Resistance of Tomato Genotypes to the Greenhouse Whiteflytrialeurodes Vaporariorum (West.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
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792 September - October 2010 PEST MANAGEMENT Resistance of Tomato Genotypes to the Greenhouse WhiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) ALEJ A NDRO F LUC A TTI 1, 2, ADRI A N A E ALV A REZ 2, CRISTIN A R MA CH A DO 2, ELS A GIL A RDÓN 1 1Cátedra de Genética; 2Cátedra de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Univ Nacional de Salta, Av Bolivia 5150, CP 4400, Salta, Argentina Edited By Jorge B Torres – UFRPE Neotropical Entomology 39(5):792-798 (2010) ABSTRACT - The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is the most common and abundant whitefly in Argentine horticultural greenhouse crops, especially in tomato Solanum( lycopersicum). Resistance in some wild tomato relatives, such as S. peruvianum, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii to the greenhouse whitefly has been described. The Mi gene confers effective resistance against several species of insects, among them the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Resistance to T. vaporariorum was found in the prebreeding line FCN 93-6-2, derived from a cross between S. lycopersicum cultivar Uco Plata INTA (MiMi) and the wild line FCN 3-5 S. habrochaites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate resistance to T. vaporariorum in tomato genotypes and to study the relationship between this resistance and the presence of the REX-1 marker, which is linked to the Mi gene. In a free-choice assay, the average number of adults per leaf and the number of immatures on the middle and basal plant parts were analyzed. In a no-choice assay, the oviposition rate and adult survival rate were calculated. For all variables analyzed, FCN 3-5 was the most resistant strain. Variations were found in the F2 progeny between the prebreeding line FCN 13-1-6-1 and cv. Uco Plata INTA. Results from the F2 progeny indicate that resistance to T. vaporariorum may be polygenic with transgressive segregation. Whitefly resistance was found to be independent of the REX-1 marker. KEY WORDS: Solanum, Mi gene, REX-1 marker, polygenic inheritance, transgressive segregation Greenhouse tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum, are most of which are harmful to the environment and to non- severely attacked by whiteflies, which are small sucking target species. In addition, some whiteflies appear to be insects of the Aleyrodidae family (order Hemiptera). Two resistant to many of the chemicals used. An alternative is the main species are recognized, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius use of whitefly-resistant plants (Baset al 1992, Nombela et and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. The greenhouse al 2001). Resistance in some wild tomato relatives, such as whitefly T. vaporariorum, a cosmopolitan species, has Solanum peruvianum, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii has been reported in South America in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, been described to the greenhouse whitefly (Romanow et al Ecuador, Guiana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela and Argentina 1991, de Ponti & Mollema 1992, Bas et al 1992). (Arnal et al 1993, Basso et al 2001, Lourenção et al 2008). The first crosses between cultivated tomato and resistant It is the most common and abundant whitefly in Argentine accessions of S. habrochaites (L. hirsutum glabratum) and horticultural greenhouse crops, especially infesting tomato S. pennellii were generated in the mid-1970s (de Ponti et al plants (Viscarret 2000, Polack 2005). 1990). Attempts to introduce resistance to T. vaporariorum The greenhouse whitefly is a generalist and a highly from S. habrochaites into cultivated tomato lines have been polyphagous pest species. It affects crops directly by hampered by the putative polygenic inheritance of resistance phloem feeding, which results in leaf and fruit spotting, (Bas et al 1992). plant weakening, irregular ripening of fruits and sooty mold During the 1940s, a single dominant gene, Mi, was growing on honeydew (Muigai et al 2002). It also affects transferred from S. peruvianum PI 128657 into the cultivated tomatoes indirectly due to the transmission of plant viruses tomato by an embryo rescue technique. At present, all known (Crinivirus and Closterovirus) (Valverde et al 2004), and is nematode-resistant S. lycopersicum cultivars are descendants responsible for several physiological disorders (Francelli & from a single F1 plant (Medina Filho & Stevens 1980, Klein- Vendramim 2002). Overall, the direct and indirect damages Lankhorst et al 1991, Kaloshian 2004). reduce crop yield (Lindquist et al 1972, Johnson et al The Mi gene confers effective resistance against several 1992). species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Milligan Whitefly control is based mainly on pesticide applications, et al 1998), some isolates of potato aphid (Macrosiphum September - October 2010 Neotropical Entomology 39(5) 793 euphorbiae Thomas) (Rossi et al 1998) ,and the sweet potato Material and Methods whitefly (B. tabaci) (Nombela et al 2000, 2001, 2003). The Mi gene is located in the short arm of chromosome 6 Plant material. The tomato genotypes used in this study are in the tomato and is contained within a large, introgressed described in Table 1. The wild line FCN 3-5 was selected chromosomal segment from the corresponding region in S. from the wild accession PI 134417 (Solanum habrochaites) as peruvianum (Klein-Lankhorst et al 1991, Messeguer et al the source of multiple insect resistances ( Farrar & Kennedy 1991, Ho et al 1992, Williamson et al 1994). 1991, Gilardón 2007). The Mi cluster 1p was found to contain three homologue From the F2 progeny of the cross between the cultivar Uco genes, previously designated as Mi-1.1, Mi-1.2 and Mi-1.3. Plata INTA and FCN 3-5, a genealogical selection program Of these, only Mi-1.2 confers nematode, aphid and whitefly was performed that was focused on a strong selection for resistance in tomato (Seah et al 2004). Mi-1.2 produces a fertility and insect resistance. From F5 to F10, the aim was to transcript of approximately 4 kb that encodes a putative improve yield and certain fruit quality traits. Two F10 lines protein of 1,257 amino acids (Rossi et al 1998). This protein were selected for their good performance: FCN 13-1-6-1 and is a member of a disease resistance-associated plant protein FCN 93-6-2. FCN 13-1-6-1 was crossed to Uco Plata INTA family, characterized by the presence of a nucleotide binding to obtain 105 F2 plants. site (NB) and a leucine-rich repeat motif (LRR) (Milligan et al 1998). Proteins of the NB-LRR motif structure make Free-choice assay. Natural infestation of T. vaporariorum up the largest class of cloned plant resistance genes against was evaluated in a free-choice assay. Seeds from all tomato viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects (Dangl & genotypes were sown in common plastic pots in a greenhouse Jones 2001). Mi-1.2 is the first plant resistance gene with with open sides until true leaves developed. Plants were activity against three highly divergent organisms, which then transplanted to 5 kg-black-plastic pots and arranged in are the most important pests of tomato plants worldwide, a completely random design in a 70 m2 greenhouse. Four making Mi-1.2-regulated resistance a powerful tool in replicates of FCN 3-5, ten or nine replications of the other tomato integrated pest management programs (Nombela pure lines and 105 plants for progeny F2 (FCN 13-1-6-1 x et al 2003). UP) were used. There are several molecular markers that are tightly Whitefly assessments were made on the plants after the linked to the Mi gene, such as the acid phosphatase-1 (Aps-1) first flowers developed (mature plants). The free-choice gene and the RFLP and RAPD markers (Klein-Lankhorst assay was carried out in the spring, between October and et al 1991, Messeguer et al 1991). Williamson et al (1994) November 2007, as a peak of infestation is observed every developed a CAPS marker, REX-1, which is tightly linked year during this period. to the Mi gene, making it suitable for routine analysis in The variables considered were the number of adults and breeding programs. immatures of T. vaporariorum. Immatures were considered The purpose of this research was to study resistance to T. only from nymph 3 and nymph 4 “puparium” classifications, vaporariorum in some tomato genotypes and the relationship according to Basso et al (2001). between resistance and the presence of the Mi gene. Whitefly adults were counted in the first and second fully Table 1 Solanum genotypes used in this study. Name Accession description Characteristics Origin Resistant to root-knot nematodes (Mi gene) INTA1 La Uco Plata (UP) Cultivar S. lycopersicum and Tobacco Mosaic Virus (Tm22) Consulta Breeding line INTA La LC 138 (LC 330-23-05) Resistant to root-knot nematodes (Mi gene) S. lycopersicum Consulta Wild line Resistant to Trialeurodes vaporariorum, FCN 3-5 Tuta absoluta Meyrick, and Tetranychus UNSa2 S. habrochaites urticae Koch Prebreeding line Long shelf life tomato resistant to T. absoluta FCN 93-6-2 UNSa3 S. lycopersicum x S. and T. urticae habrochaites Prebreeding line FCN 13-1-6-1 S. lycopersicum x S. Long shelf life tomato resistant to T. absoluta UNSa3 habrochaites F2 (FCN 13-1-6-1 x UP) Progeny 1INTA La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Mendoza, Argentina 2UNSa, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina 3 Lines F10 derived from crossing cv. Uco Plata INTA and FCN 3-5 794 Lucatti et al - Resistance of Tomato Genotypes to the Greenhouse Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.)... expanded leaves from the top (plant apical-part) (Basso et al 2001, Scotta et al 2006). When the number of adults was excessively high, insect counts were made with the aid of digital photographs in the laboratory. Counts were performed in the early morning, when adult whitefly movements are lower. Data were collected four times during the assay, on October 16 and 19 and November 8 and 14.