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Curaçao Finally, Capybara, Hydrochoerus, by J. MAC BUISONJÉ Phosphatic

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Curaçao Finally, Capybara, Hydrochoerus, by J. MAC BUISONJÉ Phosphatic STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAÇAO AND OTHER CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: No. 35. Fossil Rodents from Curaçao and Bonaire by D.A. Hooijer (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historié, Leiden) with Plates I-III The fossil remains of rodents described in the present paper are from various localities. The large extinct musk rat Megalomys occurs in reddish-brown phosphatic “oolite” fillings of irregular cavities marine in a limestone found by Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJÉ in the north-western part of the Duivelsklip, eastern Curaçao, about 50 m above sea-level. The “oolite” also contains scanty remains of lizards, snakes, and of a bat. Fragmentary molluscs include Cerion present possibly uva (L.), a recent, very common, terrestrial as well other species, as gastropods, many opercula of which were found. Samples of a phosphatic “oölite” deposit collected in 1937 by Dr. P. HUMMELINCK from WAGENAAR an escarpment near Fontein, Bonaire, proved to contain jaws, with teeth, of a genus of hespero- myine rodents, Thomasomys a single snake vertebra; and mollusc remains what be their including seem to coprolites. Finally, teeth of the South American capybara, Hydrochoerus, found Prof. were by Dr. H. J. MAC GILLAVRY and Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJÉ in reddish-brown phosphatic "oolite", deposited after of the consolidation underlying marine limestone and located at a of present height about 160 m above sea-level on the Tafelberg Santa Barbara, eastern Curaçao. No other vertebrates have been recovered from this deposit. The limestone is considered to be Quaternary in age. 1 2 Marine molluscs contained in the Santa Barbara "oolite" have been identified by Mrs. W. S. S. VAN DER FEEN (née VAN BENTHEM JUTTING) and Mr. H. E. COO- MANS, independently of each other, as Livona pica (L.), Nerita cf. tesselata Gm., and Nerita ci. versicolor Gm. It is of interest to find that the "oolite" deposits of Duivelsklip and Santa Bar- been identified Dr. bara contain the same species of land crab, which has by L. B. HOLTHUIS Coenobita - land hermit crab is as clypeatus (Herbst) a which common all the West and is in over Indies frequently met with Curaçao. Coenobita clypeatus the is found from the high-tide mark on coast to far inland. It lives in the shells of but various species of gastropod molluscs, seems to prefer those of Livona pica. Permission collect the of "oolite" the to samples fossil contents of which are described in the the Cura- present paper was kindly given by "Mijn-Maatschappij Mr. R. and Dr. W. P. Fuik çao", manager J. MESNEY, by MAAL, owner of Plantation. I much indebted to H GILLAVRY and to H. WESTERMANN am Prof. Dr. J. MAC Dr. J. for the fossil rodent material to thanks to passing me for description. My are due Mr. R. W. HAYMAN of the British Museum (Natural History), for kindly sending me measurements of the type specimen of Megalomys luciae (Major), as well as other information to the recent rodents of the Antilles. I also pertaining am very grateful to Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJÉ, who spent a great deal of time in dressing the at fossil remains from the block of "oolite" collected Duivelsklip, as well as those from the samples from the escarpment near Fontein, Bonaire, by means of acetic most the acid, thus extracting even the delicate specimens from matrix, which would have been impossible by mechanical methods. It was found that the con- cretions in the matrix contained entire teeth small Duivelsklip not only and very bones, but also tooth and bone fragments. The largest single fragment dressed from the block is of fossil only 15 mm long ; most the specimens do not exceed 5 mm in diameter. How these small found their into the is moot specimens way deposit a that I shall into question not go at present. The fossil material described below is preserved in the Geological Institute of the University of Amsterdam; the registration numbers are given in each case. The photographs have been taken by Mr. H. F. ROMAN, the text figure is by Mr. H. Historié. HEIJN, both of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke All this measurements recorded in paper are in mm, unless otherwise stated. Megalomys curazensis nov. spec, from Curaçao DIAGNOSIS: An oryzomyine rodent of large size; length M1-3 , 7.6 7.9 Width of mm; length M1-3, mm, on an average. palate 1 1 between M s less than combined width of and left right M . Major folds and minor remain open marginally throughout most of the life of the teeth. Major folds well developed in all molars but short in M3 . Minor folds well developed in M 1 and Mi, reduced in M2 and 3 M2, obsolete or absent inM and M3. Primary and secondary folds tend become isolated from to marginal enamel with prolonged wear. First 3 1-2 primary folds well developed in M and M 1-3; internal portion 3 1-2 isolated in M . Second primary folds well developed in M and 3 1 Mi—2, reduced in M and M3. Anterior median folds rare in M and Mi, never continuous with anterior internal folds. Anterior 1 secondary fold (M ) and anterior primary fold (Mi) small but distinct, marking off anterior cingula. First secondary folds in M 1-3 and second folds in well secondary MI_3 always defined. Mesoloph fused with mesostyle, mesolophid fused with mesostylid. Second secondary folds distinct but small in M1-3 off , marking posterior cingula. First secondary folds distinct in Mi but reduced or obsolete in M2-3. Hypoconid depressed posteriorly. Enterostyles 2-3 incipient or absent, ectostylids present. M with three roots, inner and M 1 in anterior one two outer; has, addition, an root; with anterior and Mi—3 one one posterior root; accessory inter- mediate roots in M1 and Incisors may develop Mi. large, ungrooved. 1-2 HOLOTYPE: The M dext., E3187, described and figured in the present paper. LOCALITY: Duivelsklip, eastern Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. AGE: Presumably Pleistocene. DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE SPECIMEN, E 3187 The most complete fossil specimen recovered from the block of "oolite" from 1-2 Duivelsklip, Curaçao, is a fragment of a right maxillary with M in situ (pl. I fig. 1). At the anterior end of the fragment the root supporting the anterocone of M1 most is exposed along of its length. Medially, a small portion of the palate is of the lateral preserved, showing part right palatal groove but nothing of the borders the level of incisive foramen or of the posterior palatine foramen. At the of M1 the is broken off the median fragment along palatal suture, indicating a the the M1 which less than width of palate between s of 4.2 mm, is the combined 1 width of right and left M (5.2 mm). Laterally, the posterior boundary of the with the anterior zygomatic root begins to curve outward on a level middle of M1, but as its anterior border has not been preserved it is impossible to determine the least anteroposterior diameter of the zygomatic plate. The lateral border of the to 2 palate is seen curve gently inward just behind M , indicating a transversely 3 narrowed M that is, however, missing in the specimen and has left only the im- pression of its palatal root. The two molars are excellently preserved; for an explanation of the various terms used in the description of the teeth reference should be made to the stylized diagrams of enamelpatterns on page 5. The M1 anterior molar, dext., is moderately worn, and consists of an anterior lobe and two of The internal (anterocone) pairs cusps, transversely placed. cusps are larger than those on the external side, and are separated from the latter by 4 NAMES OF CUSPS, LOPHS, AND CINGULA Upper Lower 1. Paracone 1. Protoconid 2. Protocone 2. Metaconid 3. Metacone 3. Hypoconid 4. Hypocone 4. Entoconid 5. Anterocone 5. Anteroconid 6. Anteroloph 6. Anterolophid 7. Anterior cingulum 7. Anterior cingulum 8. Mesoloph 8. Mesolophid 9. Mesostyle 9. Mesostylid 10. Enterostyle 10. Ectostylid 11. Posterior cingulum 11. Posterior cingulum NAMES OF FOLDS ( upper and lower) MAF Major fold MIF Minor fold PF1 First primary fold PF2 Second primary fold SF1 First secondary fold SF2 Second secondary fold AIF Anterior internal fold AMF Anterior median fold APF Anterior primary fold ASF Anterior secondary fold 5 Stylized diagrams of enamel patterns of upper right and lower left molar series nomenclature after WOOD & and ; WILSON (1936) HERSHKOVITZ For (1944). explanation see opposite page. 6 distinct enamel folds, which enter the crown externally, and curve inward and backward in front of and metacone These two paracone respectively. primary folds have just about lost the communication with the marginal enamel. On the there two enamel folds less far into internal side are extending the crown; these, the of the the minor and the major folds, open broadly to internal wall crown. Their low down the and will entrances are on crown, consequently they never the become isolated from the margin. The plane of wear is distinctly oblique, in- ternal down than the external. side being more worn More detailed examination of the specimen reveals the following. The antero- the coneis asymmetrical, internal part beingrounded and broader anteroposteriorly than the external part. It will be observed that the anterocone thereby tends to in the of the of duplicate appearance structure transversely placed pairs cusps behind. The external part is pinched in by the anterior secondary fold; between this fold and the first primary fold behind there is an enamel projection: the anterior cingulum.The anterior surface of the anterocone is slightly depressed in the median line near the occlusal surface, but becomes gently rounded from side to side near the base the this median the of crown; depressionrepresents anterior median fold, which most the the There enamel is evidently marked near top of crown.
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