DOCSLIB.ORG

Poison -L Eaf/Gifb Laar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poison -L Eaf/Gifb Laar Di ch a petalu m Cym os um (POISON -L EAF/GI F B LAAR) . A NEVERENDING PROBLEM . F.V. BESTER Ministryof Agriculture,Water and Forestry, PrivateBag 13184, Windhoek. Namibia. ABSTRACT characteristicsof the distributionarea of gifblaaris a sandy, welldrained and nutrientpoor soil. The plantsgrow mainly at Gifblaaris an extremelypoisonous plant that results in the foot of the northernslope of dunes,although the dunes livestockmortality. Gifblaar is found in South Africa, Botswana, themselvesand depressionsbetween the dunesare notfree Zimbabweand Namibia.In Namibia,gifblaar occurs in the from this plant(Opperman and La Grange1969; Du Plooy east and north-eastof the countryand is confinedmainly to 1972). Gifblaar grows in associationwith trees such as the fine,well drained and nutrientpoor sandy soils. Combretumsoecies. Burkea africana and Terminaliasericea (Opperman& La Grange1969; Du Plooy1972; Van Vuuren Duringthe 1960s the farmers in the GrootfonteinDistrict 1960).According to VanVuuren (1961) gifblaar was initially approachedthe South West AfricaAdministration (SWAA) identified as Dichapetalum cymosum and Dichapetalum for assistanceregarding livestock mortality due to gifblaar venenatum(Steyn 1934). The acceptedscientific name for "Gifkommissie" poisoning.During 1961 the (Departmentof theplant in Namibiais D. cymosumand the two most common AgriculturalTechnical Services in SouthAfrica) was tasked namesare gifblaar and magougif.Correia and Van Rensburg to investigatethe issueof gifblaarpoisoning in thisarea. The (2000)also refer to anotherspecies, D. rhodesicum,which is SWAAthen purchased property in the GrootfonteinDistrict for foundin the Kavango. the sole purposeof establishingthe SonopResearch Station to conductresearch on gifblaar.Two projectswere launched Thefirst recording of gifblaarpoisoning was in 1890,although with the objectivesof determiningthe possibilityof judicious researchon itonly commenced in 1910(SWAA 1961). Steyn's managementsystems and lick supplementationto alleviate (1928)study and descriptionof the symptomsof gifblaar livestockmortality, and the possibilityof eradicatinggifblaar poisoning- itstoxicology-were complemented by Leemann's by meansof herbicides. (1935)work on the anatomy,morphology and physiologyof the plant.Nearly a decadelater, Marais (1943) isolated and Fromthe resultsobtained it was evidentthat gifblaar could be synthesizedmonofluoroacetate as the activetoxic compound controlledby means of herbicidal control. However, this method in the plant.This breakthroughenabled further research on is costly and not accessibleto all farmers.The alternative the plant'stoxicology and pharmacology.Nonetheless, by the of judiciousmanagement and proteinsupplementation to 1960s,the vagueness in the literatureregarding the treatment reducelivestock mortality proved to be the answer.From this of poisonedanimals was beinglamented (SWAA 1961). And researchguidelines were established thatwere essential in the despitefurther research,Remington's (1935) despair that "the managementprocedures. Grazing of gifblaarinfested areas hope of finding any specificprophylactic or curative andgifblaar free areas can be regulatedduring the two critical substance(antidote) for usein gifblaarpoisoning has become poisonousperiods (spring and autumn)of the plant.Heavy veryremote" remains true today. stockingrates and overgrazing must be avoidedat all costs. Healthcare of theanimals is essential.Animals must be kept Duringthe 1960sthe farmersfrom the Horabeand Nurugas free of internaland externalparasites at all times.During the blocks in the GrootfonteinDistrict approached the South criticalpoisonous periods of the plant,female animals should WestAfrica Administration (SWAA) for assistanceregarding have preferentialaccess to gifblaarfree areas.Handling of livestockmortality due to gifblaarpoisoning. Mr. L.F. La animals,such as dosing, should be avoidedin gifblaar infested Grange,an ExtensionOfficer in Grootfontein,and a botanist, areasand a managementprogramme planned accordingly. lf Mr.D.R.J. Van Vuuren, from the administration were appointed possible,planted pastures should be establishedthat could be to investigatethe issueof livestockmortality in this area. They utilizedduring the criticalperiods. Game are lesssusceptible compileda reportregarding the issueof gifblaarpoisoning. "Gifkommissie" to gifblaarpoisoning and can be consideredas an alternative During1961 the (Departmentof Agricultural optionto livestockfarming. TechnicalServices in South Africa) was also tasked to investigatethe issueof gifblaarpoisoning in this area.The INTRODUCTION SWAAthen purchasedproperty in the GrootfonteinDistrict for the solepurpose of establishingthe SonopResearch Station Gifblaar is an extremelypoisonous plant that results in to conductresearch on gifblaar.Two projectswere launched livestockmortality. Gifblaar is found in SouthAfrica, Botswana, by the livestockresearcher P.A.J. Brand, and the pasture Zimbabweand Namibia. In Namibia gifblaar occurs in the east researcherD.P.J. Opperman. The objectivesof these two and north-eastof thecountry and is confinedmainly to thefine projectswere (a)to determinethe possibilityof management sandysoils of the Kalaharigeological system underlain with systems and lick supplementationto alleviate livestock Karoo basalt(Opperman and La Grange 1969).According mortalityand (b)to eradicategifblaar by meansof herbicides to Correiaand Van Rensburg(2000) the generalecological ordigging the plant open and treating it with herbicides. During AGRICOLA2OO5 1982,a similarproject to the feedingtrial conductedin the 1920sby theVeterinary Services in SouthAfrica (Steyn 1928) with domesticatedanimals, was conductedin Namibiawith game (Basson,Norval, Hofmeyer, Ebedes & Schultz1982). In 1982the DepartmentofAgriculture and Nature Conservation was requestedto compilea reporton researchdone in the past regardinggifblaar poisoning and eradication.A report was compiledby the authoras requestedand laterpublished in the Agricolaof 1998.The issueof livestockmortality due to gifblaarpoisoning remains never ending, and recently farmersfrom the OmahekeRegion also soughtinformation concerningmeasures to eradicatethe plant.These requests ledto a demonstrationtrial launched by J.A.J.Van Eck (2000) in OmahekeRegion. Gifblaar is a uniqueplant and is very Figure3. Flowerof the Gifblaar plant. difficultto eradicateif certainprecautions are not taken.The aim of this paper is, therefore,to enlightenthose who are concernedabout what has beendone regardinggifblaar and precautionsto be takenwhen attemptingto controlgifblaar (Figures1,2 and3). CHARACTERISTICSOF GIFBLAAR Leemann (1935) providesan in-depthdescription of the anatomicaland morphologicalproperties of the plant,which are of interestnot only from a botanicalpoint of view,but also insofaras its eradicationis concerned.The plantconsists of a set of branches(stems) just belowsoil level,spreading in a horizontaldirection from a main stem that penetratesthe Figure1. Gifblaarplant. soilvertically (Figure 4). Thesebranches every now andthen sendtufts of leavesabove ground (Figure 5). This branching belowground level may stretchfor many meters,forming an extensivenetwork of stems horizontallyand verticallyaway from the main stem (Figures6, 7 and 8). This branching networkbelow ground may appear as a root system of the gifblaarplant but is anatomicallythe stem of the plant.The gifblaarplantfroma botanical pointof view is a climberthathas gone underground.The plantstill retains the characteristics "the of a climbingplant below ground and planttakes every opportunityto twist and climb even underground"(SWAA 1961). In 1935, the VeterinaryServices Division in South Africa conductedfeeding trials in orderto determinethe exactstage Figure2. Gifblaarplant with fruit. Figure4. Mainstem and itsnumerous branches AGRICOLA2OO5 Figure5. Mainunderground stem, with leaves above ground FigureB. Stem system of gifblaar plant growing vertically in the plant'sgrowth cycle when the toxicity was at its highest. Theyestablished that this occurredin spring,when the plant producednew shoots,and in autumn,when it formed new leaves(Leemann 1935). Thus, the concentrationof mono- fluoroacetateis highestwhen the plantsprouts. lt is obvious, therefore,that climaticconditions play a role in determining Figure6. Extensivestem systemof the gifblaarplant branching horizontally. ,,i'l Figure7. Stemsystem of gifblaarplant growing horizontally. Figure9. Maturegifblaar plant AGRICOLA2OO5 when and for how long the plant is toxic enough to kill the gifblaarleaves forming arches (Figure 10) livestock. Even as it matures, although the concentration A feature of utmost importanceis the ability of the gifblaar of acid decreasesthe plantnever ceases to be toxic(ibid.). plantto sproutwhere stems have been damaged (Figures 11 Moreover,further research(Steyn 1928)found that all parts and 12) or to propagateitself by settingroots and forminga of the plantcontained the toxin. newplant from cuttings of thestem that may remain in thesoil aftereradication (Leeman 1935). As the plantmatures (Figure 9) the concentrationdecreases but it neverceases to be toxic(Leemann 1935). Therefore, it METHODSOF CONTROLLINGGIFBLAAR is obviousthat climaticconditions play a role in determining when the plant is toxic and the lengthof the toxic periodthat Prior to the 1950s before herbicides(weed killers)were results in livestockmortality. According to Steyn (1928) all available,farmers tried any possible measure to eradicate partsof the plantcontain the toxin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Nevek-Endinc Problem
    tssN1562-5192 h#@ffi&gdtu Ministry of Agriculture,Water and Forestry,Directorate of AgriculturalResearch and Training,Private Bag 13 184, Windhoek No 90April 2005 D i c h ap e t alunt cy ttto s utlt (PO I S O N-LEAF lC I F'BLAAR) : A NEVEK-ENDINCPROBLEM INTRODUCTION Dichapetalumcymosum, known as poison-leafin English(E,d.'s note: accordingto the Afr./Eng. BilingualDictionary by Bosmanet al. 1988)but morecommonly referred to by itsAfrikaans common name,giJblactr or magou,is an extremelypoisonous plant that kills livestock.In Namibia,gifblaar occursto the eastand north-eastofthe countryand is confinedmainly to the fine sandysoils ofthe Kalaharigeological system underlain with Karoobasalt (Opperman & La Grange1969). According to Correia& Van Rensburg(2000), the generalecological characteristics of the distributionarea of gifblaarare soils that aresandy, well-drained and deficient in nutrients.Gifblaar grows in association with treessuch as various Combretumcollinum (C. mechowianumO. Hoffm.), Burkea africana and Terminaliasericea (Du Plooy 1972;YanVuuren 1960). LITERATUREREVIEW The first recordingof gifblaarpoisoning was in 1890, althoughresearch on it only commencedin 191l0 (SWAA l96l). Steyn's(1928) study and descriptionof the Gifblaarplant symptomsof gifblaarpoisoning - its toxicology- were complernentedby Leemann's( 1 935) work on theanatomy, motphology and physiology of the plant.Nearly a decadelateq Marais ( 1943)isolated and synthesised monofluoroacetate asthe activetoxic compoundin theplant. This breakthrough enabled further research on theplant's toxicologyand pharmacology.Nonetheless, by the 1960s,the vaguenessin the literature Cluster of gifblaar leaves regardingthe treatmentof poisonedanimals was being lamented (SWAA 1961).And despite "the fuftherresearch, Remington's (1 935) despair that hopeoffinding anyspecific prophylactic or curativesubstance (antidote) for use in gifblaarpoisoning has become very remote"remains true today.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper on Dichapetalum Cymosum (Gifblaar in Afrikaans) & (Poison Leaf in English)
    16th September 2019 Background paper on Dichapetalum cymosum (Gifblaar in Afrikaans) & (Poison Leaf in English) 1. Introduction Toxic compound-containing plants grow worldwide and cause sudden death in livestock. The southern continents of Africa, Australia and South America are the common locations of these plants. Fluoroacetate (the chemical name of this toxic compound) is found in these tropical and subtropical plants generally at low concentrations although some are able to accumulate fluoroacetate in high concentrations. In Africa, most fluoroacetate-accumulating plants belong to the genus (tribe) Dichapetalum. Poison leaf or Gifblaar produces fluoroacetate as a defence mechanism against grazing by herbivores. Ingestion by livestock often results in fatal poisoning, which causes significant economic problems to cattle farmers in South Africa. Several approaches have been adopted to protect livestock from the toxicity with limited success, including fencing, toxic plant eradication and agents that bind the toxin. Genetically modified bacteria (GMB) capable of degrading fluoroacetate have been able to protect ruminants from fluoroacetate toxicity under experimental conditions, but concerns over the release of these microbes into the environment have prevented the application of this technology. Recently, a native bacterium from an Australian bovine rumen was isolated, which can degrade fluoroacetate. The discovery and isolation of this bacterium provides a new opportunity to detoxify fluoroacetate in the rumen.1 1 Leong, L.E.X., Khan, S, Davis, C.K., Denman, S.E., and McSweeney, C.S. (2017) Fluoroacetate in plants - a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 8:55 DOI 10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6 1 Fluoroacetate poisoning due to the consumption of Dichapetalum cymosum (gifblaar), most frequently affects cattle, possibly because the distribution of the plant coincides with mainly cattle-raising areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Monofluoroacetate in Palicourea and Amorimia Species
    Toxicon 60 (2012) 791–796 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Detection of monofluoroacetate in Palicourea and Amorimia species Stephen T. Lee a,*, Daniel Cook a, Franklin Riet-Correa b, James A. Pfister a, William R. Anderson c, Flavia G. Lima d, Dale R. Gardner a a Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA b Hospital Veterinario, CSTR, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos 58700-310, Paraíba, Brazil c University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA d School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Goiás, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Numerous plant species worldwide including Palicourea marcgravii and Tanaecium bila- Received 15 March 2012 biatum in Brazil cause sudden death and are known to contain monofluoroacetate (MFA). Received in revised form 29 May 2012 Other species in Brazil including some species traditionally assigned to Mascagnia but now Accepted 31 May 2012 properly called Amorimia species and other Palicourea species are reported to cause sudden Available online 12 June 2012 death in livestock and are suspected to contain MFA due to the similarity of clinical signs. In this study, an HPLC–APCI–MS method to detect and quantify MFA was developed and Keywords: was used to investigate plant material from field collections and/or herbarium specimens Monofluoroacetate Palicourea of Mascagnia, Amorimia, and Palicourea species suspected of causing sudden death. MFA Amorimia was detected in Amorimia amazonica, Amorimia camporum, Amorimia exotropica, Amorimia Mascagnia pubiflora, Amorimia rigida, and Amorimia septentrionalis as well as Palicourea aeneofusca.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Characteristics of Fluorocitrate, the Toxic Metabolite of Compound 1080 Peter J, Savarje
    TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUOROCITRATE, THE TOXIC METABOLITE OF COMPOUND 1080 PETER J, SAVARJE. Denver Wildlife Research Center. U.S. Flsh and Wllclllfe Service, Building 16, Federal Center. Denver. Colorado 80225 ABSTRACT: This paper reviews toxicological research involving fluorocitrate, the toxic metabolite of sodium monofluoroacetate (fluoroacetate), which is the active ingredient in the pesticide Compound 1080. Many toxicological studies have been done with fluoroacetate and the results obtained are actually due to the fluorocitrate because it has been definitely proved that, from a biochemical perspective,fluoro­ acetate is not toxic but fluorocitrate is. The classical explanation of the toxic action of fluoroci­ trate is that it inhibits the enzyme aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Deactivation of aconitase results in decreased energy production by cells and ultimately death of the organism. However, the more recent explanation of fluorocitrate's mode of action is that it binds with mito­ chondrial protein which prevents transport of citrate and its utilization by cells for energy production. Metabolism ~tudies indicate that only small amounts, perhaps less than 3%, of fluorocitrate is fonned from fluoroacetate. From the limited number of acute and chronic studies conducted with fluorocitrate it does not appear to be as potent as fluoroacetate by either the oral or parenteral routes of admini· stration. This decreased level of toxicity is thought to be due to the larger molecular weight of fluorocitrate which would not be as readily absorbed by tissues. Central nervous system toxic mani­ festations (i.e., tremors, convulsions) are characteristic in many animals poisoned with fluoroacetate. Fluorocitrate administered directly into the brain was found to be 100 times more toxic than fluoro­ acetate.
    [Show full text]
  • HRE05002-004.Pdf(PDF, 1.7
    1080 Reassessment Application October 2006 Appendix C Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal Society of Health Journal 84, 52-53. Keywords: poisons/non-target species/fluoroacetamide/livestock Occupational Health Bulletin: Sodium Fluoroacetate Compound 1080. New Series No 1 (revision of Vol.6 No 11, July 1962). 1967. Wellington, Department of Health. Ref Type: Pamphlet Keywords: sodium fluoroacetate/fluoroacetate/1080 (1969). Fluoroacetate. In 'Clinical toxicology of commercial products'. (M. Gleason, R. Gosselin, H. Hodge, and R. SmithEds. ) pp. 116-117. (The Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore.) Keywords: fluoroacetate/sodium fluoroacetate/diagnosis/treatment/acute toxicity Poisonings. 20. 1976. Surveillance 1976 No.4. Ref Type: Report Keywords: poisoning/1080/analysis/muscle/liver/livestock/witholding period Abstract: 1080 poisoning was in the public eye in Canterbury when sheep died after they were returned to a block pronounced "safe" after poisoning operations. About 160 ewes died out of 800, and 1080 poisoning was confirmed. It is reported that errors were made in the analysis of bait tested to determine if it was safe to stock. Recently a workshop on 1080 analysis was held at Invermay AHL. These are the recommendations for sampling: 1) Take the samples from the animals which are first to die in the outbreak even though they may be more autolysed. 2) The best specimens in order of preference are muscle, stomach contents then liver 1080 poisoning. 26. 1976. Surveillance 1976 No. 4. Ref Type: Report Keywords: 1080/poisoning/birds/persistence in animals/non-target species/secondary poisoning/humans Abstract: Recently, Canada geese around Lake Benmore were poisoned by oats impregnated with 1080 Diagnosis of 1080 poisoning in dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • THE AFRICAN DICHAPETALACEAE a Taxonomical Revision
    582.756.2:581.4/.5+58l.9(6) F. J. BRETELER THE AFRICAN DICHAPETALACEAE A taxonomical revision This first instalment contains the treatment of the species a-b in Dichapetalum A provisional key to the continental African species is added PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF. DR. IR. H. A. LENIGER, HOOGLERAAR IN DE TECHNOLOGIE, IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP WOENSDAG 31 OKTOBER 1973 DES NAMIDDAGS TE VIER UUR IN DE AULA VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN Date of publication 9 October 1973 H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1973 STELLINGEN I De kroonbladen en de discuslobben bij de Dichapetalaceae dienen te worden opgevat als staminodien. Dit proefschrift II De verwantschap van de Dichapetalaceae ligt binnen de Geraniales sensu Engler; zij zijn nauw verwant aan de Trigoniaceae. Dit proefschrift III De schutbladen (bracteae) bij de Dichapetalaceae zijn op te vatten als ver- groeide steunbladen (stipulae). IV De woorden 'epigynisch', 'perigynisch' en 'hypogynisch' met betrekking tot de bloem in zijn geheel zijn een contradictio in terminis. V Er bestaat grote behoefte aan een Nederlands leerboek der Plantensystema- tiek. VI De toekomst van de Landbouwhogeschool ligt, in toenemende mate en meer dan gewoonlijk verondersteld wordt, in de tropen. VII Het verdient overweging Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl, en andere giftige Dichapetalum-soorten aan te planten bij erosie-bestrijding in de semi- aride tropen. VIII Het beleid ten aanzien van de ontwikkelingslanden, waarbij door de Interna­ tionale ontwikkelingsorganisaties in de bestaande reserves aan bos een middel wordt gezien tot economische ontwikkeling, moet in het algemeen als kortzichtig worden bestempeld.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Microbial Community Associated with The
    Investigation of the microbial community associated with the fluoracetate-producing plant Dichapetalum cymosum and of the presence of fluorinase gene in its microbiome Sandra Cruz Vicente Mestrado em Genética Forense Departamento de Biologia 2017/2018 Orientador Maria de Fátima Carvalho, PhD, Investigadora no Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) Coorientadores Fernando Tavares, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Filipe Pereira, PhD, Universidade do Porto Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP 3 Investigation of the microbial community associated with the fluoracetate-producing plant Dichapetalum cymosum and of the presence of fluorinase gene in its microbiome Dissertação de candidatura ao grau de Mestre em Genética Forense submetida à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) sob a orientação científica dos Doutores Maria de Fátima Carvalho e Filipe Pereira e na Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, sob a coorientação do Professor Doutor Fernando Tavares. Dissertation for applying to a Master’s Degree in Forensic Genetics, submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto. The present work was developed at Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) under the scientific supervision of Maria de Fátima Carvalho, PhD, and
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species List for Bezuidenhoutshoek
    ANNEXURE 1 PLANT SPECIES LIST FOR BEZUIDENHOUTSHOEK Enviroguard Ecological services cc 89 Spp SCIENTIFIC NAME no Acanthaceaea 28483 Barleria species 5924 Crabbea angustifolia Nees 5930 Crabbea species 6319 Crossandra greenstockii S.Moore 14598 Isoglossa grantii C.B.Clarke 14929 Justicia anagalloides (Nees) T.Anderson 22391 Rhus dentata Thunb. 22472 Rhus gracillima Engl. 22418 Rhus leptodictya Diels 57382 Rhus lucida L. 22425 Rhus magalismontana Sond. ssp. magalismontana 22476 Rhus pyroides Burch. 22471 Rhus zeyheri Sond. Amaranthaceae 178 Achyranthes aspera L. 12213 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. 15182 Kyphocarpa angustifolia (Moq.) Lopr. 21931 Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss. Amaryllidaceae 3394 Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb. 6281 Crinum graminicola I.Verd. 12458 Haemanthus humilis Jacq. 12442 Haemanthus humilis Jacq. ssp. hirsutus (Baker) Snijman 23648 Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal Anacardiaceae 15646 Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. 19547 Ozoroa paniculosa (Sond.) R.& A.Fern. Anemiaceae 17784 Mohria caffrorum (L.) Desv. Anthericaceae 28468 Anthericum species (now Chlorophytum sp.) 4802 Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu Apiaceae 4260 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apocynaceae 218 Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd 220 Acokanthera species 644 Ageratum conyzoides L. 1340 Ancylobotrys capensis (Oliv.) Pichon 28474 Asclepias species Enviroguard Ecological services cc 90 7779 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon 6448 Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Benth. ex Schltr. (now Cryptolepis oblongifolia) 12203 Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Aiton f. 13820 Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. 19572 Pachycarpus schinzianus (Schltr.) N.E.Br. 22114 Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R.A.Dyer ex E.Phillips 23576 Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. 24011 Secamone alpini Schult. 28723 Tenaris species Araceae 22655 Richardia brasiliensis Gomes 25759 Stylochiton natalensis Schott Araliaceae 6566 Cussonia paniculata Eckl.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival, Regeneration and Leaf Biomass Changes in Woody Plants Following Spring Burns in Burkea Africana—Ochna Pulchra Savanna*
    Bothalia 13, 3 & 4: 531-552 (1981) Survival, regeneration and leaf Biomass changes in woody plants following spring Burns in Burkea africana—Ochna pulchra Savanna* M. C. RUTHERFORD** ABSTRACT Effects of two intensities of spring Burn on various aspects of woody plants of a Burkea africana—Ochna pulchra Savanna after one growth season are given. Mortality of woody plants was very low with, for example, that of in­ dividuals of Ochna pulchra Being Between 1 and 5%. Some species where the aBove-ground parts were often Burned away completely, as in Grewia flavescens, no mortality of individuals occurred. Basal regeneration shoot mass was found to depend paraBolically on plant height while the ratio of leaf to twig mass in Basal shoot regeneration varied inversely with plant height in Ochna pulchra. The aBility of Ochna pulchra plants to produce new Basal shoots appeared to not only depend on size of the plant But also on the numBer of basal shoots present prior to the fire. In live Ochna pulchra plants Basal regeneration shoot Biomass per individual was found to increase exponentially with greater reduction in canopy leaf Biomass. This relation was also affected By possiBle direct heat effects. Basal shoot regeneration mass was found to vary greatly with species and varied from 0,7 g/individual for Dichapetalum cymosum to 285,6 g/individual for Euclea natalensis. There was a clear tendency for non-suffrutex shruB species to have greater mean Basal regeneration shoot mass per plant than that of most tree species. There was a compensatory effect in Ochna pulchra Between numBer and size of Basal regeneration shoots.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Article — Artikel Microscopic morphology of Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. as an aid in the identification of leaf fragments from the digestive tract of poisoned animals D van der Merwea* and L du Plessisb samples were obtained from 2 plants that ABSTRACT differed morphologically regarding the Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. (Poison leaf; gifblaar) is a major cause of acute livestock density of trichomes (hairs) on the leaf plant poisoning in southern Africa. Microscopic identification of leaf fragments found in surface. Leaves of plant species with retic- the digestive tract of poisoned animals can assist in the diagnosis of poisoning when ulated leaf vein patterns, including Burkea D. cymosum poisoning is suspected. The microscopic morphology of D. cymosum leaves are africana Hook. f., Combretum zeyheri Sond., described using standard staining and microscopy methods for histopathology samples at Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke subsp. many regional diagnostic laboratories. Morphological descriptions included structures in crispa and Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl., the epidermis and mesophyll that were discernible using H & E staining. The microscopic were collected from the same habitat. morphology of D. cymosum was used to differentiate between leaf fragments of D. cymosum and other species from the same habitat with macroscopic features that resemble those of Tissue preparation D. cymosum, including Euclea crispa, Combretum zeyheri, Burkea afrikana and Lannea discolor. The method of plant tissue preparation Key words: Burkea africana, Combretum zeyheri, Dichapetalum cymosum, Euclea crispa, Lannea followed standard procedures for the discolor, plant poisoning, monofluoroacetate, rumen content microscopy. preparation and haematoxylin and eosin van der Merwe D, du Plessis L Microscopic morphology of Dichapetalum cymosum (H & E) staining of animal tissues for (Hook.) Engl.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Distribution and Local Occurence of Dichapetalum
    GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL OCCURRENCE OF DToHAzETALUMCYMOSUM (HOOK) ENGL. (GTFBLAAR) rN NAMIBIAAND SURROUNDING AREAS R.I. DE SOUSA CORREIAAND L. YAN RENSBURG ResearchInstitute for ReclamationEcology, Potchefstroom University for ChristianHigher Education P.O. Box 19752,Noordbrug,2522,RSA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION This paper discussesDichapetalum cymosum's habitat, The family Dichapetaluminclude two genera: Dichapetalum coveringits distributionacross southern Angola, Namibia, and Tapura.Dichapetalum is representedby about200 spp., Botswanaand South Africa in orderto ascertainit's ecological trees,shrubs and rhizomatousshrublets: cosmopolitan in nicheas delimitedby someclimatological and edaphic factors. tropicalcoutries, rare in sub tropics.There are threespecies From this study the distributionarea of D. cymosumwould o'fDichapetalum in southernAfrica (Dyke 1975). seem to extendfrom the north-westernlimits of the loose Kalaharisands, in southernAngola (Cunene River basin - Dichapetalumcymosum, is a well-knownpoisonous mediumcourse), across north-easternNamibia (Okavango rhizomatousplant endemic to SouthernAfrica, and knownto River basin and the endorreicdry system of various occurin cedain areas of the dry savanna, mostly in the Kalahari omiramba),across Botswana(southwest of the Okavango Basin(Dreyer 1975, Smith 1966). lts occurrencehas also Deltaand of the MakgadikgadiPan and northof the Molopo beenreported in Angola(south), Zambia (south), Zimbabwe andacross the Limpopo River basins) into South Africa, across (west),Botswana (central), Namibia (north-east) and South the Marico/Crocodile,Limpopo, Nyl, Pienaarsand Elands/ Africa(north-west) (Vahrmeijer, 1981). D. cymosumcan be Olifantriver basins. typifiedas a dwarfshrublet with deep-seated,rhyzomatous roots.The leavesare allternately arranged and are generally The generalecological characteristics of the distributionarea soft and hairywhile the inflorescence,an axillarycyme, of D. cymosumseems to be a sandy,well drained and nutrient produceswhite flowers that developsinto drupaceous fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Gifblaar Dichapetalum Cymosum 1982.Pdf
    MAWQUA. VOL. 13. NO. l. I982ISg-70) 59 Antelope and poisonous plant S: CONTENTS 1 Introduction ....................... 59 1. Gifblaar Dichapetalum 2 Experiment 1: Voluntary intake .......... 60 cymosum (Hooker) 2.1 Procedure ..................... 60 Engler & Prantl 2.2 Results ........................ 61 containing monofluoroacetate 3 Experiment 2: Toxicity trials ............ 61 3.1 General procedure ................ 61 3.2 Goats ......................... 62 by 3.2.1 Dosing .................... 62 P. A. Basson 3.2.2 Results .................... 62 Division of Veterinary Services, 3.3 Eland ......................... 63 Grootfontein, 3.3.1 Dosing .................... 63 South West ~Frica/Namibia 3.3.2 Results .................... 63 3.4 Kudu 64 A. G. Norval ......................... 3.4.1 Dosing .................... 64 Division of Veterinary Services. Okahandja, 3.4.2 Results .................... 64 South West AfricdNamibia 3.5 Gernsbok ...................... 66 3.5.1 Dosing .................... 66 J. M. Hofmeyr 3.5.2 Results .................... 66 Etosha Ecological Institute, 3.6 Springbok ...................... 66 Q kaukuejo, 3.6.1 Dosing 66 South West Africamamibia .................... 3.6.2 Results .................... 66 H. Ebedes 3.7 Pathology ...................... 66 National Zoological Gardens, 3.7.1 Antelope ................... 66 Pretoria, 3.7.2 Goats ..................... 67 Republic of South Africa 3.8 Histopathology .................. 67 and 4 Discussion and conclusions ............. 68 R. Anitra Schultz 5 Acknowledgements ................... 69 Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepmq 6 References.. ....................... 69 Republic of South Africa Received: 6 July 1981 ABSTRACT Ten tame eland (Taurorragus oryx), four kudu (Tmgelaphus srrepsi- terns), rwo gemsbok (Oryx ~dla),six springbok (Antidarcas I INTRODUCTION mnrsupiulis) and 33 domestic goats were drenched by stomach tube with extracts of the poisonous plant gifblaar (Dichapetalurn cyrno- mm) (Hooker) Engler and PrantI (=D, wnenabm Englm and Gilg).
    [Show full text]