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ASIA Waste Management OUTLOOK © United Nations Environment Programme, 2017 ASIA Waste Management OUTLOOK © United Nations Environment Programme, 2017 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non- profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme. Acknowledgements Core Team Editor-in-Chief Prasad Modak Executive President, Environmental Management Centre LLP, Mumbai, India Authors Prasad Modak (Executive President, Environmental Management Centre LLP, Mumbai, India), Agamuthu Pariatamby (Editor in Chief - Waste Management & Research, Editor in Chief- Malaysian Journal of Science, Head-Center for Research in Waste Management, Professor - Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia), Jeffrey Seadon (Senior Research Fellow, Built Environment Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand), Perinaz Bhada-Tata (Solid Waste Consultant, Dubai, UAE), Guilberto Borongan (Coordinator and Programme Specialist, Asian Institute of Technology, Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (AIT RRC.AP), Bangkok, Thailand), Nang Sian Thawn (Programme Officer, AIT RRC.AP, Bangkok, Thailand), Ma. Bernadeth Lim (Senior Programme Officer, AIT RRC.AP, Bangkok, Thailand) Authorship of the Seven Chapters and Specific Contributions Chapter 1: Introduction Prasad Modak Project Team // AIT RRC.AP Chapter 2: Waste Generation Osamu Mizuno Agamuthu Pariatamby Director Chapter 3: Waste Management Guilberto Borongan Agamuthu Pariatamby Coordinator and Programme Specialist Chapter 4: Waste Economics Ma. Bernadeth Lim and Financing Senior Programme Officer Jeffrey Seadon Nang Sian Thawn Chapter 5: Waste Governance Programme Officer Jeffrey Seadon Supervision // UN Environment - Chapter 6: Waste and International Environmental Resource Management Indicators Technology Centre (IETC) Jeffrey Seadon Keith Alverson Director Chapter 7: The Way Forward Prasad Modak Shunichi Honda Programme Officer Supporting Author Perinaz Bhada-Tata Claudia Giacovelli Associate Programme Management Country and City Profiles Officer Guilberto Borongan / Nang Sian Thawn / Ma. Bernadeth Lim Mushtaq Ahmed Memon Programme Officer Steering Committee Keith Alverson / Prasad Modak / Osamu Mizuno / Claudia Giacovelli i Asia Waste Management Outlook Peer Reviewers and Contributors The project team gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the ASEAN countries and Mongolia, amongst other Asian countries for providing us data and information on waste management. Agamuthu Pariatamby (University of Malaya, Malaysia) Andrew McIntyre (ADB, Philippines) Asha Panwar (Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India) Claudia Giacovelli (UN Environment IETC, Japan) Emelita Aguinaldo (Basic Invironmental Systems and Technologies, Inc., Philippines) Fauziah Shahul Hamid (University of Malaya, Malaysia) Guilberto Borongan (AIT RRC.AP, Thailand) Jeff Seadon (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand) Madhumitha Rajendran (Abu Dhabi, UAE) Mahesh Pradhan (UN Environment IETC, Japan) Malavika Gopinath (Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India) Mohammad Akmal Fikry Yusra (Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam) Mohammad Helmy (Sustainable Waste Indonesia, Indonesia) Nang Sian Thawn (AIT RRC.AP, Thailand) Osamu Mizuno (AIT RRC.AP, Thailand) Perinaz Bhada-Tata (Dubai, UAE) Prakriti Kashyap (AIT RRC.AP, Thailand) Prasad Modak (EMC LLP, India) Shunichi Honda (UN Environment IETC, Japan) Sengja Jangmaw (AIT RRC.AP, Thailand) Sivapalan Kathiravale (Environmental Preservation and Innovation Centre Sdn Bhd, Malaysia) Sumitra Amatya (Leadership for Environment and Development, Nepal) Takahiro Otsuka (JICA, Thailand) Mechanical Editor Marina Rota Cover Illustration, infographics, and layout Lowil Fred Espada Professional Independent Graphic Design ii Contents Acknowledgements i Executive Summary xi 1 3 Introduction 1 Waste Management 53 1.1 Introduction 2 3.1 Waste Management Hierarchy 54 1.2 Audience 3 3.2 Waste Reduction through Sustainable Consumption 1.3 Scope and Coverage 3 and Production 58 1.4 Emphasis 5 3.3 Source Segregation, Collection and Transportation 64 1.5 Alignment with Globally and Regionally Agreed Goals 14 3.4 Reuse, Recycling and Recovery 73 1.6 Climate Change and 3.5 Waste Processing and Treatment 83 Waste Management 18 3.6 Waste Disposal 91 Key Messages 20 3.7 Community Involvement in Waste Management 94 3.8 Integrated Solid Waste Management 97 3.9 Zero Waste 99 2 3.10 Circular Economy 103 Key Messages 104 Waste Generation 21 2.1 Regional MSW Generation 22 2.2 National MSW Generation Profiles 26 2.3 Waste Streams Other than MSW 31 Key Messages 51 iii Asia Waste Management Outlook 4 5 Waste Economics and Financing 105 Waste Governance 147 4.1 Costs of Waste Management 106 5.1 Waste Management Governance 148 4.2 Cost of Inaction 110 5.2 Policy and Legislation in Asia 150 4.3 Opportunities and Benefits 114 5.3 Information-driven Instruments 159 4.4 Social 115 5.4 Monitoring and Reporting 162 4.5 Economic 117 5.5 Effectiveness of Legislative Frameworks 162 4.6 Environment 119 5.6 Barriers and Challenges 164 4.7 Economic Instruments that Promote Resource Recovery 121 5.7 Strategies to Overcome the Barriers 166 4.8 Waste Levy 123 5.8 Referral Framework for Assessment of Policies and Implementation 4.9 Tax Breaks 124 Capacities to Deliver Sustainable Waste Management 167 4.10 Subsidies 125 Key Messages 170 4.11 Container Deposits 126 4.12 Material Controls 128 4.13 Material Bans 129 4.14 A Comparative Assessment of Economic Instruments 130 4.15 Benefits and Challenges 131 4.16 Waste Financing 133 4.17 Government Sponsorship 134 4.18 Financing through International 6 Financial Institutions 134 4.19 Results-based Financing 138 4.20 Climate-related Finance 139 Waste and Resource Management Indicators 171 4.21 Private Sector Participation 141 4.22 Micro-financing 143 6.1 Waste Management Indicators 172 4.23 Contributions by Communities 144 6.2 Resource Management Indicators 180 Key Messages 146 6.3 Integrating Waste Management and Resource Management Indicators 181 6.4 Composite or Integrated Indicators at the National Level 182 Key Messages 184 iv 7 The Way Forward 185 7.1 Introduction 186 7.2 Build More Reliable and Comprehensive Waste-related Statistics 186 7.3 Standardise the Definitions of Waste Streams and Terminologies 188 Annex A | Country Profiles 207 7.4 Improve Compliance on Waste- related Regulations across Product Life Cycle 188 Annex B | City Profiles 249 7.5 Conduct Studies and Communicate Cost of Inaction 189 7.6 Remediate Contaminated Annex C | Summary of the Dumpsites and the Surrounding Benefits of the Economic Environment 189 Instruments 259 7.7 Test the Effectiveness of Economic Instruments for Effective and Sustainable Waste Management 190 Annex D A List of 226 7.8 Promote Resource Use Reduction | and Improve Resource Use Legislative Tools found on the Efficiency 190 ECOLEX. 267 7.9 Informal Sector and Social Inclusion 193 7.10 Promote Investments in the Waste Management Sector 193 Abbreviations & Acronyms 275 7.11 Promote Awareness, Education and Training for Knowledge Generation and Capacity Building 195 References 281 7.12 Invest in Research and Development for Technology Adaptation 197 7.13 Build Strategic Action Plans to Address some Challenging Waste Streams 198 7.14 Operate a Knowledge Portal as a Collaborative Platform on Waste Management 199 7.15 Emphasise on Integrated or Zero Waste Management by Addressing all Media 200 7.16 Make Efforts towards Policy Harmonisation at National and Regional levels 202 7.17 Develop a Referral Framework Assessment of Policy Equivalence and Implementation Capacities 203 7.18 Consider Development of an Asian Directive on Circular Economy 204 Key Messages 205 v Asia Waste Management Outlook List of Boxes, Figures and Tables List of Boxes Box 1.1 Examples of Life Cycle Thinking 6 Box 1.2 Measuring Material Flows and Resource Efficiency: CSIRO and UN Environment Asia-Pacific Material Flows Online Database 10 Box 1.3 Successful Examples of ISWM with the 3Rs 11 Box 1.4 Overview of Some Circular Economy-related Initiatives in Asia 12 Box 1.5 The Sustainable Development Goals 14 Box 2.1 General Facts About Asia 22 Box 2.2 Solid Waste Generation in Nepal 28 Box 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Malaysia 29 Box 2.4 Urban and Non-urban Waste 31 Box 2.5 Trends in Hazardous Waste Management in Malaysia, 2001–2014, in Tonnes 35 Box 2.6 Packaging Waste from Arising from Couriering of Parcels in China 38 Box 2.7 Major Ship-breaking Activities in Asia 43 Box 2.8 Disaster
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