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Fuentes Grecolatinas Y UNIVEESmAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Filología Upto. de Filología Latina EL MITO DE PROSÉRPIMA: FUENTES GRECOLATINAS Y PERVIVENCIA EN LA LITERATURA ESPANOLA. DIRECTOR: Dr. Vicente Cristóbal López REALIZADA POR: M. Dolores Castro Jiménez ANO: 1991. A mi madre a Manuel a Julio INTRODUCClON Cuando comenzamos las investigaciones sobre el mito de Prosérpina y sus, entonces posibles, recreaciones en la lite- ratura española, intentábamos acercarnos a una historia, una narración mítica cre, sin lugar a dudas y como hemos podido comprobar, habría sido utilizada como elemento narrativo, dramático o poético en nuestra literatura. La elección de este tema nos iba a permitir, centrándonos en las fuentes latinas, remontarnos a sus predecesores griegos y proyectarnos hacia la literatura española. Los elementos a analizar eran, por tanto, fundamentalmente las fuentes latinas, como más accesibles para nuestros autores y las obras que a nuestro mito hicieran referencia desde los origenes medievales de la literatura española hasta la actualidad. No olvidábamos en absoluto aquellos otros textos que, sin ser obra de autores latinos, podían constituirse en intermediarios entre las distintas narraciones clásicas” sobre nuestro mito y los textos españoles que 2 pretendíamos presentar. Bajo este planteamiento, era lógico que el prisma de análisis inicial, el método de acercamiento al tema en un primer momento, se centrara única y exclusivamente en los conceptos más clásicos y tradicionales de la literatura comparada tal y como los enumera René Wellek: “La letteratura comparata si é aggrappata alíe “relazioni reali’, fonti ed influenze, scrittori ““intermedian” e reputazioni” (1). Indudablemente, no es la función de nuesta investigación ir mucho más allá, pero el propio desarrollo de la misma nos ha llevado a introducir una serie de elementos que, por otro lado, no han sido extraños ni a la literatura comparada ni a los estudios de tradición clásica. Era lógico que tuviéramos que partir de estos elementos y de las concepciones más clásicas, idealistas, de autores como Benedetto Croce, Karl Voesler; o neoidealistas, Erich Auerbach, Leo Spitzer o Ernst Robert Curtius. Entender, como hemos hecho, este planteamiento, tal y como lo define Renzi al referirse a Auerbach: “le vaniet& regionalí sono variet~ di una stessa unit&. La base di questa é data dall’eredit& greco-latina coniugata a quella cristiana medievale. In questa prospettiva di secoli, i contrasti culturali di epoche intere sfociano nella fondazione d’una comune cultura europea”(2), de una manera concreta, no quita, como es lógico, para que obviáramos determinadas intenciones finalistas o idealistas del mismo que nos conducirían a una simple concepción 3 en la que la literatura, a través de sus elementos temáticos globales, se entenderla condicionada, por una especie de entidad única, desde la que cualquier manifestación cultural y humana buscarla la unidad, no en su punto de partida, sino, necesaria- mente también en su intento de llegada. No es esto lo que pretende nuestra investigación, sino, por el contrario, atender a aquello que es fuente cultural común, las diferentes fuentes estudiadas de forma comparativa, y la función que de sus elementos hace uso nuestra literatura. Nos vuelve de nuevo Renzi y, en este caso Curtius, a la memoria: ‘Di nuovo il Medioevo latino é ritenuto il momento essenziale per la formazione d’una cultura europea unitaria, quella della storia dei temi comuni, di quei topoi dei quali & seguita la continut& dell’ antichitá fin dentro alíe moderne letterature nazionalí” (3). En esta dicotomía local/universal, la crítica romántica, como decíamos centraba sólo su atención en el concepto de universalidad. Así nos lo plantea Cioranescu: ‘Germinaba en ciertos espíritus románticos, caracterizados por la excepcional amplitud de su visión histórica, la idea de una unidad de fondo en todas las literaturas por encima de las fronteras de los pueblos y de sus idiomas. La existencia de una república literaria europea, cuyos ideales comunes parecen haber 4 1’ sobrevivido a todas las vicisitudes de la historia, la presencia de un caudal ideológico más o menos común, hacían pensar a estos escrutadores de los destinos de la humanidad, que por debajo de las formas accidentales de la cultura debía existir una unidad fundamental, espontánea y no condicionada por contactos, por intercambios o por casos peculiares de influencia o imitación” (4) Frente a este planteamiento, este que podríamos llamar comparatismo puro y clásico, y aún sin perderlo de vista ni desdeñarlo, nuestro trabajo debía servir para ser entendido a través de un eje a dos vertientes. En primer lugar, el establecimiento de coincidencias no casuales con otras literaturas, es decir provocadas por condicionamientos de tipo histórico, social, etc... comunes, de ahí, en parte, la elección de un criterio cronológico en la presentación. Con él pretendemos, en parte, facilitar la tarea a aquellos que quisieran relacionar los testimonios de nuestra literatura con los de otras literaturas europeas, pues hemos de hacer notar el gran número de obras de arte, tanto literarias, como pertenecientes a otros órdenes de las manifestaciones artísticas que tienen como fundamento nuestro mito; por ejemplo, Cian Battista Marino escribió, basándose en Claudiano, un poema épico Proserpina (1620); a Disraeli le sirvió como tema para una novela humorística, The Infernal )4arriage <1833); Goethe lo utilizó en un drama (Proserpina 1776), basándose en Ovidio; 5 Shelley describió a Prosérpina recogiendo flores (1839) y G. D’Annunzio incluyó un “Himno a Proserpina” en su novela Xl fuoczo (1900) (5). La segunda vertiente a la que aludíamos, eje fundamental de nuestro trabajo, era el establecimiento de las dependencias entre los textos, entre las propias fuentes y las recreaciones. Ello nos obliga a introducir, sin lugar a dudas, un concepto de gran rendimiento en nuestra investigación el concepto de “utilización” y recreación Partimos de un supuesto fundamental, el de la intemporalidad de los elementos que podríamos definir en nuestro trabajo como elementos “base”, elementos de cultura, es decir, aquellos que vendrían a conformar el mito y a ser conocidos, total o parcialmente, por nuestros autores. En palabras de L. Gil: “Lo que los personajes del mito y sus vivencias representan, por ser algo inherente a la realidad específica del hombre, trasciende los limites de la contingencia histórica, rebasa los condicionamientos de época. De ahí la intemporalidad del mito griego y el que, una y otra vez, a lo largo de los siglos haya suscitado el mismo deseo de plasmarlo en formas o en palabras, como si lanzase un reto perenne a la imaginación y a la sensibilidad de los artistas. En esto radica ese fenómeno que con un feo nombre llamamos “recurrencia”. (6) 6 rl A A El mito se conoce y, desde ese conocimiento, se produce una utilización intencional, consciente y con finalidades diferentes, de él como conjunto, de alguna de sus partes como elementos bien estructuradores de todo el texto, bien de apoyo, o de alguna de las narraciones míticas concretas, dependientes de una fuente también concreta. Nos habríamos introducido así dentro del concepto del “mito tecnicizzato” tal y como nos lo presenta Puno Jesi al hacer referencia a un trabajo de XC. Icerényi: “Altretanto non pub dirsi per le manifestazioni del mito non genuino, del mito “tecnicizzato” —secondo la definizione di Kerényi-, e cioé evocato intenzionalmente dall’uomo per conseguire determinati scopi (...) Le immagini del mito tecnicizzato sono, inoltre, immagini deformate nel senso della finalitá dei tecnicizzatori per il fatto stesso di essere state evocate intenzionalmente da essi.”<7) Queda desde estas premisas establecido el concepto de tiempo como elemento de periodización de los sistemas literarios (8) y en el modo en el que se va a utilizar en nuestra investigación, es decir: existen unas fuentes pertenecientes a una época y unas recreaciones pertenecientes a otra, las necesidades de cada época y autor crean una estética distinta: géneros, temas, argumentos, motivos, tópicos varian. Nos adherimos en este sentido a las palabras de Dámaso Alonso: “el primer axioma de la crítica es que ninguna época se equivoca estéticamente <...) y que el valor que en definitiva haya de tener el arte de una determinada época, es 7 ya fallo de la historia: una sedimentación valorativa que va dejando —a lo largo de su trascurso— la Humanidad” <9). Puesto que nuestro trabajo atiende, en parte, a las muestras del mito en la literatura española tendremos que tener en cuenta también la existencia de peculiaridades derivadas de este hecho (“esencias y sustratos”), cuando interpretemos en su conjunto las recreaciones <10). Tendremos que tener en cuenta también que en la recreación del mito algunos elementos permanecen, mientras que otros se omiten. La aparición de determinados motivos del mito y supre- sión de otros podrá entenderse, por tanto, como un elemento de diversificación. “Todos los temas —hasta el amor y la muerte—, nos dice Claudio Guillén, se fragmentan y subdividen. La cos- tumbre, la reiteración, el retorno cíclico ceden paso al cambio. Cambian no sólo las formas, las palabras, las individualidades sino lo que los hombres y las mujeres sienten, valoran y declaran” (11). Pretendemos así exponer cómo el mito o cada una de sus partes, que ya era tema de textos, se convierte de nuevo en tema de otros textos. En ocasiones en tema fundamental, estructurador o inspirador de éstos; en otras, en elemento de un texto cuyo tema fundamental es más amplio; y, por último, en aquello que se 8 Ma pretende explicar o justificar. No es el objetivo de esta tesis, por tanto, entrar en el proceso de creación de un texto, pero si el interesarse en los elementos que conscientemente funcionan en él y lo constituyen, tomando como elemento de referencia el mito de Prosérpina. Para ello, nos ha parecido que el método que debíamos utilizar era el de averiguar y presentar las relaciones de intertextualidad que se establecían entre cada uno de los textos y las fuentes, constatando las presencias y las ausencias que, como decíamos, entendemos significativas, en las narraciones míticas y sus recreaciones o utilizaciones.
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