau of Mines With virtually all the land acquired for the Independence National Histori­ erals. is carried on through programs of safety cal Park in Philadelphia and demolition (f) General administration and special education, accident-prevention training, purpose buildings. development of safer mining methods, progressing, it is hoped that the project The work of this bureau is very im- proving the safety of equipment and will be completed at as early a date as portant, and while. there is a cut of explosives for use in coal mines, and the possible. $2,775,000 from the budget estimate, it mandatory inspection of coal mines FOREST SERVICE does represent an increase of $4,398,000 under the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act. Since this Agriculture facility has been over the 1957 fiscal year, the current Since the enactment of the Federal placed under the jurisdiction of the In­ appropriation. Coal Mine Safety Act there has been terior Department Subcommittee for This bureau, like most of the others, is quite a diminution of fatal and nonfatal Appropriations it has provoked a great finding it difficult to recruit engineering accidents. deal of interest to our subcommittee. personnel to take care of their expanding On January 16, 1957, when the Bureau It calls for the largest amount in ap­ programs. As is indicated in the report, of Mines was before our committee, it propriations in this bill. there were 511 vacancies for those posi- was testified by the new Director, Mr. The budget estimate for the Forest tions as of December 31, 1956. In other Ankeny that "We are about to approach Service was $126,i86,000. The commit­ words, with half of fiscal 1957 gone they a 26-month period without a major dis­ tee allowed $118,456,000, an increase of were only able to fill 117 out of 628 aster, and if we make it in the next 2 or $16,945,250 over the 1957 allowance of vacancies. 3 days that will be the record, the longest $101,510,750 and a decrease of $7,730,000 However, in the face of all these period in history that the industry has from the budget estimate. So that out handicaps, this bureau is being called ever operated without a major disaster." of this large budget estimate there wa.s a Underground mining is, as you all cut of $7,730,000 which was from 2 upon to step up its mapping of all sorts know, the most hazardous of the mineral sources-$3,730,000 from forest land from all the Federal Departments and industry. It must be carried on under management and $4 million for tree the States. adverse natural conditions, and the haz- planting which is a cooperative with the As usual, the Geological Survey has ards range from falling of overhead roof .various States. done a fine job and it has the continued rock, · explosive or harmful gases and . The reasons for the cuts are fully ex· confidence of this committee. dusts, restricted working space and il- plained in the committee report. · 2618 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSIJ. Februar1.J 26 I appreciate the vast amount of work f ectly plain he did not support the con­ a,, fit. I should like to address my re­ that con:ies under the jurisdiction of the tinuance of this program as an emer­ marks to the· gentleman from Iowa. Forest Service. gency defense program, but as an interim I looked at the President's budget. I The expanded program that they have program, to sustain t~is vital part of the found that the farming industry of this presented for 1958 is indeed one that will American economy until the Secretary Nation is being subsidized to the tune require a great deal of time and energy of the Interior comes up with a promised of $5 billion which represents about half to fulfill. long-range mining program. of the actual profits of the farming peo­ They envisage almost as many visitors · To quote his statement precisely, here ple of America. And yet we are told to the national forests as the national is what he said: here that $90 million in total to keep parks which in itself proves the interest It is recognized that our total mobili­ this vital mining industry alive on an in the forests of the average person. . zation program must rest, i! it is to succeed, interim basis until the administration The keeping abreast of a sustained on the foundation of a strong anq sound comes up with a long-range program is timber yield while cutting billions. of economy. somehow morally wrong. I just cannot board feet each year is indicative of good It is clear that if the industries with see it. It takes 5 years to put a mine in which we are dealing this morning are shut production. When this mining industry management. It is to be hoped that re­ down, one segment of our economy will be forestation keeps ahead of the allowable weakened. closes down .. we are going to lose it. And, cutting. Surely no one can argue that closed dcwn let me say to my friends who are in­ I have been greatly interested in pre­ mines filled with water, with miners out of terested in other types of mining, lead, vention and proper management of fires work, can do anything but weaken a seg:­ zinc, copper, manganese, and other types in our coal mines. It seems to me that ment of our economy. · npt specifically included in this particu­ with the terrible and extensive fires tak­ We felt last year and still feel that it lar public law, if this same program to ing place in our forests--national and would be unwise for the Congress to permit aid and assist the mining industry is not this to happen in vrew of the fact that the brought into existen~e, we will simply private-that research is very necessary administration intends to recommend and and indeed urgent. . . the Congress to consider, long-term policies not have a mining industry in this coun­ Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Chairman, will that are designed to create a more favorable try. That is what is involved here today. the gentleman yield? economic climate for these industries than And, to hear the argument that it is Mr. FENTON. I yield to the gentle- now exists. somehow morally wrong to subsidize man from Colorado. . As l indicated last year, we regard this such a vital industry flies in the face of Mr. ASPINALL. I wish to compliment as purely interim stop-gap legislation. what our country is doing in many other the gentleman and the committee of Nevertheless, vie feel that it is important instances. which he is a member for the deletion for Congress to go through with the policy Mr. BUDGE. Mr. Chairman, will the set forth in Public Law 733 until the long­ gentleman yield further? It was, of of the sum for the pilot plant at Rifle, term policy is developed and enacted into Colo., because of the jurisdictional ques­ law. course, through my courtesy that the tion involved. I think under the circum­ gentleman obtained his time. stances the committee acted wisely. That is the testimony of Dr. Flemming, Mr. ENGLE. I am very deeply in­ Mr. FENTON. I thank the gentleman. who is quoted as the basis and authority debted to him and thank him so much Since the Rifle profect is on the Navy for the action of the appropriations sub.:. for it. oil-shale reserve, the committee was of committee, given this morning, February Mr. BUDGE. All of us are very sym­ the opinion that this item should be 26, 1957, before the Senate Committee pathetic toward the .domestic mining taken care of in the Navy appropriation on Interior and Insular Affairs. industry. . bill. Mr. BUDGE. l\'Ir. Chairman, will the Mr. ENGLE. They need something Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman, I have gentleman yield? besides sympathy. no further requests for time. Mr. ENGLE. I. yield to the gentleman Mr. BUDGE. The distinguished gen­ Mr. KIRWAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield from Idaho. tleman from California is the chairman 10 minutes to the gentleman from Cali... Mr. BUDGK I wonde:r if the gentle­ of the committee which acted upon the fornia [Mr. ENGLE]. man would comment on this statement authorizing legislation. Mr. ENGLE. Mr. Chairman, I appre­ by the American Mining Congress in its MF. ENGLE. I was the author of the ciate the generosity of my friend the gen­ declaration of policy adopted at Los An­ bill. tleman from Ohio [Mr. KIRWAN] and geles, Calif., on October 1-4, 1956. Mr. RUDGE. I think that the gentle­ regret again to find myself in serious Mr. ENGLE. I know what the state­ man should, in an fairness to the House, disagreement, not only with him but. also ment is and I. will comment on it right admit that this program touches only a with my friend the gentleman from Iowa now if the gentleman wants me to. do very small segment of the mining in­ [Mr. JENSEN]. so. dustry. Now, the facts of the matter are The committee has refused to include that of the almost $15 milion which was Mr. BUDGE. It is one short para­ spent last fall on this program, 86 per­ in this appropriation bill the money for graph: tungsten and other minerals that like­ cent went to 11 producers; 92 percent The use of direct subsidies will lead to went to 18 producers. Now, that is a wise were excluded from the urgent de­ eventual Government· control of industry. very small percentage just in this par­ ficiency bill earlier this session. The The nature of mining requires that the in­ ticular segment of the mining industry committee in both instances has quoted dustry make long-range plans, and revocable testimony of the Office of Defense Mobi­ or stop-gap measures by the Government compared to the overall mining picture. lization in support of and as a basis for contribute little to the real problem. Mr. Speaker, I include.herewith a sum­ refusing this money. mary of revised list of tungsten pro­ This is a stopgap measure. Will the ducers participating in Public Law 733 I want t.J call the attention of the com ... gentleman comment on that statement? mittee today to the fact that Dr. Arthur program: Mr. ENGLE. That is entirely correct. Wah Chang: S. Flemming~ Director of tl...e Office of The idealistic position of the mining in­ Defense Mobilization, appeared before Cali!ornia.------$552,622 dustry is it would prefer not to have a Nevada ------819,620 the Senate Committee on Interior and subsidy program. That is precisely the Colorado------819,620 I11..sular Affairs this morning and testi­ point I want to get to and I am glad the Subtotal ______2, 191,862 fied in support of this program author­ gentleman brought it up. They would ized by Public Law 733. In particular, I prefer an adequate tariff. called his attention this morning to- the Union Carbide (Ne.vada.) ------­ •44, 902 The plain facts are that if we do not Union Carbide and Nuclear: language appearing on page 5 of the give the mining industry in this country California:______,. committee report, as follows: 1,105,884 some help, the entire mining industry Nevada ------546,755 Proponents, o! this nondefense subsidy is going to close up. That is the prob­ claim t'hat conttnuing support of these min­ lem faced by the administration and Subtotal------1,652,639 ing industries is necessary to asst

~ The SPEAKER Is there objection to .not be materially_ decreased after ~~e new ,required to perform 6 months of active duty the request of the gentleman from program was put into effect. training to be followed by 57'2 years' service -The members of the subcommittee will in the National Guard (Ready Reserve) "Louisiana? · . find before them a memorandum of under­ where active pa_rticipation will be required. There was no objection. standing. I will have the agreement read 5 .- Persons in a deferred status, age 26 and Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. in a moment, but I · can tell you that ·this over, -who possess qualifications- in a tech'­ Speaker, I rise this morning tO ~nnounce memorandum of . understanding settles the nical or .scarce MOS, under regulations pre .. to the membership that the Subcommit­ two questions which have p,lagued us for the scribed by the Secretary of the· Army, !!-nd tee on Armed Services which was con­ past 3 weeks. It p~ovides th.at the 11 _weeks' members of the Alaska Scouts will not be sidering the dispute of the Army and training program advocated by the Guard required to undergo active duty for training will go into effect in conjunction with the upon enlistment in the National Guard, but National Guard has reached a solution of 6 months training, but the 11 weeks' training may volunteer to do so.· the problell). -which is satisfactory to all program will be discontinued on January 1, 6. It is agreed that the size of the Army parties. We had a vote this morning 1958. Furthermore, all persons enlisting in National Guard shall be maintained at an in the subcommittee and approved a the 11 weeks' program must have completed authorized strength of approximately 400,000 "memorandum of understanding" which their training by that date. After January 1, for the remainde_r of fiscal year 1957 and has been worked out with the .A,rmy, and 1958, all new recruits in the Guard under fiscal year 1958, and thereafter at such the Army National Guard Association. 26 years of age will be required to perform greater or lesser strength as may be de.­ Under the terms of this memorandum 6 months of active duty training. termined in annual appropriations of the The agreement assures the Guard that its Congress, and it is agreed to use every means of understanding enlistees between the strength will not decrease below approxi­ to maintain the Guard at approximately the ages of 17 and 18 % will be given 6 mately 400,000, or such strength as may be determined figure. The..Army agrees to pro­ months' active field training in the Na­ set by appropriations of Congress. There vide sufficient spaces in the 6 months' train­ tional Guard after the 1st of January are several ways that this can be accom­ ing program to allow _the National Guard to 1958. Prior to that time they can enlist plished and these are included in the agree- reach this figure, taking into consideration in a program of 11 week_s' training, buJ ment. . the input into the Guard from other pro­ that program will cease to exist January In all such matters where there is an grams. 1, 1958. honest difference of opinion there must be 7. Persons enlisting while satisfactorily give and take on the part of all parties, if an pursuing a full-time course of high school When the 6-months' program goes agreement is to be reached. Both the Army instruction may have their active duty for into effect, the Army agrees to certain and the National Guard, in my judgmept, training deferred for a period of not more programs to assure the strength of tlfe have been extremely fair in their approach to than 1 y~ar in order not to interrupt their National Guard so we may know that at this problem and are entitled to high credit high school course of instruction; provided, no time will the strength of the National for their actions and good faith in attempt­ that persons enlisting for 11 weeks of active Guard fall below the level set .by the ing to work out an agreement. duty for training may be deferred from United States Congress which at the If this report is adopted by the subco~­ entrance on such active duty for training mittee· it should bring to a close an old con·­ until their graduation; provided, they will present time is 400,000. troversy which has existed between the complete their active duty for training prior Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Regular Army and the National Guard. · As to January l, 1958. to place in the RECORD at this point a a matter of fact, if this memorandum of 8. It is agreed that everything possible will short statement which I made before understanding is agreed to by the subcom­ be done to maintain _the Army National the subcommittee this morning together mittee it can well be considered a basis upon Guard at. its appropriated strength, supra, with a copy of this memorandum of un­ which· a new · era of good will and under­ including the following actions: derstanding entered into between the standing between the National Guard and (a) Recruitment of persons between 17 the United States Ariny will begin, and in and 18 7':! years of age for either 11 weeks' or Army and the National Guard so that it the future may be considered as a corner­ 6 months' active duty for training as set will be available to· all the Me.mbers of stone of support for the strongest and most forth in paragraphs 1 and 2, supra. the House. active establishment the Army has been able (b) Recruitment of persons age 18 through The SPEAKER. Is there objection to to maintain in this country in peacetime. 25 for the 6 months of active duty for .train­ the request of the gentleman from Lou­ ing as set forth in paragraph 4, supra. isiana? MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING REGARDING (c) Recruitment of persons age 26 through 35 as set forth in paragraph 5, supra. There was no objection. THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RE­ SERVE'S 6 MONTHS' TRAINING PROGRAM ( d) Nonassignment of prior _service per­ (The matter referred to follows:) sonnel to the Vnited States _Army Reserve Members of the subcommittee, I have 1. Until January 1, 1958, persons between for a period of 60 days subsequent to their called the subcommittee together so that the ages of 17 and 187':! may enlist in the release from active duty during which time I could submit a memorandum of under­ National Guard for 11 weeks of active duty the Army National Guard shall have ex­ standing concerning the .Army National training and the remainder of the unex­ clusive opporturiity for recruitment of such Guard and the Army Reserve 6-months pended portion of the obligation is to be personnel. • spent in the National Guard (Ready Re­ (e) Recruitment · for the Army · National training program. serve), where active participation will be Everyone knows the problems ".'e have had Guard will be accomplished by the Regular required, provided, persons entering the 11 Army Recruiting Service-on the same basis in this regard. The Department of the weeks' training program must have enlisted Army issued a directive on January 19 which as recruitment for the active establishment in such program on a date sufficient ly prior and the Army Reserve. . requires all National Guard recruits to per­ to January 1, 1958, to insure completion form 6 months of active-duty 'training after (f) As a last resort, the prerelease of per­ of 11 weeks of training by January 1, 1958. . sonnel on active duty. April 1, 1957. The Guard opposed the pro­ 2. Persons within the age group 17 to 187':! visions of this directive. The subcommit­ who voluntarily perform 6 consecutive tee held 2 full weeks of hearings on this months' active-duty training will only be problem. The subcommittee then author­ required to serve 3 years in addition to the INTERNATIONAL PANCAKE DAY ized the chairman to proceed to negotiate 6 months' active duty for training in the RACE AT LIBERAL, KANS. this matter with the Army and the National National Guard (Ready Reserve) where Guard, in order to see if some area of agree- active participation will be required. At the Mr. BREEDING. Mr. Speaker, I ask ment could not be reached. · end of that period they may be transferred unanimous consent to address the House I have discussed this problem with virtu­ to the Standby Reserve for the remaining for 1 minute, to revise and extend my ally every member of the subcommittee-and 4 7':! years of their total 8-year obligation. remarks, and include extraneous matter. many members of the full comm1ttee. I con­ It is understood, however, that these young tacted representatives of the Army and of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to men may remain in the National Guard, if the request of the_ gentleman from the National Guard Association and dis­ acceptable, and if they volunteer to do so. cussed the matter at length with both 3. Beginning January l, 1958, all persons Kansas? groups. enlisting in the National Gµard _between the There was no objection. · As ·a result I can now announce to the ages of 17 and 18 7'2 will be required to per­ Mr. BREEDING. Mr. Speaker, in old subcommittee that a full agreement h~s form 6 months of active duty for train~ ng, England it was customary for the house­ been reached with the National Guard Asso­ and the 11 weeks' active..,duty training course wives to drop whatever they were doing ciation and the Army. will be discontinued. The Ready and Stand­ · and hurry to the church at the tolling Practically all of our members agree that by Reserve obliga~ions will be tpe same as 6 months of active duty training should be set forth in the foregoing .paragraph, 6 of-the bell to be "shriven" of their sins. required of new· recruits . in the Natienal mo:q.ths' ~ctive duty for training, .3 years In 1445 a ·wife in Olney, England, started Guard. The big problem has been td decide Ready Reserve and 47':! years Standby Re­ baking her pancakes ·rather late. They when this program should go int.o effect and serve. were not quite finished when the church how we could assure the Guard that the 4. Persons ·between the ages 187':! through bell rang, but she hurried, off to the overall strength qf_the National Guard would 25 enlisting in the National Guard . will be "sbriving" carrying her griddle and pan- 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2625 cakes with her. Thus an annuai sport­ traveling trophy, a griddle engraved with NEAR EASTERN POLICY ing event was born. past winners' names, now hangs in the Lib­ eral Chamber of Commerce office for all the The SPEAKER. Under previous or­ In Liberal we heard of this 500-year­ townsfolk to see. Approximately a dozen der of the House, the gentleman from old event of pancake racing over a 415- housewives are in training now to prevent California [Mr. RoosEVELT] is recog­ yard course from the town pump to the the loss of the trophy. nized for 60 minutes. church, and in 1950 the challenge was Various methods of training are used, Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I -accepted by Rev. R. C. Collins, vicar of usually under husband's advice, most of the rise to bring before_the House the im­ Olney. In the running of the First In­ would-be contestants practice running in the portant "issues arising out of the Presi"'.' ternational Pancake Day Race over iden­ later afternoons or evenings. And it is nothing to see a woman running round and dent's speech to the country last tical courses, times o~ the winners in round the block where she lives fiipping her Wednesday, because it is my firm con­ both Liberal and Olney were compared pancake in a skillet, cheered on by the mem­ viction that these issues need a thorough by transatlantic telephone. bers of her family. · airing. I hope that at the conclusion of Mrs. Breeding and I cordially invite One more serious contestant in recent my remarks, as many Members as pos"'.' the Members of the 85th Congress to years would eat nothing for breakfast but a sible will join in· the debate. I propose attend this world famous celebration in cereal guaranteed to give you the utmost in to yield the floor to any Member for com.: Liberal, Kans., on March 5, 1957. pep and energy, and would eat no fats for ments after my -remarks are completed: months before the race. Others give up There is something very wrong in the LIBERAL, . KANs.--One of the strangest chocolates and cigarettes or go for long daily events in the realm of athletics will take walks to build up their wind. picture of the United States supporting place in Liberal March 5 when housewives The police were alerted one evening when sanctions against a small democracy will run 415 yards through the main streets rural residents saw a man in an automobile like Israel. It violates the traditional at 11 :55 a. m. fiipping pancakes in skillets apparently trying to run down a woman on American sense of fair play. I was in a traditional race with the housewives of the road. As it turned out, she was prac­ amazed that the President of the United Olney, England. In the eighth annual such ticing for the pancake race, in the lights of States in his speech chose to call Israel race, Olney housewives will be trying to even the car while her husband times her efforts. the score. Liberal leads, 4 to 3. an aggressor, as if there had not been Athletic attire is prohibited in the race. justified provocation because of numer­ . It all started more than 500 years ago in Regular housewifely garb of housedresses, England when on Shrove Tuesday, ...the day paron, headscarf, and oxfords or regular ous belligerent a~ts by Egypt. The before lent, housewives used up accumulated street shoes are required. Arab-Israeli conflict did not begin on cooking fats before fasting by baking pan­ The best time ever turned in for the race October 29. There is a long history cakes. Legend has it that one day a house­ was 1 :05.1 by Mrs. Binnie Dick in 1955. She of Arab guerrilla warfare and aggression wife baking pancakes lost track of time until won the race here three consecutive years, prior to that date, culminating in the suddenly she heard the church bell ring, and was international champion twice. self-defense action of Israel. During the calling everyone to the shriving service in After three local victories, a contestant is Arab invasion at the establishment of the church. In her haste she ran to the disqualified. church, clad in her. apron and with her the State of Israel in 1947, Israel suffered skillet in hand, and this was the first pan­ With a tradition of 500 years of racing over 10,000 casualties. Continued ag.. cake racer. behind them, Olney housewives jumped off · gression by Egypt and other Arab States . Other women of Olney in following years, to a quick lead, winning in 1950 and 1951. after the signing of the armistice agree­ not to be outdone by their neighbors, got Liberal women soon caught on and won in ments, for example, took the lives of 100 into the act. The one who beat the others 1952. Olney avenged their loss in 1953, but Liberal girls found the winning combin~tion Israelis and left 132 others wounded in , to the church was kissed by the Verger, and 1951 alone. In fact, from the signing the kiss came to be called the "kiss of' peace" and swept the 1954, 1955, and 1956 races for and is still the traditional prize for the a record string of consecutive victories. of the armistice agreements to the end winner of the pancake ·race here and in Winning times are: of 1955, Israel has suffered 1,293 casual­ England. · ties at the hands of the Nasser-inspired Liberal got into the competition in 1950 Year Liberal, Olney, guerrilla armies operating to a large ex­ after a picture of the Olney racers appeared Kans. England tent from bases in the Gaza Strip. I in a magazine. Liberal jaycees decided that may add that the Gaza Strip is not their housewives might be just as fast on 1950_------1:18 1:10. 4 Egyptian territory and its Arab inhabit­ their feet as the English women. They dis­ 1951 _------1:14. 5 1:12. l ants are not recognized as Egyptian patched a letter to the Vicar of Olney, who 1952_ ------1:08 1:10. 8 citizens, nor has Egypt ever done any­ ramrods the race over there, challenging the 1953_ ------1:09 1:07.2 English to an international race. Vicar 1954_ ------1:07. 7 1:12.2 thing for these 200,000 refugees. Let it 1955_ ------1:05. 1 1:18. 5 be established once and for all that the Collins quickly accepted and the race was 1956------1:14. 6 1:15.2 on. action of Israel was wholly an act of Each year since tlten on Shrove Tuesday Interest will run high in the March 5 event legitimate self-defense. thousands of cheering spectators crowd the in both places. Olney will be trying hard I was equally amazed by a recent state­ streets in each town to watch the apron-clad to even up the score. Liberal will be trying ment of one of my colleagues here on the housewives fiit and flip their way merrily to chalk up the comfortable margin another floor of the House that our paramount down the v1llage streets in this sporting ges­ win would bring. The whole town is pitching interest demands that we do not dare ture of international good will. in with feverish excitement making ready to antagonize the Arab nations for fear · In spite of any temporary diplomatic dif­ for the day-long celebration which accom­ that this would jeopardize our oil inter­ ferences between the United States and Eng­ panies the event. Festivities here include a land, the race has always been carried out parade, beauty and amateur contests, dances, ests. I hope that we will never come in a spirit of friendly competition and has and parties honoring the visiting celebrities to the point when we have to sell otir remained a strong and permanent link of who crowd into the small town of 10,000 for friends down the river for a mess of oil international friendship between the people the unique spectacle. Liberal, not normally or sacrifice our historic moral principles of the two countries. well known for its athletics, will shine if for the sake of expediency, and when I In Liberal the race course is over brick and pancake racing is ever added to the Olympics. speak of these moral principles, I want asphalt streets. In Olney the setting is cob­ them to be applied in accord with a blestone streets, thatched-roofed cottages, and the old bull-inn. Both races, according PANCAKE DAY SCHEDULE, LIBERAL, KANS. single standard in all situations. to age-old tradition, end at a church, where TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1957, PANCAKE DAY The double standard of morals at the the kiss of peace is administered-in Eng­ 6:45 a. m.: All Civic Club pancake break- United Nations is revolting to most land by the church verger and in Kansas by fast. Americans. We cannot accept without the British Consul. The accompanying whirr 9: 30 a. m.: Pancake Day parade. protest one rule for the strong nations of television cameras and the general hub­ 11: 15 a. m.: Kids' Pancake Day race. and another for the weak. We cannot bub of a major celebration are background 11:55 a. m.: International Pancake Day ignore the fact that Soviet Russia has additions to the traditional kiss, brought on race. defied 11 resolutions dealing with the by intense new coverage of the event. 12: 15· p. m.: Telephone call to Olney, Eng- Hungarian situation. India objects to The Kansans are one up on the British land. the United Nations resolution dealing now after Mrs. Nina Jordan, 25-year-old gas 1 p. m.: Kiddies free matinee-plaza. company employee, ran the cold and slippery 1:30 p. m.: Five-State beauty contest. with the Kashmir problem, and I have 415 yards in 1: 14.6 last year to beat the Olney 4:30 p. m.: Fifth annual all-American Pan­ yet to hear in the United Nations a de­ time of 1: 15.2. Winning times are compared cake Day race. mand for punitive measures against by transatlantic telephone call. 7 p. m.: Finals of amateur contest, coro­ either of these nations, or against Egypt, _ In the eighth annual race coming up, Mrs. nation of international, and all-American which has openly and repeatedly defied Jordan is expected to defend her title. The race winners. the United Nations security Council 2626 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 resolution of 1951, calling for a halt to Unitea Nations. Here is where the trou­ transportation t6 the-Mediterranean, in­ her practice of blockading the Suez ble lies. Without lessening our support cluding passage through Israel from the against Israeli shipping. of the U. N., we must recognize the exist­ Guff-of Aqaba. · There is a lamentable tendency to ing hard fact. Fifth. An all-out effort in the United gloss over the fact that Israel's insist­ · There is a ·voting bloc in the United Nations to secure and to set up enforce­ ence upon firm guaranties for the .secu­ Nations which has developed within the ment machinery for an embargo of all rity of its citizens and the freedom of its year which could spell death for the lit­ military arms shipments to any country shipping is the result of belligerent acts tle nation of Israel in the years ahead. of the Middle East until permanent by Egypt. The raids of the Egyptian We should consider it. peaceful conditions and treaties have fedayeen and the blockades imposed by Because of the Soviet veto. in the Secu­ been reached between Israel and the Egypt against Israel shipping through rity Council, the real power of the United Arab States. Suez and through the Gulf of Aqaba were Nations has shifted to the General As­ Only such an approach would justify acts of war openly proclaimed as such by sembly,. where all the nations may vote. the terms we are demanding of Israel. Egypt when she attempted to justify the ·But in the assembly, a resolution can be Admittedly, it is not an easy one, but it violation of the armistice agreements to adopted only by a two-thirds vote. can contribute immeasurably to the paci­ which she had affixed her signature in This gives the Afro-Asian-Soviet group fication . and progress of the Near East, 1949. of 36 nations the power to defeat any and would not injure our Western ideas In this perspective, it becomes un­ resolution of which it disapproves. of liberty and freedom. It certainly is thinkable and immoral to speak of im­ This applies today to the Israel debate far less dangerous than the present ill­ posing sanctions against Israel. If because it means that while sanctions -fated policy of toying with sanctions of Israel withdrew her troops from the against Israel could be adopted, no Gen­ doubtful morality and high-explosive po­ shores of the Straits of Tiren and from eral Assembly resolution could be passed tential. Mr. Speaker, it is high time that the Gaza Strip without adequate guar­ against Egypt if she resumed the block­ the United States, under the leadership anties, Egyptian raids would begin once ade against Israel shipping and the raids of its Presi<;lent, rise to the great chal­ more and the blockade of Aqaba would against Israel settlements. It means lenge of our time. The privilege of lead­ be restored. It would be far more fitting that the United Nations can no longer ing the world forces of freedom will, I if the United Nations first obtained from strike a just balance on the Arab­ pray, be met by a program bold enough, Colonel Nasser a renunciation of his self­ Israel issue. far sighted enough, and humane enough proclaimed state of belligerency agains~ It behooves us, therefore, to evolve our to insure the coming of lasting peace with Israel, and until Egypt is prepared · to own foreign policy in the area, a policy justice. enter some satisfactory arrangement, that is firmly based upon our own in­ Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, will the the United Nations should station its terests, that is willing to take risks in gentleman yield? emergency force at Aqaba and in the pursuance of our objectives, not a set of Mr. ROOSEVELT. I am delighted to Gaza Strip, so that peace can be main­ platitudes. Such a policy would have yield to the gentleman from New York. tained along her borders with Israel. as its paramount aim, the welfare of the Mr. ROONEY. I wish to commend It is manifestly unfair for the United United States and its allies in the free the gentleman from California upon States to continue the economic squeeze world, and would prove ourselves to be these forthright statements and say that which it is presently imposing on Israel, a nation interested in true justice, not I agree with him. and I strongly deplore our failure to just in temporary gain because of oil Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen­ resume our aid program to Israel. I considerations or other special interests. tleman very much indeed. wonder how many of my colleagues are There has been much talk of a "void" Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, will the aware that the 1956 program of surplus in the Middle East, with respect to re­ gentleman yield? foods for Israel amounting to about sponsible leadership. If we are truly in­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I am happy to forty to fifty million dollars is in a state terested in filling that void, in the in­ yield to the gentleman from New York. suspension. In addition, the $25 million terests of permanent peace, even now it Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask grant-in-aid to Israel voted by the Con­ is not too late to do some or all of the unanimous consent that the gentleman gress under the foreign-aid program has following: from New Jersey [Mr. Annomz1ol may not gone forward, and the technical­ First. Secure from Egypt a valid and extend his remarks immediately follow­ assistance program to Israel, which has legal binding agreement to give to the ing those of the distinguished gentleman brought our top experts to help in devel­ United Nations the responsibility of from California; and, on my own be­ oping Israel's agriculture, industry, maintaining free passage through the half, I ask unanimous consent that my transportation, health and education, Straits of Tiran for all nonbelligerent remarks may also be extended at this public administration, and mass com­ shipping of all nations. Failing this, to point in the RECORD and to include two munications facilities, has been inter­ reach agreement with appropriate na­ documents which I am about to refer to, rupted by the recall of most of these ex­ tions mutually binding themselves to together with tabulations and exhibits perts. Israel thus is faced with a major guarantee this freedom of passage. connected thereto. economic problem at a time when it is Second. Failing a voluntary agreement The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there admitting over 80,000 homeless refugees. by Egypt that United Nations forces objection to the request of the gentleman Given this increased flow of refugees, should be permanently established in from New York? .nany of them victims of communism in control of military and civilian functions There was no objection. Hungary and Poland, as well as the per­ in the Gaza Strip, we should lead a fight Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I am secuted Jews from Egypt and north for a declaration by the Assembly of the very glad that the gentleman from Cali­ Africa, the withdrawal of American aid United Nations that because of the vio­ fornia has seen fit to take this time. I constitutes severe hardship. In addi­ lations of previous armistice agreements, know the distinguished gentleman from tion, the arbitrary denial of passports to it has become the responsibility of the Illinois CMr. BOYLE] will follow him American citizens who wish to travel to United Nations to assume such powers. shortly with another special order on the Israel, particularly now that the holy Third. To secure from the United same subject. I wish to commend them season of Passover is approaching, con­ Nations Assembly a statement that any and all of the other Members of the stitutes a particularly unfriendly act on further assaults upon Israel territory or House who participate in these special the part of this administration toward citizens from the Sinai Desert will justify orders for giving their time and atten­ the only democratic country in the Mid­ the closing of the border and the man­ tion to this very important matter. dle East. I call upon the President to ning of the border by United States May I direct the attention of the House restore this urgently needed aid and to security forces. to certain facts to supplement or cor­ treat Israel once again as she is entitled Fourth. A statement that the United roborate what is being said. Corrobo­ to be treated as a valuable ally in our States will consider a failure by Egypt ration of the distinguished gentleman's battle against Communist aggression. to help organize and adhere to the inter­ statements is unnecessary. Neverthe­ President Eisenhower told the Nation nationally controlled Suez Canal admin­ less some people may say, you made some that the United Nations ought to sup­ istration will be considered by the United statements, you made some charges. Is part peace in the Middle East. He has States as an indication of bad faith, and there any evidence to back them up? thrown the full responsibility for keep­ result in immediate steps by the United Mr. Speaker, there is ample evidence ing the peace in the Middle East to the States in establishing other means of to substantiate every statement of fact 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP - HOQSE 2627· that has been made on the subject by little as 10 pounds. That .is all they annihilating her was not mere bluif. They the distinguished gentleman from Cali­ were able to take out. show clearly that the concentration uf Egyp­ What is even worse than that, one hos­ tian forces In the -north of the . Sinai Desert fornia. One document I hold in my was of a definitely offensive character, de­ hand is entitled "Nasser's Pattern of Ag­ tage was taken from each family; one signed ior an all-out war against Israel. gression." Its contents will be included person out of every family was seized by Thus, a directive of the command of the in my remarks in accordance with leave the Egyptian authorities without war­ 3d Infantry Division of the Egyptian Army already granted to me. This contains rant or process, thrown into jail without states that: "Every commander must prepare the translations into English ·af various indictment or trial, and held as a hostage himself and his soldiers for the important documents. The appears here, so that the rest of the families as they battle with Israel in which we are fully im­ got beyond the borders of Egypt would mersed, with the aim of realizing our lofty too, but in accordance with the rules of tradition, 1. e., to overpower and destroy Is­ the House the Arabic will not appear in not tell of the terrorism that was being rael in the shortest possible time, and with the RECORD. The translations into Eng­ practiced upon them under this dictator the greatest brutality and bestiality in bat­ lish will. These are photostats of orig­ Nasser. tle." inal documents captured from the Egyp­ All of these things, all of these black The documents reveal that the troops sta­ tian Army, taken from prisoners cap­ record documents, long since have been tioned in the Sinai Desert in an offensive tured by the Israel Army. placed on the desks of President Eisen­ posture against Israel included the 3d and 8th Infantry Divisions, th.e 1st Armored They contain, among other things, hower and Secretary of State Dulles, and Brigade and three infantry battalions, with original orders issued to these men, not all that has happened has been a dread­ strong armor, air cover, airships, and vast only issued to the officers and members ful-a deafening silence. There were supplies built up during the past year. of the Egyptian armed forces but to the any number of requests made to the .:rroops were being trained for the impend­ guerrillas, to the fedayeens, the trained President and to the Secretary to do ing invasion. guerrillas, who are actually part and something in the United Nations .about Other documents throw a revealing light parcel of the Egyptian Army. We find this horrible situation. Once in Decem­ on the fedayeen Bquads recruited by the set forth here their orders to go into ber a United States delegate to the Egyptian High Command from criminal ele­ ments in the Gaza area for the purpose of Israel and commit all kinds of murder United Nations rose on the ftoor of the murder, robbery, and sabotage in Israel. and ravage, robbery and destruction. general assembly and referred to this Finally, there are the drawings found in a You have the details here, the dates of and said it would be best that we do not .school where the children were asked to the orders, the precise directions to these talk any more about it and asked all exercise their imagination on how best to kill people. Throughout these documents those delegates who listed their names Israelis; and the Arabic edition of Hitler's you will find repeated the statement that to speak on the subject not to speak any Mein Kampf, standard reading for Egyptian Egypt and Egyptians cannot rest and further on the subject, lest the talk ofilcers, from which they are taught to draw will not rest until every Israeli has been their inspiration for the war of extermina­ worsen the situation. tion against Israel. annihilated. Shades of Hitler. . I have in my hand another document I think it is high time that the Presi­ THE EGYPTIAN ARMY which in accordance with leave granted dent directed his delegation to the - Nasser: "The war between us and Zionism to me will also be spread on the RECORD United Nations to stand up and protest has not yet ended, and perhaps has not yet as part of my remarks. It deals with even begun. For us, this war of tomorrow 11,gainst these inhumane and bestial acts or of the near future means the ending of a another important phase of this matter, and that something should be done about disgrace, the realization of a hope and the though actually independent of the war it. If we meant what we said when we Tegaining of rights.;, (From Nasser's intro­ or belligerency between Egypt and Israel became a party to the convention on duction to the book, This Is Zionism, , or between the and Israel. It is human rights of the United Nations, it ·1955.) entitled "The Black Record. Nasser's is high time something was done about Gen. Abdul Akim Amer (Egyptian mtnister ·Persecution of Egyptian Jewry." this. of war and commander in chief of the Egyp­ Here you have documented Nasser's tian Army): "Our army stands at the fron­ Again I commend the gentlemen who tier ready to teach the Zionists a lesson they persecution of Jews of all nationalities, .are participating in these special orders not only British Jews, French Jews, ·Will nev~r- forget, when the time is ripe." and I join them in urging that tpere ·(Broadcast by Government-controlled Cairo Jews who came there from all parts of can be no peace without justice in that Radio, January 22, 1956.) Europe, but the native born Egyptians, Anwar Al-Sadat (Egyptian minister of men, women, and children who trace .part of the world or anywhere else. I am sure that if the program .that the ·state): "Wait and see, Ben-Gurion. Soon their ancestry back to Jews who were will be proven to you the strength and will­ born in Egypt, long before Nasser's an­ gentleman from California has so suc­ .power of the Arabs. Egypt and the Arab cestors. These people have been de­ cinctly set forth is implemented, we can nations will teach you a lesson and quieten prived of their Egyptian nationality have peace in that part of the world­ you forever. Egypt will grind you to the solely because they are Jews. The Brit­ peace with honor-peace with dignity­ dust." (Reported in "Al Goumhouriya," offi­ ish Jews, the French Jews, other Euro­ peaee with justice. -cial government newspaper, April 8, 1956.) pean Jews who had sought refuge in The two items I referred to during my Th-e ofilcial directives of army commanders Temarks are as follows: prove the avowedly aggressive character of Egypt during the Hitler days, are all de­ the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Desert and prived of their rights. Many of them NASSER'S PA'ITERN OF AGGRESSION-CAPTURED the Gaza Strip. As _stated by Maj. Gen. had been naturalized as Egyptian DOCUMENTS REVEAL ARMY AND FEDAYEEN Ahmed Salam, commander of the 3d In­ citizens. ROLES IN EGYFI'IAN PLOT AGAINST PEACE .tantry Division, in the document here repro­ By one fell swoop of the hand, Mr. On October 29, 1956, the Army of Israel duced and translated, the aim of the Egyp­ Nasser, after, I repeat, after the fighting crossed into the Sinai Desert in order to tian army in the Sinai Desert and in the wipe out the bases from which fedayeen ter­ .Gaza Strip was the destruction of Israel: ceased, after the United Nations said, rorist gangs were sent by the Egyptian high this fighting between Israel and Egypt, command into Israel, and break up the con­ Subject: Directive No. 2 of commander, and between Britain and France and centration of military forces, which had been 3d Infantry Division ~Egypt, must stop, and after they had built up during the previous year for an at­ Third Infantry Division (Operations) stopped the fighting, Nasser issued these tack upon Israel. Registration No. 558/2/56/2/5/E. decrees depriving these people of all of In the course of the rapid Israel advance Date: February 15, 1956. their rights and drove them all out of the Egyptian forces were broken up, over From C. 0. Egyptian Dis-'.;rict, Palestine. 5,000 prisoners were taken and heavy booty To C. 0. Reinforced 5th Infantry Brigade. Egypt. Many of them were given orders was captured. The remnants of the defeated The following is the essence of the direc- to leave on an hour's notice. As these Egyptian Army fled in disorder to the west tives of the commander of the 3d Division people, with written orders of expulsion, "bank of the Suez Canal. So rapidly did they to commanders and officers on the days and arrived at the point of departure, they abandon their positions that the Egyptian dates detailed below: were searched, the orders were taken headquarters units failed to destroy their El Arish, day, February 1, 1956. from them, and they were required to archives, which fell into the hands of the Rafah, day, February 3, 1956. .sign a document indicating that they advancing Israel forces. Khan Yunis, day, February 4, 1956 . were leaving Egypt voluntarily, and The documents seized in these archives, Gaza, day, February 4, 1956. some of which are reproduced below, bear Please see to the execution of these direc • .abandoning all of their property and significant testim,ony to the preparations tives by all ofilcers and insure that these money to the Egyptian Government. made by the Egyptian military junta for war directives shall not be put down in writing They were permitted to leave with a few agai'nst Israel. They- Teveal that the oft­ '.for classification lower than battalion or Egyptian pounds, in most instances as stated Egyptian plan of invading Israel and parallel classtfication in other units. 2628 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE February 26

1. Introduction: Every civision will attack the ·settlements along of the training:' · ' plain ·the situation, whether by , means of the Eilat.:Beersheba road; and the ·ad Divi-· { 1) Perseverance and strong will to fight maps or on the ground, eacb acc0rding to-his sion will · attack those near "the Gaza-Rafa· brutally~ ' · ·· level! Likewise, it is.possible that a number fr0nt." ( 2) Training in leading men a-qd . their, of officers and other .ranks of the unit will The order then goes on to describe the commanding officers gaining their, confi­ conduct tours of inspection_ of the battl~ size of the forces ·scheduled for these attacks, dence and affection. Any ,breach ~f disci­ order. of the units of the ' Central District, fixes the _length and. time of .the operations -pline by soldiers against their officers must be within a period of 7 hours, ~ beginning and (3 to 4 hours. during the night), and asks prevented. . . ending in Abu Ageilah. • •, for detailed plans to be submitted by Octo- (3) Earnestness and realism in all our ac- 7. ·Hit and run policy: Hit and run policy ber 15, 1955. · · tions. ' is transformed into aggressive policy as fol­ 3. The commanders: lows- AGAINST DEMARCATION OF ARMISTICE LINES (a) The term "pommander" is not limited (a) Fifth Brigade-in constant prepared- The l.j:gyptian command also opposed the to an officer but applies to anyone of any . ness. . recommendation made by the United Nations rank who has to give commands. , (b) Third Brigade should arrive by April 1, Secretary General and the United Nations (b) Our policy must be built. up on the 1956, for company assault training within Chief of Staff to mark the armistice lines preparation of commanders for the next 10 the framework of the battalion. clearly in order to avoid border incidents. years. Aid to prepare commanders and their (c) Eighty-sixth Brigade must arrive April The document reproduced below is an order units: 1, 1956, for company assault training, re­ issued by the commander of the third Egyp­ ( 1) High discipline: gardless of present shortage of manpower tian division stating that "the marking of (2) Knowledge, and the increase of knowl- . and equipment. the frontier lines including the ai:ea of El edge. . (d) The National Guard must complete Auja and Khamsa is to be prevented by all (3) Absolute obedience and loyalty to the training of its volunteers in invasion means, including the use of force if neces- commander. · tactics, without regard to training received sary." · (4) Tact, initiative and care of equipment. preceding their entry into camp; The train­ ARMORED COLUMNS PREPARING IN SINAI DESERT (5) Good example in ' leading men; treat­ ing of every course must end within 7 weeks ;FOR ASSAULT UPON J;SRAEL ing men in order to gain their confidence and from arrival at the camp. affection. ~ 8: Our aim is always "the destruction of Reproduced. below is a circular issued by (c) Personality of commander: Israel/' Remember, and act for its attain­ the commander of the first armored divi-:­ ( 1) The commander should control his ment. sion. This. document· compares the strength men more by personal example than by pun­ LIWA (major general) AH~ED SA~EM, of the Egyptian and Israeli armored forces ishment. Staff Offiq,er. and ends with the following passage: . "In conclusion I shall not ask you gentle­ (2) He must accept every decision of his OFFENSIVE POSITION superior officer without hesitation. · men to decide whether Egypt or Israel is Even administrative units were being stronger; I shall leave it to the ·Israelis tq (3) When the commander imposes his trained for the impending. attack on Israel, personality on his unit, hesitations about find out for themselves the danger that is as borne out by the following Training In­ now threatening them from our armored entering battle are dispelled, regardless of structions of the 3d Division. The basic reasons such as lack of time or equipment. forces, lurking in the Sinai desert to spring purpose was transition to an offensive posi­ the trap on them." · His personality is thus decisive in determin­ tion. ing the victorious outcome of the ·battle. (Signed) YUZBASHI, ( d) Hence the annual report of officers in 3d Infantry Division, training instructions Commander, First Armored Division. general and commanders in particular must for the administrative units for the year NAZI GERMANY IS THE MODEL include: 1956-57 From training pamphlet No. 42, April 1955, Purpose (1) The level of ability of the commander. issued by the training and education branch (2) His ability to lead his men. 1. Training the men of the administrative of the Egyptian Army: (3) His ability to take care of his equip- units of the division during the period be­ "Germany convinced herself that the Jews ment. · tween June 1, 1956, and March 31, 1957, and are traitors and could not be trusted, and so ( e) The mistakes made by the commander bringing them to the highest possible level. she expelled them from her land, • * * but when he takes fateful decisions, or when he Responsibility outside of Palestine they could not find any executes an order given to him are not to be 2. Every commander is responsible for the refuge. condemned, because they teach a lesson that training of his units down to the lowest rank "In the years 1935-36, the Arabs stood up must be put to use. Mistakes emanating as well as for their attaining a high level of with arms'against the Jews in order to drive from carelessness, however, inclµding those training in a friendly atmosphere and them b::i.ck into their countries of origin and from unfitting behavior; should be treated through cooperation with the remaining clear them out of Palestine. The Palestine with all severity. units of the division. All this is in addition war united the Arabs in their aim to expel (f) Clarity in giving orders, the exposure to the operational task that has been set for the Jews from the. Holy Land and to return of errors, the expression of opinions and him. the refugees who were driven out by Israel. criticism, are the right and duty of every · General Framework for Training The Arab countries continue to proclaim their hatred of the Jews ·and · are preparing commander. Forthrightness must be a con­ 3. The basic purpose of training this year structive, and not a destructive factor. It to drive them out of the Holy Land. is the transition from a defensive to an of­ "Thus history repeats itself. The Arabs must not be an instrume:nt of degradation. fensive position. The administrative unit.s Implied by this is also appreciation of dili­ refuse to leave even a single Jew in Palestine must work together with the other units and so that the country will be all Arab. Today gence and fitting and construc"tive guidance must prepare their men for these operations. of the one who errs. ·it is we who are in the first line, preparing 4. All of them must concentrate on train­ (g) Commanders of all ranks must under­ ourselves for the battle which will end in the ing the units in night operations and in annihilation of Israel." stand that their place is not in offices but maneuverability. rather with their soldiers, either training, 5. All the administrative units must un­ THE FEDA YEEN directing or educating them, &tudying their dertake to prepare the soldier so as to make Nasser: "I was no stranger to the fedayeen. social problems and participating with them him fit for battle. The soldier should also I knew them in Faluja during the war in in sport and entertainment. be prepared for the professional task that Palestine. When I decided to raise a unit of 4. Arms and equipment: Commanders of has been assigned to him. fedayeen I was reminded of the Faluja days all ranks must make certain that-- (The last part of the document deals with and I · knew at once that the sons .of that (a) Every weapon shall be fit for action the technical details concerning the organi- land who have faith in their right:;; to It a.nd efficient use by periodic tests with live zation of the training.) . ' would be worthy to bear the name of feda­ ammunition. The document is signed by Bikbashi (Lt. yeen." (In a statement· made to a corre.;. (b) That vehicles are :flt for service. Col.) Mahmoud Anis Ismail, 3d Infantry spondent of the Cairo daily Al Akhbar, and Drivers must be instructed in. their- proper Division.· · broadcast by· Cairo Radio on May 29; 1_956.} 1957- ·•"'·'·" . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE· 2629 ~

Hassan el Bakourl (Egyptian Minister of mentioned chief of intelllgence to the com­ 2. Attacked the settlem~nt -0f Sumeil, de­ Religious Properties): "There ls n<;> reason manding general of the armed forces, who­ stroying its guardhouse by throwing a hand . why the faithful fedayeen, hating their ene­ approved it on condition that the volunteers grenade on it. Later they infiltrated into · mies, should not penetrate into Israe~ and constitute a part of the Egyptian National the settlement and blew up a house and an - transform the lives of its citizens into a hell. Guard. The approval was. given during a its inhabitants and later fied. Yes, brother and sister Arabs. The fedayeen visit of the commanding general at the front. a. Lay in ambush along the road which . will be victorious because their motives are The document is signed by: links the village of al-Jasir to Falujja and holy and their aims are the highest. They · Lt, Col. AHMAD SALEM, attacked a pickup vehi-cle belonging to the will be victorious because they are more dili­ Staff Officer, Commander of the Israel army and carrying soldiers. The ve­ gent in death than Israel is in life." (Voice Military Forces in Sinai. hicle was damaged and it is presumed that of the Arabs radio, April 11, 1956.) EGYPTIAN ARMY INTERVENES ON BEHALF OF there were casualties among the passengers. Government-controlled Radio Cafro: FEDAYEEN ON TRIAL FOR MURDER 4. Ambushed three vehicles carrying "Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, soldiers on the Falujj-a-Abu Jaber road. 'It the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of How the Egyptians recruited murderers· ls presumed that there were casualties among , and they will cleanse the land of and other criminals for the fedayeen is fur­ the Jewish soldiers. Palestine. Therefore, ready yourselves; shed ther substantiated in a copy of an official 5. During their stay in this area they saw tears, cry out and weep, 0 Israel, because letter sent to the administrative governor a convoy of 86 vehicles moving from north the day of your liquidation is near. This of Gaza by Egypt's chief of intelligence, to sou.th, and iniormed us accordingly. we have decided and this ls our belief. • • • commander of the fedayeen, in a successful Attached are several cuttings :from the There will be no peace on the border because intervention in behalf of Yunes Mubarak Egyptian press describing the acts of valor we demand vengeance and vengeance is Is­ Hassan el-Abid, on trial for murder in Gaza. Of the fedayeen. rael's death." (August 31, 1955.) . The letter dated September 17, 1955, and As the above-mentioned is one of the The documents captured in the Sinai cam­ signed by Maj. Mustafa Muhammad Hafez, accused in major crimes case No. 26/55, and paign clearly prove the objectives of the said: - ta-king into account his wonderful acts, we fedayeen murder gangs, organized by Nas­ "The above-mentioned represents our office would ask you to have mercy on him and ser to take vengeance on Israel through a and is one of our most trusted men. He can weigh his past full of acts of sacrifice. A hit-and-run campaign of murder of civilians always be depended upon to perform impor­ way should be found to help him and not and sabotage of vital installations. tant and dangerous missions. During the endanger his . life.. It may be mentioned Infiltration and marauding had been going period in which he worked for our office, he as well that there will be an opportunity to on ever since the 1949 armistice agreement, was a paragon of manhood and highest use him in the future if he knows that the though on a smaller scale. In 1955, Nasser courage, always showing his love and readi­ authorities took notice of his courageous organized and trained the fedayeen as a ness for sacrifice for Egypt and the Egyptian actions in the past. paramilitary force, equipped and directed armed forces. CAPTURED FEDAYEEN DESCRIBES TERROR GOAL He has already proved this in the past by by the Egyptian Army. The character of the terrorism practiced· is Their function was to enter deep in to Israel performing good deeds, especially quite recently. corroborated in the testimony of fedayeen territory, ambush road traffic, kill men, captured in Israel. women, and children, blow up wells and The above mentioned has volunteered to work with the Palestinian national guard· Thus Abdullah Hassan Abu Sardani told water installations, mine roads, collect mili­ the military court, April I956~ t~ry data, and at night den;i.olish_ houses in and has performed numerous infiltrations into Israel together with his comrades. He "I heard that the fedayeen receives a wage which settlers and their iammes were peace­ of 9 Egyptian pounds per mission, so I de­ fully asleep. acted in causing explosions and sabotage and killings to avenge the incursion of the cided to enlist at the office of Major Hafiz. Israel's narrow size and long frontiers sur­ After training for 15 days at in the rounded on three sides by Arab States made Jews into our position in Hamam on August Gaza .strip, I was .sent to a camp in Egypt it an ideal target for these hit-and-run tac­ 22, 1955. near the Pyramids. There, Egyptian officers tics. The country has virtually no hinter­ These operations had important conse­ taught us how to use British rifles, the Bren la~d. At its widest point,. it ls not more quences for they instilled fear and anxiety and Browning machineguns, the Karl Gustav than 68 miles across. At its narrowest point, into the Israel nation. They also raised the automatic. and hand grenades. After that, I there are only 10 miles from the Mediter­ morale of Gaza residents and refugees, as returned to a fedayeen base in the Gaza rar.ean to Israel's eastern frontier. Few vil­ well as members of the armed forces at that Strip, Major Hafiz sent two groups of us into lages and towns are far from the border. moment. These acts have raised high the Israel. One was instructed to reach Jaffa; The accelerated fedayeen attacks followed name of Egypt among nations, and especially the second, consisting of 10 men, was to at­ Nasser's arms deal with the Soviet bloc. By among the Arab peoples. tack the area Wadi Rubin, Yavne, Kubeiba, November 1956 Israel, as a result of Egyptian The lion •s share of these wonderful acts Gedera, Rishon-le-Zion. At the border, action, had experienced 1,834 cases of armed belongs. to the above-mentioned. He and Major Hafiz shook hands with everyone and robbery and theft, 1,339 cases of armed the men of his squads have done good deeds, said: 'Good luck. You know your jobs-­ clashes with E'gyptian armed forces, 439 cases which it is worth while to mention and to shoot up vehicles and kill everyone in sight.' of incursions from Egyptian-controlled ter­ praise. And there they are: We answered: 'Right, sir, that's what we are ritory, 172 cases of sabotage perpetrated by On August 29, 1955, they performed the pald for.' We carried 400 bullets each and Egyptian military units and fedayeen in following acts of revenge: hand grenades. We were taken to the border Israel. Over 450 Israel citizens were killed 1. Kllled three people working in an orange by jeep and crossed the lines near the or­ and over 1,000 wounded by fedayeen terror­ grove in Belt Hanan, 12901495. chards at Beit Hanun." ists and other Arab attackers. 2. Killed a mechanic in the power stations EGYPTIAN EMBASSY IN JORDAN IS FEDA YEEN BASE near al-Kubeiba. CHARACTER OF THE FEDAYEEN Having done their nefarious work in Israel, The fedayeen were recruited for the most 3. Exploded a charge under the 70-meter the fedayeen crossed over into Jordanian ter­ part from the destitute Arab population in main mast of the broadcasting station. Four ritory and handed over their arms and sup­ the Gaza Strip which had been captured by subsidiary masts de-pend on this main mast plies to the Egyptian Embassy in Amman. the Egyptian Army when it invaded Palestine in the Kubeiba area, 12721448. These documents reveal the connivance be­ in 1948. 4. Attacked the Jaliya settlement near al­ tween Egyptian and Jordanian authorities in After recruitment, the fedayeen were first Kubeiba, killing a man and wounding four the conduct of terrorist activities against trained in Egypt and then employed on a others. Destroyed a building and damaged Israel: monthly basis or paid for each mission. A the store, or the Pining room of the settle­ "Directorate of Military Intelligence, Intel­ large proportion of them were murderers and ment. ligence Otlice-Palestine, No. 3597/24/1, Gaza criminals released from prison on condition 5. Laid an ambush on the main road at 15.8 1956. that they join the fedayeen units. Follow­ al-Mughar. They saw a convoy of 22 various "Subject: Supplies and arms that the Pal­ ing is a document on this subject found by vehicles coming from the north. They estinian fedayeen have transferred to the Israel troops in Gaza. The translation of the opened submachinegun fire on a pickup Egyptian Embassy in Amman. fir.st paragraph reads as follows: which was last in the convoy. The vehicle "EXECUTIVE OFFICER: This is to notify you JULY 10, 1955. had to stop and return fire, then continued that the Palestinian fedayeen that arrived in To: Head of Operations Division. its way to overtake the convoy. It is to be. Jordan and have accomplished acts of re­ From: Headquarters, Military Forces in presumed that there were casualties among venge in Israel during the period April Sinai-Intelligence. the occupants of the vehicle. The men of 8-15, 1956, have returned their arms and Subject: The Palestine National Guard. the ambush succeeded in escaping eastward supplies to the Egyptian Embassy in Amman. Reference: Your letter of November 6, 1955. and laid another ambush in the area of el­ In Gaza a committee has been organized to. 1. These volunteers were recruited for Jabaliya, between the village of Ajjur l'egister these supplies and arms. The lists service in the national guard, and not in the 14:281219 and the village of Tel e-Safi. have been passed to the Eastern Command. regular forces, by the Chief of Intelligence On August 30, 1955, they performed the "Enclosed find copy of said lists for your in Palestine, and most of them have a crim­ following operations: knowledge and use. . inal past and they have but one desire: to 1. Attacked a civilian pickup on its wa.y "SAGH (Major) J wreak vengeance on Israel and to steal there. from Tel e-San to the Ajjur settlement and "Assistant Director, Field Military In­ The action of the volunteers was taken in killed its three occupants, destroying the telligence, Mohammed Fathi Mahmoud, accordance with the proposal of the above- vehicle. "(For Bikbashi (Lieutenant Colonel)). 2630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 "For your information-copy to com­ several others wounded in · highway am­ TEACHING HATRED mander of the liberation army. bushes; two wells were blown up. Nasser: ·"I am not :fighting solely against "List of arms transferred to the Egyptian Two days later 4 workers were am­ Israel but also against world Zionism and Embassy in Jordan in the period April 8- bushed and killed; 2 soldiers were shot Jewish capital. My task is to deliver the 15, 1956, giving registration numbers to death and 5 others wounded ·when. Arab world from destruction through Zionist of all weapons. Total: 59 units Karl-Gustav their vehicles struck a mine near the settle­ intrigue which has its roots in the United submachineguns (with the registration ment of Beeri. States and which receives aid from Britain numbers of the weapons) 295 Karl-Gustav In Gela village a well was blown up, at and France. • • • The hatred of the Arabs magazines and 1 rifle." Nahla grenades were thrown into a farmer's against the Zionists is very strong, and there house and a woman was severely injured. is no sense in talking about peace with Israel. U. N. CHIEF OF STAFF SAYS SPONSORS OF FEDA­ There were further ambushes and attacks YEEN ARE AGGRESSORS There is not even the smallest place for on the following days, the entire toll being negotiations between the Arabs and Israel." On March 17, 1955, Gen. E. L. M. Burns, ten dead and many wounded. then chief of the United Nations Truce Su­ (Interview with New York Post correspond- Three weeks later fedayeen ambushed a ent, October 14, 1955.) · pervision Oi:g~nization, reported to the ~e­ bus traveling from Safad to Haifa, attacking curity Council: "Infiltration from Egyptian Radio c'airo: "Peace between us and the it with machinegun fire and hand grenades, Jews is impossible. As far as we are con­ controlled territory has not been the only killing and wounding twelve of the pas­ cause of present tension, but has un­ sengers. cerned, it is a matter of life and death, not doubtedly been one of the main ·causes." Between April 7 and 11, 1956, the wave a di.spute over frontiers or interests. Nor is On April 8, 1956, General Burns, in a letter of fedayeen murder and destruction reached it a difl'.erence over viewpoints whi{)h require to Israel's Foreign Minister, -declared, inter its peak. During those five · days there was mediation for settlement. The Middle East alia: "I am dispatching to the Foreign Min­ a total of 64 attacks, in which 14 people were cannot hold both of us. It is either we or ister of Egypt a protest against the action of killed and 43 wounded. Among them six them. • • • There is no other solution. the fedayeen, assuming it to have been au­ children and their teacher, who were • • • Steel and bullets will realize our ob­ thorized or tolerated by the Egyptian au­ murdered at the agricultural school of jectives." (In a broadcast on January 12, thorities, and requesting the immediate with­ Shafrir while attending evening services. 1956.) drawal of any persons under Egyptian con­ In the summer of 1956, following the na­ The campaign of hate against Israel does trol from the territory of Israel. tionalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyp­ not stop short of the schools. It is part of "I consider that if Egypt has ordered these tian Government, and the subsequent inter­ classroom instruction in Egypt. Reproduced fedayeen raids she has put herself in the national conferences and discussions, ·there below are drawings submitted by high-school position of an aggressor." was a comparative lull in the activities of students, in El Arish, chief town of the Sinai Desert, in an examination under the general FEDAYEEN ARE PRAISED FOR THEIR ATTACKS the fedayeen. However, as soon as Security council discussions on the Suez Canal issue heading of "Ambushing Israelis." For efficiency in acts of murder and sabo­ had come to an end, Egypt again felt free to MEIN KAMPF tage, the fedayeen were awarded certificates turn against Israel and orders were given for of merit: An · Arabic translation of Hitler's Mein a resumption of the fedayeen raids into Kampf was part of the standard issue to "General Command of the Armed Israeli territory : Egyptian officers. This is the cover and Forces, Gaza Area Command, Are/ Post. In 1 week, 24 Israeli citizens were killed and frontispiece of copies found on Egyptian "Certificate of Merit wounded by the terrorist squads. prisoners-of-war. On October 14, 1956, the fedayeen organ­ "No. Rank: A volunteer sergeant. ized a raid on Sde Boker, the Negev home of "Name: Al Sayed Hasan Dahasmah. the Prime Minister of Israel, deep inside THE BLACK RECORD-NASSER'S PERSECUTION "Unit: K. 313. Israeli territory. OF EGYPTIAN JEWRY "I, Captain Tala'at Suleyman. Jalabi, Com- Commenting upon this raid, Cairo Radio, INTRODUCTION . mander of the Aref post, hereby declare that on October ,16, 1956, broadcast the text of the above mentioned has fulfilled his holy - On October 29, 1956, units of the Israeli an official communique issued by fedayeen Army entered the Sinai Peninsula. On No­ mission on the land of Palestine on May 28, · headquarters in Gaza: "The fedayeen head­ 1956, in a perfect way. He acted on the Is­ vember · 1, within 72 hours of this thrust, quarters in Gaza has issued a communique "the Egyptian .Government. promulga~d a raeli soil with exemplary courage, valor and stating that a group of fedayeen succeeded bravery, and maintained excellent discipline, series of detailed, highly complex decrees on October 13 to cross the southern border which, among other things, established a the highest morale and a noble behavior. He of Palestine in order to discover the concen­ is a man who understands and appreciates state of siege, imposed a thorough-going tration points and the factories which the censorship, facilitated the denationalization discipline and reveres it. , Zionists have started to transfer to the "Thereby the present certificate is delivered of certain Egyptian citizens, and provided a .coastal region so.as to get them out of the fl.re juridical basis for the subsequent sequestra­ to him. range of Egyptian guns which threaten to "(Signed) CAPT. TALA'AT SUI.EYMAN, tion and confiscation of property of various destroy them. The communique of fedayeen private persons. Commander, Are/ Post." headquarters in Gaza states also that all the On the very next day, November 2, the ''General command of the armed forces, fedayeen returned safely to their bases, ex­ General Assembly of the United Nations Gaza Strip command, Ara/ post cept two who are ·believed to have been killed adopted a resolution calling for a cease-fire "Certificate of Merit in an encounter which took place between and the withdrawal of Israeli, British and "Name: Mohammed Al Sid Af-Hashash. them and the guards of Prime Minister Ben­ French forces from Egypt. On the follow­ "Rank: Volunteer sergeant. Gurion's home in Sde Boker. Further, it is ing day, the United Nations adopted a reso­ "Unit: National Guard. believed that two other fedayeen have been lution calling for the creation of a U. N. "I, Uzabashi (Captain) Talaat Suleyman wounded and taken to a. hospital in Reho­ emergency force to enforce the truce. On Jalabi, commander of the Araf post, give voth. The fifth of the fedayeen has not yet November 4, the Egyptian Government pub­ witness herewith that the above has ful­ returned from his mission in occupied Pales- lished further military decrees implementing filled his holy duties in Paiestine during the tine." · its earlier regulations for the seizure of period 6 June 1956 to 6 September 1956 and On October 15, 1956, an ambulance was private property. On November 6, the United fulfilled his tasks inside the area of Israel ambushed north of Safi.ah. Nations cease-fire was accepted by the bel­ in the best way possible. He has serv.ed as On October 20, 2 army vehicles were blown ligerent parties and arrangements were made a sublime example of bravery, heroism and up by mines placed on the Ketziot road, and for supervision of the cease-fire by an in­ willingness to sacrifice himself. In addition 3 soldiers were killed and 27 wounded. ternational U. N. police force. It was expected that the repressive meas­ he set an example of the highest discipline FEDAYEEN REORGANIZED AFTER SINAI CAMPAIGN and high morale and is able to assume re­ ures enacted during the hostilities would be sponsibility to the full. After the Sinai campaign Nasser reorgan­ withdrawn or annulled after the cease-fire. "This certificate is issued for the above ized his fedayeen operations so that on De­ But this expectation proved futile. Begin­ reasons. cember 2, 1956, the Government-controlled ning with reports received from Cairo on No­ "Uzbashl (captain), Cairo Radio could announce, "a heavy cam­ vember 15, and almost daily thereafter, it "Commander Araf Post. paign inside Israel in the coming winter." became evident that Egypt was bent on ex­ "Certificate issued on 6.9.56." And on December 24, 1956, Cairo Radio ploiting the brief hostilities to despoil and stated that "if Israel prevented the use of ultimately destroy its Jewish community. SOME TYPICAL FEDA YEEN ACT.IVITIES Gaza bases there are many other places Indeed, after the termination of hostilities, These are some typical terrorist activities which could be used for that purpose." "The the persecutions of Egyptian Jewry, far from carried out by the fedayeen in Israel: Government of Egypt is organizing fedayeen diminishing, took on such intensity that On March 24, 1955, Patish (a village in the and instilling them with readiness to fight." their ultimate import could not be mistaken. Negev) was attacked while a wedding cele­ Other Arab governments, the broadcast said, The initial reports from Cairo came to the bration was going on. One of the brides­ "are training fedayeen and instructing them world's notice in confused and fragmentary maids was killed, and 20 other guests were in warfare which is neither forbidden nor form. This was due to the special care taken wounded. shameful." by the Nasser regime to obscure the truth On October 27, 1955, there were seven During the month of December 1956, . over and veil its arbitrary actions in secrecy. attacks by fedayeen in Israel territory adja­ 30 raids were organized inside Israel from Patterned on Nazi techniql.les, the Egyptian cent to the Gaza Strip. A farmer was killed, bases in Jordan and Lebanon. campaign against the Jews has been con- 1-957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2631 ducted with ruthless efficiency and disre­ vent such reprisals."· (New. York Times, to exclude them from virtually all segments gard of the minimal moral standards that November 25, 1947.) of Egyptian economic life is demonstrated civilized nations embrace. These threats are now realities. Despite by the effect of a decree announced in Cairo There are, -however, important differences avowals by Egypt's officials that there is hos­ on January 15, 1957. To quote the New York 'between Hitler's and Nasser's approach. The tility only to Zionists and not to other Jews, Times of January 16: · iatter has· learned to avoid the errors com­ open anti-Semitic comments have appeared "Nasser has decreed the 'Egyptianization• mitted by , Hitler. Where Hitler's anti­ in the Egyptian press and have been made of all British and French banks and insur­ semitism was blatantly avowed, Nasser's by Colonel Nasser himself. On August 14, ance companies in Egypt. • • • All other anti-Semitism is concealed. Where Hitler 1955, he publicly stated: foreign banks and insurance companies were openly attacked Jews as Jews, Nasser has "I am not fighting solely against world given 5 years before they too would be resorted to the disingenuous pretense that Zionism and Jewish capital.'' (Al Ahram, 'Egyptianized'. • * • Private shareholders his animus ls limited to "Zionists." In shor~. Cairo, August 15, 1955.) · will continue to retain their stocks in com­ the Egyptian Government has learned from Following the same line, the Cairo news­ panies, but all shareholders must have Hitler's example that it cannot afford to paper, El Tahrir, on November 27, 1956- · been born in Egypt and must be Egyptian ignore world opinion and that it is more that is, after the wartime censorship had citizens. Directors must be nativeborn expedient to conduct its anti-Jewish cam­ already been instituted and no newspaper citizens also. • • • Another decree to be­ paign in a manner that would avoid inter­ article could appear without the sanction of come effective tomorrow makes it impera­ national notoriety. In the words of Dean the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior-pub­ tive that all agents representing foreign James A. Pike of the Cathedral of St. John lished an article describing the history, tra­ manufacturers in Egypt must be native-born the Divine in New York, "Nasser is much ditions, and religious practices of the Jews, Egyptian ·citizens. However, the Govern­ more clever than the Nazis." in terms as odious as any that can be found ment can in c~rtain cases extend permission The precautions of secrecy taken by the in the Nazi and Fascist publications of the to foreigners to continue as agents of those Nasser regime and its deliberate obfusca­ 1930's and 1940's. companies for five years more." tions made it difficult in the initial stages If there was any lingering doubt that the Since a large proportion of the Jewish of the anti-Jewish campaign to piece to­ semantic maneuver of adopting the term community has been barred from Egyptian gether an exact picture of what was taking "Zionist" for "Jew" was designed solely to citizenship, this decree disqualifies practic­ place in Egypt. The early reports could only divert world opinion from the essential char­ ally all Jews from participating in any hint at the systematic and well-organized acter· of Egypt's anti-Jewish campaign, it is Egyptian financial corporation. The "Egyp­ plan, long in preparation, :that had been put finally dispelled by the scope of that cam­ tianization" program under Nasser is remi­ into practice to pauperize, denationalize and paign. The number of Jews affected by the niscent of the Nazi slogan "Germany for the expel the Jewish community. Since then, acts of internment, expulsion, and seques­ Germans" and- the Nazi technique for pau­ thousands of Egyptian Jews have arrived in tration is so large as to preclude any belief perizing the Jews and forcing them out of Europe and Israel and have corroborated by that the target of Egypt's wrath is solely the the country. · their own experiences the harrowing reports "Zionists" who allegedly menace Egypt's That .the destruction of the Jewish com­ of journalists, travelers, and diplomats about security. munity is a deliberate and long-planned the desperate plight of the Jewish commu­ policy of the Nasser administration is made nity of -Egypt. Official Egyptian documents The doctrine of "Egyptianization" - evident by the dispatch with which it pro­ also have come to light which testify to In the earlier phases of the Egyptian antl­ mulgated its new nationality laws and the the drastic measures adopted by Egypt to Jewish outbreaks, there was a tendency to regulations governing the sequestration of destroy the Jewish community. believe that they represented merely a tem­ ·private property. These decrees are intricate The physical survival of one of the oldest porary and passing expression of ultra-na­ ·and comprehensive. They are obviously the and· most peaceful religious communities of tionalist fervor intensified by Israel's entry product of considerable study and prepara.. the world is at stake. Its rescue depends into Sinai. But the scope of the continuing tion. They could not have been conceived, upon firm intervention with the Nasser re­ anti-Jewish campaign, and the speed with written and printed in the three or four days gime by our own country as well as by the which it has reached into every corner of that intervened between the opening of mili­ other free nations. Egyptian Jewish life, indicate that it is the tary hostilities between Israel and Egypt and culmination of a carefully prepared and their publication in official journals. The I. EGYPTIAN XENOPHOBIA planned design for the dispersion and de­ very perfection of the techniques now em­ The semantic ruse struction of the Jewish community. ployed by the Egyptian government clearly Spokesmen for the Egyptian Government One Of the proudly proclaimed doctrines indicates that these acts reflect not an im­ have repeatedly denied that it is engaged of the Nasser revolution ls that of "Egyp­ provised response in a moment of crisis but iri a . campaign of anti-Jewish repression; tianization." This professedly is intended a thorough and well-wrought plan for the they contend that whatever action has been only to encourage domestic ownership of spoliation and destruction of the ancient taken against. Jews has been directed solely domestic industry, but actually it ts a Jewish community of Egypt. against "Zionist agents." But the fact is euphemism for a program that includes the In carrying out this design the Nasser that the Zionist movement has had little expropriation of private property, the exclu­ government has resorted to four principal influence among Egyptian Jews. This is not sion from economic life, and the expulsion measures: (1) seizure of hostages; (2) de­ surprising if only because Egypt's 50,000 from Egypt not only of so-called "enemy nationalization of Jews; (3) internments Jews, a tiny minority in Egypt's total pop­ aliens" and "foreigners" but also of non­ and expulsions; and ( 4) sequestration of ulation of 22,000,000, would not have been Moslem native Egyptians, no matter how long property. they and their families have resided within so foolhardy, even if they so desired, to II. TECHNIQUES OF DESTRUC~ION espouse pro-Zionist or pro-Israel attitudes the land. It should be borne in mind that a. since 1948, let alone engage in any acts even large majority of the 50,000 Jews living in The seizure of hostages remotely inimical to the security of the Egypt were born there and derive from fam­ The most reprehensible of all the acts of Egyptian Government. ilies who have lived there for generations, · persecution ordered by Nasser-the seizure But as Fred Sparks, a Scripps-Howard cor­ but that less than 20 percent have been per­ of hostages-is motivated by two considera­ respondent, has observed, the Egyptian au­ mitted to obtain Egyptian citizenship. tions: to terrorize the Jewish community thorities emphasize the anti-Zionist rather About 15,000 were deemed stateless and the and to intimidate Jews expelled from the than the anti-Jewish aspects of their dis­ rest were technically the nationals of for­ country from speaking the truth about what crimination strictly for public relations pur­ eign countries, principally Great Britain, is taking place in Egypt. In seizing hos­ poses: France, Italy and Greece, even though most tages, it has reverted to a method of sup­ "At this time there is 'no anti-Jewish of them had never been outside of Egypt's pression that all civilized states have ab­ terror' in the manner of a Hitler-style po­ borders. jured. In seeking to ensure the silence of grom. The pressure--subtle and unofficial­ The Egyptian authorities, by restrictive in­ the Jews who have departed from Egypt, the is a 'shadowy persecution.' • • • The Gov­ terpretation of the Nationality Act of Sep­ Nasser regime has emulated typical totali­ ernment has condemned anti-Jewish threats tember 13, 1950, ·as well as earlier statutes, tarian practices. and violence; such publicity cannot serve for years have in effect barred all Jews from An Associated Press dispatch from Port Colonel Nasser in his battle for world opin­ citizenship in the interest of preserving na­ Said on November 26, 1956, reported that ion." (New York World Telegram, December tional homogeneity. Since 1936, an occa­ "Jews began leaving Port Said today, leaving 27, 1956.) sional Jew has been permitted naturaliza­ behind hostages seized from each family by But in 1947, Egyptian leaders were less dis­ tion, but throughout this perioct such cases the Egyptians the night before the British creet. Dr. Mohammed Hussein Heykal Pasha, were exceptional. It is ironic that many and French landings." The seizure of hos­ technically stateless Jews, as well as those then chief of the Egyptian delegation to the tages was confirmed the next day by Mr. nominally nationals of other countries, be­ United Nations, publicly warned that: · Harry Coe,. the British consul in Port Said. long to families whose residence in Egypt Mr. Coe declared that he had received re­ "The lives of 1,000,000 Jews in Moslem antedates that of some members of tl:\e mili­ ports that of the 300 Jewish residents of countries would be jeopardized by partition tary junta now in control of the govern­ Port Said one member of each family was • • • if Arab blood is shed in Palestine, ment. taken away by the Egyptian police and none Jewish blood will necessarily be shed else­ Neverthelesi;;, these are the persons now has been heard .from since. He added that where in the world despite all the sincere being made the principal victims of Egyp­ the secret police reportedly seized a number efforts of the Go".ernment concerned :to P!e- tianization. The. way this program operates of Jewish.leaders in raids in other :c:gyptian _2632 CONGRESSIONAL: ~RECORD _- HOUSE February 26 ·cities. '(New York World Telegram, Novem­ . Egyptian Government has effected the mass _.scope. . In the. :first weeks of December a ber 29, 1956.) eviction of Jews on the pretext of their ahp_­ _nm;nber of Egy_ptian _Jewish escapees ·gave This practice of seizing hostages extended malous legal status. It has expelled_ or affidavits to tpe .America_n ,Jewish Congres~. beyond the immediate emergency of the ..forced the departure of thousands of per­ attesting to the measures employed by the British and French landings. On December sons whose f!Ole fault is that they. coµlA n.ot Egyptian Government to oppress its Jewish · rn; the Washington Star reported: persuade the Egyptian. .Oovernment · t:P.at population and to harass them into volun­ "The last ship1oad of Jews fled Port Said Jewish affiliation should be no bar to citi­ tary., flight. These p~rsons are ui:iwilling to yesterday,- leaving behind two frightened zenship. '!'.he a".erage stateles~ Jew in ·Egypt disclose their name.s for publication but they families. Th~se two refused to depart until is neither a recent arrival -nor· a person in­ are rea,dy to appear befor.e any official agency their men are released from hostage. different to citizenship. Typically, he be­ of, the United Stat~s or the United Nations "They say it's no use going anywhere longs to a fay;nily that h~s resiqed in the to describe the conditions _they have per­ without their men," .explained Rabbi Marcel country for generations and has made ener­ sonally witnessed in Egypt. The reason for Kallfa, Jewish chaplain for the French forces getic efforts to acquire nationality. In other ~heir insistence on anonymity is understand­ who supervised yesterday's departure. modern States he would be considered emi­ able and, of itself, a significant commentary "They feel life isn't worth while \Iii.th just nently qualified for the responsibilities and on Egypt's reign: of terror. · half their families and they would just as opportunities of citizenship. In selecting _ There are uniform themes running well suffer here as somewhere else." stateless Jews as the chief victims of xeno­ _through all the statements that have been He added: "Please, no names, they're in _phobic nationalism, the Egyptian Govern­ received. The mass arrests of Egyptian Jews trouble enough already." ment was careful to single out the most are accompanied by no legal warrant and "Jewish families had been visited by vulnerable group in the country. The state­ .t:t:iere is no provision.for arraignment or in­ Egyptian secret police in the early morning less persons can make no claim to the pro­ d~ctment. There · is no discernible pattern hours just before British and F'rench troops tection of any government and there exists or rationale in the sequence of arrests or in no official agency empowered to intervene in the manner in which individuals are singled landed here last month and one member of ·out for imprisonment. No one is appraised each -ramny was taken hostage. There has their behalf. · The mass expulsion of the Jewish com­ of the identity of others arrested or of the been no word of theni since, Jews here say. -grounds for arrest. Part of the nightmarish Rabbi Kalifa said his check of families here munity began with the sudden and shocking notification to thousands of stateless persons atmosphere derives from the mixture of in­ showed 92 had been taken from Port Said's formality and ruthlessness with which the total :ewish population of 300 in that raid.-'' that they were to be expelled, in most cases within a matter of 7 to 10 days. The alter­ arrests are carried out. The police ·appear On December 12, a New York Post corre­ native to evacuation was internment. There suddenly at the residence of the person to be spondent reported that he had personally arrested, almost always late at night or in talked to a dozen persons whose friends and was no publication of an edict, or decree or general order of expulsion: In most ca~ei;;, the early morning, obviously to avoid public relations had disappeared, and that in a police descended on the stateless Jews and attention. Occasionally the arresting officers synagogue he visited "every Jew I talked to ordered them to leave or face 1.Ip.prisonment. a:e in civilian dress. There is no explana­ had a clos~ friend or relative who had just In a few- cases, however;Egyptian police did tion for the arrest and very little conversa­ 'disappeared.' " i~ue to individuals written orders of expui­ tion · of any kind. Persons arrested ar'e The denationalization process s10n · in · the expectation that these · docu- -quietly ordered to pack a small case of per- .ments would be extracted from them at the sonal articles and are then taken . to the A product of the combined thinking of nearest police station. From that point they Egypt's Jewish department and the authors time of departure. A few of these orders however, were brought out of Egypt. ' are assigned to. .-detention· centers. Durihg of the Egyptianization program was Law No. the arrests there is no violence. The police 329, issued on November 20, 1956 by Presi­ After originally concentrating its fire mainly on stateless Jews, the Egyptian Gov­ have been careful to permit no show of dent Nasser. This law, in effect, denation­ brutality on the streets. But this restrainl; alized all Zionists and laid the groundwork ernment began to widen its target. It does not trouble now to make nice distinctions as is dropped at the door of the detention for branding as undesirable all stateless Jews centers. · · .in Egypt because of their alleged failure to to nationality. There are reports that on November 23, 1956, instructions were issued As noted earlier, stateless Jews at first integrate themselves into Egyptian life and comprised the overwhelming majority of because of their presumably unstable loyalty by Sheikh El Bakouri, the Egyptian Minister of, Religious Affairs, and read on that day those arrested. Bu_t since then Jews of all . to the state. The text of the law was .pub­ nationalities have been interned·: Possession lished in Egypt's Journal du Commerce et de by order of the government in every in every town and village in Egypt. El Ba­ of a passport of another · country, even one la Marine and reproduced in the Egyptian at peace with Egypt, offers rio ·protection to newspaper, Le Progres Egyptien. kouri announ~ed that from that day on· all Jews in Egypt were to be regarded and treated Egyptian Jews. At best, a foreign passport The most drastic feature of this law is as enemies of the country; He urged the serves only to expedite final departure. The contained in Article 1, which stipulates that people of Egypt to refrain from ' contact, American. Jewish Congresg. has in its files "neither Zionists, nor those against whom whether c~mercial or social, with Egyptian an affidavit from an American Jew interned a judgment has been handed down for Jews, and assured them that the remaining in Egypt recently ·even though he had been crimes of disloyalty to the country or for Jews would soon be compelled to depart. traveling on a United States passport. This treason" are to be considered Egyptian na­ He stated that the government was proceed­ person, a native of Cairo, had entered the tionals, and that "no request for the delivery ing expeditiously to rid Egypt of the Jews; United States as a quota immigrant but had of a certificate of Egyptian nationality will and on that ground alone asked Egyptians returned to Egypt to attend to personal busi­ be accepted from persons known as Zionists." to refrain from private retaliations against ness affairs. He was released from prison The law provides that the citizenship of all them. only after he had guaranteed he would leave Jews who acquired Egyptian nationality Mass arrests Egypt. after January 1, 1900, is to be ·reexamined While it ts impossible to determine the for possible denationalization . proceedings Under cover of legalistic pretexts for per­ secution, the life of the Egyptian Jewish exact number of arrests, it is certain that and only those who can persuade the min­ they have been carried out steadily since ister of interior that they are not lacking in community has already been converted into a nightmare of oppression. Emergency Law Isra~l's ~ntry into Sinai. A dispatch ap­ loyalty and that they are not Zionists are pearing m the New York Times as early as secure against cancellation of nationality. No. 533 of 1954 authorized the Military Gov­ ernor of Egypt to "order the arrest and November 24 reported that~ It has already been noted that the Egyp­ "Two days after the Israeli attack of Octo­ tian authorities tend to use the terms apprehension of suspects and those who prejudice public order and security." The ber_ 29, the Egyptian police rounded up be­ Zionist and Jew interchangeably. When provisions of this law furnished the legal tween 25 and 30 Jews and took them to Cairo. this is taken into account, along with what basis for the arrest and detention of thou­ In effect, they are hostages there. 'What can is known of the avowed anti-Jewish views sandf! o~ persons, in.eluding many already un­ I do? What can I do?' an elderly widow of Zakariah Mohieddine, who functions in der order of deportation but who were unable sobbed. Her older daughter, age 30, was Egypt as chief censor as well as minister of to obtain foreign passage. It is estimated among those taken to Cairo." the interior, it is evident that the Jews who that at least 1,000 persons were imprisoned On the same day · correspondent --apply to him for preserving their nationality under wretched physical conditions in the in Cairo, Osgood Caruthers, noted that al­ will receive scant sympathy. Whatever their Prison des Barrages in Cairo, and in special though "the Egyptians have made ·it a mat­ pers.onal beliefs and sympathies, Egyptian detention centers in Cairo, Alexandria, ter o~ basic doctrine that. their strongest op­ Jewish nationals who acquired citizenship Assouan, and Heliopolis. Those jailed in­ position was aimed at Ztonism and at Israel after 1900 have only the remotest chance of cluded practically every leader ill Egyptian and not _against the Jewish people," never~ maintaining their nationality. Jewish communal life. Almost every mem­ theless the arrest ·orders "according to au­ The chief effect of the new nationality ber of the Jewish Community Councils of thoritative estimates affect thousands of law will be to augment the ranks of· state­ both Cairo and Alexandria was arrested and Jews in Cairo who are ?f foreign nationality, less Egyptian Jews, and this is an ominous imprisoned in the earliest stages· of the many of them British and French subje.cts, time in Egypt to be rendered stateless. The terror. A few have since been released. or who are in the status of stateless persons. promulgation of this law heralds the sum- In seeking to screen its ruthless conduct It was not known· how many others might . mary deportation of 15,000 stateless .J-ews. from the world the Egyptian Government has be affected throughout the rest of the coun- o _ne of the more cynical aspects of Egypt's not been entirely successful. · It is · impos­ · try." He went on to observe: anti-Jewis campaign is its use of· legal forms . sible, despite.. the most carefully contrived "As- it is, Britons, Frenchmen, and Jews to disguise its lawless behavior. The schemes, to conceal otli<::ial -crimes of su-0h of foreign nationality; or · in the· stateless 1957 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE 2633 category, were being given individual orders that for two 3-day periods in the 60 days they "Of the 967 who arrived, ·394· were women as to when they were to pack up and leave were held. the 500 went without any suste• and 104 were children." (Times; January the country. They were permitted to take :tiance at all. 7.) with them 20 Egyptian pounds ($56) for each "And the food, when it was given, was com­ There are widespread reports that upon adult and 10 Egyptian pounds for each parable only to prisoner of warfare in the learning of the arrest and imprisonment of minor." latter days of wartime Germany. Although : Jewish leaders, the chief rabbi of Egypt, On November 27,.a New York Herald Trib­ orders were given for the men tO be allowed Halm Nahoum Effendi, acted 'to obtain their une correspondent reported from Port Said: 2 hours of daily exercise in the open, they release. His appear was summarily rejected, "Some 150 Jews, many of them old resi­ were never allowed out of the buildings. On and he was instructed by government offi·­ dents of this city, fled Egypt today on board arrival their watches and ell personal jewelry cials not tO meddle in · "political" affairs. a French hospital ship. were taken by Hadidi's guards--and never Rabbi Nahoum, who has held office since "Taking along not much more than they returned. 1922, had been repeatedly decorated by Egypt­ could carry, they sailed for Marseilles with "The women internees were equally bitter. ian governments for his public services. 37 other evacuees from this occupied area. The women were first taken to the school in When his attempted intervention was so The group, which included 30 children, de­ Heliopolis, where their food was below sub­ brusquely rebuffed, Rabbi Nahoum-:<>ld, sick, parted rather than face an uncertain fate sistence level and sanitation facilities limited. and almost blind-sent his resignation to when Anglo-French forces leave and _ the They also were stripped of all jewelry and President Nasser. Immediately thereafter Egyptian Government takes over again. trinkets." . two- members of the security police came to "Before the trouble began, the commu:p.ity . An International News Service dispatch in his· home and took him to tlte Ministry of totaled an estimated 300 families. • • • The the New York Journal-American of January 7 the In.terior where he was ordered to rescind number of iews still here is believed to be reported: · his resignation; this he refused to do. One less than 50. "One man told of being taken to Cairo's of his subordinates, however, was prevailed "Most of the group were stateless, but a few Abassia Prison, where he was strung up by upon to issue an unauthorized "denial" of carried Egyptian passports. They sailed his wrists and beaten for 3 days. He said the Rabbi Nahoum's resignation to an Associated with refugee permits that will allow them torture was administered by Egypt's secret. Press correspondent. This' "denial" is not to stay in France for 3 months before de­ police in an effort to make him tell where his given much credence among the Egyptian ciding on a new domicile." fortune was hidden. - An International News Service correspond­ "He added that another prisoner subjected Jews who were his congregants and were fam111ar with the duress to which he was ent reported that a Jewish escapee in Paris to the same brutalit~ ' went mad. ·.had told him: . - "One -woman refugee, whose .husband .still ..subjected. Th~ -New York Post -reported on " 'The policeman ·who .arrested me was a -is in -prison, related: 'The terror began soon January 8: fairly high official,' he told me: 'We've got after the war began. Superintendents of all "No one believes the Egyptian version of a list of 6,000 Jews we're going to imprison buildings began reporting the names of all . the recent broadcast by Egypt's Chief Rabbi or expel. And that's only a first list of 6,000. Jews and other foreigners to police. Then Nahoum. They all claim Egyptian strong­ .Soon there'll be no more Jews in Egypt. came the police raids and orders confining us arm men visite.d this aging, blind martyr and You'll all have to go.' The refugees arrived to our apartments. When the police would said: 'You must say you are a loyal in Europe begging correspondents not to use come after midnight, we knew it was bad. Egyptian; · otherwise ·you are a Zionist. their names for fear of reprisals against rel­ They would point at .some member of our Zio:t;1.ists are our mortal enemies and if you atives" (New York Journal-American, De­ family and say, "Come along. You're are a Zionist all Jews here will be named cember 21, 1956) . wanted." Then they would take the member Zionists and imprisoned.' " - Conditions in . the Improvised detention to the police stat!on and imprison him with-_ In the face of incontrovertible evidence of centers into which internees have been out court procedure.' the mass arrests and abuse of Egyptian Jews, herded are . appalling. The -New York· Post. _ "She said the prisoners would be jailed Egyptian officials have blandly denied all. of January 8, 1957, gave this account: along with criminals." However, like Egyptian Foreign Minister "Jewifiih refugees arriving from EgY.pt dis­ ·The arrival ·of· the refugee ship Misr in Mahmoud Fawzi, they have been compelled closed today they were · led handcuffed Naples on January .7, 1957, afforded Western to admit that "a few. Jews" were taken into ;through the streets bf Cairo and Alexandria. correspondents the first opportunity of' in­ .custody , "because they were dangerous to .and were stoned and spat upon by Arab mobs terviewing a substantial group of Egyptian the security of the state." · (New York Times, while their guards laughed and taunted; Jews free of Egyptian survemance. The New November 29, 1956.) Fawzi's "few Jews" be­ 'Now you are going to die.' . York Times correspondent who reported their came in the admissions of Lt. Col. Za­ "The men among the Misr's passengers had _arrival was able to persuade some of the kariah Mohieddine, Minister of the Interior, all been held at the Sebil School in Cairo, escapees to disclose their names: "288 Jews" who were being detained "for .which the Egyptians had converted into an "Aboard th~ Misr were Dr. Jacob Coen and reasons of security." (Times, December 4, internment camp. The women were in­ Dr. Raymond Bayer, both formerly on the __1956.) In addition, Colonel Mohieddine, :terned first at the Betesh School in Heliop­ .staff of the Jewish Hospital in Cairo. They while denying blanket seizure of Jewish prop:. .olis, a suburb of Cairo, and later transferred had been held in the Jewish school in Cairo erty, admitted that "the assets of rich Jews" to the Citadel prison. One of the women with hundreds of other men. The women had been placed under government control .was interned with a 2-day-old baby. ·and their families had been sent to a camp "to be sure that they do not try to smuggle "For the first 3 days of internment the at Heliopolis. their money out of the country." (New York men at Sebil were kept completely without "The physicians said there were 15 camp Post, December 4, 1956.) Col. Abdel Kader Hatem, director of the Egyptian Information 'rood by the camp commandant, Major Hadidi, inmates to a room in the Cairo school. a blue-uniformed official of the national Office, stated that of the non-Egyptian Jews After reveme at 6 a. m., armed guards in Egypt "only 280 had been asked to leave polic.,. marched the inmates, 3 by 3, to a washroom. . "The stocky, muscular major seems to have for 'security reasons,' and 26 of these were '.!'hen there were checks by policemen at .now out of the country.'~ (New York Jour­ .conformed to the classic pattern of prisoner 10 a. m. and 2, 4, and 10 p. m. of war and concentration camp command­ nal-American, December 21, 1956.) But, at "Rabbi Shalom Morg said that most of his another point, Colonel Hatem had the effron­ ants. He was violently anti-Semitic, often fellow passengers were destitute. proclaming that Egypt had no place for tery to claim that "Egypt has not deported "Elie Matalon, 22 years old, former em­ one single Jew." (New York Post, December Jews-although Colonel Nasser himself has ·ployee of a photographic agency In Cairo, said ·said many times that Egpyt welcomes "loyal _26, 1956.) 'How much faith can be reposed Jews," a statement at which these· refugees 'he had been deprived of Egyptian citizenship in official Egyptian denials of anti-Jewish laugh with some ironic bitterness. and interned aft.er he had applied for a pass­ . measures can be gaged by the fact that port to go to Paris. -· ~' For t_he first 3 days at Sebil, Major Hadidi Premier Habib Bourgoufba, a Moslem him­ locked 18 to 20 men in small rooms in which "Victor Benattar, a stateless chemist, who self and one who is certainly sympathetic to camp beds were packed so closely the oc:.. had been working for a foreign pharmaceu­ Arab aspirations, has found it necessary to cupants had to crawl over them to reach the tical concern in Cairo, charged that Egyptian protest to Egypt about the discrimination door when they were finally allowed out. For police had beaten him tm he signed a dec­ against Jews of Tunisian nationality. He the first 3 days they were kept without food. laration that he was leaving the country for reminded Egypt that his government had "In all there were more than 500 men in­ good. never "made any difference between Tuni­ terned at Sebil. They were allowed to go to "Ibrahim Vetaya, born in Egypt to Turkish sians on the basis of their religion.'' (New the toilet only twice a day and then· only parents, said he had been expelled with his York Times, December 26, 1956.) wife and children after local authorities had during 1 hour in mloyment of· the whole Egyptian Jewish are not in jail find themselves without . tion the decision of an administrator who community. means of support. Bank accounts have been ..depletes the assets of a Jewish firm in his cus·­ At the present t,ime, with only a few ex­ frozen, private and commercial property tody through a series of disadvantageous ·ceptions, Jewish businesses are not permitted sequestered, industrial and commercial firms "deals with enterprises · owned by Moslems. to operate in Egypt under their legal own- requisitioned and Jewish employees dis~ There is in addition a public purpose. The · ers. Jewish employees have been dismissed missed. A once economically independent Egyptian Minister of the Interior has pub­ :from all sequestered firms including foreign community has been reduced to poverty and ,Ucly invited Moslems to bid on shares of ·corporation·s not own.ed by- Jews. One in­ want and faces a desperate future. Depart­ stock in firms sequestered from their Jewish -formant of -the American Jewish Congress ·ment stores, banks, and textile firms kno~ 9wners. The Nasser government is thus able related· that of 40 Jews employed in the office throughout Egypt and the Middle East have to advance its Egyptianization program. of tlle Shell Oil Co. in Cairo only 4 were been sequestered or confiscated. Official Under the gui5e of legality, it has taken -permitted to return to their desks on the llsts of sequestrations contain the names of . properties belonging to Jews who spent thefr •day following the appointment of a govern­ hundreds of business enterprises, including lives in developing them and placed them in ·rnent -administrator under proclamation such well-known and long-established firms . the hands of Egyptian Moslems. No. 4. as the Cicurel, Chemla, Hanau, and Chalons Proclamation No. 4 provided only the gen­ · No property is too small for sequestration department stores; the banking houses of eral legal authority for sequestration; with­ and government functionaries have not hesi­ Zilka and Mosseri; the Pinto Cotton firm, :in a week after its publication, implement­ ·tated to exploit the situation for private and many others. Conservative estimates ing regulations were isued. Decree No. 170, gain. Reporting the experiences of persons indicate the assets sequestered or frozen _published on Novembe·r 8, 1956, listed 440 he had interviewed, Barrett McGurn wrote amount to at least $400 million. persons whose properties were to be se­ from Naples on January 7 in the New York The principal legal device for the seques­ questered and who were made liable to ar­ Herald Tribune: tration of Jewish property is contained in _rest and expulsion. Decree No. 171, published "One said that he had lost a $55,000 print­ Egyptian Military Proclamation No. 4, pub­ on November 11, mentions 25 additional per­ .Ing plant. Another, born 58 years ago in lished in the Journal Officiel No. 88 bis A of ,sons, including the pr~sident of the Jewish Alexandria, but never an Egyptian citizen, November 1, 1956. This proclamation, titled community in Cairo. Decrees Nos. 174 to said that he had lost a $25,000 farm prop­ the "Administration of the Property of Per­ · 196, published in the period from November ·erty. sons Interned or Put Under Surveillance 11 to 13, 1956, name 13 of the principal mer­ "Many said that army officers and police and Other Persons and Institutions," should . cantile or commercial enterprises owned by were taking apartments which fleeing Jews be distinguished from proclamation No. 5, ·Jews to ·be sequestered. ·were leaving. · Egyptians are offering to buy promulgated on the same day, which prO­ It is no accident that of the hundreds of -the property of fleeing Jews but sometimes vides for the seizure and administration of persons who have been specifically include(! at merely 1 percent of value, it was reported. assets in Egypt belonging to British, Fr.ench, tn decrees issued pursuant to proclamation One boy said that his father had been offered or Australian subjects. The very publica­ No. 4 almost an were Jews who were either $125 in payment for the family's $15,000 tion of proclamation No. 4 indicates that. all 'Egyptian nationals, stateless persons or na­ house. other sequestration proclamations have some tionals of countries other than Britain or - "'Most aboard were members of the lower purpose apart from freezing the funds of France. Without the extraordinary author­ ·middle class, many of them small shopkeep­ enemy aliens. ity of proclamation No. 4, their property ers, but some, according to their fellows, left Proclamation No. 4 is specifically addressed -could not have been touched under any '-as much as '$125,000 to $600,000 in apart­ to the control of assets belonging to persons regulation providing for the blocking or se­ ment houses, land, and · large commercial placed under surveillance who are not enemy questration of the a.Ssets of enemy aliens. firms.',. nationals. It clearly contemplates the In addition to the seizure of businesses In its determination to squeeze every bit of wholesale expropriation of property of state- under regular sequestration orders, all Jew- .profit from its expellees, the· Government 1957 CONGRESSIONAL. R.Ec6R.b ~ Hbi1SE' 2635 has even stripped them -oi modest private' physicians" and a subsequent decree declar-· selves by ·articles-55 ·and ·sa of the charter to possessions. Persons searched at Egyptian ing that "Jews are excluded from the prac­ take joint and separate actions in coopera­ airports have had to surrender even such tice of law.'' tion with the U. N. to· achieve universal re­ i.tems of personal jewelry as wristwatches,' · Perhaps the closest parallels between the spect for, and observance of, human rights tiepins, and brooches. This relentless pres­ two regill}es is to be found in the programs of · and fundamental ·freedoms for all without sure has succeeded in forcing the Jewish economic expropriation. In November 1938, distinction as to race, ·sex, language, or· community to try to sell its property for Hermann Goering decreed that "Jews • • • · religion. trifling sums: are excluded from the operation of individual These declarations and pledges are gradu­ "Those ordered to leave-or who, under retail businesses, exporting firms, and sales ally being made effective. Since its first pressure, decide to go-can take out 100 agencies" and, further, that from that date meeting the U. N. has attempted to translate pounds (or $280) • Business and property on "no Jew can manage a firm. • • *" These the majestic generalities of the charter intO' and valuables like jewels, furniture, fur coats, edicts have been paralleled by a number of. precise· undertakings and ::ltimately to estab­ are padlocked by a public custodian for Egyptian ones. lish an international code of human rights future disposition. By 1938 some 120,000 German Jews were having the effect of law. On December 10, "Naturally, deportees don't expect to hear driven to migrate to other countries. Just; 1948, the General Assembly without a single again from the custodian. They make every as the Egyptian escapees are permitted to dissenting vote (Soviet Russia, Saudi Arabia, effort at salvage. I was approached on a take with them a maximum of 20 Egyptian and six other countries abstaining) adopted Cairo Street and offered a vast amount of pounds (a 100 pounds according to some the universal declaration of human rights. currency and jewelry for my word that I reports), so Jewish emigrants from Ger­ Among the provisions of this declaration, in­ would have a bank pay the deportee a trifling many were divested of their possessions and tended as a "common standard of achieve~ amount of dollars in Paris. I rejected the permitted to carry out a maximum of 10 inent for all peoples and all nations," are deal, but there is profitable traffic with these German marks. On all capital transferred two that are directly relevant to this study; unfortunates; many participating are in abroad the German treasury levied a flight Article 9 of the declaration provides: "No­ government service. tax of 25 percent and allowed the remaining· Qne shall be subject to arbitrary arrest, de­ "When police have the power to deal with, 75 percent to be transferred in blocked marks tention, or exile.'' enemy aliens they ·are seidom gentle, often whose value was only one-sixth of the free · Article 15 provides: "Everyone has the corrupt." (World Telegram, December 28. mark. Nasser has gone even further: he has right to nationality. No one shall be arbi­ 1956.) compelled Egyptian Jews to flee abroad in trarily deprived of his. nationality nor denied American newspapers continue to report. an even more destitute condition than their the right to change his nationality... that the Egyptian Government is hamstrung German predecessors. · It ls clear from the legislative history of for cash. (The New York Times, January 2., Nasser's aim, like Hitler's aim, ls :first the these two provisions that the term "arbi­ 1957.) A. J. Liebling in the New Yorker of pauperization and then the expulsion of the trary" means more than· "illegal" but rather January 12, 1957, noted that the economists Jewish community. In both countries, Jew­ any a.ct "taken at the will and pleasure of in EgYPt believe that the sequestration of ish enterprises and properties were seized to some person who could not be called upon to British and French enterprises has yielded bolster an economy weakened by ruinous show just cause for it." few tangible assets to the Egyptian Govern­ military expenditures. Goering, in a memo­ The members of the United Nations have ment and that for the most part these have randum in 1938, cryptically noted: "Very likewise been concerned with the protection been offset by the counterblockage of Egyp­ critical situation of the Reich Exchequer, of civilians during the time of war or armed tian funds in Great Britain and France. Relief through the billion [marks) imposed conflict. At Geneva, in 1949, four conven­ Most of the French and British firms were bn Jewry, and through profits accruing to tions were ·signed and later ratified by most principally service organizations, he wrote, the Reich in the Aryanization of Jewish en­ of the members of the United Nations, in­ and all the Egyptians got with most of these terprises:• Nasser's grandiose aims have cluding Egypt and the United States. The properties was a heap of office fl.!rniture and also entailed financial outlays beyond the Fourth Geneva Convention attempts to pro­ their own money back. capacity of Egypt's economy and the expro~ tect "the whole of the populations of the These profitless ·seizures· of British a~d priation of Jewish properties is a patent countries in conftict, without any adverse French assets may account in part for the source of relief. · aistinction based, in particular, on race, na­ avidity and haste with which Jewish property It is significant that the notorious Johanri tionality, religion, or political opinion • • *" has been despoiled. Egyptian Jews can take von Leers, formerly a top official of the Nazi· (art. 13). Article 27 of the convention no countermeasures and Egypt, by looting Propaganda Ministry, occupies an important in defining the rights of "protected persons" its own nationals and stateless persons, place fn the Ministry of National Guidance. declares . that .they "are entitled, in all cir• places itself beyond the reach of interna­ With such men: as von Leers occupying in­ cumstances, to respect for their persons, their tional action. Whatever they wrench from fluential posts in .Nasser's government, it is ·honor, their family ·rights, their religious the Jewish community, they take in abso­ not surprising that Egyptian officers and men convictions and practices, and the.Ir manners lute immunity. In the words of an Egyptia:q in Sinai were found to have carried copies and customs." While internment is specift­ Jew, identified by the Ass9ciated Press as a of an Arabic translation of Hitler's Mein ·cally allowed, it may be ordered "only if the former Egyptian industrialist who escaped Kampf in their knapsacks, and that an. im~ ·security of the detaining power makes it to Naples: , portant newspaper, Al Manar, absolutely necessary" (art. 42). Article 33 "We are probably Egypt's most profitable .should have been moved to write: .forbids punishment for an offense which export of the ye~r. We are taking out of the "One should not forget that, in contrast to ·a protected person has not "personally com­ country, all of us together, a few thousand Europe, Hitler occupied an honored p!ace, in mitted" and likewise forbids "reprisals pounds. We are leaving in Egypt tens and the Arab world. His name awakened in Arab ·against· protected persons and. their prop­ tens and tens of thousands of pounds in cash, hearts feelings of love and enthusi·asm. The erty." jewelry, profitable businesses, and indus­ Arab world should be congratulated on pro­ · While Jews in Egypt of Egyptian nation­ tries.'' (New York Post, January 7, 1957.) ducing in its midst this Hitler who has ality are not protected by the Fourth Geneva shaken the world from end to end. • • • m. NASSERISM AND HITLERISM Convention, Jews of British or French na­ ·r.rournalistsJ are mistaken if they think tionality and stateless Jews are (arts. 4 The parallels bet:ween Hitler's campaign hurt~ng that by calling .Nasser Hitler they are and 13). against the Jews of Germany a_nd Nasser's ·us. On the contrary, his name malces u~ attack upon the Jews of Egypt are too close proud. Long live Hitler, the Nazi who struck The acts of reprisal taken against Egyptian to be coincidental. The anti-Jewish tech­ at the heart of our enemies. Long live the Jewry not possessing Egyptian nationality­ niques developed in Germany are now being Hitler of the Arab world." (Quoted in the confiscation of property, internment, dena­ applied in Egypt with increasing rigor. Nas­ Paris Le Monde, August 17, 1956.) tionalization, and deportation-are all in vio­ ser's "Egyptianization" and Hitler's "Aryani­ lation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. zation" programs have the same xenophobic IV. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations has, however, failed to intent and both concentrate on the Jews as The preamble of the Charter of the United take any public action with respect to Egyp­ their primary target. ·Nations recites that- tian Jewry. It did not request the Secretary It has already been noted that on Novem­ .. "W~, the peoples 9f the United Nations, General to investigate the grave reports that ber 20, 1956, Nasser in effect opened the door determined· ••• to reaffirm faith in funda­ .had caused so much concern. It set up no for denationalization of Egyptian Jews. Sim­ mental human rights, in the dignity ana committee of inquiry. The General Assem­ ilarly, on July 26, 1933, the German Minister worth of the human person, in the equal bly addressed no inquiries to Egypt. A des- of Interior handed down a decree providing right of men and women • • • do hereby . ultory discussion was held in December 1956 for the denationalization of a large percent:­ estabUsh an international organization to be and then the matter died. At no time was a age of German Jewish citizens. Jewish law­ known as the United Nations." resolution on Egyptian Jewry presented to The very first article of the charter re­ yers in Egypt have been disbarred, and Jew­ the Assembly. ish physicians, dentists, pharmacists, archi­ peats this high resolve, declari~g that. among tects, and other professionals have been . the stated purposes of the United Nations In other similar cases the U. N. had not dropped from the rolls .of their professional are "promoting and encouraging respect fo.r ·been silent. Despite the opposition of the societies and have· been prevented in othe·r . human rights and, for fundamental _freedoms Soviet bloc, the United Nations has adopted. . ways from practicing. This duplicates a for all without distinction as to race, sex, no less than 10 different resolutions relating German statute of' .Tuly 25, 1938, which cre­ language, or religion: • ·• •" .. Finally, the ·to the· oppression of the gallant Hungarian clared that "Jews are not to be licensed as member states of the U. N. pledge them- revolutionaries. These resolutions asked for CllI--166 2636 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - .HOUSE February 26 food and medicine for the Hungarian refu-. has not appe~red to advance either in deter­ The deep attachment of the United States gees, called for an end. to deportations, re-. mining the facts or in rallying world opinion to the concept of religious freedom has in- . quested permif!sion for U. N. observers to ex­ to the necessity of opposing firmly and im-, duced our Government in the past to inter­ amine the situation in Hungary, and desig-. mediately Egypt's contravention of funda­ cede in instances. of religious persecution nated a committee to hear the testimonY. of_ mental human rights and liberties. In early and even where such intercessions entailed Hungarian refugees. , January, in response to an appeal by the direct criticism of the internal legislation The contrast is almost unbelievable. The American Jewish Congress and other organi­ of other states. In 1840, in the first rep­ nations whose hearts were · justly open for. zations for vigorous action to save those who resentation relating to Jews made by the Hungarian refugees could not find the time. are being persecuted in Egypt, the State De­ United States to any foreign state, Secre­ even to talk about the persecution of Egyp­ partment, in a form letter, stated that it was tary of State John Forsyth, at the direction tian Jewry. still trying to obtain an accurate picture of of President Van Buren, instructed the the situation in Egypt in the light of the American Consul at Alexandria, Egypt, to V. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES many conflicting assurances now being made intervene in behalf of Damascus Jews who The United States has expressed its con­ and that the problem is being kept under had been falsely accused of murder. cern to the Government of Egypt over the active surveillance. Since that time the diplomatic record ls pressures exerted on British and French na-· These sentiments, which in ordinary cir­ studded with instances of altruistic interven­ tionals and on the Jewish community in cumstances might have provided some com­ tion by American officials on behalf of per­ Egypt. On December 21, 1956, Ambassador fort, can hardly allay anxiety at a time secuted Jewish populations abroad. The James J. Wadsworth, the Alternate United when the Egyptian Government is moving United States, for example, protested on be­ States Representative at the United Nations, with rapidity arid thoroughness to destroy half of the Jews in Morocco in 1863, to stated to the plenary session of the General the lives and liberties ot the Jewish com­ Persia in 1897, to Russia in 1908, to and Assembly: munity. What is perhaps the most disap­ Palestine in 1915, to Italy in 1938, and to "The United States has received informa­ pointing aspect of the State Department's Argentina in 1943. In the Nazi era, the tion concerning the treatment of certain na­ response is its assertion that it is still not United States Government utilized avail­ tionals and stateless persons in Egypt which in full possession of the facts. The reports' able diplomatic channels to protest the atro­ occasions concern. It has not yet been pos­ of Egyptian excesses have appeared in the cities of Hitler's regime. sible to evaluate this information fully. Nor press of virtually every no·n-Arabic country. In 1878 Secretary of State William Evarts has it been possible to obtain a clarification In addition, there are at least 8,000 expellees interceded in Morocco, despite an awareness of some aspects of the situation which are from Egypt (as of January 23) who can that his action might be construed as im-· still obscure. testify froni their own experience to the cruel proper. In accord ·with America's finest "The information which is presently avail­ treatment of the Jewish community of Egypt. ideal of compassion for the victims of suf­ able to my Government indicates that an in­ The conscience of the American people has fering and oppression, he wrote the Ameri­ determinate number of persons, including been outraged by Egypt's persecution of an can Consul in Morocco: "Still, there might British and French nationals and persons of innocent and powerless minority and by its be cases in which humanity would dictate Jewish origin, in Egypt have been subjected flagrant assault on those principles of free­ a disregard of technicalities, if your influ­ to pressure and intimidation, and in some dom and human dignity all free nations ence would shield Hebrews from oppression." cases have been ordered deported. While we cherish. Civic groups', church bodies, and It is in this traditional spirit of humanity recognize the right of any government to labor and professional associations have and understanding that we ought to ap­ take measures which are necessary in the in­ urged the United States to take more effec­ proach the agony the Jewish community is terests of its security, the United States must tive diplomatic action than it has thus. far: undergoing in Egypt today. express its concern at any unwarranted pres­ Thus on December 16, 1956, 34 leading sures exerted against minorities. Christian clergymen in the United States VI. CONCLUSION "The United States Ambassador in Cairo addressed a moving appeal to President Once again, a Jewish community has been has ·been requested to bring to the attention Eisenhower to seek action by the United Na.: doomed to destruction by a brutal dictator_. of the Government of Egypt the concern of tioris . to end the perl?·ecution of Jews in ship. the American. people over these reports. Egypt. These clergymen included many of For many· weeks Jewish leaders ·had been - "The United States hopes that everything our most respected religious spokesmen, a . assured by "their governments and by the possible will be done to insure that measures good number of whom have been actively, spokesmen of international organizations will not be employed which will. discrim\nate concerned for years in Middle Eastern prob .. that the Egyptian dictatorship had under­ unjustly against human beings merely on lems, including the problem of providing taken only a limited action against a hand­ racial or religious grounds or on the basis for and resettling the Arab refugees. Their ful of Jews as a precautionary measure justi­ of foreign nationality." 'appeal stated in part: fied by emergency war conditions. These Mr. Wadsworth's statement was significant "While we .are gratified that the United statements were made and widely dissemi­ since it made clear that, whatever confusion States Government is expressing its deep nated on the basis of replies to inquiries ad­ existed at the time about the exact state of concern to the Government of Egypt, we feel dressed to the Egyptian Government and its affairs in Egypt, there was at.least sufficient impelled to express to you our deep concern leading members. Today it is all too clear evidence to warrant the United States Am­ over the campaign of violence entered upon that behind this propaganda of calculated bassador's intervention in Cairo. · It raised by the Government of Egypt against citizens, deception the Egyptian Government was en­ the reasonable expectation that the United stateless persons, and nationals of other gaged in the task of uprooting the Jewish States Government would pursue an inves­ lands. community and making its further existence tigation that would substantiate or refute "In the present Egyptian program directed impossible. the charges. With the_ resources at their against the human rights, security, freedom, A substantial number of Jews whose fam­ command, with the abundant data available and economic welfare of Egyptian Jews and ilies had resided in Egypt for generations for its study, appropriate United States agen­ Jews in Egypt, a pattern has emerged that were denationalized; many Jews of all na­ cies, it was felt, would readily ascertain the is clearly imitative of the Hitler pattern tionalities were served with orders of expul· truth and assume leadership in the United and of the present Communist pattern in sion; thousands were subjected to intimida. Nations in the eff_ort to cause tlw Egyptian Hungary. • • • tion and pressure with the object of com­ Government to desist in its campaign of "In canceling citizenship, in ordering de­ pelling them to apply for permission to violence and violations of· basic human free­ portation of citizens, or stateless persons and depart. In order to insure that this delib­ doms. nationals of other lands, in taking· away erate creation of a new refugee problem. Unfortunately, Mr. Wadsworth undermined property, in co"nfiscating bank accounts, in should not evoke protests from international the effect of his expression of our Govern­ the establishment of concentration camps, public opinion, those who had expulsion ment's concern by following immediately and in holding men and women as hostages, orders were deprived of them before depar­ with this statement: we find an awful and terrible imitation and ture and they, as well as all who left, were "I make bold to conclude with a plea. I refinement of the Hitler program and prac­ compelled to sign statements certifying that suggest that the matter we are now discuss­ tices which ultimately plunged. the world they. were going voluntarily. The victims of ing is not one which is likely to benefit into war.• • • this lawless and vicious process were de­ from prolonged discussion here; certainly it "The United States, indeed the world, paid prived Of their possessions and Were allowed will not benefit from any intemperate dis­ an appalling price to rid humanity of these to take with them only trivial sums and cussion. That is why, without in any way evils when finally it was forced to go to war personal effects needed on the journey. wishing to cut off speakers whose names have against Hitlerism. Since then, mankind has Hundreds of those who have reached lands been inscribed on the list of speakers and been on guard against a renewed outbreak of refuge have testified that they were taken who will follow me to the rostrum, I would of this malady in many lands, even in our from prison or concentration camps, often suggest to them, as well as to other repre• own Nation. It is pur persuasion that un­ in shackles, to the ships, and subjected to sentatives who may desire to speak on this less the United States opposes firmly and im­ indignities on the way. subject, that the most useful thing we could mediately the reappearance of racism in Over 8,000 of such refugees, out of a total do would be to bring this phase of the dis- Egypt, in whatever guise, this pernicious evil Jewish population of approximately 50,000, cussion to an early end." · will endanger the spiritual foundation of have now reached lands of freedom. This Since Mr. Wadsworth's declaration a.t the morality and freedom in all the world." steady stream threatens to become a flood U. N. General Assembly, the United States (New York Times, December 17.) unless in the meantime international au- 1957" CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 2637 thorities exert themselves iri an . effort to slnc~ire eff'ortS made privately by interna.; ()f enlightened selr-tnterest for the fnterria­ halt it. tional diplomacy and democratic govern­ tional community and all democratic govern• An element of major importance in the ments to urge counsels of moderation on the ments to intervene eµergetically to halt the scheme of persecution elaborated by the Egyptian regime, but they have apparently destruction of the Egyptian Jewish com­ Egyptian authorities has been the seques .. failed. · munity. tration of Jewish properties. Orders were The Egyptian Government has worked out This solemn obligation is one which the promulgated authorizing the appropriate its a_nti-Jewish · designs wit.h the aid o! United States Government should in par­ military authority to sequester the property notorious Nazis and with the aid of tech­ ticular assume. The United States Govern­ not only of enemy aliens but of any other niques elaborated by the Hitler regime. It ment was a bulwark of support for the persons whom this authority at its unfet"! has pursued these designs in :flagrant contra­ Nasser regime in the recent crisis. It has tered discretion might designate. As a. re­ :vention of international agreements which become a beacon of hope for all groups sult, hundreds of properties and enterprises, it has helped to draft and which it has rati­ throughout the world· who chafe under belonging in whole or in part to Jews, and fied. Adapting the Nazi methods to the tyranny and. oppression. Its prestige would among them some of the most important in Egyptian scene. the Nasser regime has en­ be tarnished by failure to act in a situation the country, have been taken over by the acted special legislation to give the color of which so palpably calls for the United States government. No distinction has been made legalism to its inhumanities; it has taken Government's immediate action. on grounds of nationality. Among the vic­ hostages from Jewish families in order to There are three· courses which the United tims are Egyptian citizens, stateless persons, silence the victims who have escaped. States Government can pursue. and which foreigners of various nationalities other than The process of spoliation and persecution all men who abhor violence, cruelty and op­ and in addition to British and French na­ was undertaken not during the conflict with pression will enthusiastically endorse. tionals. Every Jewish enterprise of any sig­ Israel but after the U. N. intervened to save First, the President of the United States nificance has, in fact, been sequestered un­ the Nasser regime from destruction. The should remind the Government of Egypt di­ der those orders. cease-fire became effective on November 6 rectly of its obligation as a member of the Closely associated with this process of se­ but the sequestration order is dated No­ United Nations and of the civilized commu­ questration has been the deliberate impov­ vember 8. The new nationality law, which nity to abandon its present course of inhu­ erishment of th& great mass of Egyptian stripped many Jews of Egyptian nationality man oppression. of its Jewls~ population, to Jewry by depriving it of the means of liveli­ on the flimsiest pretexts, dates from No- cease and desist from its acts of arrest, eco­ hood. Jews have been dismissed or sus­ .vember 20. · nomic strangulation, persecution and de­ pended without compensation from posts in The implications or Egypt's campaign to portation. · all public enterprises and services. The same end the existence of the Jewish community Second, the United States delegation to fate has overtaken Jewish employees in the should be seriously pondered by the free the United Nations should take the lead in sequestered enterprises and businesses. peoples of the world. It should be recalled the General Assembly in calling for action Non-Jewish employers have been forced, that the Nazi regime struck out first at the consistent with the Charter of the United often against their wm. to dismiss Jewish Jews and then proceeded against other Nations and with the several internationaJ employees. Jewish professionals have groups. Similarly, the assault by the Nasser compacts to which Egypt is a signatory that through various devi.ces been deprived of the regime on the Jews, its most defenseless mi­ expressly guarantee respect for fundamental right to practice. The result has been that nority, Inaugurates a process which can ex­ human rights. a once prosperous community has been re­ tend to every group which bars the way to Third, the Government of the United duced in a few weeks to the status of the grandiose Pan-Arabic design under Egyp­ States should extend this country's tradition paupers. tian leadership, articulated in Nasser's book of sanctuary and haven to the Egyptian Jewish communities everywhere have been The Philosophy of the Revolution. refugees. It should use the existing author­ profoundly shaken by the apparent help­ For the leaders of the free world to ignore ity. exercised by the Attorney General under lessness of the U. N. in the presence of this these portents, is to do so .at the peril of the immigration laws on behalf of Hun­ great human tragedy. Not a single authori­ world peace. In these circumstances, apart garian refugees in a similar fashion on be­ tative voice has been raised on behalf of the from the dictates of humanity and compas­ half of those Jews and stateless persons in Egyptian Jews by the international commu­ sion, apart from preserving the cherished Egypt who have been deported or compelled nity in public protest. There have been ideals of freedom and liberty, it is a matter to leave.

APPENDIX. Arriva.ls of refugee Jews from Egypt, Nov. 22, 1956'-Jan. 23, 1957, ports, d.ates of disembarkation and number of refugeetJ

Name of vessel · Piraeus Numb.er Naples Number Marseilles Number

Achillisr -iJ.'otai:- --· -.·-··-·------····-·-····-····---:-.. ··--... ------· - ~ - ~ .. -·--····-··-- Jan. 23, 1957 857 -·· · ··--- ~ ·-: •• _ --···------____ -----·-··-- -·····----_. Greece •• ---·-·-··········-·············-···--··-······---··-········-·--·····-- --·-········-·------·····------1, 219 --···-·------··--·----- ~t:~~ce::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: ::::~:::::::::: ~; ~~ ::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: TotaL ______-----·--·-___ ----- ~------______--~ __ _--·- _----- ·-=--- ____ :,_ ···-····· _· ------~---- ___ ·-·-· ···-··- 7, 035 Eslimatrd arrivals during same .. period by plane in Italy, Switzerland,. France, and .. , · Great Brltai~ •• -----·--······------··-·--.· 7 ·------····-·····-.······ -:-··-···---··,·-·· _ ------:--.-.-·- _ __ ·-·-·,-·-- - ···--······---· __._1_, _400_· - ····------1 1 Total ~ ._.-···--·----····-·····-···---··-_ : _·------· ____ : __ ~·-- · -··-·-···--··---~---·- _-~ ··------~----~--- ____ -----·-·-·--- 8, 435. 2638. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·-·· HOUSE February 26 Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen­ against the smallest of nations, inviting nations are equal before· it, and would tleman very much. the world to join with the United States represent little more than using the u. N. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I in bringing sanctions to bear upon the as an instr'umeiit ·of coercion by those ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ one vital spark of democracy - in the who are in fact far-more eager to rendet man from New .York [Mr. CELLER] may Middle East. . Was this not the very Israel helpless than to uphold valid prin­ . extend his remarks at this point in the quintessence of patience? ciples of universal justice. RECORD. Certainly no sanctions were voted I would like to ask the gentleman from The SPEAKER. Is there objection to against the Soviet Union for its Hun­ California this question. This House the request of the gentleman from Cali­ garian invasion, or against India for its has recently received from the adminis­ fornia? annexation of Kashmir. The President tration a request for very prompt action There was no objection. did not take to the air to urge the im­ on a resolution sent up by the adminis­ Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, as I lis­ position of sanctions against these ag­ tration asking congressional backing for tened to President Eisenhower's speech gressive acts. One needs to be careful certain action that the administration on Wednesday night last, one overriding of stepping on the toes of a big boy. feels it might be obliged to take in the thought stayed with me-how brave, how One need not be quite so careful about Middle East on some future date. Spe­ courageous· was United States policy the toes of a little boy. cifically, House Joint Resolution 117 vis-a-vis Israel. Here we are, a nation Israel has not said she will not with­ asked for our concurrence in the admin­ of 170 million people, the most powerful, draw. She has not made a mockery of istratiorfs being prepared to resist open the richest in the world, bringing all our United Nations resolutions as has the armed Communist aggression in the weight to bear upon a little state of a Soviet Union and, in the latest instance, Middle East. This House did act with million and a half people, the weakest India. She asks only firm guaranties great promptness, and has given the ad­ and most isolated of all democracies, a that those conditions which provoked ministration the assurance it sought! state not even as large as Massachusetts, the attack will be removed. If the even though the area that was the sub­ let us say. · United Nations resolutions are to have ject of that resolution was an area tra­ Here we were, bringing all our pres­ any meaning at all, any substance, then ditionally within the confines of the sure to bear and literally begging that it is mandatory that it recognize the his­ Executive. This House acted with such tory which led to the present crisis. promptness because the administration the rest of the world join us in this Let us consider for a moment that tremendous display of strength against Israel withdraws unconditionally and had said on an important, indeed a vital a tiny segment of the world which, for Egypt continues her raids, continues her matter, of our foreign policy it wanted 8 years, has struggled against Arab hos­ blocking of the Straits of Aqaba and the national solidarity. Here we have a sit­ tility and acts of aggression. Israel Suez Canal to Israeli shipping. · What u~tion discussed by the gentleman from asked as a condition precedent to her then? Is it, there!ore, not more sensible California where the administration is withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and to recognize now that these conditions apparently proposing the use of sane;. Sharm-el-Sheik that she be permitted, have existed and, in the face of Arab tions against Israel without at·the same along with all the other nations of the ·hostility, will exist in the future, and tiµie insisting on a· settlement of some of -world, free and innocent passage through take preventive action now instead of the other elements such as the Egyptian international waterways. She asks that inviting another· disaster all over again,? ):'aids and the closing of the Gulf of ·she be guaranteed protection against We cannot advocate other procedures _Aqaba, which brougP,t about the Israeli 'the organized Egyptian . f edayeen ra,jds dependent upon Egypt's consent, as we .action in the first place. My question is which took daily toll of lives and prop­ seem to have been doing. We know, or this: Does not the gentleman think that erty. The Arab world attacked Israel should know, that this consent of Egypt a parity of reasoning would require the when she declared her statehood; and will not be forthcoming. It took Israel's administration · to come 'up here and since that time, Israel has lived through march into Egypt for the world to wake sample the sense of Congress on what it many _heartbreak hazards. Her ships up to the punishment Israel had taken proposes to do in this vital Middle East­ were barred from the Suez canal. - A these many years from a hostile Arab ern problem, right here and.now, in view sustained economic boycott drained her world. Had policy been firm before of the fact that the administration has ~conomy. Daily rai<;is took her young _this, the attack would never have been seen fit to come up and get congressional and despoiled her· produce. necessary. We have not shown our assent to much vaguer and more general Th-ese were facts well known to our faith heretofore. Is it any wonder, action which it may in the future con­ President-or should have been-and to then, that our faith is questioned by template in the Middle East? the rest of the world; yet not one single Israel? The moral indignation of the Mr:ROOSEVELT. I would say in an­ move was made nor one step taken to help President against Israel hardly becomes swer to the question of my distinguished Israel to maintain her national exist­ us. - friend from Wisconsin that while it ence. True, the United Nations Security Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, will the would follQw logically that what he has Council passed ·a-resolution in 1951 call­ gentleman yield? suggested should be done, I think in view ing on Egypt to stop the blocking of Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ of the _absence of a bipartisan foreign Israeli ships in the Suez Canal. . The tleman from Wisconsin. policy, the bipartisan opposition which United States itself had voted for that Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, I want to has already been demonstrated to the resolution. Egypt ignored it for 6 years. commend the gentleman from California proposal that consideration be given to There was no talk of sanctions against on his very penetrating and thoughtful sanctions, has made it very clear to the Egypt. Indeed, the President himself, analysis of the terribly dangerous situa- - Secretary of State and to the adminis­ only a few weeks ago, stated that he tion in the Middle East, and to commend tration that they just would not get that did not even know there was such a him, too, for the constructive solutions approval from Cong_ress; so I am afraid resolution. How brave and how resolute that he has offered. that we will not get the opportunity we are now. If law and justice are to mean any­ actually to express our opinion much, of There was another thought that thing, there cannot be a double standard course, as I would like to see it done. occurred to me during the President's under which small nations are penalized Mr. REUSS. I thank the gentleman. speech. In all kinds of international while larger and more powerful nations Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, crises, he has called for patience. . For maintain their defiance with impunity. would the gentleman yield? years now the United States has been Russia has ignored United Nations reso­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ negotiating wlth Communist China for lutions ori Hungary, India has refused to tleman from Illinois. prisoner release. We have been holding abide by them in Kashmir, and Egypt · Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, fruitless conversation after conversation remains stubbornly defiant on the issue with others of my colleagues who have with the Soviet Union. Only with little of Israeli shipping through the Suez spoken, I wish to commend the gentle­ Israel _ w~s the President's patience Canal. Yet the United Nations has been man from California, Mr. ROOSEVELT, rapidly evaporated. Even while the either unwilling or powerless to impose and the gentleman from Illinois, Mr. talks were going on between the United any penalties against-these nations. BoYLE, for their action in getting unani­ Stat~s and Israel, between Israel. and To apply sanctions now against Israel mous consent for 2 full hours of debate United Nations officials, the President alone would be a mockery of the basic ori the situation in the Middle East, espe­ took to the air in righteous indignation principle of the Uni~ed Nations that all cially as it revolves a];'ound the State of 1957 CONGRESSiONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2639 Israel. I have listened with rapt i:ttten-­ centers, and from them came the buying · then having under consideration· House tion and an applauding heart to the· power that made possible the rieh de- · J·oint Resolution 117, I asked · whether address of the distinguished gentleman velopment of ·the agricultural regions. there was danger that to obtain the co­ from California, Mr. ROOSEVELT. It was So will it be in the Middle East. · The operation of the Arab States in the pro­ an address scholarly in its reasoning and State of Israel will establish in that area posed program, concessions would be eloquently moving in its presentment. a great industrial center and from this made to those States injurious to the I find myself in entire agreement· with center will come. the ·buying power to State of Israel. You will find the reply the gentleman's conclusions. bring the agricultural development of· that Secretary Dulles gave to my ques­ I think at this point it would be help­ the Arab States to a plane far above that tidn on page 145 of the printed hearings ful to the men and women of the coun­ of which they ever had dreamed. The of the Committee on Foreign Affairs on try who are not here but will be reading fact is, and it should be as plain as the House Joint Resolution 117. I quote the in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an account hand before one's face, that the State of Secretary's exact words: of what we now are doing to explain the Israel and the Arab States are partners I can assure you, sir, that we shall not in nature of the present proceeding. There in a great undertaking, a glorious ad­ any application of this policy or any of our is no bill or resolution now before us. venture that can only end in making a . discussions with the Arab countries do any­ There is nothing upon which we ~hall be . region now troubled and peopled largely thing whatsoever that would detract from called upon to vote. The gentleman by the .children of pov.erty again a Gar­ the statements . ~o often made by, this ad­ from California and the gentleman from· den of Eden. All that is needed now is ministration and others.and.by the Congress that the pres~rvation of the State of. Israel Illinois had obtained unanimous consent understanding. It is our mission to aid is a vital part of the· United States foreign addre~s 1 each to the House for hour at in the reaching of that understanding.· p~licy. · the c.onclusion of the legisla"tive business · But· we 'cannot lead the hearts and, tl;le of the day. They invited other members minds of people unless we are strong and Coming from the Secretary of State, a of the House to share with them the 2 courageous in avoiding expediency and gentleman for·many years of high stand­ hours that they had been granted. in insisting upon the application in every ing in public life and for a time a Member Members are on the :tloor at this time so situation of the moral law to which we of the United States Senate, I accepted to participate. give our faith. those words in all good faith. I gave the What is the reason for what we are When we were a · young Nation, and Secretary full credit for a direct answer, doing? The President not long ago it would have been expedient for us to without any mincing of words he gave spoke to the American people on the sub­ buy for our sailors a temporary free­ his pledge that this administration ject of sanctions. against Israel. . We in dom from harassment the inspired would do nothing to endanger the pres­ the Congress today are speaking for the words were born: "Millions for defense; ervation of the State of Israel. Yet to­ constituents in our respective districts not 1 cent for tribute." day, only a few weeks after he gave and our words will go out to the country They inspired the Americans of that that pledge to the House Committee on and to the world and be part of the per­ period and they have inspired every Foreign Affairs, he is reported to be manent record of these times in the vol­ generation of Americans that has fol­ favorable to imposing unilateral sanc­ umes of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. In lowed. The course of our history very tions on the State of Israel on the de­ a broad sense we in this Chamber today, well might have been different if in that mand of the Arab States that openly are speaking in a court of American pub­ early stage we had sold the moral law declare that. the State of Israel shall not lic opinion. at the price of expediency. be allowed to exist. I hope and I pray : The cause of Israel is very close to the that the attitude of the Secretary of hearts of the American people. The se­ I wonder, Mr. Speaker, if our pres- · State has not been correctly reported. curity of the State of Israel is entwined ent approach does not amount to an . This country wants in every legitimate with the security or our own country. enthronement of expediency rather than way to help the peoples of the Arab In that troubled area of the world the an uncompromising insistence upon the States. We wish the rulers of the Arab Middle East Israel stands for everything application of' the moral law even in States all to be our friends, and we wish :tor which we have stood in the long role areas and with peoples temporarily to work with them in the attainment of our history. International morality, lacking understanding that it is all for of goals of mutual interest. But we can­ no less than fidelity to our own traditions, their ultimate good albeit at the mo­ not buy their friendship at the price of command tha_t, as Alderman Leon Des­ ment unpopular. betraying a friend. Even if we did we pres expressed it in a letter to me, we I wonder, too, if we are not depart­ could not expect to gain their respect should not quail before the strong in ing from the very spirit of that good or their trust since always they would order to :tlail the weak. In every Ameri­ old American slogan, "Millions for de­ have in mind that if to curry favor we can mind the thought of the United fense and not 1 cent for tribute." It can a-bandoned one friend the time might States joining in a move to impose uni­ be said in all truth that what we are come when to curry favor in another lateral sanctions on the little State of offering the Arab States is tribute. If quarter we would abandon them. Israel, our friend, is repulsive. Always it is money we give them for the de­ When we were young we were not have we in our national existence fol­ velopment of their own economies so afraid to tackle Great Britain when she lowed the moral law. That is the source that all the peoples of those countries insisted on her self-proclaimed right to of our strength, and unless we continue can be elevated, that is all for the good. seize American sailors from vessels on rigidly to follow the moral law in all our Wherever we strike at poverty and need, the high sea and subject them to British relations with other nations and other we strike at the causes of war. Wher­ law. How, then, can we critici.ze the peoples we will not meet the large · re­ ever we remove poverty and elevate the government and the people of Israel for· sponsibility of world leadership that has standard of living among people we are being as redblooded under exactly sim­ been given us by providence. advancing not only the interest of those ilar circumstances as were we in our The State of Israel has a right to live people but the interest of our own peo­ national youth? The oceans of world and a right to its opportunity to make ple. That I think too is self-evident. commerce belong to the ships of all na­ its contribution to the job of all. nations, He who casts bread upon the waters will tions. That is moral law and that is the job of making this a better world for have it returned to him many fold. international law. We do violence to the all mankind. But when we give nioney to one na­ reputation of our own country as a world It is unfortunate that at the present tion and that nation insists upon kicking leader if we retreat 1 inch from an in­ time the Arab world does not understand around another and a smaller nation, sistence upon the universal recognition that from the State of Israel, its growth and nevertheless we go on handing it of that moral and that international law. and its prosperity, will come to the peo­ money, that is tribute. That is violative The reputation of nations, as well as ples of the Arab nations only an abun­ of the moral law. It mocks at every of men, is built op. character. The man dance of blessings. The State of Israel American tradition. Pursuing such a who is not loyal to the members of his and the people of Israel are bringing into course we can only end without the re­ own family cannot be trusted to be loyal that troubled area an outpost of the in­ spect either of the nations that do not to the community composed of his own dustrial order that is responsible for the like us or of the nations that for expe­ and other families. So is it with : na­ scintillating success of what. once was diency profess friendship. tions, which are made up of many fam­ called the American experiment. Our When Secretary of State Dulles was ilies woven into one organized society cities grew great and rich as industrial before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, for a common purpose of advancement. ~640 CONGRESSION.A:t ~CO:JlD -~ HOUSl.l February 26 What would be thought of us by the peo­ Nations. The Security Council held-that against Israel. It is to be hoped that ples of the rest; of the world, all as hu­ Egyptian restrictions represented unjus­ present negotiations will be successful man as are we and measuring them­ tified interference with the rights of na­ and that the United States will, in any selves and others by the same scale of tions to navigate the seas and to trade event, oppose sanctions agaiI:st Israel. human valuations, if we abandoned freely with one another. The resolution When reference is made to the provi­ Israel, our friend, to the designs of her of the Security Council concluded by sion of the United Nations Charter out­ enemies? What would be the low calling upon Egypt "to terminate the re­ lawing force as a means of securing na­ esteem in which an individual family strictions on the passage of international tional objectives, it should not be over­ would be held in the community of commercial shipping and goods through looked that force was used to bar Israeli which it was a part if it betrayed another the Suez Canal wherever bound. shipping from the Suez Canal and the family in the same community in the In February 1954 a New Zealand res­ Gulf of Aqaba. In seeking a settle­ hope of currying favor with another. and olution noted with grave concern Egypt's ment, a fair and impartial attitude must remote community? lack of compliance with the 1951 Secu­ be maintained, and the nations which He who is not steadfast in loyalty to rity Council resolution and called upon have resorted to force should be asked his own cannot be trusted to remain her to honor that resolution in accord­ to give ground simultaneously and with loyal to anyone. As it is with individuals ance with her obligations under the fair equality. This must be the objec­ so is it with nations. Charter of the U. N. Eight of 11 Council tive, rather than to expect Israel to with­ In our foreign policy we have retreated members supported the New Zealand draw first, and then trust to the United tco far from principle in the excuse of resolution, but it failed of adoption be­ Nations to secure justice, a trust which expediency. In the matter of passports, cause of the veto of the U.S. S. R. is not justified by past experience. in the matter of respecting the bigotry of Egypt continued her practice of search, Secretary Dulles was frank in admit­ other nations instead of adhering to our seizure, and confiscation in violation of ting this at his news conference on Feb- own religious tolerance in the stationing international law and the resolution of ruary 19 when he said: · of our own armed personnel in other the United Nations. lands, we have sold the American heri­ In an attempt to maintain economic Whereas • • • the decision of the Secu­ rity Council of 1951, - that Israeli ships are tage for a mess of pottage. life Israel turned to the Gulf of Aqaba, entitled to go through the canal, was allowed To regain the respect of others we must which has the status of an international to be disregarded at that time, I think that recapture our own self-respect. Re­ waterway and therefore should be open :for the :future there will be a greater effort spectfully and earnestly, I suggest that to the commerce of all nations. to secure, through the concerted influence we as a Nation begin by proclaiming to The Egyptian Government fortified of the nations of the world, a compliance all the world that the foreign policy of. two islands at the mouth of the gulf. with such decisions embodying principles of the United states is built upon the moral In January 1950 the American Embassy right 11.nd justice. • • • law and the qualities of virtue, the great­ at Cairo sent a note of inquiry to the I think we are going through what may Egyptian Government. The reply was: prove to be a very significant stage in the est of which is loyalty. We cannot aban­ development of an international order. And don Israel to her enemies without aban­ This passage (through the Straits of if the world can get through this present doning our own self-respect. We can­ Tiran) will remain free as in the past in stage by liquidating the armed attack, and not continue to permit in any land that conformity with international practice and then following that with a more vlgilant ef­ calls itself our friend a differentiation with the recognized principle of interna­ fort by the United Nations and its members among American citizens according to tional law. to preserve and secure the satisfaction of the faith in which they approach an un­ However, as it affected Israel, promise other rights under international law, I think we will have made one of the greatest for­ derstanding of the divinity. We cannot was one thing, practice another. ward steps in history in the development of longer permit any land that calls itself Using fortified islands to prey upon an international order. our friend to say that some of the international commerce constitutes American family can come and some of piracy. When the pirates of North It is on the question of the order in the family, but of a minority religion, Africa demanded tribute as the price of which these events should take place cannot come. We must stand before the free access to international waters our that the greatest difficulty has arisen. I world as a united family, and the nation answer was: "Millions for defense, not again submit views which I stated to the that will not accept one part of the fam­ 1 cent for tribute." Have we so far House on February 20: ily on the same measure of character as retreated from our moral plane when we I believe that a way must be found to have others of the same family cannot expect were young as a nation that we will vote Israel and Egypt give ground simultaneously to treat with us as a friend until it mends sanctions against a now young nation and with :fair equality until a basis is laid its ways. which is struggling to maintain freedom for peaceful coexistence. If the United Na­ For peace and understanding, for the of navigation of international waters tions is to insist on commitments from Israel, it should also insist that .Egypt agree to end advancement of friendship among na­ even as · did we against the Barbary the stated of armed truce and blockade, tions and peoples, we will give freely of pirates and later against England in the and grant freedom of passage to Israeli ship­ ourselves and of our means. But never War of 1812? Mr. Speaker, the answer ping in the Suez Canal and Gulf o! Aqaba. must we abandon principle or by accept­ of the American people as refiected in There must be no return to the status quo ing the dictum of another nation's my correspondence and that of my col­ existing before the recent hostilities. bigotry to drive wedges into the unity of leagues in the Congress is a thunderous As the situation develops from day to American toleration and brotherhood. "No." day and from hour to hour, it becomes Should we invoke sanctions against Mr. CURTIS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? clear that our Government is working in Israel at this point we would confess that direction. It is only fair to recog­ either to absolute ignorance of the events Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ nize the practical difficulties. Mr. Wal­ which have led to the present Arab­ tleman from Massachusetts. ter Lippmann has pointed to the paralyz­ Israeli crisis, or to an abdication of prin­ Mr. CURTIS of Massachusetts. Mr. ing effects of voting blocs in the United ciples for which the United States has Speaker, one of the virtues of democracy Nations. The result is that while a reso­ stood. is that the right of free criticism can fre­ lution critical of one side to the dispute Let us look at the record. quently bring about modifications and might find easy passage, one critical of May 14, 1948 the State of Israel was improvements in the direction of public the other side might face defeat. born. Immediately Egypt began eco­ policy. . It is to be hoped that future empha­ nomic war upon her with seizure of ships I believe that constructive criticism sis will be not on criticism, not on re­ of any nation carrying goods to or from by Members of the House and Senate is Israel. Egypt searched the ships of having that effect on American-policy in crimination for past actions, but on a Norway, Holland, Italy. and the United the Middle East, and I am glad to note settlement that will reach the funda­ States and confiscated their cargoes, in­ that the administration is making mental ·issues, and :will lead to the cluding not only items on a contraband strenuous efforts to reach a reasonable strengthening of the rule of law among list but also ·frozen meats and other settlement in the difficult Middle East nations. . foods; even motorcycles. situation. Such a settlement will' bring Mr. MACDONALD. Mr. Speaker, will July 11, 1951, Israel presented her case an end to the suggestion of a United the gentleman yield? hefore the Security Council of the United Nations resolution imposing sanctions Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE- 2641 Mr. MACDONALD. Mr. Speaker, I Eight years after its war of independ­ In order to really understand Israel's would like to commend the gentleman ence the State of Israel still faces a secu­ need for guaranties against further ag­ from California for his able and fair rity problem of unusual complexity. The gression, it is necessary to take into con­ presentation of the facts in the mat­ area of the country is only 8,100 square sideration the expressed intentions of ter of the current dispute in the Middle miles. Owing to the peculiar shape of the leaders of Israel's foes against the East. I can only add that it adds honor its territory there are more than 400 Israelis. The secretary general of the to the proud name which the gentleman miles of frontier. Three-quarters of the Arab League said: bears that as in the past he too is fight­ population of Israel lives in the coastal This war (in 1948) against Israel will be a ing that justice may prevail not only plain, running from north· of Haifa to war of extermination and a momentous here but throughout the world. south of Tel Aviv, with a slender branch massacre which will be spoken of like the I would like to ask the gentleman, in heading to . This densely Mongolian massacre. his opinion would it not seem that this settled area has an average width of no Indeed, these are not just warlike would be an appropriate time, if the more than 12 miles between the Medi­ words as is shown by the fact that the President's prestige is at a new alltime terranean and the Jordanian border. Arab attack, especially in its first guer­ peak as I read in Time magazine and From the Israel Parliament buildings in rilla stage, did not lack instances of dis- Jerusalem, the armed sentries of the other periodicals, with the Afro-Asian 1:egard o~ the rules of war, for not one Jordanian Arab Legion can be seen a bloc that he use that prestige of his office single J~w suryives in any part of Pales­ to get the Arab nations to sit down and few hundred yards aw~y. The head­ tine that came to be occupied by the in­ merely admit the fact that Israel is a quarters of the Israel General Staff are vading Arab armies. The Jewish quar­ state; that it is a state that was estab­ within clear view from the hills which ter in the old city of Jerusalem, with its lished b:Y the United Nations and that it mark the Jordan frontier. The coun­ ancient synagogues and monuments, was is · here to stay and that it is to the try's main roads and railways are ex­ completely destroyed; even the Jewish interest of the Arab nations, as well as posed to swift and easy attack. Scarcely. cemetery of the Mount of Olives was to the peace of the world, that they rec­ anywhere in Israel can a man live, or desecrated and laid waste. ognize this fact so that they can work work, beyond the very easy range of The then President of Egypt, Naguib, together and bring peace and prosperity enemy fire. Indeed, except in the Negev, said on April 18, 1953: to the Middle East. no settlement is at a distance of more than 20 miles from an Arab frontier. The existence of Israel is a cancer in thfl Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thoroughly agree body of the Arab Nation. .with the gentleman. I think it would Obviously then, the term "frontier se­ be well to point out that the recent visit curity" has little meaning in the context Following this unthinking train of from the King of Saudi Arabia would of Israel's geography. The entire coun­ thought, the man who succeeded Naguib, have been an excellent chance to have try is a frontier, and the whole rhythm the former colonel and current Presi­ begun that work, when we had a few of national life is affected by any hostile dent, Nasser, said on May 8, 1954: cards on our side of the fence. I hope activity from the territory of neighbor­ Israel is an artificial State which must ing states. On the other hand, the Arab disappear. - that we shall have that kind of leader­ States,- especially Egypt, are in no such ship in the future. position. Border tensions affect only a Another Arab leader, Mohammed Mr. MACDONALD. I again wish to narrow fringe of their territories, beyond Salah-ad-Din said recently: compliment the gentleman; and, Mr. which stretch deep hinterlands· entfrely The. Arabs win n~t ·be ·satisfied .. with the Speaker, I asl_c unanimous . consent to remote from the hazards and strains of implementation of United Nations resolu­ extend my remarks at this point in the frontier life. An American c.itizen who tions. we· shall only have complete satis­ RECORD. faction when Israel is finally blotted out can cross our vast continent without see-· from the map of the Middle East. The Arabs :ihe SPEAKER pro tempore. is there ing a hostile face, requires a highly un­ will find no rest until this cancer has been objection? usual measure of imagination to under­ removed from their heart. · There was no objection. stand the degree of vulnerability which· Mr. MACDONALD. Mr. Speaker, there · geograpliy imposes upon the people of­ .In · another .sphere-an economic has been a good deal of talk recently Israel. sphere-hostility has long been shown about the tiny country of Israel being The effects of geographical vulnerabil­ the State of Israel by the Arab world. an aggressor, of her being unreasonable ity are aggravated by fierce antagonism, From the very inception of the State of in failing to heed the U. N. demands to directed against Israel across her em­ Israel, an economic boycott has been en­ evacuate her troops from the positions battled frontiers. There is no other forced against it by the.Arab States, the she presently occupys on what has been state in the world whose very right to most signi:fi·cant aspect of which was the considered Egyptian territory in the existence is so persistently challenged by closing of the Suez Canal to all Israel Gaza Strip and Sharm el Sheikh. all its contiguous neighbors. This is not shipping, and the interference with the Certainly it is true that technically the classic pattern of international con­ passage of ships of other-nations carry­ speaking Israel has been guilty of ag-· flict, in which neighboring peoples recog­ ing cargoes to Israel. This action of the gressive action against Egypt. And nize each other's statehood but are di­ Egyptian Government was a viola tion of· though all . parties still deny it, if she vided· by specific disputes which they the Constantinople Convention of 1888 did not work in concert with ·England have failed to reconcile. The struggle under which the power contiguous to the and France, the fortuitous timing of the · between the Arab States and Israel has Suez Canal is bound to k~ep the canal­ attack was the greatest coincidence of been constant yet has passed through in the words of this convention: our time. four phases·: First, before 1948, there was Always • • • free and open in time of war However as that might be, I feel that a determination by the Arab States to as in times of p·eace, to ev'ery vessel of com­ the United .States Government would be ·· prevent the establishment of an. inde­ merce or war without distinction of flag. in grevious error to embark on a course pendent Israel; second, in 1948, there A widely ramified boycott machinery of action . which would put pressure on was an unsuccessful attempt to destroy· was set up with headquarters in Cairo . Israel to abandon her recent gains,-with­ Israel's independence at its birth by to prevent trade between the Arab States out· guaranties from Egypt that there armed assault; third, in the period 1948- and Israel-irideed, between Israel and would be no further "fedayeen" raids 54, there has been an attitude of invet­ other countries.· International firms and that tho blockade of the Gulf of erate revenge based on nonrecognition trading with Israel were blacklisted, air­ Aqaba would cease . . I feel strongly that . and the undying hope of Israel's extinc­ lines and shipping companies are denied this Congress would be compounding tion; fourth, Egypt, as leader of the Arab servicing in Arab airports and harbors the error if we did not protest any such world, has embarked on a special arms­ if they insist on maintaining · contact contemplated action. To understand . seeking -policy in which it invited. arms with Israel. A conspicuous example of Israel's unique _position in October· of · from Communist sources. The elemen­ this policy was the campaign of intimi- · 1956, is to ·forgive her so-called acts of tary duty of members of the United Na- dation conducted by the Arab States aggression, which in the opinion of tions to recognize each other's right to against the German Federal Republic many, and in my own opinion, was not sovereignty and integrity has never been which had signed a reparations agree­ so much an act ·or aggression as an act found in the relations of the Arab world · ment with Israel. Danger to interna­ of aggressive self-defense. . with Israel. tional air traffic has been caused by the 2642 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 refusal of Arab airports to provide flight Certainly we all hope that the Gov­ employment of sanctions by the United information to aircraft proceeding to or ernment of the United States has not States in conjunction with the United from Israel. The boycott of the Arab reached the point of view that might Nations would be e:ff ective, causing the States against Israel extends even to the makes right. In urging President Eisen­ result of great suffering on the part of denial of information on the movement hower and our State Department to re­ the people of Israel. of infectious disease or locusts. consider its newspaper-announced views, I do not believe permanent peace can Is it, therefore, unreasonable that I can only point to the President's own come to the Middle East, or a solution Israel, in her isolation-the only demo­ words, spoken at the time of the invasion to the existing problems in the Middle cratic country in the world so isolated­ of Egypt in November, and ask him to East can be achieved by any rule of should seek guaranties against further carry them through. He then said: force which might be effective against a aggression? "We cannot subscribe to one law for the small nation and ineffective against a The situation in the Middle East has weak and another for the strong." large nation. From the viewpoint of re­ deteriorated where it now constitutes one For again, in President Eisenhower's spect for the Government of the United of our weakest security links. Our lack own words, it is my very strong opinion States throughout the world and from of firmness, our obvious indecisiveness that if we do, "there will be no peace" the viewpoint of our de.sire for interna­ for a long period of time has now brought in the Middle East. tional peace of a permanent nature, sanc­ us to a position where we now face Soviet Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. tions, if employed, would result in seri­ penetration of the Middle East. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? ous damage to botil our respect and our Now we have a new method of obtain­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ permanent peace. You cannot have one ing peace in the Middle East. It has tlewoman from Massachusetts. rule which. applies to the strong nations been suggested that we apply pressures, Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I and another rule which applies to the within the framework of the United Na­ would like to commend the gentleman weak nations. tions to force Israel to withdraw troops from California for taking up this very In th!s crisis it appears to me some from the Gaza Strip and the Gulf of important matter at this time. As the faulty thinking has been taking place Aqaba. These are the same troops who gentleman knows, I have always op­ without a fundamental and exacting have provided her with her only form posed sanctions against Israel. I am analysis of all of the factors involved. of protection against the f edayeen raids very glad the &entleman is talking in Israel has been branded an aggressor. of her neighbors in carrying out the spirit opposition to sanctions against the little Now this word "aggressor" is another one of the Arab world .which resisted the no­ State of Israel. Might does not make of these legal terms many persons asso­ tion that lsrael is a sovereign state. right, and in this case Israel is right. ciated with international diplomacy and Who are the people who are pressing On previous occasions, both on the affairs toss around rather recklessly. In for sanctions against the independent floor of the House and in various com­ some cases it has a certain meaning. In State of Israel? It would seem clear that munications, I have expressed my total other cases it has a different meaning. the most vociferous cries raised against and unqualified opposition to the em­ In still other situations, other interpre­ Israel are being emitted by those who ployment of sanctions against Israel. I tations are given within its concept. In have ignored the will of the United Na­ am still strongly opposed to any such this controversy between Israel and tions when it suited their own interests to measures being adopted by the United Egypt there has not been any thorough cio so. States. I am opposed to the employ­ application of thought so far as this term Were sanctions applied against India ment of sanctions_ for the following "aggression" is concerned. Just because when it used naked force in Kashmir? reasons. a nation happens to strike the first blow Were sanctions instituted against Rus­ First, I do not accept the premises in a military action does not make a na­ sia when her heavy tanks slaughtered upon which arguments in favor of the tion an aggressor. A sovereign nation thousands upon thousands of liberty­ ~mployment of sanctions are based. One has the duty to protect and defend its loving Hungarians in the most sordid of these arguments, and the most im­ life. The government of a sovereign mass homicide in recent history? The portant one, is that Israe~ is guilty of ag­ nation has the duty to take whatever answer is of course so obvious that one gression in her recent military action steps are necessary to protect its nation can only believe that the answer lies in against Egypt. Not for one moment do from being destroyed. the words of Cartoonist Herblock: I believe that such an argument can be If it is the stated intention of a na­ "The way of a little transgressor is hard." legally or morally justified and sub­ tion to destroy its neighbor, and certainly · There have been no reasons advanced stantiated. that was the assertion and intention of as to why Israel should give up what The second reason why I am opposed Egypt against Israel, and if the nation she's won without any guaranties that to sanctions against Israel is that sanc­ determined to destroy the other one Egypt will not inevitably attack in the tions constitutes a method of force takes positive steps to do so, then cer­ future. However, there are abundant which, generally speaking, should be in­ tainly the nation that is threatened has reasons for her to believe that a mere stituted by the so-called injured nation. the right to act in its own self-defense. U. N. condemnation will not deter the There is a question in this case just In the present crisis, Israel was the Arab world from carrying out its which nation is the injured one. The threatened nation and Israel had a duty avowed intention to destroy Israel. us of force in the settlement of inter­ to take whatever steps were necessary to In 1951 the Security Council of the national disputes by the sovereign na­ defend itself against the prevailing United Nations found that Egyptian in­ tions is contrary to the long-established threat. terference with the passage of goods des­ policy of the Government of the United There has been considerable loose talk tined for Israel through the Suez Canal States and certainly the use of force, re­ on the part of statesmen, both in and out was inconsistent with the purpose of the gardless of the way in which it is used, of the United Nations, regarding the armistice agreement between Israel and is not the kind of an atmosphere or tne question of international morality in this the Arab States and called on Egypt to type of foundation upon which per­ current crisis. So-called statesmen have terminate all such restrictions. manent peace can be constructed. concluded that it is an act of national As a matter of fact the u. N. Security The third reason why I am unalter­ immorality to fire the first shot. Such a Council passed a resolution calling on ably opposed to the use of sanctions is conclusion is against commonsense, pa­ Egypt to stop the practice of blocking that the employment of sanctions never triotism, the right to defend oneself, and Israeli ships in the Suez Canal The has been and never will be of any im­ the right to prevent being destroyed. Egyptian Government has successfully portance or effect when used against a The issue involved is not whether or not defied this resolution for 6 years even large, powerful country. For example, firing the first shot constitutes a moral though the United States voted for and any attempt, either by the United Na­ or an immoral act. The issue involved strongly backed this reasonable resolu­ tions or the United States, separately, or is whether or not a sovereign nation has tion. No so-called pressures or sanctions as a part of the United Nations, to em­ the duty and the right to protect itself were imposed on Egypt at that time. ploy sanctions against Russia for its in­ from destruction. Could it be that we have developed two vasion of Hungary would not only be In this current crisis between Israel views of international justice-one to be totally ineffective but would be ludicrous and Egypt, certainly Israel had every applied to strong nations and one to be and a complete failure. Against a small, :right to t~ke the action which it did take. applied to weak nations? weak nation, however, namel~: Israelt the If any nation on the face of this earth. ·1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2643 ·or any group of n·ations, threatened the ·I congratulate the learned gentleman this prnblem realizing· that there· are a United States of America with destruc­ on his excellent statement and his timely multitude of conflicts to be considered. tion, I hope the United States would not action in bringing this matter to the ·The first is that international aspects of ·wait for the fatal blow to be made. I attention not only of the people of our right and justice demand that there hope my country would move and move country but also of all nations of the be free access to the Suez and to the Gulf quickly to prevent that fatal blow from world. of Aqaba by all the nations of the world. ever being struck. In this way my coun­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I am very grateful This Mr. Nasser has flouted, is flouting, try not only would save itself but it to the gentleman from Massachusetts. and will continue to do so until stopped. would save injury and destruction to Mr. Speaker, I · yield to the distin­ Even now he is stalling the clearing millions of American people. In the guished gentleman from Michigan [Mr. of the Suez Canal. same way and in the same concept, the DINGELL]. We can approach the problems of little nation of Israel was faced with the Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, I would the area together, including the inter­ job of preventing that fatal blow from like to congratulate my colleague on a nationalization of the Gaza Strip, which being struck by the military forces of very fine exposition of a very difficult ·is a long trouble area. We can offer a Nasser's Egypt. In view of this fact, subject. I think what he has done to­ new guaranty to all the nations of that Israel is not an aggressor and it is wrong day is not only a credit to himself but to area that their borders will be protected for the United States of America to even his State and to the Congre8s. I would by an adequate United Nations police consider such a premise. like also to join my colleague in his state­ force so that no one needs to fear strife For the purpose of protecting its sov­ ments. I think he and I feel exactly and border raids. Incidentally, there ereignty, in fact, for the purpose of its alike on this subject. have been 15 or 20 border raids into survival, Israel has asked the United Na­ I find, Mr. Speaker, that the American Israel during the last 2 weeks, while tions as well as the United States for people pride themselves on a traditional Nasser has been talking about Israeli ag­ certain guaranties that the aggressive sense of fair play. What we are wit­ gression. We can use the $200 million aid atrocities and the violations of its sover­ nessing is not only typical but I might in the Middle East resolution on which eignty on the part of Egypt be prevented say even commendable to the American we voted recently not to make richer in the future. The guaranties Israel has people. Today we are witnessing this the already wealthy Arab dictators, but requested are not unreasonable. They sense of fair play being flouted by Mr. to really solve the basic economic prob­ are, in fact, worthy of honor. Just be­ Nasser and the Arabs, and I am afraid 'lems of the area. Some of this money cause Israel is a small, comparatively de­ disregarded by our own Secretary of can be used to help develop the Jordan fenseless nation is no reason why it State. The subject of the administra­ River Valley and the Nile River Valley should be subjected to wrongs by any tion's Near East foreign policy I discussed 'for the benefit of all the states in the other nation. The guaranties Israel has in my remarks in the RECORD on last ·area. It can help resettle refugees. requested should be given. Any reason­ Thursday. I was very critical of the Now is not the time to develop Mr. Nas­ able solution of the problem of guaran­ President. and of the statement which ser's Nile, when he is again buying Com­ ties certainly will be considered by the he made on this subject. I said at that munist arms, as he is doing for the third, State of Israel. Only one important time that I would join with my colleagues fourth, or fifth time in recent history. matter has to be made certain. It is today in discussing what I thought might I submit that this is the intelligent this. Any guaranties that are given to be an intelligent approach to this overall program. This will serve not only the Israel must be dependable, they must ·be problem, and I think it has been set forth interests of the United States, but, very enforced. very well by my good friend and col­ . frankly, the interests of the world It Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thoroughly agree league-the gentleman from California. will do something to solve the problems with the gentlewoman from Massachu­ I would like to join my colleague in of that area, not to continue them un­ setts. I would like to point out too that saying that the United States should and abated as they have been by merely when these topics were discussed there must seize the initiative in the United destroying the status quo, as apparently was no publicity. we have a serious role Nations. The United States has been it is the intention of the administration. insofar .as the United Nati'ons is con­ projected by history into a place of lead­ I would like to commend the gentle­ cerned, and we should exercise it to se ... ership in the world, and up ·.mtil very man and my other friends on the floor cure the peace. recently used that position not merely who have thrown some light on a subject Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I for the good of the United States but also .which is very important and very near agree with the gentleman from Cali­ for the good of the people of the world and dear to the hearts of all of us. fornia. and for world peace. Lately we have Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ reached the point where we see that gentleman yield? tleman yield? prestige and leadership endangered by Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to my col­ an Arab dictatorship under Nasser press­ tleman from Washington. ieague from Massachusetts. ing this matter of sanctions and trying Mr. PELLY. I thank the gentleman Mr. LANE. Like so many of your col­ to set forth what will be American for­ from California. leagues here on the floor of the House I eign policy. Imagine that. The prin­ I think, Mr. Speaker, that it is a very too wish to commend the gentleman cipal aggreEsor in the area determines wholesome thing that certain Members, from California for bringing this to the what will be the policy of the U. N. and and particularly ttte gentleman from attention of the House today. I wish of the world. At this very hour the ques­ California [Mr. ROOSEVELT], have ar­ also to commend the gentleman from tion of sanctions against Israel is being ranged an opportu;nity for a discussion Illinois [Mr. BOYLE]. discussed, if you will, by the very people by representatives of the people of the . This debate is long overdue. Since I who are responsible for the trouble in United States in what might be called a had an opportunity of making a state­ that area. These sanctions will be ap­ national forum on the Isr~eli-Arab prob­ ment here on the floor in reference to the plied not by the Arabs, because they have lem, and in particular, of course, the same subject matter earlier today I do continuously applied sanctions and kept proposed sanctions against Israel. If not desire to encroach upon the gentle­ up a state of war by blockade and border partisan viewpoints influence the ob­ man's valuable time now except to say warfare against Israel since the 1948 jectivity of our discussion, it could be that the gentleman is to be compli­ armistice. This has all been in direct unfortunate. Certainly we recognize mented and congratulated for his very defiance of the terms of the armistice that President Eisenhower is following sincere, thoughtful, and worthwhile and the will of the United Nations. his conscience. As for me I have never I think the will of the people of these changed my position, namely that I have statement here this afternoon, and I United States should be recognized. actively urged our representative in the too wish to join with the other Members Their will is that nO' sanctions be applied United Nations, Mr. Lodge, to do every­ of Congress in vigorous opposition to the to the small and · weak like Israel while thing in his power to see that Israel is imposition of any sanctions against the big aggressors like Russia and· India given full guaranties as far· as with­ Israel. This is a subject matter that stand with bloody hands arguing such drawing from the Strait of Aqaba and should be of vital interest to every citi­ sanctions. likewise, of course, the Gaza Strip. zen of the whole United States at this The real solution to the trouble in the United Nations troops should immedi­ crucial time. Mid-East can only come by approaching ately be stationed at Sharm-el-Sheik to 2644 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 keep the Gulf of Aqaba open to Israel · concerned about any attempt to use Mr. SISK. I want to say that I agree before any evacuation of Israeli forces. pressure or to bring sanctions against completely with the gentleman. He, as I have constantly pointed out the in­ the nation of Israel. Certainly, Israel in I understand his statement, agrees with consistency of invoking sanctions that area of the world represents in a me. that by taking that action we are against one small nation when the large measure, I believe, the position that going along and, in fact, sanctioning a United Nations failed to act in similar we held some 150 years ago in this area double standard for nations; is that cases. Unfortunately I am at this mo­ of the world. correct? ment supposed to be at a committee I would like at this moment, because I Mr. ROOSEVELT. That is absolutely meeting and therefore it is impossible think it is important, to discuss this mat­ correct. for me to elaborate in any detail. But I ter of sanctions. As I understand, at Mr. SISK. And in the sanctioning of do think the Arab-Israeli problem is this very moment, the resolution pro­ a double standard for nations, then actu­ closer to the hearts of the American posed by the Arabian countries is before ally is it not a fact that the many small people at the present time than any the United Nations for discussion as to countries of the world who are attempt­ other problem. I believe that the ma­ whether or not sanctions will be voted ing to get along and to maintain their jority of the Members of this House against Israel. I would like to ask my independence and to copy American sense this. In particular I believe that colleague from California just what in democracy would receive a very grave the American people are against active his opinion he feels would be the impres­ blow from the standpoint of their morale sanctions, and favor a sort of compro­ sion upon the many small countries in if they felt that we, after all, as the leader mise operation whereby Israel is given the world of friendship toward the of the free world, turned our back upon full protection as she withdraws. United States if we go along and vote the great precept that we have used At this very moment further talks be­ with the bloc for sanctions against Is­ down through the years of our history? tween Abba Eban, the Ambassador of rael. I think that it is important for These are some of the things that I think Israel, and Mr. Dulles are probably in many reasons, because certainly if we are so ·important. And although I have progress. I hope what is said here will become a party to bringing pressure to the kindest feeling for our Ambassador to help and not hurt an agreement. Let bear upon Israel, pressure that could the United Nations, Heru-y Cabot Lodge, us hope a satisfactory arrangement is bring Israel to her knees and actually for our Secretary of State, and for the concluded. destroy her as a nation, what, in the gen­ President, and appreciation of the task Let me repeat there is a great dan­ tleman's opinion, would be the effect on they have in the determination of these ger, it seems to me, in injecting partisan our standing with many of the other very grave problems, because they are politics into this issue. I felt so grati­ nations of the world? Would the gen­ faced with tremendous burdens, yet I fied that our former colleague, the gen­ tleman comment on that, because I know would hope that they might be able to tleman from South Carolina, Mr. Rich­ he has given a great deal of study to this see their way clear to pursue a course ards, was selected by the President as a subject. I think that he has had an which would not place us in that position. sort of roving ambassador to help work opportunity to visit some of these areas. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I out the Middle East problem. The I certainly am not an expert on foreign want simply to thank the gentleman United States under the leadership of affairs, although I will say right here that from California [Mr. SISK] and say that our President I am sure when history is as I look around and see some of the I think what he has made clear is that written will always be proud that it stood things that are occurring I wonder if we w~ should not be a part of building ~ up for a policy of peaceful settlements have any experts on foreign affairs. I greater system of sate-llite nations. We of' all national disputes. Now I feel that would like to have the gentleman's com­ should be standing behind a system of our second step is to continue our proper ment on what he feels might happen so free, independent nations. course and to insist that a just peace be far as our friendship with other coun­ . Mr. SISK. Exactly. .consummated. We cannot compromise tries in the world is concerned if we did Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I on that. We are morally. bound to up­ join in sanctions. hold the integrity of Israel, and the am happy to yield to my friend from Arabs have been unwilling to sit dowri Mr. ROOSEVELT. I will say to the Illinois; Mr. YATES. ·and discuss peace. Once peace is gentleman that I think we would be Mr. YATES. Mr. Speaker, I should achieved the entire area can start trad­ helping in setting a very dangerous like to ·commend the gentleman from ing and developing its resources and precedent. As you know, it would estab­ California [Mr. ROOSEVELT] for the very thus build a higher standard of living lish once and for all, I think, that we excellent statement that he has made, for its people. Meanwhile in struggling were willing to impose sanctions where and for the very comprehensive analysis with this problem let us never overlook we felt that they could not be resisted that he has given to the House on the that Israel is much like America was because of the weakness of the indi­ extremely complicated situation in the when our Founding Fathers were debat­ vidual nation against whom the sanc­ Middle East. ing the problems of that day. Solutions tions were to be placed. And, it would I voted against the President's Mid-. for the establishment of a just peace in give encouragement, in my humble East resolution when it was before the the same way is what Israel is seeking opinion, to more aggressive action by the House a few weeks ago, not without some today. Soviet bloc and it would encourage our trepidation, because one does not easily I thank the gentleman for yielding Communist opponents to make certain vote against our President when he asks briefly to me so I could rather inade­ that wherever they wanted they could for approval of a certain policy he in­ quately express my views, which never­ exercise pressure, and they would feel tends to espouse in the :fleld of foreign theless are heartfelt. they had moral justi:flcation, which we affairs. It is· his primary responsibility Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen­ would in some way have provided to to formulate our relationships through­ tleman for his very able contribution. them for the kind of action which we out the world and ordinarily, in the ab­ Mr. SISK. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ had under consideration. And, I think sence of the most cogent reasons, one· tleman yield? in the long run, it would mean that the does not reject his recommendations. Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield to the gen­ small nations which are growing up in Nevertheless, because I had so many tleman from California. Asia and starting now to grow up in qualms about the direction which Ameri­ Mr. SISK. I thank the gentleman for Africa would have a sense of insecurity can foreign policy has taken in recent yielding. Certainly I, too, wish to com­ unless they could join a powerful bloc years, because of the profound lack of mend him for taking this time today and and that their only hope would be in the information furnished th~ Congress by for entering into what I believe to be one protection of a power, one side or the Mr. Dulles, because of the total failure of the most important discussions we in other of an argument, and they would of the doctrine to attempt to come to this country can indulge in at the present tend to lose not only their respect for us, grips with any of the vital problems time. I am concerned about peace in because they could not help but feel we which are fomenting strife in the Middle the Middle East also. I think all of us, had sacriflced friendship for expediency, East, because of many reasons, I decided as Members of Congress, and I think all but it would tend to divide the world to vote against the resolution. Subse­ of the people in America: are concerned into two great power blocs, which is quent events in the Middle East, and the with resolving the difficulties with which exactly what we have been trying to get debate on the resolution in the other we are faced. It is my firm conviction away from through the work of the body, have sustained my conviction that that the people of this country aremuch· United Nations. · my vote was the correct one·. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE · 2645 This morning's newspaper showed a has our agreement on the rest of the assurance that it will be able to engage· picture of ·King Saud seated with other foreign policy. · That very argument is in free and unrestrained commerce· members of the Arab bloc. The caption one of the reasons I am delighted that through the Gulf of Aqaba. under the picture said that King Saud so many from both sides of the aisle have The' imposition of sanctions presup.:. was explaining the so-called Eisenhower· :taken the opportunity to info:rm the poses that Israeli occupation constitutes doctrine to other members of the Arab Executive of our feeling today, and I an act of aggression against Egypt and bloc. If this be true, King Saud is in a hope that others will in the future. in also presupposes that the prohibition by much more fortunate position than order that he can be sure tl:at he does Egypt of Israeli use of the Suez and the Members of Congress because none of not have agreement with regard to the Gulf of Aqaba does not. The restraint· them have been told how the Eisenhower present seeming policy toward the Mid­ upon Israeli commerce in the use of in­ doctrine is supposed to operate. Per­ dle East. ternational waterways is as much an act haps the $100 million which has been Mr. YATES. I thank the gentleman. of aggression as ·actual invasion. For promised to King. Saud, according to the I want again to express my approval of practical purposes the Egyptian disre­ report which appeared in the papers last the statements he has made and to join gard of the rights of a sister nation to week, had something to do with his ap­ with him in the ·hope that the executive engage in free and unrestrained interna­ proval of the doctrine. It seems to me, branch will not see fit to impose sanc­ tional commerce is as harmful to the however, that the speech made by the tions on the one bastion of democracy nation of Israel as the use of gunfire. junior Senator from Montana in the in the Middle East. The Israeli Government has ·made other body last week expressed the im­ Much has been said about the double clear that its holding of these disputed pression which most Members of Con­ standard and the incongruous position areas is only for the preservation of gress have of the doctrine, namely, that in which the President's insistence upon its rights to peaceful commerce. It has it is an empty declaration devoid of sanctions against Israel would place our been made abundantly clear that the oc-. policy. country; namely, that of having one cupation is not designed for permanent The President's Middle East resolu­ standard for powerful nations such as ac.quisition or for self-aggrandizement. tion was brought to the Congress in an Communist Russia, and another for tiny, The willingness of the Israelis to evacu­ atmosphere in which a sense of urgency weak nations such as Israel. Appar­ ate for United Nations occupation is a was sought to be imparted. It had to be ently, the President is willing to apply clear and positive refutation of its own passed quickly and unanimously-as the same double standard in his relations claim to territorial occupation. unanimously as possible. if it was to with Congress. On one hand he asks In a sense the Israeli Government has have the desired effect. which was to show congressional approval of his statement indicated its willingness to interplead to the world that the President and Con­ of policy for the Middle East. On the or leave to the determination of the gress were united behind the Eisenhower other hand; he is unwilling to accept United Nations the occupation of the doctrine. The President wanted Con­ congressional disapproval of his stand­ disputed areas until the steps toward gress to stand with him. He showed a ard toward placing sanctions against permanent settlement can be estab­ respect for the opinions and action of Israel. Such a piecemeal approach to· lished. The Egyptian-Israeli contro­ Congress in urging its Members to enact.. the highly complex Middle East situa­ versy cannot be settled in any other as promptly as possible. the resolution tion rather than promulgating a total way. embodying his Mid-East doctrine. constructive program, must inevitably To compel one of the disputants to the Is it not exceedingly strange there­ result in failure. controversy to relinquish its tactical ad­ fore, that we now find the profound re­ The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. HoL­ vantage without review and careful anal.. luctance on the part of the President to LAND). The gentleman from California ysis of the causes of the dispute results accept congressional _opinion in opposi­ has consumed 1 hour. in arbitrary action. To this point in the tion to the imposition of sanctions upon Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask Middle East conflict the Egyptian Gov­ Israel? The majority and minority lead­ unanimous consent that the gentleman ernment has given every assurance that ers of both Houses of Congress have made from California be permitted to proceed it will not change its position or attitude known to the President their opposition for 5 additional minutes. toward its nationalization of the Suez or to such sanctions. Two of the Members The SPEAKER pro tempare. Is there to its power to determine who shall have of Congress who are now a part of our objection to the request of the gentle­ the right to use the Suez for commercial delegation ·to the United Nations have man from Oklahoma? purposes. Nor has it conceded the right publicly declared that they will resign There was no objection. of the Israelis to use the Gulf of Aqaba from the delegation if sanctions are Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I desire and its seaports thereon in an unre­ voted by the United States against Isra~l. to commend the gentleman upan his strained manner. Oppasition to such sanctions has been statement. I think the American people In the face of a prohibition on the use expressed by many Members of both are opposed to double standards of inter­ of the Suez and the prospect of armed Houses. There are only a few, fewer, I national morality. In my opinion the resistance to its use of the Gulf of Aqaba. would say, than voted in OPPoSition to people of this country do not want to see the tiny nation of Israel. with all its the Eisenhower resolution. who would the United Nations impose sanctions· great enterprise and promise. is assured vote to sustain the President's viewpaint upon Israel. - In my judgment, if the of a dismal future indeed. Without in demanding sanctions against israel. United States voted for sanctions in the. freedom to develop its own enterprise And yet the President insists on pursuing United Nations. it would seriously divide through the use of international com-­ his course stubbornly. And so I ask the our people on an issue on ·which they· merce, the Israeli nation faces the pros­ gentleman from California, would he not should be united. pect of early atrophy. believe that the :President. in the same Mr. . VANIK. Mr. Speaker, I ask The struggle of the Israeli nation to spirit which induced him to request con­ unanimous consent that I may extend take its place among the nations of the gressional approval for his Mid-East my remarks in the RECORD immediately world has been rewarded with phenom­ resolution, would accept the congres­ fallowing the remarks of the gentleman enal success. As a matter of fact, the sional viewpoint in opposition to placing from California [Mr. ROOSEVELT]. success and the development of this na­ sanctions upon Israel? - The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there tion has posed a most serious threat to Mr. ROOSEVELT. I would - agree objection? the retarded development of adjoining with the gentleman. - Of course, I :r;ec­ There was no objection. nations. In this· area, competition has _ ognize that in matters of foreign policy. Mr. VANIK. ·Mr. Speaker, I want to been wholesome and to the good. It is it is the responsibility of ~he executive take this opportunity to commend the · gentleman from California [Mr. RoosE-·. indeed regrettable that national envy branch and the President and the Secre~ has forced Egypt to deny to Israel the VELTJ. in his criticism of our Govern­ tary of State in particular to lead and right to continue its very fruitful to formulate and to carry into ~ction _ ment's position in pressing upon the · our foreign policy; but it would seem United Nations the exercise of sanctions · development. to me only-logical that if he feels that. against the Israeli nation. The ostensi­ It is indeed deplorable that American . he needs to be advised on certain parts ble purpose of the$e sanctions is to com· diplo~atic policy has forced the United of his foreign policy it would be only pel Israel to relinquish the Gaza Strip . Nations to this position in its anxiety to proper to come_and mak~ -~ure_ tpat he .. and the Straits of Tiran _without any court favor with a rec~lcitrant Egypt-a. CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-·- · :fiOUSE February 26. nation.which has made. clear in no un-. exerted by. the .United.. Nations -upon Mr. . ADDONIZIO. Mr. Speaker, let certain terms its intention8 to continue Israel. On February 26, however, the me .congratulate the Representative in a course of conduct which precipitated press reported that the Government was· from California-for the eloquence and a _dangerous inte~natiorial conflict. The prepared to submit a resolution to tQ.e clarity with which he has spok,en this impo~ition of sanctions by the United General Assem.bly which wquld call for afternoon. He has ·presented forcefully Nations upon Egypt is not a course to­ the United Nations control of the Gaza the facts jn ·this complex situation and ward peace. On the cont:rary, it is a and Aqaba areas but would omit any he has made constructive and feasible course toward war. . It is an of!ering to mention of sanctions . . recommendations. I fully concur with an ambitious dictator whose position and In many respects the initial position his ,p0sition on this crucial issue. continuance in office depends on the_ taken by our Government was somewhat I expressed to the House on February forcefulness of his demands upon free precipitate. No doubt it had reasons 11 my strong opposition to both.political world governments. His appetite for for this action; . but the is:me at stake and economic sanctions against Israel. concessions for . hiniself and . sanctions goes far beyond the question of Israeli­ Sanctions cannot be justified on any against his enemies is insatiable. American relations: It vitally concerns grounds. The problem is one of self­ The Secretary of State seems to have our relations with the entire Middle. preservation and survival for Israel, and an uncanny ability of separating this East. we have no· right to place demands on Nation from its friends in this shrinking In this complex of international poli­ her alone. A · constituent aptly ex­ world. tics our guide should be to seek justice pressed it in the following: "A beagle Mr. GRAY. Mr. Speaker, will the and accomplish the objectives of our pol­ with a stuffed nose cannot :flush q·uail." gentleman yield? icy interests. The question is, Can jus­ Yesterday the prayer in the House was Mr. ROOSEVELT. I yield. tice and our enlightened self-interest be offered by Rabbi Alan M. Sokobin, Tem­ Mr. GRAY. Mr. Speaker, I would not achieved by imposing sanctions on ple Beth El, Laurelton, Long Island, who want the occasion to pass without tak­ Israel? I think not. I welcome, there­ is the son of my esteemed friend, Mr. Max ing ·this opportunity of congratulating fore, the change of mood in our Govern-. Sokobin. I was impressed with Rabbi the gentleman from California [Mr. ment on this question. More than any Sokobin's words: RoosEVEI;T] for the very fine and forth­ other nation, Israel depends upon the May this House, in its deliberations, never right statement he has made on this United States for its economic suste­ sacrifice human rights to political ex­ very serious prooblem. I will not delay nance. Were we to cut of! all economic pediency. the deliberations other than to make ties with Israel, that small democratic May principles, not expediency, guide some brief comments. nation would be perceptibly weakened our Government and the U. N. in this First, I would like to say to the gen­ and clearly placed in an indefensible po­ difficult hour and may the double stand­ tleman from california [Mr. .RoOSEVELT] sition. Certainly a course of . action ard of morality be repudiated. - It is my that I am sure the majority of Ameri­ which . would bring about such results earnest prayer that our Government will cans join with him in expressing the would not be just. Nor would our best exert leadership in reaching a just set­ sentiment that the United States is tak­ interests be served. Egypt is not without tlement that will rightfully preserve the ing the wrong attitude when we talk guilt in .this present crisis. Indeed, tt was freedom. and integrity of Israel. about imposing -sanctions against Israel.­ the uncompromising hatred that Egypt The clouds over Israel are dark ·and­ - Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker,. I ask so often voiced for Israel and the con­ unanimous . consent that my colleague, heavi. I believe· conditions will be worse tinued Egyptian ·threats to eradicate instead of better · if sanctions are im-­ the g·entleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. Israel from the face of the globe that was· HOLLAND], who is now in the chair as posed on that country. So I say to the the root cause of the crisis. And while gentleman that I hope his forthright ad­ Speaker pro tempore, be permitted to ex­ America would not wish to reward 'Israel tend his remarks at this point in the vice made in this House today is heeded, for her .action, certainly it would not RECORD. . and I hope that those people who are want to ·whet the Arab appetite for con­ guiding the affairs oJ the United States The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without quest by a move which would inevitably objection, it is so ordered. · in the United Nations will give some se­ invite an attack on an economically rious thought ·to the proposals made to­ There was no objection. weakened Israel. ' Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. Speaker, I feel day. I reiterate that I predict that con­ The solution to this highly complex ditions will become much worse instead highly honored that Speaker RAYBURN of better if sanctions are imposed. problem is difficult. The world has had asked me to preside during the debate on I want to congratulate the gentle­ this seemingly insoluble problem for over Israel today. The presentation of the man. He has made a wonderful state­ a decade, and the prospects are still not gentleman from California [Mr. RoosE­ ment today, as he always does when he bright for reaching a reasonable agree-: VELT], and the presentation of the gen­ ment. However, sanctions against Israel takes the :floor. I thank him for his tlem~n from Illinois [Mr. BOYLE], were statement and agree with everything are not the answer.· A just solution would very instructive. I feel sure that many he has had to say on this very impor­ seem to require concrete guaranties to of my colleagues who entered into the tant subject. I am sorry that more Israel that once withdrawal from the debate were instrumental in bringing Members were not present to hear his disputed areas was ef!ected, Egypt would into the open the true story of what may enlightening and eloquent statement. not use them to stage attacks on Israeli go down into history as Israel's be­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen- territory and shipping. trayal. tleman. · In addition, every ef!ort should be Not many years ago, a man by the The SPEAKER pro tempore. The made to persuade Egypt to permit the name of Hitler was made a power in the time of the gentleman from California final clearing of the Suez Canal and to world by appeasement. I am sure that [Mr. ROOSEVELT] has expired. accept a form of control of the canal all of you remember Neville Chamber­ Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, in the that would be consistent with both Egyp­ lain, the man with the umbrella, and his past week the Israeli-Egyptian con:tlict tian national interests and the interests appeasement policy. Mr. Chamberlain has reached a new stage of crisis. The of the other nations of the world which granted Hitler many concessions despite United Nations called for the withdrawal look upon the canal as a vital waterway: the fact that many voices were raised of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and Once success has been achieved in these here in America pointing out the ap­ Sharm el Sheikh, the strategically im­ matters all energies should then be di­ peasement of Hitler could only result in portant area along the Gulf of Aqaba. war. ·· There were others who claimed This Israel refused to do until "it had rected toward building a broader Arab­ that concessions made by Chamberlain ironclad guaranties that both areas Israeli understanding. meant there would be no war in our life­ would not be used by Egypt to stage fu­ _ America has entered the Middle East­ time. I personaUy feel that this one act ture attacks. Pending in the United e.rn political arena in full force. Let our of Neville Chamberlain's was the pri­ Nations General Assembly is a resolution force, both physical and moral, continue mary cause of World War II with the calling for sanctions against Israel. to be applied to serve the ends of justice, resulting death and suffering to many At first our Government had not en­ as well as our own enlightened national millions of people. tirely clarified its position on the issue interest, constructively at all times. . Today we are being challenged by an­ of sanctions. It apparently took the po­ Sanctions, gentlemen, are neither con­ other dictator, Nasser of Egypt, who is sition that some pressure ought to be structive nor do they serve our interests. - fast becoming a hero in the eyes of the 1957 · · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2647

Arab·world because he· is getting·con.ces- · Mr. ROOSEVELT. · Mr. Speaker, I ask sume the · position of extreme ~ vulner- · sion· after concession· with. the apparent· unanimous ·consent that the gentleman· ability ·Which· could only result from re- · backing of our State Department. - from Ohio [Mr. ASHLEY] may extend'his turning to the status quo of last year and· Have we in America forgotten that at remarks at this point in the RECORD. ' the years 'leading up to last year. Sure-· one time · oU:r country was also a small · ·The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ly we must-- recognize, if we are to be nation attempting to establish a true de- the request of the gentleman from Cali- honest, that the United Nations has mocracy just like Israel is trying to do fornia? . : failed to provide Israel with that mini- today? Here is an outpost in the most There was no obJection. . mum degree of security which the in- troubled part of the world where a little ·- Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Spe.aker, .it seems tegrity of any democratic nation nation has established a government of to me that the core of this problem for demands. freedom and whose progress in the short our country lies not in the Middle East It is for this reason, Mr. Speaker, that time of its existence might be called but here in the United States. We can I concur with the sentiments expresseq miraculous. · make a real contribution only if we face by my colleagues and that I exhort this Here is a country which has brought tJ:i~ problem here-and tJ:iis is a resp~n~i- administration to devote its great poten­ inodern know-how to a backward area billty and-a challenge which the admrms- tial leadership, both within the United and whfch has practically cultiv~ted the tration at?-d Congress must face up to. ·· States and outside, to ·the -immediate desert sands and made them give the ne- Just a httle over a year ago-on Febru- problem of protecting the basic rights , · cessities of life. Here is a country fn- ary 7, 1956-many of us who ·are here · and guarantee~ng· thw security of Israel wliiCh hospitals have been built to ~d..:. to~ay participated in_a leng_ th~ debate'on an~ the other Middle Eastern-nations. minister to the Arabs-where they have ~his s~me mat~er. I recansay~ng on that. The SPEAKER pro· tempore (Mr. been cured of disease which would have oc~asio~ ~hat we m~st fa,ce ~~e fact that HOLLAND). · The Chair recognizes the taken many Arab lives. Here is a nation· the-realities of the situation in the Near gentleman from Illinois '[Mr. BOYLE] for where millions of Americans of both Jew- Eas~ a~e not wh~t they were a yeai: ago. 60 minutes, under a special order hereto- ish and Christian faiths · have donated ~ov1et influe~ce is now firmly estabb.shed fore entered. money to build an outpost of real civi- m Egr,pt and in other areas of th~ Middle Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, I want to lization. ~~st : . Ma?Y. Members of this body congratulate the gentleman from Cali- ! could go on and on enumerating the Joined in pointing o~t n?t only th~ clea~- fornia [Mr. RoosEvELT] for his fine pres­ contributions Israel has made to that cut danger of Soviet influence in t?IS entation. I want to adopt by reference part of the world. She has demonstrated area. t?ut also. the dangers surrounding and incorPorate in my speech those ob­ that free people can build a nation of the rising tensions between Israel and the servations he has made. freedom and of progress. It could be Arab States. . For some 3 hours I have noted that that dictators of backward cotlntries are . In the 12. months which have elap~ed the great chairman of the Committee on afraid their subjects will somehow dis- ~ince ~hat time, Mr. Speaker, the admin- Government Operations, the gentleman cover what it means to have the freedom is~r~tion has faced up to only one of the~e from Illinois [Mr. DAWSON], has been h" h ff critically dangerous problems. There is sitting in the Chamber. I know there w ic 1. sr~e 1 ~ ers. . no question but that the recently an-- are few greater liberals in the world I beheve _this deba.te has brought very nounced Eisenhower doctrine recognizes than that great chairman of the Com­ clea~ly ~o the America~ people the sad the disastrous consequences which will mittee on Government Operations. I reallzat10n tJ:iat the pollc~ of our s.t.ate follow the further establishment of So- know that he has many and varied de-· I;>epartment is n~t th~_P?llcy of a f.ri~nd viet influence in the Middle East. Tragi-· mands on his tiine. - Out of deference or a bro~:t:er. Neither is it that of a kin- cally late though it may be, I believe that to his tight schedule 1-am very happy,· gred_spmt, b~t .more on ~he ord_er of a this doctrine will offer some hope of halt- if Mr. DAwso:N desires at this time, to ' bru~al bully, ~illmg to sacr~fice thi~ small ing the covert Soviet aggression which yield-such time to him as he may need nat10n to ·gain the good will of Dictator has as its aim the paralysis of the econo- to talk about. this highly~ critica1 subject; l'.'lasser. . . _. . . mies of our best allies. - · ·. Mr. DAW~Ol'.'l of Illinois. Mr. I r~abze that 011 pl~y~ an 1JJ?-POrtant But surely we are all aware that the Speaker, I want to thank the gentleman part in some of the decisions which h~ve Eisenhower doctrine offers no United from Illinois CMr. BOYLE] for his cour­ been made, but ~ hope we ai:e not go~ng states leadership for the solution of the tesy. I am not prepared at this time to to revert to a pobcy that considers money hostility between Israel and the neigh- carry on. I ·came to listen to my col~ or profits before th~ welf.are of.free peo- boring Arab States. Our efforts appear leagues [Mr. RoosEVELT and Mr. BOYLE] ~le. Surely the United Statt=:s is not go- to be directed to , perpetuating the and others who spoke on this subject mg to tell other s~all nations .of. the shadowy policy of "impartial friendship'' matter. I am in agreement with all that world they are too llttle or too uni~por- which long since has lost us the respect I have heard. tant to consider. How art=: we gomg to of Arabs and Israelis alike. Mr. BOYLE.· Mr. Speaker, from what appeal to oppressed people . 1~ w_e appea~e Actually, of course, there is nothing you have already heard on the floor to­ the oppres~ors? Has the principle.of big impartial about our policy in the Middle day and what you have read in the news­ bu~ine_ss .sC! perl?-eated. the thinkmg of East. We are all too ready to relegate papers and seen over the television and this adm~mstrat1on that they only want the fate of Israel to the United Nations, heard over the radio for some months, to play with the strong at the expense of and at the same time to use every means i.t is not hard for you to grant that the the weak? . possible to pressure this isolated outpost situation in the Middle East poses one of Mr. Speaker, I hope and pray that this of democracy into the totally indefensi- the most challenging problems that has is not the case. I hope that the President- ble position in whfoh it has found itself come across the international scene in of the United States who is morally re- for nearly 5 years. generations. sponsible for our foreign J?Olicy will not we are quick to brand Israel's military Today the fate of Israel, yes, prob- become known as the Neville Chamber~ action into the Sinai Peninsula as ag- ably the fate of the United Nations, the lain of his day by appeasin~ Dict~tor gression, but we steadfastly refuse tO fate maybe even of democratic processes Nasser at the expense of our friend, little_ consider the -Egyptian acts which in- in the ·world scheme, are at stake; and Israel. The people of Israel have suffered spired this move as anything akin to since the attention of the world has been much at the hand~ of the ~a~s._ Hun- aggression. - · -- · so riveted on this problem maybe we dreds have been killed while t1llmg th~ President Eisenhower is very impres- ought to go back .in retrospect just a soil. Rifles must be kept handy at all sive when he states that under no cir- little bit to better understand some of times. - cumstances can Israel, as an aggressor, the physical facts that gave rise to this Israel today is engaged in the same sort lay-down conditions for her withdrawal- situation. of struggle waged by the Founding Fa"'. from the Gaza · Strip and the Gulf of The giant oil companies with their bil­ thers of America in their fight for sur-_ Aqaba, but the fact of the matter is that lions of dollars at stake have indulged viva! againi;;t th.e Indians._. The fate _of for months prior to this pronouncement; in a program of advertising, public re­ Israel and its right to exist among th~ the United- States has done everything latiQns, and brainwashing to the extent free nations of the world lies largely possible to negotiate with Israel the con· that it is almost a proved and estab­ in the hands of the President of the ditions of her withdrawal. lished premise in this occult syllogism United States. I hope he shall· rise to· Clearly, Mr. Speaker, we recognize the that Israel is an unjust aggressor in this the occasion. indefensibility of requiring Isra-el to re- whole picture and should be dealt with 2648 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 26 summarily; Having accepted-that prem­ which must be eradicated. Other Arab whatever flag~from reaching the Israeli ise, of course, you never go into or ap­ leaders have spoken of "one Arab na­ port of Elath. Although the Egyptian proach the more necessary question of tion,'' vowing to mobilize all Arab authorities assured the United States "unclean hands"; you never resolve the strength to destroy Israel. that the gun ·emplacements were not in­ question of self-defense. Through the Such has been the situation for nearly tended to restrict shipping in the gulf, centuries of civilization the history of 9 years. The continuing violation of only a handful of ships succeeded in every nation has recorded the fact that Israel's borders by Arab raiders from loading or discharging cargoes at the self-defense was one of the most noble Syria, Jordan and Egypt has meant con­ Israeli port prior to November 1956. and one of the most moral occupations stant vigilance to meet the assaults that These repeated, flagrant violations of and assignments of free people. If you have taken such a heavy toll of Israeli international rights of free commerce will recall the current history, the short life and property. It has meant the and navigation for all nations were pro­ history of Israel, you find through 9 long diversion of a large measure of Israel's tested by Israel before the United Na­ years she has been challenged repeatedly very limited resources to maintain the tions Security Council. On September for her very existence, and. the challenge military strength with which to defend 1, 1951 the Security Council called upon has been no isolated or ill-thought-out her frontiers. It has meant that new Egypt "to terminate the restriction on boast; no, it has been repeated and re­ towns and settlements in a land where passage of international commercial iterated so often that you can scarcely no point is more than 25 miles from a shipping and goods through the Suez blame any nation for taking upon itself hostile border must serve as frontier Canal wherever bound, and to cease all the titanic etrort of defending itself fortresses-must be built in such a way interference with such shipping beyond against the aggression of her avowed· as to provide the most advantageous de­ that essential to the safety of shipping in and mortal enemy. That probably is the fense positions rather than to provide for the canal itself and to the observance of fact that provoked Abba Eban, Israel's the best utilization of land and other the international conventions in force." 4mbassador to the United States, and natural resources. That resolution has been completely head of the delegation to the United Na­ But the constant pillaging and harass­ disregarded by Egypt. Before the Se­ tions, to observe and point out to the ment of Israel's frontiers has been only curity Council, Egypt insisted that the United Nations General Assembly on one aspect of the concerted Arab effort armistice agreement signed with Israel November 1, 1956, the historical back­ to destroy Israel. Since 1948 the Arab did not put an end to-a state of war with ground. I quote his statement: States have maintained a consistent eco­ Israel and would not prevent Egypt from Stretching back far behind the events of nomic boycott of Israel. Cut oil' from exercising "certain rights of war." this week lies the unique and somber story natural sources of vital materials and The same attitude of belligerency was Of a small people subjected throughout all from natural markets for her industrial repeated in 1954 when Israel again pro­ the years of its national existence to a furi­ products, Israel has been compelled to tested to the Security Council that ous, implacable, comprehensive campaign of subsist with enormous foreign trade Egypt's continued restrictions on shiP­ hatred and siege for which there is no paral­ deficits. In 1955, for example, Israel's Of lel or precedent in the modern history of ping were violations the armistice nations. Not for one single moment imports were valued at $326 million and agreement and of the Security Council's throughout the entire period of its modern exports at only $86 million. own resolution. In this instance the national existence has Israel enjoyed that In 1948 the Government of Egypt in­ resolution calling upon Egypt to permit minimal physical security which the United augurated a program of visit, search,. and Israel-bound ships to pass through the Nations Charter confers on all member seizure of vessels known to be or sus­ Suez Canal and referring the issue of states and which all other member states pected of being involved in the trans­ shipping in the Gulf of Aqaba to the Is­ have been able to command. portation of goods to or from Israel. raeli-Egyptian armistice commission was Israel is a beleaguered state. Its 8,000 Both ships and cargoes were confiscated vetoed by the Soviet Union. Thus, in square miles of territory-about the size in some instances and punitive measures the more than ·5 years since the original of the Commonwealth of Massachu­ taken against the shipping of various United Nations resolution was adopted setts-are wedged between the Mediter­ countries desiring to enter into normal calling for an end to Egypt's interfer­ ranean Sea and hostile· Arab nations. commercial relations with Israel, The ence with free navigation, neither the From the time of the United Nations flags of at least 15 nations, possessing un­ United Nations nor the major powers, General Assembly's resolution calling for conditional right of free navigation of singly or in concert, have found means the partition of Palestine-November 29, the Suez Canal, have been abused by un­ of securing Egypt's compliance with 1947-Arab guerilla bands and then justifiable interception-and that by a that resolution. Israel, the target of armies from the adjacent Arab States state which professes to abide by the Suez Egypt's intransigence, has been com­ carried on full-scale war against the Canal Convention of 1888. The basis of pelled to distort its trade paterns and ex­ Zionists, determined to destroy the new that Convention is the assurance that pend vast sums needed for other pur­ state. For nearly -a year the new Re­ '' The Suez Maritime Canal shall. always poses on· rerouting its shipping. public of Israel fought for its very ex­ be ·free and open, in time of war as in This is well illustrated by the situation istence against overwhelming odds, time of peace, to every vessel of com­ with respect to oil, as well. Lacking fought and put to rout the Arab armies merce or of war, without distinction of other adequate sources of fuel and with the exception of Jordan's Arab Le­ flag." Ships attempting passage through power, and believing that its hope of gion in the Jerusalem area. Under aus­ the canal, with Israeli goods among their achieving economic viability lies in the pices of the United Nations, armistices cargoes, nevertheless have been confis­ development of small industries, Israel were concluded between Israel and the cated and sold, sailors have been impris­ is dependent to a considerable extent on neighboring Arab States. The first · of oned, and penalties have been imposed petroleum products. Its own oil produc­ these was signed on February 24, 1949, on shipping lines known to have touched tion, while promising, supplies only a almost exactly 8 years ago, between Is­ at Israel's Mediterranean ports. All of small fraction of the country's needs. rael and Egypt. Subsequent arrange­ this represents a"l etrort to destroy by Situated geographically near to the vast ments were made between Israel and economic warfare a small nation that oil fields of Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi t)yria, Lebanon and Jordan. could not be crushed by Arab military Arabia, and possessing a large, modern These armistice agreements were to be force. refinery at Haifa, Israel would have easy the first step toward the conclusion of ·These restrictions ori peaceful inter­ access, under normal conditions, to am­ genuine peace treaties between Israel and national commercial shipping have been ple supplies of oil. Yet the oil produced the Arab States. In reality, they only applied since 1950 to the Gulf of Aqaba-­ so abundantly from the Middle East exchanged one form of warfare for an­ the· approach to the Negev and the new fields has been denied to Israel. Not only Israeli port of Elath at the head of the did Iraq cut the pipeline originally sup­ other: full-scale military action for bor­ gulf-from the Red Sea. On the tip of plying the Haifa refinery from the Mosul der raids, guerrilla attacks, economic the Sinai Peninsula and.on two tiny, pre­ area, ·but neither Saudi Arabia, Kuwait boycotts and blockades, all of these un­ viously uninhabited islands-Tiran and or Bahrein will perm.it oil concessionaires derscored by the unremitting hostility of Sinafar-straddling the entrance to the to divert any production to ·Israel. the Arab States toward Israel and their Gtil.f of A

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Federal Aid for School Construction February 20, that the organization is opposed I don't know exactly how many classrooms to Federal aid for school construction. we are short. But even the most conserva­ This is not very shocking. tive estimate of the Department of Health, EXTENSION OF REMARKS It is consistent with the chamber's appar­ Education, and Welfare puts the current ent desire for a return to the good old days­ OF shortage at 159,000 rooms. which means government for the benefit of The shortage exists-the shortage is criti­ the robber barons and others out to gouge cal. HON. PAT McNAMARA the public. OF :MICHIGAN No distortions by the chamber of commerce Efforts by the Federal Government to be can hide this basic need of our country. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES genuinely helpful to all the people are sum- marily rejected. -· Again I urge the Senate to move promptly Tuesday, February 26, 1957 But while denouncing Federal aid, the to consider the school construction measures chamber also took another long step along that have been introduced. Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, I its dusty trail back to the dark· ages when it ask unanimous consent that a statement proclaimed there was actually a surplus of I have prepared relating to Federal aid classrooms today. - for school construction be printed in the According to this same article, the cham­ Replies to . Ques~onnaire Sent to Citizens RECORD. ber puts this surplus at 14,000 classrooms. of the Fourth District of California There being no objection, the state­ This outrageous statement is directly con­ ment was ordereP. to be printed in the trary to the opinion of the President of the United States, the Department of Health, EXTENSION OF REMARKS RECORD, as follows: Education, and Welfare, the National Educa­ OF LET Us BUILD SCHOOLS tion Association, a large part of Congress Even though the United States Chamber of and the authorities of most of· our States.­ HON. WILLIAM S. MAILLIARD Commerce was founded in 1912, I have always not to mention the children stacked like OF CALIFORNIA suspected a stubbornness on the part of that cordwood in our present schools. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES organization to acknowledge the presence of However, the chamber has never been Tuesday, February 26, 1957 the 20th century. known to be swayed by the facts. Today we have further proof of the cham­ I will not attempt to explain the mathe­ Mr. MAILLIARD. Mr. Speaker, the ber's antediluvian outlook on life. matical whimsy by which the chamber of citizens of the Fourth District of Cali­ We are informed by the chamber, accord­ commerce arrives at this 14,000 figure. Nor fornia have again shown a commendable ing to an article in the Washington Star of do I intend to enter into a numbers game. interest in their Government by respond-