DOCSLIB.ORG

Legal Regulation of Aircraft Engine Emissions in the Age of Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legal Regulation of Aircraft Engine Emissions in the Age of Climate Change Legal Regulation of Aircraft Engine Emissions in the Age of Climate Change by Jin Liu A thesis submitted to University College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2011 Faculty of Laws UCL 1 I, Jin Liu confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. _____________________________________ Jin Liu 2 Abstract Although the contribution of international civil aviation to climate change seems small (with a global share of just 3.5 percent of emissions of CO 2), the projected growth in air traffic means that it is highly significant. There is thus an urgent need to explore legal regulations for limiting and/or reducing the adverse impacts of aircraft emissions on the environment. This thesis examines the progress which has been made on international aviation emissions abatement and provides an analysis of the reasons for delay. It concludes that the contribution of aviation to climate change is a multi-scalar problem and as such neither conventional top-down international legal regimes, nor any single regulatory instrument can solve it. The research question for this thesis is how to break the deadlock of conventional legal approaches and overcome the barriers to international aviation greenhouse gas emissions abatement. New governance theory provides the theory within which the future of aviation emissions regulation has been explored. Drawing on the scholarly literature on new governance, this thesis argues for a multi-scalar regulatory architecture which simultaneously engages multi-level governance, and a multi-party and multi-instrument approach to the problem. First, multi-level governance includes an international sectoral target on reducing aviation emissions, national efforts in allocating and implementing reduction targets on aircraft operators, and regional cooperation in between, as well as sub-state level governance although this is not a feature of this thesis. Second, a multi-party approach requires efforts from both public and private actors (international organisations such as the UNFCCC and ICAO, nation states, the airline industry and IATA). Finally, a combined use of multiple regulatory instruments (conventional command and control type mechanisms and multiple market-based instruments) should be included. The failure of the UNFCCC to regulate international aviation emissions means that the problem has remained largely unaddressed. Recognizing climate change as a multi-scalar problem that needs multi-scalar regulatory approaches would allow the international aviation emission problem to move beyond the deadlock of conventional inter-state approaches. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Maria Lee for her invaluable guidance through the supervision of this thesis. My respect for her has inspired me to strive to reach my fullest potential in the carrying out of this project. I also express my thanks to Dr. Douglas Guilfoyle for his reading and commenting on various drafts and general support. Mr. Adrianus D. Groenewege provided his generous and unfailing assistance. His help gave me access to the latest information in the airline industry. My appreciation also extends to Dr. Ricardo Martinez-Botas, Reader at Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, and my friend Lawrence Tse, for their kind help with the information on aviation technology. Without their assistance, the completion of this work would have proven impossible. I must also thank the Overseas Research Students Award Scheme (ORS Award Scheme) and University College London for a doctoral scholarship enabling me to carry out this project. Finally, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my parents and my husband for their unwavering support and understanding during all of these years. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................4 ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................8 Chapter 1. Introduction...................................................................................................9 1. The Thesis...............................................................................................................9 2. Description of the Thesis ......................................................................................12 3. Research Methodology .........................................................................................25 Chapter 2. Climate Change and Aviation .....................................................................28 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................28 2. Climate Change.....................................................................................................29 3. Aviation and Climate Change ...............................................................................32 3.1. Effects of Aviation on Climate .......................................................................32 3.2. Challenges of Regulating Aviation Emissions ...............................................35 3.3. Regulating Aviation Emissions.......................................................................40 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................45 Chapter 3. Aviation Emissions in International Law....................................................47 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................47 2. The Development of the International Regime.....................................................49 3. The Vagueness of the Ultimate Objective.............................................................52 4. The Inadequacy of the Mitigation Targets ............................................................56 4.1. Annex I countries............................................................................................56 4.2. Non-Annex I countries ...................................................................................60 4.3. Burden Sharing...............................................................................................64 4.3.1. The Role of CBDR in the Climate Change Regime ................................64 4.3.2. The Nature of CBDR ...............................................................................68 4.3.3. Various Approaches on Differential Treatment........................................74 4.4. Conclusion......................................................................................................87 5. Moving Forward on Aviation................................................................................87 5.1. A Sectoral Approach.......................................................................................88 5.2. Burden Sharing in Respect of Aviation Emissions.........................................91 5.2.1. Allocating Emissions ...............................................................................92 5.2.2. The Developed/Developing Country Dichotomy ....................................96 5.2.3. Summary..................................................................................................99 6. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................100 Chapter 4. ICAO’s Failure in Regulating Aircraft Engine Emissions........................102 5 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................102 2. Why did Kyoto Protocol Require ICAO to Work on Aviation Emissions? ........104 2.1. The Universal Participation in ICAO...........................................................105 2.2. ICAO’s Technical Expertise.........................................................................108 2.3. ICAO’s SARPs on Aircraft Engines.............................................................111 2.4. Conclusion....................................................................................................112 3. ICAO’s Advantages are not unproblematic ........................................................113 3.1. Moving beyond Technical Competence .......................................................113 3.2. The Effectiveness of Annex 16 Volume II....................................................115 3.3. Conclusion....................................................................................................117 4. Inherent Limitations of ICAO.............................................................................118 4.1. ICAO’s Aims ................................................................................................118 4.2. ICAO’s Rule-making Function ....................................................................124 4.2.1. The Concept of SARPs and their Legal Status ......................................124 4.2.2. The Procedure of Creating SARPs.........................................................128 4.3. Conclusion....................................................................................................131 5. The Role of ICAO in the Future .........................................................................132
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fair Play? What Are the Odds on Sustainable Gambling?
    greenfutures No.83 January 2012 Fair play? What are the odds on sustainable gambling? Meet Paul Polman, the man who wants to reinvent consumption It’s 2032: print some energy and drink the sea Jeremy Rifkin: imagine the internet, only for energy About Us greenfutures Green Futures is the leading international partners the opportunity to place themselves Published by magazine on environmental solutions at the heart of the debate. They enjoy and sustainable futures. It was founded privileged access to the expertise of the by Jonathon Porritt in 1996 to showcase Green Futures team and Forum for the examples of practical and desirable change, Future as a whole, as well as targeted free Editor in Chief MARTIN WRIGHT and is published by Forum for the Future. subscriptions and advertising opportunities. Our readership includes key decision- Managing Editor makers and opinion-formers in business, If you’d like to join us as a partner, please ANNA SIMPSON government, education and non-profit contact Katie Shaw: 020 7324 3660; Editorial and Marketing Coordinator organisations. [email protected] KATIE SHAW We work with a select group of partners who demonstrate a strong commitment Read Green Futures online: Design THE URBAN ANT LTD to sustainable development. In return www.greenfutures.org.uk “Hope and optimism – in spite of present difficulties.” for a contribution towards the cost of This old African saying, made famous by Namibian artist John Muafangejo, seems Founder producing Green Futures, we offer our @GreenFutures pretty apt just now. Even those of us who resolutely see the glass as half full only have JONATHON PORRITT to glance at the news to wonder if, after all, we’re pretty much down to the dregs.
    [Show full text]
  • Pump up the Volume
    PUMP UP THE VOLUME BRIngIng down costs and IncReasIng JoBs In the offshoRe wInd sectoR report Clare McNeil, Mark Rowney and Will Straw July 2013 © IPPR 2013 Institute for Public Policy Research AbOUT THE AUTHOrs Clare McNeil is a senior research fellow at IPPR. Mark rowney is a research fellow at IPPR. Will Straw is associate director for climate change, energy and transport at IPPR. AcknOwLEdgMEnTs the authors would like to thank Richard howard and adrian fox of the crown estate, Paul Reynolds from gL garrad hassan, Bruce Valpy from BVg associates, and aram w ood at statkraft for comments on an earlier draft of the report. we are also grateful to our IPPR colleagues graeme cooke, tony dolphin, Rick Muir, nick Pearce and Reg Platt for their comments. all of the views contained in this report are those of the authors and any errors remain ours alone. we owe a debt of gratitude to people at many organisations with whom we spoke over the course of the research. this includes alstom, the carbon trust, climate change capital, the committee on climate change, the crown estate, the danish wind Industry association, the danish embassy in London, dong energy, the energy technologies Institute, the german offshore wind energy foundation, greenpeace, Mainstream Renewable Power, Rwe, siemens UK, tata steel, the tUc, Vestas, and gL garrad hassan. thanks also to a number of civil servants across the government who engaged with us over the course of the project. thanks finally to sian ferguson at ashden trust and to gordon edge, nick Medic, Maf smith and Jennifer webber at RenewableUK for their kind sponsorship of this project and guidance throughout.
    [Show full text]
  • A Better, Brighter Future
    A better, brighter future Our journey Our vision is of a prosperous, The Ashden Awards were established in In the UK our LESS CO₂ programme helps healthy world, transformed 2001 to show how sustainable energy can schools become more sustainable and our transform lives. Over the last 18 years we Fit for the Future Network shares ways to have established an incredible track record make buildings more energy efficient. In by sustainable energy. of awarding, highlighting and helping scale India we bring winners together to influence enterprises whose solutions and business policy through the Ashden India Collective. models have been at the forefront of a global Our mission is to accelerate energy revolution. As scientific evidence clearly shows the urgent need to radically decarbonise, the transformation of our We offer our winners business support we are stepping up to the challenge. We are and introductions to investors, and have building on the wealth of knowledge, energy systems so that seen many of them grow rapidly. We give insights and ideas generated by our winners our winners opportunities to connect with to significantly increase our impact on the influential audiences including policy- ground – connecting more key players, everyone, regardless of makers and the media. Drawing on their asking more questions and calling for expertise to create networks of learning action nationally and globally, to achieve geography or status, has enables us to reach even more people. sustainable energy for all. access to sustainable energy. Creating impact Our focus is where the need Ashden is at the heart of a network We provide insight into the challenges and is urgent and the potential for of innovators and pioneers, business opportunities they face.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Fortnight
    Sustainability Fortnight Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Hot Topics Thursday 28th February 2019 Claudine Blamey Group Head of Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability at Sainsbury’s Claudine is responsible for the corporate responsibility and sustainability strategy for Sainsbury’s. Claudine joined from The Crown Estate where she was Head of Sustainability and Stewardship. Prior to this she has been the Head of Sustainability at SEGRO, Director of Corporate Responsibility at British Land and the Environment Manager at Honda (UK). Claudine is on the Mace Group Responsible Business Board and was Chair of the Institute of Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability (ICRS) from 2015-2017. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) and was President of the Global Sustainability Film Awards 2018. After obtaining a BSc Honours Degree on Environmental Control from Greenwich University, Claudine completed a Masters Degree in Environmental Management and Legislation from Brunel University. Claudine is a frequent and well regarded conference speaker on corporate responsibility and sustainability. https://www.linkedin.com/in/claudine-blamey-5079299/ Tim Curtis Managing Director at Ricardo Energy & Environment Tim has overall responsibility for Ricardo Energy & Environment’s six practice areas and 450 people, providing technical, economic and environmental solutions to governments, international agencies, and private sector organisations. A key element of his role is to ensure a focus on continuous improvement and innovation in service offerings for clients. Tim has been with Ricardo Energy & Environment (and its predecessor AEA Technology) since 2007, and he has held several senior management roles in the company, including leadership and integration of acquired companies, Director of Delivery, and Director of Energy Consultancy.
    [Show full text]
  • EVENTS LISTING LONDON CLIMATE ACTION WEEK 1-8 JULY Here Are Some of the Highlights of the Week, the Latest List Can Be Found on the GLA Webpage
    EVENTS LISTING LONDON CLIMATE ACTION WEEK 1-8 JULY Here are some of the highlights of the week, the latest list can be found on the GLA webpage. • E3G and Partner events • Community and Culture • Law and Policy • Food and Health • Resilience and Adaption • Cities • Finance • Diplomacy • Energy E3G and Partner events 1 July London Climate Action Week Launch Event with the Mayor of London, Sadiq 09:00-12:00 Khan – Hosted by the Greater London Authority, featuring Nick Mabey, CEO, E3G. Private event 1 July Winning the Politics of Climate Change - Showcasing E3G’s innovative analysis 16:00-18:00 of national climate politics and debating what this means for the focus of future climate advocacy and diplomacy. Private event 2 July Climate security: how are the defence, diplomacy and development 15:00-17:00 communities responding to the looming climate crisis? - How the British and Dutch defence, diplomacy and development communities are responding to the looming climate crisis – In partnership with the Clingendael Institute and Dutch Embassy. Public event 3 July Financing an Inclusive Just Transition to a Net Zero Economy– In Partnership 13:00-15:00 with SOAS and the LSE Grantham Research Institute. Public event 3 July Accelerating Learning on Climate Solutions – In partnership with the 14:00-17:00 Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, Climate-KIC and CKDN. Private event 3 July New models of Climate Diplomacy: What does climate ambition look like in 08:00-11:00 2020? – hosted at Chatham House. Public event 3 July Politics of the Global Gas Transition – In partnership with the Overseas 09:30-12:00 Development Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Industry Policy, Technological Change, and the State
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Industry policy, technological change, and the state Srinivas, Smita February 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52691/ MPRA Paper No. 52691, posted 13 Jan 2014 19:09 UTC UNCTAD The Least Developed Countries Report 2009: The state and development governance Background Paper Industry Policy, Technological Change, and the State Smita Srinivas Columbia University February 2009 Background Paper No. 7 This study was prepared for UNCTAD as a background paper for the Least Developed Countries Report 2009: The State and Development Governance. The views in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of UNCTAD or its member states. The designations, terminology and format employed are also those of the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: Markets and scarcities-building productive capacities in LDCs through complementary institutions.....................................................................................................................................................3 Industrial Policies for LDCs .....................................................................................................................3 Scarcities and Complements: An institutional lens beyond Market Failure .............................................4 2. Industrial policies as Co-evolutionary processes ..................................................................................7 Complementary institutions ......................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report and Financial Statements
    1 Report and Accounts 31 December 2020 Annual Report and Financial Statements. 31 December 2020 A Company limited by guarantee and a registered charity. Company Registration No: 5062574 Charity No: 1104153 Report and Accounts 2 31 December 2020 Rede de Sementes do Xingu 3 Report and Accounts Content. 31 December 2020 1. Report of the Trustees 04 2. Statement of Trustees’ Responsibilities for 29 the Financial Statements 3. Report of the Auditors 30 4. Statement of Financial Activities 32 5. Balance Sheet 33 6. Cash Flow Statement 34 7. Notes to the Financial Statements 35 Report and Accounts 4 Report of the Trustees 31 December 2020 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ‘Ashden Sustainable solutions, better lives’ was formed as a company limited by guarantee on 3 March 2004. The company registration number is 5062574. The company was registered with the Charity Commission on 4 June 2004. The charity registration number is 1104153. TRUSTEES/DIRECTORS Richard Azarnia Sarah Butler-Sloss Emma Colenbrander Harish Hande (appointed 12 November 2019) Caroline Holtum Sabera Khan (appointed 1 September 2020) Nick Mabey Agamemnon Otero (appointed 12 November 2019) Andrew Reicher (appointed treasurer 1 September 2020) Mark Sainsbury (retired 4 February 2020) Paul Simon (retired 1 September 2020) Trustees are appointed by Members and are provided with relevant information relating to their responsibilities. COMPANY SECRETARY Karen Everett REGISTERED OFFICE The Peak, 5 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1AP PRINCIPAL OFFICERS Sarah Butler-Sloss (Founder and Chair of Trustees) Harriet Lamb (CEO) Rob Bell (SFCT Director; appointed 1 September 2018, resigned 20 December 2019) Karen Everett (SFCT Chief Operating Officer) Giles Bristow (Director of Programmes) Ed Dean (Director of Business Development) Jo Walton (Director of Communications and People) BANKERS Child & Co, 1 Fleet Street, London EC4Y 1BD SOLICITORS Portrait Solicitors, 21 Whitefriars Street, London EC4Y 8JJ AUDITORS Crowe U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate-Pack Climate Emergency Resource Pack for Shropshire
    Climate-Pack Climate Emergency Resource Pack for Shropshire Contents Shropshire Council Climate Change Pages .................................................................................................... 1 Commercial Buildings Efficiency ................................................................................................................... 2 Domestic Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................................................... 3 Funding Opportunities .................................................................................................................................. 4 Government Departments - Climate Change ............................................................................................... 5 National Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Midlands and Marches Resources ................................................................................................................ 6 Shropshire Community Groups ..................................................................................................................... 7 Shropshire Community Energy ..................................................................................................................... 7 Natural Environment .................................................................................................................................... 8
    [Show full text]
  • Landing Stages Ebook
    Landing Stage S : S e L ection S from the a S hden directory A whistle-blower on a town’s polluted water becomes an enemy of the people. A jazz clarinettist makes music with a laughing thrush. An opera exposes carbon’s web of & Eleanor Margolies Heim Wallace Edited by power and investment. A theatre covers its walls with growing grass. From 2000 – 2014, the online Ashden Directory supported the emerging field of performance and ecology through its directory of productions, a timeline, news, interviews and essays. Ashdenizen, the companion blog, added commentary on how Landing the performing arts and wider culture relate to climate change. This selection of writings and photographs from the two sites, together with three new essays, traces how performance engages with a changing environment. Cover image: As the World Tipped, StageS e L ectionS fromS a Wired Aerial Theatre production, the aS hden directory written and directed by Nigel Jamieson, produced by XTRAX. Photograph by Kevin Ryan. Edited by Wallace Heim & Eleanor Margolies landing stagesfinal.indd 1 9/12/14 16:52:46 The Gathering/Yr Helfa • 2071 • Calling Tree • Gaia Theory • Out of Water • Lungs • Seven Missed Meals Leads to Anarchy • The Villains, the Vote and the Black, Black Oil • Hunger for Trade • Red Forest • Antarctica • Red Sun • How the Whale Became • The Three Peaks • 3,000 Trees: The Death of Mr William MacRae • Grace and the Sea • John Muir: Rhapsody in Green • The Horses • The Elephantom • Protest Song • Trailer Park Plays • re: Fujisan • Guinea Pigs on Trial • Mates • Homme | Animal • Invisible Giant • Kes • Gorilla • Rats • Spectrum • We Have Fallen • Awkward Conversations with Animals I’ve F*cked • Riding with the Night • Tiger • A Walk at the Edge of the World • Misa Lisin • RIVERRUN • SOS – Save Our Spaces • The Worm – An Underground Adventure • Song of the Earth • Electric Cars Are Rubbish.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass for London: Wood Fuel Demand and Supply Chains Bioregional Development Group, SE Wood Fuels and Creative Environmental Networks
    1 Biomass for London: wood fuel demand and supply chains BioRegional Development Group, SE Wood Fuels and Creative Environmental Networks December 2008 Biomass for London: wood fuel demand and supply chains copyright The Crown and the Greater London Authority December 2008 Published by London Energy Partnership, c/o Greater London Authority, City Hall, The Queen’s Walk, London SE1 2AA enquiries 020 7983 4000 minicom 020 7983 4458 This report and other London Energy Partnership information is available on the LEP web pages which are available from: www.lep.org.uk ISBN 978 1 84781 212 4 Cover picture: Andy Aitchenson, taken at the Croydon TreeStation for the Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy Using/reproducing information All requests to use or reproduce any part of this report should be directed to: The London Energy Partnership Manager and the Principal Policy Officer for Energy, Greater London Authority, City Hall, The Queen’s Walk, London SE1 2AA. Tel: 020 7983 4000 Written by BioRegional Development Group with South East Wood fuels and Creative Environmental Networks BioRegional South East Wood Fuels CEN Development Group Shawfield Ambassador House BedZED Centre Laughton Lodge Brigstock Road 24 Helios Road Laughton Thornton Heath WALLINGTON East Sussex CROYDON Surrey BN8 6BY Surrey SM6 7BZ CR7 7JG The views in this report are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of the London Energy Partnership or its member organisations. Biomass for London: wood fuel demand and supply chains Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all those who contributed to this work. Special thanks go to the boiler installation companies who generously shared information about planned and potential wood fuel boilers in London; the staff at the Olympic Delivery Authority; Marcus Gover of Biojoule; Phil Herbert of Farm Feed Systems; the members of the London Energy Partnership Biomass Project Group and the staff of the GLA’s Planning Decision Unit.
    [Show full text]
  • NSR05633-Shell Foundation Annual Report & Accounts 2018
    Report of the Trustees and Financial Statements 2019 Annual Report 2019 Contents Shell Foundation Outcome Indicators AT A GLANCE About Shell Foundation 03 Trustees, Directors, Officers and Advisors 04 Message from the Director 05 08 Message from the Chair of the Board of Trustees 06 Shell Foundation Outcome Indicators 08 Shell Foundation Programmes 09 Access to Energy 10 Sustainable Mobility 16 SME Growth 21 Report of the Trustees REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES Report of the Trustees for the year ended 2019 23 Independent Auditor’s report to the member of the Shell Foundation 29 23 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019 Consolidated statement of financial activities for the year ended 31 December 2019 31 Consolidated statement of financial activities for the year ended 31 December 2018 32 Consolidated income and expenditure account for the year ended 31 December 2019 33 Financial Statements 2019 Consolidated and charity balance sheets as at 31 December 2019 34 Cash flow statement and consolidated cash flow statement for the year ended 31 December 2019 35 Notes to the financial statements for the 31 year ended 31 December 2019 36 2 Shell Foundation | Annual Report 2019 About Shell Foundation Shell Foundation (SF) is a registered charity, founded by Shell in 2000, that creates and scales business solutions to enhance access to energy and affordable transport. It exists to serve the low-income communities most affected by these issues. SF’s enterprise-based model targets lasting social and environmental impact on a global scale. It deploys a blend of financial and non-financial resources to encourage transformative innovation and harnesses private markets to deliver public benefit at scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Stranded Assets and Scenarios Discussion Paper January 2014
    Fall 08 Stranded Assets and Scenarios Discussion Paper January 2014 Author s: Ben Caldecott | James Tilbury | Christian Carey About the Stranded Assets Programme ‘Stranded assets’ are assets that have suffered from unanticipated or premature write-downs, devaluations or conversion to liabilities. They can be caused by a range of environment-related risks and these risks are poorly understood and regularly mispriced, which has resulted in a significant over-exposure to environmentally unsustainable assets throughout our financial and economic systems. Current and emerging risks related to the environment represent a major discontinuity, able to profoundly alter asset values across a wide range of sectors. Some of these risk factors include: • Environmental challenges (e.g. climate change, water constraints) • Changing resource landscapes (e.g. shale gas, phosphate) • New government regulations (e.g. carbon pricing, air pollution regulation) • Falling clean technology costs (e.g. solar PV, onshore wind) • Evolving social norms (e.g. fossil fuel divestment campaign) and consumer behaviour (e.g. certification schemes) • Litigation and changing statutory interpretations (e.g. changes in the application of existing laws and legislation) The Stranded Assets Programme at the University of Oxford’s Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment was established in 2012 to understand these risks in different sectors and systemically. We test and analyse the materiality of stranded asset risks over different time horizons and research the potential impacts of stranded assets on investors, businesses, regulators and policymakers. We also work with partners to develop strategies to manage the consequences of stranded assets. The Programme is currently being supported through donations from the Ashden Trust, Aviva Investors, Bunge Ltd, Craigmore Sustainables, the Generation Foundation, the Growald Family Fund, HSBC Holdings plc, the Rothschild Foundation and WWF-UK.
    [Show full text]