DOCSLIB.ORG

Nové Psychoaktívne Látky Rastlinného Pôvodu Na Drogovej Scéne

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nové Psychoaktívne Látky Rastlinného Pôvodu Na Drogovej Scéne Prehľadové články 149 Nové psychoaktívne látky rastlinného pôvodu na drogovej scéne MUDr. Mária Martinove, ml. CPLDZ OLÚP, n. o., Predná Hora FZaSP TRUNI, Trnava Na drogovej scéne dochádza naďalej k vzniku a následne k užívaniu nových psychoaktívnych látok (NPL) nielen syntetického, ale aj rastlinného pôvodu. V súčasnosti k najčastejšie sa vyskytujúcim novým rastlinným drogám patrí khat, kratom a šalvia divotvorná. Majú celosvetový prienik na drogový trh a hlavnou cestou ich šírenia je internet. Kľúčové slová: nové prírodné látky, khat, kratom, šalvia divotvorná. New psychoactive plant-based substances on the drug scene On the drug scene there still continues rise and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), not only synthetic substances but also plant- -based substances. Currently, the most commonly occurring plant-based new drugs include khat, kratom and salvia divinorum. They have global effect on the drug market and the main way of their distribution is the Internet. Key words: new plant-based substances, khat, kratom, salvia divinorum. Psychiatr. prax; 2014; 15(4): 149–152 Úvod vých krajín), Ázia (7 nových krajín) a Afrika (6 to oblastiach. Psychoaktívne účinky vyplývajú Súčasný drogový trh nám okrem iného po- nových krajín) (17). z uvoľnenia katinónu a katínu pri žuvaní listov (15). núka nové psychoaktívne látky (NPL), ktoré sú Khat ako ker sa dostal do povedomia nové z hľadiska výskytu na drogovej scéne a roz- Celosvetový prienik NPL Európanom už koncom 18. storočia a v 19. sto- šírené už nielen v radoch rekreačných užívateľov rastlinného pôvodu ročí, a jeho aktívne zložky z rastlín boli izolované drog, ale aj u problémových užívateľov drog. Dvadsaťtri krajín zo všetkých regió- v 19. a 20. storočí (16). nov ohlásilo vznik NPL rastlinného pôvodu Rastlina dosahuje výšku 1 až 1,5 metra a po- Nové psychoaktívne látky (NPL) pred rokom 2008 (Austrália, Brazília, Kanada, dobá sa nášmu vtáčiemu zobu. Úrad pre drogy a kriminalitu OSN (UNODC – Chorvátsko, Egypt, Fínsko, Francúzsko, Gruzínsko, V Európe a Severnej Amerike bol khat pova- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) naj- Nemecko, Írsko, Taliansko, Japonsko, Malta, žovaný za tradične užívaný spoločenstvom prisťa- novšie hlásil 348 zistených NPL v EÚ v decem- Mexiko, Holandsko, Nórsko, Rumunsko, Ruská hovalcov z Etiópie, Kene, Somálska či Jemenu, ale bri 2013 oproti 251 hláseným v júli 2012, pričom federácia, Singapur, Švajčiarsko, Thajsko, Veľká v posledných rokoch sa jeho užívanie rozšírilo nad 234 NPL podlieha medzinárodnej kontrole (5). Británia a Spojené štáty). V roku 2008 sedem rámec týchto komunít. Respondenti na UNODC Táto kontrola je výsledkom dohovorov OSN, európskych krajín (Belgicko, Bulharsko, Lotyšsko, dotazník 2012 o NPL z Bahrajnu, Kanady, Fínska, ktoré si za cieľ kladú dôraz na zvyšovanie úsilia Luxembursko, Poľsko, Portugalsko a Slovensko) Írska, Talianska, Nového Zélandu, Nórska, Ománu, pri kontrole prekurzorov, ktoré sú základným hlásilo NPL na rastlinnej báze. V Ázii boli prvé Spojených štátov amerických a Hong Kongu uvá- atribútom na výrobu drog. A práve NPL nie sú správy o výskyte týchto látok oznámené Hong dzajú objavenie khatu na ich trhoch v roku 2009, kontrolované v rámci medzinárodných dohôd. Kongom (Čína) v roku 2009, v Libanone sa objavili a bol zároveň druhou najpopulárnejšou rastlinnou v roku 2010 a v Mongolsku roku 2011. V roku 2012 látkou po šalvii divotvornej. Tieto údaje boli zaslané Systém včasného varovania (EWS – táto skupina NPL ohlásila svoj vznik v Bahrajne členskými štátmi v rokoch 2009 – 2012 (18). Early Warning System) a Lichtenštajnsku, rovnako ako aj v Kostarike Catha edulis nie je pod medzinárodnou kon- Systém včasného varovania (28 krajín a Čile. V Európe minimálne jedna krajina hlási trolou drog, ale katinón a katín sú uvedené v prí- EÚ, Nórsko a Turecko) pred NPL umožňu- prvý prienik týchto NPL každoročne (17). lohách I a III v Dohovore OSN o psychotropných je monitorovanie a medzinárodnú výmenu látkach z roku 1971. Khat je však pod národnou informácií o týchto látkach a ich kombiná- Najčastejšie sa vyskytujúce NPL kontrolou v niekoľkých krajinách. ciách. V EÚ v roku 2013 tento systém dostá- rastlinného pôvodu Na ulici nájdeme khat pod názvami ako „qat”, val správy približne o jednej novej látke týž- Medzi najčastejšie sa vyskytujúce NPL „gat“, „chat“, „miraa“, „murungu“ či „arabský alebo denne a podľa aktualizovanej správy úradu rastlinného pôvodu patrí khat, kratom a šal- habešský (abesínsky) čaj“. Vzhľadom na degradáciu OSN pre drogy a kriminalitu „Update from via divotvorná. katinónu musia byť listy khatu spotrebované skoro the World Drug Report 2013” zo 103 krajín, po zbere, a preto sú jej čerstvé listy preferovanou ktoré mali informácie o NPL k dispozícii, 94 Khat formou užitia. Ale k dispozícii sú aj sušené lístky, krajín ohlásilo vznik týchto látok v decembri Khat (Catha edulis – katha jedlá) je rastlina tzv. „grab“. Khat je zvyčajne užívaný žuvaním listov 2013, oproti 70 krajinám z 80 krajín v júli 2012 pochádzajúca z oblasti Somálskeho a Arabského a výhonkov rastliny, ale infúzie sú tiež možné. V po- (20). Najväčší vzostup výskytu NPL od júla 2012 polostrova. Žuvanie jej zelených lístkov je spolo- slednom období boli hlásené aj alkoholické výťaž- do decembra 2013 zaznamenala Európa (9 no- čenským zvykom v komunitách žijúcich v tých- ky z khatu, predávané ako „rastlinné opojenia“ (7). www.solen.sk | 2014; 15(4) | Psychiatria pre prax 150 Prehľadové články Odhaduje sa, že typické žuvanie khatu s ab- Tabuľka 1. NPL rastlinného pôvodu (20 látok) sorpciou jeho účinných zložiek je približne rov- Všeobecný názov Binomický názov Aktívne látky naké ako užitie 5 mg amfetamínu (4). Akuamma seed Picralima nitida akuammine Farmakologické účinky khatu sa podobajú Ayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Blue Egyptian Waterlily Nymphea caerulea nuciferine, aporphine účinkom pri užívaní amfetamínu. Ide o zvýšenú Calea zacatechichi Calea ternifolia Kunth sesquiterpenelactones bdelosť, eufóriu, hypertermiu, nechutenstvo, Chacruna Psychiotria viridis dimethyltryptamine (DMT) zrýchlené dýchanie a srdcovú frekvenciu či vyšší hyoscyamine (atropine), Datura Datura stramonium krvný tlak (11). scopolamine Úmrtia spojené s užitím khatu ako jedinej Damiana Turnera diffusa ? drogy doposiaľ hlásené neboli. Avšak dlhodobé Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa ergine (d-lysergicacidamide (LSA) užívanie khatu je spojené s nepriaznivými účin- Kanna Sceletium tortuosum mesembrine kami, ktoré vedú ku psychiatrickým (psychóza, Kava Pipermethysticum kavalactones (1) Khat Catha edulis cathinones, cathine depresia) či neurologickým chorobám, alebo Kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth, mitragynine (2) iným vážnym poškodeniam dôležitých orgánov Lion’s Tail (alebo Wild Dagga) Leonotis leonurus leonurine ľudského tela, ktoré sú podobné ako pri užívaní Mimosa hostilis Mimosa tenuiflora dimethyltryptamine (DMT) amfetamínu a kokaínu (10). Morning Glory Ipomoea ergine (d-lysergicacidamide (LSA)) Peyote cactus Lophophora Williamsii mescaline Kratom Salvia Salvia divinorum salvinorin A Mitragyna speciosa Korth (rodiny Rubiaceae) Syrian Rue Eganum Harmala harmaline, harmine iboga alkaloids (voacangine, je veľký strom rastúci v tropických a subtropic- ? Voacanga africana voacamine) kých oblastiach juhovýchodnej Ázie. V Thajsku Wild Lettuce Lactuca virosa lactucin je tento strom známy ako „Kratom“, nachádza Poznámky: sa v celej krajine, ale predovšetkým v južnej ob- 1) Z 18 izolovaných a identifikovaných kavalaktónov sú yangonin, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, lasti, aj keď jeho pestovanie a zber je zakázané. dihydrokawain, kawain a desmethoxyyangoin najhlavnejšie. 2) Viac ako 25 alkaloidov bolo z kratomu izolovaných a mitragynín je jej primárny aktívny alkaloid. Kratom obsahuje veľa alkaloidov vrátane mit- Zdroj: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, „UNODC questionnaire on new psychoactive substances“, 2012 ragynínu, mitrafylínu a 7 -hydroxymitragynínu. Bol používaný v Malajzii a Thajsku robotníkmi Kratom a ani žiaden z jeho aktívnych alka- pripísané pridaním O-desmetyltramadolu k vy- a poľnohospodármi na zvýšenie produktivity, loidov nespadajú pod medzinárodnú kontrolu sušeným listom kratomu (13). ale aj ako náhrada ópia či v tradičnej medicíne drog, ale niekoľko krajín prijalo opatrenia na (údajne kvôli jeho farmakologickým účinkom kontrolu kratomu, mitragynínu a 7​​-hydroxymi- Salvia divinorum podobným morfínu). V poslednom období je tragynínu. Šalvia divotvorná (čeľaď hluchavkovité, však na svetovom trhu hlásené jeho užívanie Na ulici sa kratom predáva pod názvami ako Lamiaceae) je psychoaktívna rastlina pochádza- ako novej psychoaktívnej látky. „thang“, „kakuam“, „thom“, „ketum“ alebo „biak“. júca z lesných oblastí Oaxaca v Mexiku. Bola pou- Začiatkom 20. storočia sa produkty označo- Listy kratomu sa zvyčajne konzumujú čerstvé, aj žívaná indiánmi z kmeňa Mazatec na náboženské vané ako „kratomacetát“ alebo „mitragynínace- keď sušené listy v práškovej forme sú tiež k dis- praktiky a lekárske účely, hoci nie sú pri nej a ani tát“ dostali do Európy, aj keď sa neskôr zistilo, že pozícii. Čerstvé listy sa žujú, zatiaľ čo v práškovej pri jej účinnej látke, salvinorine A, schválené žiadne ani jeden z nich neobsahoval mitragynín. Kofeín forme je často buď prehĺtaný , alebo uvarený liečivé účinky. Užívanie šalvie divotvornej ako NPL a syntetický O-desmetyltramadol (aktívny me- v čaji. Sušené listy sa zriedka fajčia. sa datuje už do roku 1990, ale respondenti UNODC tabolit tramadolu) boli nájdené v produktoch Aj napriek vzostupu užívania
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Index Vol. 12-15
    353 INDEX VOL. 12-15 Die Stichworte des Sachregisters sind in der jeweiligen Sprache der einzelnen Beitrage aufgefiihrt. Les termes repris dans la Table des matieres sont donnes selon la langue dans laquelle l'ouvrage est ecrit. The references of the Subject Index are given in the language of the respective contribution. 14 AAG (Alpha-acid glycoprotein) 120 14 Adenosine 108 12 Abortion 151 12 Adenosine-phosphate 311 13 Abscisin 12, 46, 66 13 Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate 148 14 Absorbierbarkeit 317 13 Adenosine triphosphate 358 14 Absorption 309, 350 15 S-Adenosylmethionine 261 13 Absorption of drugs 139 13 Adipaenin (Spasmolytin) 318 14 - 15 12 Adrenal atrophy 96 14 Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit 300, 306 14 - 163, 164 14 Absorptionsquote 324 13 Adrenal gland 362 14 ACAI (Anticorticocatabolic activity in­ 12 Adrenalin(e) 319 dex) 145 14 - 209, 210 12 Acalo 197 15 - 161 13 Aceclidine (3-Acetoxyquinuclidine) 307, 13 {i-Adrenergic blockers 119 308, 310, 311, 330, 332 13 Adrenergic-blocking activity 56 13 Acedapsone 193,195,197 14 O(-Adrenergic blocking drugs 36, 37, 43 13 Aceperone (Acetabutone) 121 14 {i-Adrenergic blocking drugs 38 12 Acepromazin (Plegizil) 200 14 Adrenergic drugs 90 15 Acetanilid 156 12 Adrenocorticosteroids 14, 30 15 Acetazolamide 219 12 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 13 Acetoacetyl-coenzyme A 258 16,30,155 12 Acetohexamide 16 14 - 149,153,163,165,167,171 15 1-Acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizin 15 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 216 (Slaframin) 168 14 Adrenosterone 153 13 4-Acetoxy-1-azabicyclo(3, 2, 2)-nonane 12 Adreson 252
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and Toxicological Considerations
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations Udoamaka F. Ezuruike n, Jose M. Prieto 1 Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is Received 15 November 2013 now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of Received in revised form herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby 26 May 2014 carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on Accepted 26 May 2014 the available evidence on the species' pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their Available online 12 June 2014 therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare Keywords: system. Diabetes Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic Nigeria databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants Ethnopharmacology used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Herb–drug interactions Nigeria. ‘Diabetes’ and ‘Nigeria’ were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then ‘Plant name – WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy accepted or synonyms’, ‘Constituents’, ‘Drug interaction’ and/or ‘Toxicity’ for the secondary searches.
    [Show full text]
  • Microgram Journal, Vol 3, Number 2
    MICROGRAM Laboratory Operations Division Office Of Science And Drug Abuse Prevention BUREAU OF NARCOTICS & DANGEROUS DRUGS / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE / WASHINGTION, D.C. 20537 Vol.III, No. 2 March-April, 1970 STP (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) hydrochloride was found coating the inside of capsules sent to BNDDfrom Germany. The capsules were clear, hard gelatin, standard shape size No. o. Average weight was 114 milligrams. Each capsule had a white crystalline coating on inner surface of capsule body. Apparently a measu~ed amount of solution had been placedin the cap·sule body, after which it was rotated to spread the solution on the inner surface. The substance contained 8. 7 milli­ grams STP (DOM)HCl per ca·psule. · These were the first STP capsules of this type seen by our laboratory. A few years ago, capsules were ob­ tained in the U.S. similarly coated with LSD. STP (Free Base) on laboratory filter paper, also from Germany, was seen for the first time in our laboratory. The STP spots, containing approxi­ mately 8 miliigrams STP base each, were 5/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter. The paper was 1\ inches square. Phencyclidine (Free Base) was recently analyzed on parsley leaves. Called "Angel DUst, 11 the phencyclidine on two samples of leaves was 2.6% and 3.6%. Approximately thirty pounds of 94% pure powder was also analyzed. (For identification of phencyclidine base, see Microgram, II, 1, p.3 (Jan 1969). IMITATIONSof well-known drug products are examined frequently in our Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Many of these are well made preparations and closely resemble the imitated product.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloids Used As Medicines: Structural Phytochemistry Meets Biodiversity—An Update and Forward Look
    molecules Review Alkaloids Used as Medicines: Structural Phytochemistry Meets Biodiversity—An Update and Forward Look Michael Heinrich 1,2,* , Jeffrey Mah 1 and Vafa Amirkia 1 1 Research Group ‘Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy’, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29–39 Brunswick Sq., London WC1N 1AX, UK; [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (V.A.) 2 Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, No. 100, Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung 406040, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-20-7753-5844 Abstract: Selecting candidates for drug developments using computational design and empirical rules has resulted in a broad discussion about their success. In a previous study, we had shown that a species’ abundance [as expressed by the GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility)] dataset is a core determinant for the development of a natural product into a medicine. Our overarching aim is to understand the unique requirements for natural product-based drug development. Web of Science was queried for research on alkaloids in combination with plant systematics/taxonomy. All alkaloids containing species demonstrated an average increase of 8.66 in GBIF occurrences between 2014 and 2020. Medicinal Species with alkaloids show higher abundance compared to non-medicinal alkaloids, often linked also to cultivation. Alkaloids with high biodiversity are often simple alkaloids found in multiple species with the presence of ’driver species‘ and are more likely to be included in early-stage drug development compared to ‘rare’ alkaloids. Similarly, the success of an alkaloid Citation: Heinrich, M.; Mah, J.; Amirkia, V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Main Tea Eta a El Mattitauli Mali Malta
    THE MAIN TEA ETA USA 20180169172A1EL MATTITAULI MALI MALTA ( 19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No. : US 2018 /0169172 A1 Kariman (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 21 , 2018 ( 54 ) COMPOUND AND METHOD FOR A61K 31/ 437 ( 2006 .01 ) REDUCING APPETITE , FATIGUE AND PAIN A61K 9 / 48 (2006 .01 ) (52 ) U . S . CI. (71 ) Applicant : Alexander Kariman , Rockville , MD CPC . .. .. .. .. A61K 36 / 74 (2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 / 4825 (US ) (2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 31/ 437 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61K ( 72 ) Inventor: Alexander Kariman , Rockville , MD 31/ 4375 (2013 .01 ) (US ) ( 57 ) ABSTRACT The disclosed invention generally relates to pharmaceutical (21 ) Appl . No. : 15 /898 , 232 and nutraceutical compounds and methods for reducing appetite , muscle fatigue and spasticity , enhancing athletic ( 22 ) Filed : Feb . 16 , 2018 performance , and treating pain associated with cancer, trauma , medical procedure , and neurological diseases and Publication Classification disorders in subjects in need thereof. The disclosed inven ( 51 ) Int. Ci. tion further relates to Kratom compounds where said com A61K 36 / 74 ( 2006 .01 ) pound contains at least some pharmacologically inactive A61K 31/ 4375 ( 2006 .01 ) component. pronuPatent Applicationolan Publication manu saJun . decor21, 2018 deSheet les 1 of 5 US 2018 /0169172 A1 reta Mitragynine 7 -OM - nitragynine *** * *momoda W . 00 . Paynantheine Speciogynine **** * * * ! 1000 co Speclociliatine Corynartheidine Figure 1 Patent Application Publication Jun . 21, 2018 Sheet 2 of 5 US 2018 /0169172 A1
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Picralima Nitida
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2014)1-8 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) in tropical diseases: A review Osayemwenre Erharuyi1, Abiodun Falodun1,2*, Peter Langer1 1Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3A, 18059 Rostock, Germany 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38655 Oxford, Mississippi, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Picralima nitida Durand and Hook, (fam. Apocynaceae) is a West African plant with varied Received 10 October 2013 applications in African folk medicine. Various parts of the plant have been employed Received in revised form 15 November 2013 ethnomedicinally as remedy for fever, hypertension, jaundice, dysmenorrheal, gastrointestinal Accepted 15 December 2013 disorders and malaria. In order to reveal its full pharmacological and therapeutic potentials, Available online 20 January 2014 the present review focuses on the current medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological activities of this species. Literature survey on scientific journals, books as well Keywords: as electronic sources have shown the isolation of alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols and steroids Picralima nitida from different parts of the plant, pharmacological studies revealed that the extract or isolated Apocynaceae compounds from this species
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0144429 A1 Wensley Et Al
    US 2014O144429A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0144429 A1 Wensley et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 29, 2014 (54) METHODS AND DEVICES FOR COMPOUND (60) Provisional application No. 61/887,045, filed on Oct. DELIVERY 4, 2013, provisional application No. 61/831,992, filed on Jun. 6, 2013, provisional application No. 61/794, (71) Applicant: E-NICOTINE TECHNOLOGY, INC., 601, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, provisional application Draper, UT (US) No. 61/730,738, filed on Nov. 28, 2012. (72) Inventors: Martin Wensley, Los Gatos, CA (US); Publication Classification Michael Hufford, Chapel Hill, NC (US); Jeffrey Williams, Draper, UT (51) Int. Cl. (US); Peter Lloyd, Walnut Creek, CA A6M II/04 (2006.01) (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ................................... A6M II/04 (2013.O1 (73) Assignee: E-NICOTINE TECHNOLOGY, INC., ( ) Draper, UT (US) USPC ..................................................... 128/200.14 (21) Appl. No.: 14/168,338 (57) ABSTRACT 1-1. Provided herein are methods, devices, systems, and computer (22) Filed: Jan. 30, 2014 readable medium for delivering one or more compounds to a O O Subject. Also described herein are methods, devices, systems, Related U.S. Application Data and computer readable medium for transitioning a Smoker to (63) Continuation of application No. PCT/US 13/72426, an electronic nicotine delivery device and for Smoking or filed on Nov. 27, 2013. nicotine cessation. Patent Application Publication May 29, 2014 Sheet 1 of 26 US 2014/O144429 A1 FIG. 2A 204 -1 2O6 Patent Application Publication May 29, 2014 Sheet 2 of 26 US 2014/O144429 A1 Area liquid is vaporized Electrical Connection Agent O s 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes In
    LJMU Research Online Ezuruike, UF and Prieto, JM The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/13622/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Ezuruike, UF and Prieto, JM (2014) The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155 (2). pp. 857-924. ISSN 0378-8741 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations Udoamaka F.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Varicose Veins
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Varicose Veins Chemical Activity Count (+)-ALLOMATRINE 1 (+)-ALPHA-VINIFERIN 1 (+)-CATECHIN 7 (+)-EUDESMA-4(14),7(11)-DIENE-3-ONE 1 (+)-GALLOCATECHIN 2 (+)-HERNANDEZINE 1 (+)-ISOCORYDINE 1 (+)-PRAERUPTORUM-A 1 (+)-PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 1 (+)-SYRINGARESINOL 1 (-)-16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 (-)-ACETOXYCOLLININ 1 (-)-ALPHA-BISABOLOL 2 (-)-ARGEMONINE 1 (-)-BETONICINE 1 (-)-BISPARTHENOLIDINE 1 (-)-BORNYL-CAFFEATE 2 (-)-BORNYL-FERULATE 2 (-)-BORNYL-P-COUMARATE 2 (-)-DICENTRINE 1 (-)-EPIAFZELECHIN 1 (-)-EPICATECHIN 3 (-)-EPICATECHIN-3-O-GALLATE 1 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN 1 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-O-GALLATE 2 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN-GALLATE 3 (-)-HYDROXYJASMONIC-ACID 1 Chemical Activity Count (-)-N-(1'-DEOXY-1'-D-FRUCTOPYRANOSYL)-S-ALLYL-L-CYSTEINE-SULFOXIDE 1 (1'S)-1'-ACETOXYCHAVICOL-ACETATE 2 (15:1)-CARDANOL 1 (2R)-(12Z,15Z)-2-HYDROXY-4-OXOHENEICOSA-12,15-DIEN-1-YL-ACETATE 1 (7R,10R)-CAROTA-1,4-DIENALDEHYDE 1 (E)-4-(3',4'-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-BUT-3-EN-OL 2 1,2,6-TRI-O-GALLOYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSE 1 1,7-BIS(3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)HEPTA-4E,6E-DIEN-3-ONE 1 1,7-BIS(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)-1,6-HEPTADIEN-3,5-DIONE 1 1,7-BIS-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-1,4,6-HEPTATRIEN-3-ONE 1 1,8-CINEOLE 3 1-(METHYLSULFINYL)-PROPYL-METHYL-DISULFIDE 1 1-O-(2,3,4-TRIHYDROXY-3-METHYL)-BUTYL-6-O-FERULOYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 1 10-ACETOXY-8-HYDROXY-9-ISOBUTYLOXY-6-METHOXYTHYMOL 2 10-DEHYDROGINGERDIONE 1 10-GINGERDIONE 1 11-HYDROXY-DELTA-8-THC 1 11-HYDROXY-DELTA-9-THC 1 12,118-BINARINGIN 1 12-ACETYLDEHYDROLUCICULINE
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Dysmenorrhea
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Dysmenorrhea Chemical Activity Count (+)-ADLUMINE 1 (+)-ALLOMATRINE 1 (+)-ALPHA-VINIFERIN 1 (+)-BORNYL-ISOVALERATE 1 (+)-CATECHIN 4 (+)-EUDESMA-4(14),7(11)-DIENE-3-ONE 1 (+)-GALLOCATECHIN 1 (+)-HERNANDEZINE 1 (+)-ISOCORYDINE 2 (+)-PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 1 (+)-T-CADINOL 1 (-)-16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 (-)-ALPHA-BISABOLOL 3 (-)-ANABASINE 1 (-)-ARGEMONINE 1 (-)-BETONICINE 1 (-)-BORNYL-CAFFEATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-FERULATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-P-COUMARATE 1 (-)-DICENTRINE 2 (-)-EPIAFZELECHIN 1 (-)-EPICATECHIN 1 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN-GALLATE 1 (1'S)-1'-ACETOXYCHAVICOL-ACETATE 1 (15:1)-CARDANOL 1 (E)-4-(3',4'-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-BUT-3-EN-OL 1 1,7-BIS-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-1,4,6-HEPTATRIEN-3-ONE 1 Chemical Activity Count 1,8-CINEOLE 6 10-ACETOXY-8-HYDROXY-9-ISOBUTYLOXY-6-METHOXYTHYMOL 1 10-DEHYDROGINGERDIONE 1 10-GINGERDIONE 1 11-HYDROXY-DELTA-8-THC 1 11-HYDROXY-DELTA-9-THC 1 12,118-BINARINGIN 1 12-ACETYLDEHYDROLUCICULINE 1 13',II8-BIAPIGENIN 1 13-OXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 16-EPIMETHUENINE 1 16-HYDROXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 2'-HYDROXY-FLAVONE 1 2'-O-GLYCOSYLVITEXIN 1 2-BETA,3BETA-27-TRIHYDROXYOLEAN-12-ENE-23,28-DICARBOXYLIC-ACID 1 2-METHYLBUT-3-ENE-2-OL 1 20-DEOXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 22BETA-ESCIN 1 24-METHYLENE-CYCLOARTANOL 2 3,4-DIMETHOXYTOLUENE 1 3,4-METHYLENE-DIOXYCINNAMIC-ACID-BORNYL-ESTER 2 3,4-SECOTRITERPENE-ACID-20-EPI-KOETJAPIC-ACID 1 3-ACETYLACONITINE 3 3-ACETYLNERBOWDINE 1 3-BETA-ACETOXY-20,25-EPOXYDAMMARANE-24-OL 1 3-BETA-HYDROXY-2,3-DIHYDROWITHANOLIDE-F
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Evaluation of the Local Anaesthetic Effects of The
    1 EVALUATION OF THE LOCAL ANAESTHETIC EFFECTS OF THE METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF STERCULIA TRAGACANTHA LINDL. (1830) IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS BY UDEGBUNAM, RITA IJEOMA D.V.M (Nig), M.V.SC (Ibadan) PG/Ph.D/06/42080 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN VETERINARY ANAESTHESIOLOGY MAY, 2011 2 CERTIFICATION UDEGBUNAM, RITA IJEOMA, a post-graduate student in the Department of Veterinary Surgery and with registration number PG/Ph.D/06/42080, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Anaesthesiology. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any diploma or degree of this or any other university. …………………. ……………………. Prof. R.O.C. Kene Prof I.U. Asuzu Department of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary University of Nigeria. Physiology & Pharmacology (Supervisor) University of Nigeria (Supervisor) …………………………….. Prof. E.O. Gyang External Examiner …………………………… Dr. T.O. Nnaji (Acting Head of Department) 3 DECLARATION The studies presented in this thesis are original and were carried out by me under the supervision of Professors R.O.C Kene and I.U Asuzu. References made to the work of other investigators were duly acknowledged. No part of this thesis has been previously submitted elsewhere for a diploma or degree …………………………………… Udegbunam, Rita Ijeoma May, 2011 4 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated in loving memory to Andrew Onebunne Nweke. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Lord Almighty, the giver of all good gifts, knowledge and life for making this study possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Capacity Clipart Cup, Pint, Quart, and Gallon
    Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallon FAQS Rip mom quotes poems woodys rv marathon bibs Puffy face swollen glands Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallon ascii art birthday Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallon Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallon Clients Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallon Mata zeta execution Global How make facebook status in different fontweight measurement of heaviness or mass: I was dismayed by how much weight I had gained. Not to be confused with: wait – postpone; linger; remain; stay: Wait with me for the. * - Main goods are marked with red color . Services of language translation the. An announcement must be commercial character Goods and services advancement through P.O.Box sys read more Creative Free capacity clipart cup, pint, quart, and gallonvaQuestions about the content of the message. But theyve been around for a long time because they work. Created the SRC to oversee its implementation. Read more Toronto January 25 2010 Municipalities have to consider the needs. The Bible text makes it implausible that codes exist today even if read more Unlimited Poems - i miss my brotherAdding two 1/3 cups gives you 2/3 cups. In decimals, 1/3 of a cup is .33 cups, so .33 cups plus .33 cups equals .66 cups. The United States customary cup holds 8 fluid ounces. Since 1/3 or .33 of 8 ounces is 2.64 ounces, 2/3 U.S. fluid cups. Solving fraction and volume unit problems is easy. Find out how in this article.
    [Show full text]