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Electrifying Rural Africa an Economic Challenge, a Human Necessity Under the Direction of Fondation Énergies Pour Le Monde

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Electrifying Rural Africa an Economic Challenge, a Human Necessity Under the Direction of Fondation Énergies Pour Le Monde Electrifying rural Africa An economic challenge, a human necessity Under the direction of Fondation Énergies pour le monde Preface by Jean Louis Borloo and Lionel Zinsou Observ’ER Under the direction of Fondation Energies pour le Monde Electrifying rural Africa An economic challenge, a human necessity. Observ’ER Warning Responsibility for the opinions expressed in this book lies solely with the authors. Data collection was completed on 1 June 2019. Elements available after this date may have been included depending on their availability prior to completion of the draft. Webpage This book is available online: Electrifying http://www.fondem.ong/electrifier-lafrique-rurale/ Updated data and additional content are available on the book’s website: rural Africa http://www.fondem.ong/electrifier-lafrique-rurale/ An economic challenge, a human necessity. Design and production ISBN-978-2-913620-63-6 This book is not for sale. Publisher : Cover: © Cyril le Tourneur d’Ison 146 rue de l’Université – 75007 Paris Tél.: 01 44 18 00 80 – Fax: 01 44 18 00 36 www.librairie-energies-renouvelables.org No part ofthis book can be reproduced, stored in a database or transmitted in any formwhatsoever by saving or scanning Publishing Director: without written permission of the publisher. Responsibil- Vincent Jacques le Seigneur ity for the use or application of any element of this book lies solely with the person using it. If any of the data published Authors: Gérard Madon, Yves Maigne, by any means, be it electronic, mechanical, or by photocopy Etienne Sauvage, Sarah Vignoles turns out to be unsuitable, incomplete or false, the publisher Page makeup: Alice Guillier or author cannot be held responsible, including for any con- Translation: Shula Tennenhaus sequences that may arise. 7 Foreword Africa – a triple revolution Making access to energy easier in the developing countries, starting with those of Africa will not only guarantee the suc- cess of our climate policies, but also crucially forestall a chal- lenge for peace and world stability. Why? Because in Africa, a triple revolution is underway and the speed and impacts of each one of its facets is unheard of in humanity’s history. © DR The first revolution… the demographic shock Africa’s population should double in the next thirty years. The continent, whose inhabitants have increased tenfold since the access to independence and/or the creation of new states, will need to feed, house, look after, train and employ more than a billion extra people by 2050. A billion youngsters under 30 – who haven’t even been born – will number one in every four members of the labour force across the world. Their lifestyles – staple consumer goods, transport, habitat... – and their working and production methods will obviously be decisive for the success or failure of climate policies applied elsewhere on the planet. The second revolution… communications The speed at which mobile telephony and smartphones are spreading almost beggars belief. There are now 995 million telephone subscribers and 362 million Internet users. There are hardly any homes without cell phones even though many miles have to be covered on foot to charge them wherever there is an electricity supply... In less than a decade or generation, Africa in its entirety has made a technological leap and, in so doing, has turned its perceptions, ideas, lifestyles and production methods upside down. It constitutes both a threat and an opportunity. Nowadays, populations who have no access to the absolutely essential services to development cannot be expected to sit tight while they are connected with the rest of the world and see Paris, Addis-Ababa, London or Lagos aglow at night. And tomorrow, even more, its youth will continue to take to the road, attracted by the pull of the city’s lights and music. It also constitutes a chance, because modern ways are within reach all over the territory with communication, which makes it possible to bring forward harvests, get the weather forecast, alert or prevent risks, pay or get paid. What is more, electricity can now be purchased on demand*, as dictated by needs and the money in your pocket, on a par with communication units ELECTRIFYING RURAL AFRICA: AN ECONOMIC CHALLENGE, A HUMAN NECESSITY 8 9 that we are already familiar with. This is called pay-as-you-go – a term that sums up The need to act is urgent this on-the-go world and constant communication that we have entered as part of the While this triple revolution – demographic, communication and access to energy – is whole global village. engrossing it causes concern. It is obviously a humanitarian duty, because we cannot just leave one out of every four earthlings in the dark, but it is also a duty for humanity, The third revolution… access to energy whose very survival is at stake. We have no choice in the matter, we must act as a matter Access to energy is a universal challenge. It is what enables fundamental rights to of urgency. be achieved: drinking water, and also wastewater treatment, education and health, employment and security, stability, in a nutshell the right to live decently in one’s village Firstly, Africa is currently responsible for a negligible amount of greenhouse gas emis- or neighbourhood. And it is one of the sustainable development goals adopted by the sions, yet it already pays the heavy price of climate change impacts with its water short- General Assembly of the United Nations in 2015, which seeks to “Ensure access to ages and devastating cyclone periods, resurgence of diseases, malnutrition and serial affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030”. famines, extreme weather events... Yet Africa is in darkness although it is possible to allow access to electricity to some Secondly, while Africa is hardly responsible for these emissions, the situation is set to 620 million Africans who are deprived of it… namely almost 80% who are rural dwellers. change, for in the last five years, 30% of the world’s fossil resource discoveries have been The pay-out would be double as Africans would thus have access to development. At made in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Southern Hemisphere countries will be unable to resist the same time, Africa would become the first continent to call massively on renewable this treasure trove hoarded in their sub-soil any more than their Northern Hemisphere energies, and thus pave the way for a decarbonized world, which is a prerequisite for counterparts in the last century, unless something is done to dissuade them. humanity’s survival. It is not a wager, it may be a crazy bet, a challenge it is for sure, but it is within reach. Why? As with telephony, the absence of the grid is an opportunity to grasp, Giving moderate support, helping out to enable humanity’s first decarbonized continent to develop community- or canton-wide mini-grids just about everywhere fuelled by to emerge calling on 100% renewable energy, will be taking the one step ahead in the race small photovoltaic or hydropower plants. Technology’s progress and the scale effects against time that we absolutely need to win because Africa will not wait. now make renewable energies competitive. In most cases they are cheaper than those produced by small diesel-powered generator sets*. The technologies are robust and suited to this continent that is blessed by nature… here for its solar radiation, there for its Jean-Louis BORLOO, rainfall patterns or latent wind and everywhere for its huge biomass potential. President, Fondation Énergies pour le Monde ELECTRIFYING RURAL AFRICA: AN ECONOMIC CHALLENGE, A HUMAN NECESSITY ELECTRIFYING RURAL AFRICA: AN ECONOMIC CHALLENGE, A HUMAN NECESSITY 10 11 “It is time to be optimistic” Interview with Lionel Zinsou Fondem : A number of years ago, you prefaced an esay by Christine Heuraux on the challenges of electrification in Africa. What is essential about this topic? Lionel Zinsou : During my years in office in Benin, we ran the “Light for all” project distributing solar lamps to equip house- © DR holds, health centres and schools. The project gave me first- hand insight into the access to electricity issue and convinced me that it had to demonstrate that a widescale initiative was possible and that it would bring many benefits to purchasing power, public health, education and security. For governments, taking action for access to electricity is an issue of credibility. Make no mistake about it, electrification is not making progress and every day we fall behind another ten years, which means that 70% of Africa’s rural population has no access to electricity. While the heavy rural exodus continues, demographic trends are such that there are still more people living in the countryside, right where there is no electricity and where the population no longer believes in electrification, even though it is a main- stream demand, a social right. The benefits of access to energy are obvious. In the poorest districts of Benin, free access to solar lamps and cell phone charging generate annual savings of 100 000 FCFA (€ 153). This saving, far from being trifling, has a strong macroeconomic effect on purchasing power. That’s an initial outcome. But over and above the financial impact, the intangible benefits are also extremely perceptible. The link between access to electricity and edu- cation is clear as borne out, yet again in Benin, by the distribution of solar lamps in Benin’s schools that resulted in a wave of admission applications. There are other impacts – the independence and community life of women, security and public health. Fondem : You say that Africans no longer believe in electrification, yet it is a main- stream demand. Can the situation change? Lionel Zinsou : Education, health, water and electricity are the population’s four fun- damental demands.
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