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The Debate on Biodiversity and Biotechnology

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The Debate on Biodiversity and Biotechnology The Debate on Biodiversity and Biotechnology Klaus Ammann, [email protected] Version from June 15, 2015, 103 pages ASK-FORCE contribution No. 11 1. The Issue: unnecessary stigmatization of GMOs ............................................................................................................ 3 2. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. The needs for biodiversity – the general case ................................................................................................................ 4 4. Relationship between biodiversity and ecological parameters ..................................................................................... 5 5. A new concept of sustainability ....................................................................................................................................... 6 5.1. Revisiting the original Brundtland definition of sustainable development .............................................................................................................. 7 5.2. Redefining Sustainability for Agriculture and Technology, see fig. 1 ........................................................................................................................ 8 6. Types of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 6.1 Toward a general theory of biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 6.2. Genetic diversity and dynamics ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 6.3. Species diversity......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 6.4. Ecosystem diversity ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 7. Biodiversity Distribution ................................................................................................................................................. 15 7.1. Global Biodiversity Distribution ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 7.2. On Centers of Biodiversity and Centers of Crop diversity ....................................................................................................................................... 16 8. Loss of Biodiversity in general ........................................................................................................................................ 21 8.1. Species loss will increase, its impact ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 8.2. Agriculture as the major factor of biodiversity loss ................................................................................................................................................. 27 9. Crop Biodiversity reduced or not? It depends on how you interpret or manipulate the statistics ........................... 33 10. Biodiversity within GM crop fields enhanced: Non-target insects are better off. .................................................... 38 11. Farm Practices and its Influence on Biodiversity: a mixed Bag .................................................................................. 39 11.1. Nature’s fields: ancient wild crop relatives grew often in monodominant stands .............................................................................................. 39 11.2. About extreme Dynamics of Agro-Systems ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 11.3. The Influence of Agriculture on surrounding Biodiversity..................................................................................................................................... 41 12. Introduced and invasive species, a potential threat to biodiversity ........................................................................................................................ 46 13. Biodiversity as a ‘biological insurance’ against ecosystem disturbance .................................................................... 47 2 14. Agrobiodiversity and the food web of insects show extreme population dynamics ............................................... 50 15. The case of organic farming, influence on biodiversity and yield comparisons ....................................................... 50 16. Selected proposals for improving high technology agriculture related to biodiversity ........................................... 57 16.1. Biodiversity and the management of agricultural landscapes .............................................................................................................................. 57 16.2. More biodiversity through mixed cropping ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 16.3. On the wish list: more crop diversity, foster orphan crop species. ....................................................................................................................... 59 16.4. Varietal mixture of genes and seeds ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59 16.5. More biodiversity in the food web including non-target insects by reducing pesticide use with transgenic crops and other strategies ........ 60 16.6. Push- and pull strategy for reducing pest damage in maize fields........................................................................................................................ 60 16.7. Plant breeding revisited see chapter 1.2. ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 16.8. Improvement of conventional breeding ................................................................................................................................................................ 60 16.9. New ways of using biotechnology for enhancing natural resistance of crops ..................................................................................................... 61 16.10. Final remarks on the improvement list related to biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 61 17. Case studies on the impact of transgenic crops on biodiversity and health ............................................................. 62 17.1. The case of herbicide tolerant crops, Application of Conservation Tillage easier with herbicide tolerant crops .............................................. 62 17.2. The Case of Impact of Bt maize on non-target organisms .................................................................................................................................... 65 17.3. Biodiversity data in GM crops other than Bt resistance and Herbicide tolerance ............................................................................................... 69 17.4.Bt corn has less cancer causing mycotoxins than conventional corn .................................................................................................................... 70 18. Some closing words: ..................................................................................................................................................... 72 20 Cited Literature .............................................................................................................................................................. 73 3 1. The Issue: unnecessary stigmatization of GMOs Genetically engineered crops are often taken automatically for the main reason of biodiversity loss. In a special treatment on the background of the Golden Rice debate the author is describing in detail the unfortunate cultural, social and psychological situation in the western world, simply summarized the ardent, ever-lasting toxic debate is the result of a lack of real fear topics in our ultra-safe society with blatant energy and food waste. So many people are “happy” to get afraid of anything presented with a “convincing” rhetoric. A draft manuscript can be downloaded (Ammann Klaus, 20150420) , but not spread as publication: Ammann Klaus. (20150420).The Debate on the Golden Rice and its Background, a Literature Review. name citations with full-text links, April 20, 2015. ASK-FORCE 19. Neuchâtel, Switzerland. pp. 167. http://www.ask-force.org/web/AF-19--Golden-Rice-Review/Ammann-Debate-GR-Background-AF-19-names-fulltext-20150420.pdf The scientific basis
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