DOCSLIB.ORG

Read the Full Publication Here

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Read the Full Publication Here 4 SEPTEMBER 2019 Guns and glory: Criminality, imprisonment Ian Acheson and jihadist Amanda Paul extremism in Europe (eds.) EDITORS Ian Acheson, Senior Advisor, Counter Extremism Project Amanda Paul, Senior Policy Analyst, European Policy Centre EDITING Emi Vergels GRAPHIC DESIGN Mariusz Dabek - mgraphicdesign.eu PHOTOGRAPHY AFP Forum LEGAL DEPOSIT D/2019/10.825/2 September 2019 With the kind support of the Counter Extremism Project Guns and glory: Criminality, imprisonment and jihadist extremism in Europe Ian Acheson Amanda Paul (eds.) EUROPEAN POLICY CENTRE – COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT 1 PREFACE Interest in the nexus between crime and terror has increased in recent years. This is due in part to terror attacks in Europe carried out by individuals with a criminal history and in part to the large number of European foreign terrorist fighters with criminal backgrounds. This publication presents new research intended to help solve a deep-rooted and ever-evolving problem. It is the result of vigorous and fruitful cooperation between experts at the Counter Extremism Project and the European Policy Centre. We are grateful for the additional support from EPC in the production and design of this important report. The urgent need for the European Union to counter radicalisation in all its forms is clear, but the solutions are complex. We hope that readers will find the following chapters illuminating, and that decision makers use them to inform their policies. This report is a starting point for further deliberation on how to tackle the growing problem of the nexus between crime and terror in the European Union and its neighbourhood. David Ibsen Executive Director, Counter Extremism Project (CEP) 2 GUNS AND GLORY: CRIMINALITY, IMPRISONMENT AND JIHADIST EXTREMISM IN EUROPE TABLE OF CONTENT About the project 6 About the authors 7 List of abbreviations 9 Introduction 11 1 Albania 15 2 Belgium 25 3 France 35 4 Germany 45 5 Kosovo 53 6 The Netherlands 61 7 North Macedonia 71 8 Republic of Ireland 79 9 Sweden 87 10 United Kingdom 97 11 Conclusions & recommendations 107 EUROPEAN POLICY CENTRE – COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT 3 The European Policy Centre (EPC) is an independent, not-for- profit think tank dedicated to fostering European integration through analysis and debate. The Europe in the World Programme scrutinises the impacts of a changing international system on Europe, and probes how the EU and its member states can leverage their untapped potential to advance their interests and values on a regional and global level. It thus examines the evolution of EU relations with major powers, such as the United States, China, and Russia, and how Europe can contribute to a rules-based global order. Second, the Programme focuses on the role of the EU in fostering reforms, resilience and stability in neighbouring regions. It looks closely at the developments in Turkey and Ukraine. Third, the Programme examines how the EU can strengthen its security in the face of terrorism, jihadist radicalisation or hybrid and cyber threats. It also seeks to advance the debate on Europe’s defence policy. 4 GUNS AND GLORY: CRIMINALITY, IMPRISONMENT AND JIHADIST EXTREMISM IN EUROPE The Counter Extremism Project (CEP) is a not-for-profit, non-partisan, international policy organisation formed to combat the growing threat from extremist ideologies. Led by a renowned group of former world leaders and diplomats, it combats extremism by pressuring financial and material support networks; countering the narrative of extremists and their online recruitment; and advocating for smart laws, policies, and regulations. Extremists are spreading their ideology and recruiting support across the globe, posing a complex and urgent challenge that cannot be addressed by government alone. There is a responsibility for private groups and individuals to organize in opposition to extremists. To this end, CEP is: q assembling an extensive research and analysis database on extremist groups and their networks of support, providing an indispensable resource to governments, the media, NGOs and civil society organizations, and the general public; q exposing channels of financial and material support to extremist groups; q using the latest communications, social media, and technological tools to identify and reveal the extremist threat and directly counter extremist ideology and recruitment online; and q assisting policymakers around the world to devise legislation and regulations that effectively combat extremism. EUROPEAN POLICY CENTRE – COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT 5 ABOUT THE PROJECT From October 2018 until the summer of 2019, the European Policy Centre (EPC) and the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) partnered in a research project looking at the link between criminality – including organised crime groups, local petty crime gangs or individuals – and jihadist terrorism, which culminated in this book. These days, terrorist groups, in particular the so-called Islamic State (ISIS), are increasingly recruiting individuals with backgrounds in crime and using their skills, connections in the criminal world, and experience with law enforcement bodies to finance, plan, prepare and execute their attacks. This recruitment takes place both outside and inside prisons. In this context, EPC and CEP experts have carried out an independent assessment of these urgent challenges as they occur in ten European countries (Albania, Belgium, France, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). Drawing on this, they have proposed a number of bold recommendations to European governments and EU institutions to counter the ongoing threat when criminality intersects with jihadist terrorism. 6 GUNS AND GLORY: CRIMINALITY, IMPRISONMENT AND JIHADIST EXTREMISM IN EUROPE ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ian Acheson is an international expert on violent extremism in prisons and prison reform. Much of his experience is operational, having been gained from 25 years of experience in the UK criminal justice system, from the frontline to command and policymaking. In 2016, he led the ground-breaking independent review of the threat posed by Islamist extremism in the British prison and probation system on behalf of the UK government. He writes and speaks widely in the media on prison regimes for ideological offenders and the reintegration of terrorist offenders after custody. In 2018, Acheson joined the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) as a Senior Advisor on this critical challenge. Amanda Paul is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Europe in the World Programme at the European Policy Centre (EPC), where she focuses on Turkey, conflict resolution in the Black Sea region, EU foreign policy in its Eastern neighbourhood and Russian foreign policy in the former Soviet space and Middle East. Since 2016, she has also led EPC work on preventing and countering violent extremism and the challenge of jihadist radicalisation. Paul is also a Senior Associate Fellow at the International Centre for Policy Studies, a leading Kyiv-based think tank, and Senior Advisor for issues related to the Eurasia region at Stober, Poltavets and Associates Consultants. She has also worked as a columnist in the Turkish media for ten years. Prior to joining the EPC, Paul worked with the Brussels-based Centre for European Policy Studies, the German multinational Türk Henkel, and for the European Commission. Paul holds an MA in International Relations from the University of Staffordshire. EUROPEAN POLICY CENTRE – COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT 7 With contributions from: Ivano di Carlo is a Junior Policy Analyst in the Europe in the World Programme at the EPC. Before joining the EPC, he worked at NATO, the European Investment Bank, the University of Warwick, Boeing and the ASEAN Centre. He holds a Master from the University of Warwick as well as a Double Masters from the Higher School of Economics in Moscow and the University of Bologna. Francesca Fabbri is a former Policy Analyst in the Europe in the World Programme at the EPC, where she focused on EU external policies and relations with the Middle East and North Africa. Since May 2019, she is a Policy Officer in the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations. Prior to joining the EPC, she worked at the European Institute of the Mediterranean. Fabbri holds a Master in International Cooperation with the Middle East from the University of Bologna. 8 GUNS AND GLORY: CRIMINALITY, IMPRISONMENT AND JIHADIST EXTREMISM IN EUROPE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIVD Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst) BCRP French Central office for prison intelligence (Bureau central du renseignement pénitentiaire) BfV German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) BKA German Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt) BMI German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat) CPS United Kingdom’s Crown Prosecution Service CTI Irish Counter-Terrorism International CVE counter violent extremism DDP United Kingdom’s Desistance and Disengagement Programme DES Directorate for the Execution of Sanctions DGSE French Directorate-General for External Security (Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure) DGSI French Directorate-General for Internal Security (Direction générale de la Sécurité intérieure) EU European Union EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Europol European Union Agency for Law Enforcement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EU and Member States' Policies and Laws on Persons Suspected Of
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS’ RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS EU and Member States’ policies and laws on persons suspected of terrorism- related crimes STUDY Abstract This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE Committee), presents an overview of the legal and policy framework in the EU and 10 select EU Member States on persons suspected of terrorism-related crimes. The study analyses how Member States define suspects of terrorism- related crimes, what measures are available to state authorities to prevent and investigate such crimes and how information on suspects of terrorism-related crimes is exchanged between Member States. The comparative analysis between the 10 Member States subject to this study, in combination with the examination of relevant EU policy and legislation, leads to the development of key conclusions and recommendations. PE 596.832 EN 1 ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and was commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation
    [Show full text]
  • Activity Report 2016
    ACTIVITY REPORT 2016 ACTIVITY REPORT 2016 Review Investigations, Control of Special Intelligence Methods and Recommendations Belgian Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee Belgian Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee Cambridge – Antwerp – Portland Th e Dutch and French language versions of this report are the offi cial versions. In case of confl ict between the Dutch and French language versions and the English language version, the meaning of the fi rst ones shall prevail. Activity Report 2016. Review Investigations, Control of Special Intelligence Methods and Recommendations Belgian Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee Belgian Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee Rue de Louvain 48, 1000 Brussels – Belgium + 32 (0)2 286 29 11 [email protected] www.comiteri.be © 2018 Intersentia Cambridge – Antwerp – Portland www.intersentia.com ISBN 978-1-78068-642-4 D/2018/7849/27 NUR 823 All rights reserved. Nothing from this report may be reproduced, stored in an automated database or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior consent of the publishers, except as expressly required by law. CONTENTS List of abbreviations . vii Introduction . xi ACTIVITY REPORT 2016 Table of contents of the complete Activity Report . 3 Preface . 9 Review investigations . 11 Control of special intelligence methods . 85 Recommendations . 113 APPENDICES Extract of the Act of 18 July 1991 governing Review of the Police and Intelligence Services and the Coordination Unit for Th reat Assessment . 125 Extract of the Act of 30 November 1998 governing the Intelligence and Security Services . 143 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCC Belgian Criminal Code BCCP Belgian Code of Civil Procedure BICS Belgacom International Carrier Services BOJ Belgian Offi cial Journal CCB Centre for Cybersecurity Belgium (Centrum voor Cybersecurity België – Centre pour la cybersécurité Belgique) CCIRM Collection coordination and intelligence requirements management CHOD Chief of Defence C.O.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Paper (PDF)
    Worldwide Readership Research Symposium 2007 Session 2 Paper 9 FREE NEWSPAPER READERSHIP Piet Bakker, Amsterdam School of Communications Research, University of Amsterdam Abstract Twelve years after the introduction of the first free commuter newspaper in Sweden, circulation of free newspapers has risen to 40 million daily copies. Readership of free newspapers is more complex and in many cases harder to pin down. In general it is different from readership of paid newspapers. The first difference concerns the demographics of the readers: free papers target the affluent 18 to 34 group and in many cases try to achieve that by choosing particular ways of distribution, and also by concentrating on specific content. Age, indeed seems to be significantly lower in most cases although the average readers does not seem to be particularly wealthy. The second distinct feature is the amount of unique readers of free newspaper. Results on the few available cases indicate that around half of the readers only read papers although also lower levels have been reported. The third issue concerns readers per copy. The traditional free commuter daily can reach to a rather high number of readers per copy; but with many markets reaching free newspaper saturation this number seems to be dropping, whereas free door-to-door distributed free papers and afternoon papers have a lower readership per copy. In this paper we will present information on these three issues from a dozen markets, using audited readership data. Free Newspaper Readership The World Association of Newspapers (2007) reported on the year 2006 that daily circulation of newspapers increased with 4.61 percent (25 million copies) compared to 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • The Toulouse Murders
    \\jciprod01\productn\J\JSA\4-1\JSA127.txt unknown Seq: 1 28-JUN-12 15:42 The Toulouse Murders Manfred Gerstenfeld* On March 19, 2012, Mohammed Merah, a Frenchman of Algerian ori- gin, killed a teacher and three children in front of the Toulouse Jewish school Otzar Hatorah. Earlier that month, he murdered three French soldiers. A few days after the Toulouse murders, Merah was killed in a shootout with French police.1 Murders in France and elsewhere are frequent, and a significant per- centage of murder victims are children. Yet the murder by this fanatic drew worldwide attention,2 which usually focused far more on the killing of the Jewish victims than that of the soldiers. For French Jews, this tragedy recalled events of past decades, the more so as the murderer was an Al Qaeda sympathizer. Six people in the Jewish Goldenberg restaurant in Paris were killed in 1982 by terrorists, most prob- ably from the Arab Abu Nidal group.3 In the past decade, antisemitic motives were behind murders of Jews committed by Muslims living in France. Sebastien Selam, a Jewish disc jockey, was killed by his Muslim childhood friend and neighbor Adel Amastaibou in 2003. Medical experts found the murderer mentally insane. When the judges accepted this conclusion, such finding prevented a trial in which the antisemitism of substantial parts of the French Muslim commu- 1. Murray Wardrop, Chris Irvine, Raf Sanchez, and Amy Willis, “Toulouse Siege as It Happened,” Telegraph, March 22, 2012. 2. Edward Cody, “Mohammed Merah, Face of the New Terrorism,” Washing- ton Post, March 22, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Binnenwerk Engels.1997
    Annual Report 1998 Distribution Paper Delivery The reader There is also a version on Internet. The address is: http://www.telegraaf.nl CONTENTS Managing Board..................................................................................................................4 Supervisory Board Members ................................................................................................. 5 Report of the Supervisory Board to the shareholders .............................................................. 6 Consolidated key figures....................................................................................................... 7 Report for the year 1998 of Stichting Administratiekantoor van aandelen N.V. Holdingmaatschappij De Telegraaf .................................................................................. 8 Declaration of Independence................................................................................................. 8 Annual Report The Company ...................................................................................................................... 9 Amsterdam operations.......................................................................................................... 17 Newspaper business............................................................................................................. 19 De Telegraaf Tijdschriften Groep ............................................................................................ 22 Audiovisual activities and electronic media ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Nairobi Attack and Al-Shabab's Media Strategy
    OCTOBER 2013 . VOL 6 . ISSUE 10 Contents The Nairobi Attack and FEATURE ARTICLE 1 The Nairobi Attack and Al-Shabab’s Al-Shabab’s Media Strategy Media Strategy By Christopher Anzalone By Christopher Anzalone REPORTS 6 The Dutch Foreign Fighter Contingent in Syria By Samar Batrawi 10 Jordanian Jihadists Active in Syria By Suha Philip Ma’ayeh 13 The Islamic Movement and Iranian Intelligence Activities in Nigeria By Jacob Zenn 19 Kirkuk’s Multidimensional Security Crisis By Derek Henry Flood 22 The Battle for Syria’s Al-Hasakah Province By Nicholas A. Heras 25 Recent Highlights in Terrorist Activity 28 CTC Sentinel Staff & Contacts Kenyan soldiers take positions outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi on September 21, 2013. - Photo by Jeff Angote/Getty Images fter carrying out a bold Godane. The attack also followed a attack inside the upscale year in which al-Shabab lost control Westgate Mall in Nairobi in of significant amounts of territory in September 2013, the Somali Somalia, most importantly major urban Amilitant group al-Shabab succeeded in and economic centers such as the cities recapturing the media spotlight. This of Baidoa and Kismayo. was in large part due to the nature of the attack, its duration, the difficulty This article examines al-Shabab’s About the CTC Sentinel in resecuring the mall, the number of media strategy during and immediately The Combating Terrorism Center is an casualties, and al-Shabab’s aggressive after the Westgate Mall attack, both independent educational and research media campaign during and immediately via micro-blogging on Twitter through institution based in the Department of Social after the attack.1 its various accounts as well as more Sciences at the United States Military Academy, traditional media formats such as West Point.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq
    Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq An Analysis of open-source intelligence and statistical data Linus Gustafsson Magnus Ranstorp Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq An analysis of open-source intelligence and statistical data Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq An analysis of open-source intelligence and statistical data Authors: Linus Gustafsson Magnus Ranstorp Swedish Defence University 2017 Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: An analysis of open-source intelligence and statistical data Linus Gustafsson & Magnus Ranstorp © Swedish Defence University, Linus Gustafsson & Magnus Ranstorp 2017 No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Swedish material law is applied to this book. The contents of the book has been reviewed and authorized by the Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership. Printed by: Arkitektkopia AB, Bromma 2017 ISBN 978-91-86137-64-9 For information regarding publications published by the Swedish Defence University, call +46 8 553 42 500, or visit our home page www.fhs.se/en/research/internet-bookstore/. Summary Summary The conflict in Syria and Iraq has resulted in an increase in the number of violent Islamist extremists in Sweden, and a significant increase of people from Sweden travelling to join terrorist groups abroad. Since 2012 it is estimated that about 300 people from Sweden have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join terrorist groups such as the Islamic State (IS) and, to a lesser extent, al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Jabhat al-Nusra. Even though the foreign fighter issue has been on the political agenda for several years and received considerable media attention, very little is known about the Swedish contingent.
    [Show full text]
  • PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 11, Issue 5
    ISSN 2334-3745 Volume V, Issue 5 October 2017 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 11, Issue 5 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors......................................................................................................1 Articles Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons: A Review of Key Recent Research and Critical Research Gaps.........................................................................................................................2 by Andrew Silke and Tinka Veldhuis The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric..................12 by Ariel Koch Exploring the Continuum of Lethality: Militant Islamists’ Targeting Preferences in Europe....................................................................................................................................24 by Cato Hemmingby Research Notes On and Off the Radar: Tactical and Strategic Responses to Screening Known Potential Terrorist Attackers................................................................................................................41 by Thomas Quiggin Resources Terrorism Bookshelf.............................................................................................................50 Capsule Reviews by Joshua Sinai Bibliography: Terrorist Organizations: Cells, Networks, Affiliations, Splits......................67 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Bibliography: Life Cycles of Terrorism..............................................................................107 Compiled and selected by Judith
    [Show full text]
  • DEALING with JIHADISM a Policy Comparison Between the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK and the US (2010 to 2017)
    DEALING WITH JIHADISM A policy comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK and the US (2010 to 2017) Stef Wittendorp, Roel de Bont, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker ISGA Report Dealing with jihadism: A policy comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK, and the US (2010 to 2017) Stef Wittendorp, Roel de Bont, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker December 2017 (the research was completed in October 2016) ISSN 2452-0551 e-ISSN 2452-056X © 2017, Stef Wittendorp / Roel de Bont / Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn / Edwin Bakker / Leiden University Cover design: Oscar Langley www.oscarlangley.com All rights reserved. Without limiting the right under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior permission of both the copyright owners Leiden University and the authors of the book. Table of Contents List with abbreviations................................................................................................ 5 List with tables and figures ....................................................................................... 10 Summary .................................................................................................................. 11 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13 2
    [Show full text]
  • Extremism and Terrorism
    Ireland: Extremism and Terrorism On December 19, 2019, Cloverhill District Court in Dublin granted Lisa Smith bail following an appeal hearing. Smith, a former member of the Irish Defense Forces, was arrested at Dublin Airport on suspicion of terrorism offenses following her return from Turkey in November 2019. According to Irish authorities, Smith was allegedly a member of ISIS. Smith was later examined by Professor Anne Speckhard who determined that Smith had “no interest in rejoining or returning to the Islamic State.” Smith’s trial is scheduled for January 2022. (Sources: Belfast Telegraph, Irish Post) Ireland saw an increase in Islamist and far-right extremism throughout 2019, according to Europol. In 2019, Irish authorities arrested five people on suspicions of supporting “jihadi terrorism.” This included Smith’s November 2019 arrest. An additional four people were arrested for financing jihadist terrorism. Europol also noted a rise in far-right extremism, based on the number of Irish users in leaked user data from the far-right website Iron March. (Source: Irish Times) Beginning in late 2019, concerns grew that the possible return of a hard border between British-ruled Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after Brexit could increase security tensions in the once war-torn province. The Police Services of Northern Ireland recorded an increase in violent attacks along the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland border in 2019 and called on politicians to take action to heal enduring divisions in society. According to a representative for the New IRA—Northern Ireland’s largest dissident organization—the uncertainty surrounding Brexit provided the group a politicized platform to carry out attacks along the U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • From Criminals to Terrorists and Back?
    FROM CRIMINALS TO TERRORISTS AND BACK? KICK-OFF REPORT www.globsec.org AUTHORS Kacper Rekawek, Head of Defence and Security Programme, GLOBSEC Policy Institute Stanislav Matejka, Junior Research Fellow, Defence and Security Programme, GLOBSEC Policy Institute Martina Babikova, GLOBSEC Policy Institute Tomas Nagy, Research Fellow, Defence and Security Programme, GLOBSEC Policy Institute Jakub Rafay, GLOBSEC Policy Institute Design by Peter Verček, GLOBSEC The following distinguished partners were consulted in the process of preparation of this report. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. • Austria - Daniela Pisoiu • Bulgaria - Rositsa Dzhekova, Nadya Stoynova • France - Olivier de France, Damien Saverot, Pierre Colomina • Germany - Matenia Sirseloudi • Greece - Eleni Fotou • Ireland - Orla Lynch • Italy - Marco Lombardi, Giovanni Giacalone, Nicolò Spagna • Netherlands - Jessica Sciarone, Bart Schuurman • Spain - Fernando Reinares, Carola García Calvo, Álvaro Vicente • United Kingdom - John Morrison, Aleksandra Łojek The project is funded under PMI IMPACT, a global grant initiative of Philip Morris International to support projects against illegal trade. GLOBSEC is fully independent in implementing the project and has editorial responsibility for all views and opinions expressed herein. CONTENTS PROJECT SUMMARY 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 FROM CRIMINALS TO TERRORISTS AND BACK? 10 INTRODUCING CRIME-TERROR NEXUS 10 RESEARCHING THE CRIME-TERROR NEXUS: CHALLENGES 12 RESEARCHING THE NEXUS: WHAT IS NEXT?
    [Show full text]
  • Bachelor's Thesis
    Bachelor’s thesis Belgium as a victim or a culprit? A comparative analysis of framing the 2016 Brussels bombings in Flemish and Dutch newspapers A thesis presented to The Department of Communication and Information Studies, Radboud University Freya Gommans, Radboud University Nijmegen International Business Communication, Faculty of Arts Supervisors: A. Rafiee and W. Spooren 7th of June, 2019 Bachelor’s thesis, Freya Gommans Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Theoretical framework 6 Framing 6 Framing terrorism 7 Flanders and the Netherlands 9 Present study 10 Method 12 Materials 12 Model of analysis 12 Procedure 13 Statistical treatment 14 Results 15 Quantitative analyses 15 Qualitative analyses 16 Conclusion and discussion 20 Bibliography 23 Appendices 25 Appendix A Model of Analysis, based on Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) 25 Appendix B Interrater reliability per item of the model of analysis 27 Appendix C Newspaper article: NRC Handelsblad in Dutch 29 Appendix D Newspaper article NRC Handelsblad in English 31 Appendix E Newspaper article: De Standaard in Dutch 33 Appendix F Newspaper article: De Standaard in English 36 Appendix G Statement of own work 39 2 Bachelor’s thesis, Freya Gommans Abstract In this dissertation, a cross-national analysis of framing the 22nd of March 2016 Brussels bombings in Dutch and Flemish national newspapers is presented. The purpose of the study was to investigate how Dutch and Flemish newspapers framed the bombings and explain how the differences in framing may relate to the different cultural contexts. Analyzing a corpus of 104 articles of Dutch and Flemish quality newspapers, it was found that Flemish newspapers opted for a more personal approach, bringing a human face to the issue and presenting Belgium as a victim.
    [Show full text]