Voyager En Terre Brune (1933-1939) : La Construction D’Une Autre Image Du National-Socialisme Allemand Frédéric Sallée

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Voyager En Terre Brune (1933-1939) : La Construction D’Une Autre Image Du National-Socialisme Allemand Frédéric Sallée Voyager en terre brune (1933-1939) : la construction d’une autre image du national-socialisme allemand Frédéric Sallée To cite this version: Frédéric Sallée. Voyager en terre brune (1933-1939) : la construction d’une autre image du national- socialisme allemand. Histoire. 2006. dumas-01144642 HAL Id: dumas-01144642 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01144642 Submitted on 22 Apr 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Frédéric SALLEE - UFR Sciences Humaines et Sociales – Université Pierre Mendès France – - GRENOBLE II - Voyager en terre brune (1933-1939) La construction d’une autre image du national-socialisme allemand - sous la direction de Bernard BRUNETEAU - - Mémoire de Master II en Sciences humaines et sociales – - Mention : Histoire et histoire de l’art - - Spécialité : Histoire des relations et des échanges culturels internationaux – - Année 2005/2006 - « Par curiosité, j’ai voulu les connaître : On les tient pour sorciers dont l’enfer est le maître. » Corneille, Polyeucte , Acte IV, scène VI. 2 Je tiens à remercier ici celles et ceux qui m’ont encouragé et permis de réaliser une telle étude. La collecte des différentes sources a mis à contribution de nombreuses personnes au sein des différents lieux de travail fréquentés. Que ce soit le personnel de la Bibliothèque Nationale de France à Paris, de la Bibliothèque Municipale Part-Dieu de Lyon, de la Bibliothèque Universitaire Droit-Lettres de Grenoble, de la Bibliothèque Municipale Eugène Chavant de Grenoble, du Centre de Documentation Contemporaine de l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, ou du Centre d’archives des périodiques de la Médiathèque Municipale de Privas, tous m’ont permis de mener à bien mes recherches. Il convient également de saluer la gentillesse d’Adam Jantunen, professeur d’histoire politique à l’Université d’Ottawa (Canada) et spécialiste de Charles Lindbergh, pour son dévouement lors de mes différentes sollicitations dues à la complexité des différents déplacements de l’aviateur américain. Je souhaiterais également remercier tout particulièrement Monsieur Gilles Bertrand, professeur d’Histoire Moderne à l’université Pierre Mendès France de Grenoble II et spécialiste du voyage au XVIII ème siècle, pour ses nombreuses recommandations bibliographiques dans le cadre d’une telle entreprise. La rigueur de la rédaction et de la méthode enseignée en première année de Master grâce à Monsieur Olivier Forlin, maître de conférences en Histoire contemporaine, est également à saluer. Enfin, je tiens à remercier Monsieur Bernard Bruneteau, professeur d’Histoire Contemporaine à l’université Pierre Mendès France de Grenoble II, pour ses précieux conseils donnés au fil des rendez-vous, tout au long de l’élaboration et de la rédaction de ce mémoire. En couverture : Charles Lindbergh à l’aéroport de Berlin-Templehof, 1936 © Yale University Library. 3 SOMMAIRE Introduction 5 Première Partie Enjeux et débats autour du voyage en Allemagne nazie Chapitre 1 Entre Oxford et Paris, l’organisation d’un voyage atypique 14 Chapitre 2 La réception du voyage ou les premiers pas vers la polémique politique 36 Chapitre 3 Quand Berlin la brune contemplait Moscou la rouge 56 Deuxième Partie Le voyage, du laboratoire à l’observatoire Chapitre 4 Des plumes à la disposition du Reich ? 77 Chapitre 5 Voyage au cœur de l’historiographie : les révélations bibliographiques 97 Troisième Partie De Weimar à Nuremberg : un voyage à l’ombre de la « peste brune » Chapitre 6 Penser le voyage, penser le national-socialisme ? 117 Chapitre 7 Vers un projet de thèse 137 Conclusion 145 Annexes 148 Sources 172 Bibliographie 187 Index 196 Lexique 201 Table des abréviations 202 Table des figures 203 Table des matières 204 4 INTRODUCTION Voyager. Le mot à lui seul fait rêver. Mais derrière ce rêve se cache également un formidable vecteur d’informations, de connaissances et de compréhension du monde pour celui qui entreprend un départ vers un « ailleurs ». Cet « ailleurs », bon nombre d’intellectuels, de journalistes, d’écrivains et de têtes pensantes des années trente l’ont trouvé en Allemagne. Au carrefour de deux Europe, occidentale et orientale, le pays de Germania n’a cessé d’intriguer, de fasciner ou de dérouter ceux qui s’y sont aventurés. Le voyage est ici le fruit d’une tradition s’expliquant par l’attrait culturel que représente l’Allemagne. Déjà au début du XIX ème siècle, d’Allemagne, Madame de Staël déclarait qu’il fallait « dans nos temps modernes, avoir l’esprit européen »1. Depuis le XIX ème siècle, un engouement de la part des Français à franchir le Rhin est réel. Enquêtes approfondies de la société 2 ou simple voyage touristique 3, le voyage en Allemagne est loin d’être relégué au déplacement de second rang malgré la frénésie de l’époque pour les destinations du Levant ou de l’Afrique du Nord. De hauts lieux de sociabilité comme les Sociétés de Géographie y organisent régulièrement des séjours et livrent un compte rendu détaillé du voyage. 4 L’Allemagne, malgré sa proximité géographique de la France, est donc bel et bien une terre de voyage. Les philosophes des Lumières avaient déjà assimilé cette évidence. Ainsi, Jean le Rond d’Alembert, philosophe et mathématicien du XVIII ème siècle écrivait de manière visionnaire et ironique que « l’Allemagne est faite pour y voyager, l’Italie pour y séjourner, l’Angleterre pour y penser et la France pour y vivre ». 5 Du voyage formateur au voyage d’agrément, l’Allemagne a vu, depuis les Lumières, défiler de nombreux étrangers sur son sol. Les Français ne sont pas les seuls à s’intéresser à cette entité germanique. En effet, c’est 1 Madame de Staël, De l’Allemagne , Paris, 1813. Madame de Staël visita l’Allemagne à de nombreuses reprises et livra une masse abondante d’écrits dont les principaux furent les Lettres sur l’Allemagne , rédigées lors de son premier voyage en 1803 et De l’Allemagne , écrit entre 1808 et 1810 mais paru seulement en 1813. On peut également noter la redécouverte du séjour de Madame de Staël en Allemagne en 1939 avec la parution de l’ouvrage de Maurice Bastian intitulé Madame de Staël en Allemagne. Cf. Maurice Bastian, Madame de Staël en Allemagne , Genève, Oberthür, 1939, 34 p. 2 Cf. Albert Montenont, Voyage à Dresde et dans les Vosges contenant la description de ces contrées et quelques villes de l’Allemagne, avec les mœurs et coutumes des habitants, les curiosités naturelles, industrielles et autres , Paris, Chez Ledoyen, 1861, 152 p. 3 Cf. Louis Barthou, Notes de voyage. En Belgique et en Hollande, trois jours en Allemagne , Paris, Grasset, 1888, 97 p. 4 On peut par exemple citer le voyage en Allemagne de la Société de Géographie de Lille en 1899 qui donna lieu à un ouvrage collectif. Cf. Henri Beaufort (dir.), Voyage en Allemagne et en Autriche , Lille, Editions de la Société de Géographie de Lille, 1899, 134 p. 5 Jean le Rond d’Alembert, Eloge de Montesquieu , Paris, 1758. 5 l’ensemble des pays occidentaux qui se voit être sujet à une vague de voyages en Allemagne entre 1870 et 1939. L’ « esprit du voyageur »6 est alors situé entre le Rhin et le Danube, sur les terres de Goethe et Schopenhauer, modèles récurrents dans l’imagerie commune du voyageur en Allemagne. Ainsi, c’est dans une dimension internationale qu’il convient de placer le voyage effectué dans l’Allemagne contemporaine, et plus singulièrement dans celle des années trente. Que ce soit de Paris, de New-York ou de Londres, les élites se pressent aux frontières germaniques pour tenter de percer les secrets d’une nouvelle expérience politique en gestation depuis 1919 : le national-socialisme. Incarné en la personne d’Adolf Hitler, le national- socialisme (nazisme) allemand profita de la crise politique de la République de Weimar et de la fin du régime parlementaire pour se hisser légalement au pouvoir. Les événements qui jalonnèrent l’arrivée rapide du nazisme au sommet de la politique allemande sont bien connus de la recherche historique, de la chute du député S.P.D. Herman Muller en 1929 à l’investiture légale d’Hitler à la chancellerie par le président Hindenburg le 30 janvier 1933. Si les événements de la politique intérieure jouissent d’une « lisibilité » historique certaine, qu’en est-il de la perception étrangère de cette arrivée soudaine du nazisme au pouvoir ? Le voyage d’étrangers en Allemagne à partir de 1933 permet-il de rendre compte de l’évolution intérieure du national-socialisme ? C’est dans cette optique que le voyage peut et doit être considéré comme un champ d’étude nécessaire à la compréhension de cette expérience politique singulière. Pouvant paraître anodin, le voyage s’intègre pourtant parfaitement au domaine politique. En effet, le voyage en Allemagne reste un genre globalement bien représenté dans la presse française depuis 1870, que ce soit sous forme de reportages au sein de périodiques ou de livres édités à la suite d’une enquête sur le terrain. Résultat d’une demande manifeste du public ou simple désir de revanche en souhaitant décrédibiliser le vainqueur de 1870 ? Les motivations restent troubles, comme le souligne justement Cécile Chombard-Gaudin dans son brillant article sur les images de Berlin chez les voyageurs. 7 Quoi qu’il en soit, l’Allemagne intéresse. On s’y déplace, s’y promène ou s’y retrouve.
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