Social Water Studies in the Arab Region State of the Art and Perspectives
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Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung (SLE) Entwicklungspolitische Themenreihe des SLE, Band 4 Social Water Studies in the Arab Region State of the Art and Perspectives Manar Fayyad Serena Sandri Matthias Weiter Dimitrios Zikos (Edtrs.) Berlin, Dezember 2015 This study has been co-financed by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zu- sammenarbeit (GIZ), German Jordanian University (GJU), and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin. The authors and editors are grateful to Ourania Papazosomenou for her great contribution to the reviewing process, to Kerstin Oertel for undertaking the for- matting work, and to Marie Populus for central coordination of the whole editing process. Keywords: water management, Integrated Water Resource Management, regional cooperation, governance, institutions, water use, water policy, water conservation For further inquiries please contact Dr. Susanne Neubert, Seminar für Ländliche Ent- wicklung (SLE), Hessische Straße 1-2, 10115 Berlin ([email protected] berlin.de). The SLE is part of the Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticul- tural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Entwicklungspolitische Themenreihe des SLE, Band 4 Herausgeber Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung (SLE) Hessische Str. 1-2 10115 Berlin Tel.: +49-30-2093 6900 Fax: +49-30-2093 6904 [email protected] www.sle-berlin.de Redaktion Matthias Weiter Druckerei Zerbe Druck & Werbung Planckstr. 11 15537 Grünweide Vertrieb SLE Hessische Str. 1-2 10115 Berlin Auflage 2015 300 Exemplare Copyright 2015 by SLE ISSN 1433-4585 ISBN 3-936602-74-3 Introduction v Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................vii Preface of the Editors Water and the Social Sciences’ Perspective in the Arab Region ....................... ix Manar Fayyad, Serena Sandri, Matthias Weiter and Dimitrios Zikos Summarized Key Address: Water Scarcity, Science, and Governance ............ xv Prince Al-Hassan of Jordan Opening Remarks by the German Ambassador .............................................. xvii Ralph Terraf Foreword: Coordination between Research and Implementation in Integrated Water Resources Management – Jordan as a case study .............. xix Daniel Busche and Maha Halalsheh Chapter 1 Contributions from Representatives of International Organizations ................ 1 Interdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinarity, Transition and Water ........................... 3 Engelbert Schramm Water and Inter-generational Justice in the Arab Region................................. 23 Ralf Klingbeil, Mohammed Al-Hamdi and Roula Majdalani Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Implementation of a National Master Plan for the Jordan River Valley ........... 33 Nancy Haddaden and Samer Talozi Chapter 2 Policies of Transforming the Water sector in the MENA Region ...................... 55 56 Years of Cooperation between BGR and Jordan – from a Pure Technical Bilateral Cooperation to an Integrated Approach .................... 57 Mathias Toll, Armin Margane, Klaus Schelkes, Ariane Borgstedt and Ali Subah vi Introduction Institutional Reforms in the Urban Water Supply Sector of Yemen ..................75 Mohammad Al-Saidi Willingness to Use, to Pay and to Maintain Treated Water Cycle ................... 93 Hasan Jawad Shoqeir Chapter 3 The Behavioral Dimension of Water Use ....................................................... 109 A Social Marketing Program to Enhance Water Conservation ....................... 111 Bayan Athamneh, Rowena Merritt and Nancy AlZiq Water Conservation Behaviour under Scarcity Conditions – Exploring the Impact of Socio-demographic and Housing Determinants in Jordan .................................................................... 127 Kim J. Zietlow and Mirja Michalscheck Environmental Awareness and Perceptions among Young School Students in Jordan ...................................................................141 Anas Zyadin, Ourania Papasozomenou, Antero Puhakka and Paavo Pelkonen Chapter 4 Water Management in Dynamic Political Contexts ........................................ 157 Contexts Matter: A Hydropolitical Analysis of Blue Nile and Yarmouk River Basins .................................................................................... 159 Hussam Hussein and Mattia Grandi Islamic Tradition, Institutional Analysis, and Water Scarcity in the Middle East .................................................................................................... 179 Anas Malik Assessing the Effectiveness of Water Governance in Combating Groundwater Degradation in Al-Mujaylis, Tihama Coastal Plain, Yemen ................................................ 197 Wahib Al-Qubatee, Abdullah Ibrahim, Carmen From Dalseng, Adel Al-Weshali, Frank Van Steenbergen and Henk Ritzema Introduction vii Introduction Preface of the Editors ix Preface of the Editors Water and the Social Sciences’ Perspective in the Arab Region Manar Fayyad, Serena Sandri, Matthias Weiter and Dimitrios Zikos There are mounting pressures on water resources at global level, as increasingly variable weather conditions resulting in extreme hydrological events (floods and droughts), creating additional stress on water supplies essential both for the an- thropogenic sector and for ecosystem health. These pressures arise from the nat- ural variability in water availability and climatic changes but are also linked to na- tional and international social, environmental, and economic policies. Water is a vital resource for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It is widely accepted that improving water management represents a key to economic development, wealth, equality, and political as well as social stability. Water scar- city is not only a typical natural characteristic of the region, further aggravated by climate change, but it is also a social phenomenon, both in its causes and its con- sequences: water is scarce due to the way its societal use develops. Indeed, the impact of the climate change on the water resources further contrib- utes to the vulnerability of the population of the region to extreme weather phe- nomena and is expected to magnify existing regional differences, where arid countries will become even drier in comparison to their neighbours. Additionally, a combination of the raised concerns on the growing water stress and the risk of more people in the future living in river basins under high water stress will intensi- fy competition between single users or whole sectors of the economy (e.g. agri- culture and tourism) and might even spark or intensify regional conflicts concern- ing the allocation of unequally distributed resources. Last but not least, it is ar- gued that sectors that currently the constitute pillar of national economies in MENA will be challenged due to water scarcity, and this might lead to a re- distribution of economic activities. x Preface of the Editors Water is perhaps the most emblematic natural resource when viewed from the perspective of the direct linkages and interfaces of nature and society. Managing the whole spectrum of water’s functions and uses, presents a fundamental exam- ple of how ecological, physical, social, economic, political and even cultural pro- cesses can fuse together in the modes of organising, regulating, controlling, and/or accessing natural resources. A review of scientific work revealed that technical knowledge and discourse about water management in the region has been vast, while the social scientific aspects of water governance have been receiving much less attention. At the same time, water use and management problems in the region are rarely addressed from an interdisciplinary perspective. Social studies dealing with environmental issues aspire to an integration of disci- plines such as anthropology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, po- litical science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as well as appropriate content from the humanities, mathematics, natural and technical sciences. The aim of such an interdisciplinary approach is to gain a deeper understanding of human behaviour and social organisation, and to advance our knowledge of the underly- ing social, political and economic structures and cultural aspects. For example, as the last 30-40 years of social science and interdisciplinary international scholarly work on water management and use have shown, such an approach allow re- searchers to answer key questions concerning the way individuals and societies address water, what the underlying reasons are and, last but not least, what con- tributes to and what counteracts sustainable water management. From the perspective of understanding and evaluating the way individuals and societies use water a social studies perspective further highlights the role of insti- tutions (broadly defined as formal and informal rules and conventions) in the way societies and individuals use and value water resources. They can be considered outcomes of social, cultural, political, and economic dynamics within specific bio- physically and technologically determined contexts in which options for using wa- ter are defined and in which they evolve. Motivated by this line of argument, co-conveyors from three Universities (Majed Abu Zreig, Manar Fayyad, Loay Salhieh, Serena Sandri and Kiwan Suhil from the German Jordanian University, Susanne Hofmann-Souki, Andreas Thiel, Matthias Weiter and Dimitrios Zikos from Humboldt-Universität