9 *Ukdzfe#B-Bcxc* LLITITLIT LLITITLIT Alexandar Alexandrov Wende Und Übergang MISCELLANEA BULGARICA

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9 *Ukdzfe#B-Bcxc* LLITITLIT LLITITLIT Alexandar Alexandrov Wende Und Übergang MISCELLANEA BULGARICA FREUNDEFREUNDEFREUNDE DES DES DES HAUSES HAUSES HAUSES WITTGENSTEIN WITTGENSTEIN WITTGENSTEIN MISCELLANEAMISCELLANEAMISCELLANEA BULGARICABULGARICABULGARICA 232323 232323 Die gesamte Periode von 1995 bis 2012 bleibt für denjenigen, der sich über die bulgarische Kulturpolitik informieren möchte und AlexandarAlexandarAlexandar Alexandrov Alexandrov Alexandrov mit den Prozessen innerhalb des Landes nicht vertraut ist, völlig unzugänglich. Das Verhältnis von Demokratie und Kultur ist in WendeWendeWende undund und ÜbergangÜbergang Übergang diesem Buch ein zentrales Thema. DieDieDie Kulturpolitik Kulturpolitik Kulturpolitik Bulgariens Bulgariens Bulgariens 1989-2012 1989-2012 1989-2012 In Krisenzeiten wird jedoch – wie der Ablauf der Geschichte zeigt – die Kultur seit jeher vernachlässigt, da der Stabilisierung der Wirtschaft üblicherweise Vorrang vor Reformen im Kulturbe- reich eingeräumt wird. Diese Zwangslage führte auch in Bulgari- en zu beträchtlichen kulturellen Verlusten. Alexandar Alexandrov entwickelt, realisiert und leitet erfolgreich große, aber auch kleinere, Kulturprojekte sowie Theater- und Mu- sikproduktionen. Wende und Übergang Wende und Übergang Wende und Übergang 978-3-643-50532-3 LLITITLIT 9 *ukdzfe#b-bcxc* www.lit-verlag.atwww.lit-verlag.atwww.lit-verlag.at LLITITLIT LLITITLIT Alexandar Alexandrov Wende und Übergang MISCELLANEA BULGARICA herausgegeben vom Verein „Freunde des Hauses Wittgenstein Österreichisch-Bulgarisches Wissenschaftsforum“ Band 23 LIT Alexandar Alexandrov Wende und Übergang Die Kulturpolitik Bulgariens, 1989 – 2012 LIT Umschlagbild: „Carmina Burana“, Ölbild von Stoimen Stoilov, 2005 Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [PUB-307-G16] Mit Unterstützung des Instituts für Kulturmanagement und Kulturwissenschaft, Wien Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-643-50532-3 Zugl.: Wien, Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst, Diss., 2012, u. d. T.: Wende und Übergang. Bulgarische Kulturpolitik 1995 – 2008 © LIT VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG Wien 2017 Garnisongasse 1/19 A-1090 Wien Tel. +43 (0) 1-409 56 61 Fax +43 (0) 1-409 56 97 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.at Auslieferung: Deutschland: LIT Verlag Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22, E-Mail: [email protected] E-Books sind erhältlich unter www.litwebshop.de Inhaltsverzeichnis Franz-Otto Hofecker: Vorwort . 1 Lazar Koprinarov: Beitrag zum Kulturpolitischen Diskurs in Bulgarien undüberBulgarien......................... 5 Peter Bachmaier: Der Einfluss des Westens auf die Bulgarische Kulturpolitik, 1989–2013 . 9 1. EINLEITUNG ............................. 19 1.1 Begriffsbildung von Kultur und Kulturpolitik . 26 1.2 Studien zur Kulturpolitik in Bulgarien . 29 1.3 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung und Methodik . 32 1.4 Die Kulturstatistik in Bulgarien: Probleme und Perspektiven . 34 1.5 Ausgewählte Indikatoren der Entwicklung seit 1989 . 37 2. DIE ENTSTEHUNG DER BULGARISCHEN KULTURNATION .......................... 43 2.1 Aspekte des Sozialzusammenhangs in Bulgarien . 49 2.2 Debatten über die Kulturpolitik . 53 2.3 Kulturpolitik in den Regierungsprogrammen von 2001–2005 . 55 3. Überlegungen zu einer Deklaration oder im Einklang mit der Zeit 65 3.1 Die großen Trends der bulgarischen Kulturpolitik nach 1989 im Überblick.............................. 70 3.2 Leitlinien für die Entwicklung der Kultur. 73 3.3 Zwischenbilanz .......................... 80 4. KULTURPOLITIK NACH SPARTEN................ 81 4.1 Das Kulturhistorische Erbe . 81 4.2 Museen .............................. 85 4.3 Das Nationale Historische Museum . 92 4.4 Das Städtische Museum von Sofia . 93 i Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.5 Darstellende Kunst . 94 4.5.1 DasTheater ........................... 94 4.5.2 Das moderne und das klassische Ballett . 103 4.5.3 DasBuch ............................104 4.6 Medien und Aktuelle Entwicklungen . 110 4.6.1 Filmwirtschaft. 110 4.6.2 Fernsehen und Rundfunk. 117 4.7 Die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft mit Bezug zur Copyright Industrie ..............................127 4.8 Internet und Kunstnetzwerke . 129 4.9 Musiknetzwerke . 132 4.10 Literaturnetzwerke . 132 4.11BildendeKünste . 133 4.12Theater...............................134 5. DAS BUDGET DES MINISTERIUMS FÜR KULTUR . 139 5.1 Finanzierung nach Sparten 2000–2012 . 146 5.2 Der Nationalfonds Kultur . 165 5.3 NGOsimKultursektor . 172 5.4 Orte und Repräsentanten der Kulturentwicklung . 177 5.4.1 Der Nationale Kulturpalast . 177 5.4.2 DieLesehallen . 179 5.5 Zwischenbilanz. 187 6. GRUNDLAGEN UND PRAXIS DER KOMMUNALEN KULTURPOLITIK IN BULGARIEN ................191 6.1 Das Modell der Dezentralisierung . 191 6.2 Haushalte der Gemeinden . 202 6.2.1Sofia...............................202 6.2.2 Varna...............................212 6.2.3 Veliko Tarnovo . 215 6.2.4Ruse...............................216 6.3 Zwischenbilanz. 218 7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK ............221 ii Inhaltsverzeichnis 8. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ....................225 Quellen .................................225 Sekundärliteratur. 227 Internetquellen: . 234 Tabellenverzeichnis . 252 Abbildungsverzeichnis . 253 Abkürzungsverzeichnis . 254 Gesetzgebung im Kulturbereich bis 2011 . 254 iii Vorwort von Franz-Otto Hofecker Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien I. Die von Alexandar Alexandrov dargebotenen Analysen zur „Wende und Über- gang. Die Kulturpolitik in Bulgarien 1989 – 2012“ stellen sowohl für einen aka- demisch deskriptiven Zugang, aber auch für die Entwicklung eines Analyseinstru- mentariums zur faktenbasierten Entscheidungsfindung im Handlungsfeld Kultur- politik in Bulgarien eine längst überfällige Aufarbeitung bereit. Vor dem Hinter- grund und Denkmodell der Kulturbetriebslehre, ergänzt durch differenziert aus- geführte Analysen landesspezifischer Besonderheiten im Kulturbetrieb Bulgarien, entstand im Endergebnis ein eindrucksvoller Bericht zur „Befindlichkeit der Kul- turnation Bulgarien“. Akademisches Schaffen vollzieht sich in der Regel in Fach- disziplinen. In dieser Arbeit wird dies ebenso konsequent wie erfolgreich durch eine transdisziplinäre, aber auch durch eine Theorie und Praxis verbindende Vor- gangsweise konterkariert. Nur so lässt sich ein, der Komplexität des hier vorlie- genden Forschungsfeldes gemäßer Zutritt bewerkstelligen. Wer den Kulturbetrieb im Bulgarien der Gegenwart verstehen und deuten will, muss sich notwendiger- weise auf das Land und seine historischen Besonderheiten einlassen, muss sich mit der Entwicklung des Kulturbetriebes Bulgarien in den Jahren ab 1989, aber auch mit den Epochen davor eingehend beschäftigen. Die Nöte, aber auch Chancen des Kulturbetriebes in Bulgarien lassen sich nur unter Mitwirkung komplex ineinandergreifender Sichtweisen angemessen darstel- len. Die Entwicklung von hilfreichen Handlungsempfehlungen zur kulturellen Entfaltung Bulgariens generell, ist nur unter Beiziehung und Würdigung umfas- sender analysescharfer Detailstudien quer durch den Kulturbetrieb der Gegenwart möglich. In der Kulturbetriebslehre hat das Handlungsfeld Kulturpolitik eine be- reichsspezifische, ihren eigenen Werthaltungen verbundene Analysemethode. Nur so können Wirkkräfte zur nachhaltig positiven Beeinflussung der Entwicklungs- dynamik des Kulturbetriebes aktiviert werden. Die Kulturbetriebslehre als Ana- lyseinstrumentarium und die kundige Bedachtnahme auf die Besonderheiten Bul- gariens werden im gegenständlichen Projekt als untrennbare Synthese vorgestellt, treten im praktischen Vortrag stets verbunden auf. Sie werden als aufeinander be- zogen ausgewiesen und erst so die Handlungsszenarien zur Zukunftsgestaltung entwickelt. Alexandar Alexandrov ist Agent und Akteur in der Denkwelt kultur- betrieblicher Analyse wie in der adäquaten Anwendung dieser Methode auf die reale Welt, hier auf seine Fallstudie Bulgarien. Darauf bauen die Ressourcen sei- nes eigenen Wirkungsvermögens auf, dies ist aber auch die Stärke der Publikation selbst. Einleitende Anmerkungen zum Buch dürfen auch die viel umfassender an- 1 gelegte Beschäftigung, besser wohl Konfrontation, Alexandar Alexandrovs mit der Kulturpolitik und damit mit der Zukunft seines Landes Bulgarien nicht uner- wähnt lassen. Die Publikation von PhD-Projekten im Fachbereich Kulturbetriebs- lehre ist schon prinzipiell wichtig. Die primäre Legitimation der Kulturbetriebs- lehre als akademisches Fach liegt in ihrem Auftritt, in ihrer Kraft zur Verände- rung und Gestaltung im realen Kulturbetrieb. Die Publikation des PhD Projektes von Alexandar Alexandrov zu Wende und Übergang. Die Kulturpolitik Bulgariens 1989 – 2012 ist Medium und Werkzeug, dem Kulturbetrieb in Bulgarien durch präzise geführte, sachlich gut nachvollziehbare, theoretisch wie empirisch gut un- termauerte Diskussionsgrundlagen bereitzustellen. Alexandar Alexandrov hat die Ambition und verfügt bisweilen auch über Netzwerkverbindungen, die hier auf- bereiteten Einschätzungen und Empfehlungen direkt in Zentren kulturpolitischer Entscheidungsfindung vorzutragen. So findet durch geschicktes Agieren in brei- ter Öffentlichkeit, in spezifischen ExpertInnenrunden und in direkter Verbindung mit entscheidungsrelevanten Kräften in Bulgariens Kulturbetrieb das – Projekt von Alexandar Alexandrov erst darin seinen Abschluss. Sie steuert bei und bringt sich dort ein, wo die Untersuchung vor Jahren ihren Ausgangspunkt hatte: in der merkbaren Betroffenheit
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