Design out Crime Using Design to Reduce Injuries from Alcohol Related Violence in Pubs and Clubs Contents

Design Out Crime Using design to reduce injuries from alcohol related violence in pubs and clubs Contents

2 The problem Foreword 4 A drinkers history The problem 8 Adolescents and alcohol 11 The violence 12 The victims 15 Glassing scenarios 16 Alcohol misuse 17 The injuries Accidental injury 18 The time and the place Material matters 22 Pint sized facts History of the pint glass 23 Current glass types 24 Glass 26 Plastic 27 Polycarbonate vs. glass 31 Alternatives to glass 32 Case study 34 Promotional potential in a glass 36 Case study Designing a safer future 40 How designers can help 42 How designers work 46 Endnotes

Design Out Crime is an initiative from the Home Office’s Design & Technology Alliance Against Crime and the Design Council. The Alliance is tasked with bringing about innovation and encouraging others to ‘think crime’ in the first stages of design, planning and product development. It is comprised of ten experts from the world of design, industry and law enforcement.

The problem Foreword This is not an attempt to redesign the British pint glass for the sake of it. Alan Campbell The Design Out Crime project has the potential to reduce the number of There are nearly 1 million violent glassings and the number of accidental incidents each year in the UK where the injuries bar workers suffer from broken victim believed the offender to be under glass.5 973,000 the influence of alcohol1, absorbing a incidents of alcohol- significant amount of police time and an The Design Out Crime project is estimated £2.7bn in NHS funding for developing safer alternatives to related violence each alcohol-related harm, including assault traditional glasses by engaging industry, 2 year in the UK injuries. trade and consumers in creating Alan Campbell is the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State responsible solutions. After consulting the experts for crime reduction. The use of glassware in alcohol-related on the problem (the victims, publicans, violence is a particular concern. materials specialists, emergency services Glasses and bottles used as weapons and drinks brand owners) the Alliance £2.7bn can intimidate victims, bar staff or Against Crime has appointed a team of bystanders and cause serious injuries. specialist designers at agency Design costs to NHS for alcohol- Bridge to prototype options for a safer related harm, including As a blunt weapon, for instance in an pint glass. This booklet shares all the intact bottle, glass can cause significant research and insights they have worked assault injuries physical damage. with so you can understand the complex issues around glassings and alcohol- But when glass is broken and used as related violence in the UK. a sharp weapon the potential damage is hugely increased. Glass-inflicted injuries There are still plenty of other 87,000 to the eyes and face often require stitches opportunities for designers to create their or surgery and can result in heavy blood own solutions to alcohol-related violence violent incidents loss and even loss of sight. and for the drinks industry to commission involving glass them. Doing so could help make safety There are an estimated 87,000 violent from crime a selling point and make it incidents involving glass each year in the harder for the few people who behave UK.3 Around 5,500 glassings are violently when they’re drunk to injure reported annually.4 That’s 100 every others with the vessels they drink from. 5,500 week. In cases that are reported it is most Everything we’ve learnt is in this book. commonly pint glasses which are broken What could you do with this information? estimated glassings and used as sharp weapons. And so it is the redesign of the pint glass that the We believe there is a fantastic Design & Technology Alliance Against opportunity to offer both a safe and Crime has focused on to make it less likely enjoyable drinking experience through that they could be used by violent innovation, the use of new materials and attackers to inflict serious injuries. creative design.

The problem / Foreword Foreword A drinkers history shaped the modern way we drink. Porter effective reduction of injuries caused by served in pewter looked poor compared glass in and outside licensed premises Peter Haydon to pale ale in glass. People started to starts with an assessment of what people ‘drink with their eyes’ and the lighter, are likely to do, and, with that in mind, At most points in history it has been more industrial beers were increasingly considers the alternatives. possible to understand alcoholic drinks drunk for refreshment rather than in terms of the job they did. First they sustenance. Yet when the role of drink Its research understands what’s been allowed people to drink water safely and the type of drinks consumed tried in the past and it will learn from without dying of cholera or typhoid. changed, the amount we drank didn’t mistakes, when others haven’t. In the Then they were nutritional staples. Later and this had some extreme effects on episode of Panorama of 11 August 2009 they were social lubricants and cultural our behaviour. the BBC mocked up a bar in Oldham to cohesives. suggest that people would have to queue Peter Haydon is author of An Inebriated History of Britain, the story of the Alcohol has always been related to in ‘post office’ fashion to make them evolution of drinking and drinking Modern society, global manufacturing violence. It may seem that the risk of behave more responsibly. In 1915 when places in the UK. and taxation, and the relegation of encountering violence on a night out is the government first directly interfered ‘drink’ in the popular mind from local greater in 2009 than it was in 1999, but is in the drink trade by nationalising pubs produce to Fast Moving Consumer it greater than in 1939 when ‘razor gangs’ in strategically sensitive parts of the Goods (FMCG) status, has removed were the dread of Glasgow, or 1959 when nation, they closed 53 pubs in the many of these justifications for the they were even more widespread, or 1809 Carlisle area and opened three. The first existence of intoxicating drink. or 1709 when the term cut-throat didn’t of these was the Gretna Tavern. Increasing popular alienation from just apply to a type of razor? As an Previously it had been a post office. No matters culinary, plus production historian of drink my suspicion is that one liked it much. People are just as likely realities, mean that intoxication is all that things haven’t changed that much. And to resent an imposed solution in 2009 as numerous brands have to offer. We now therein lies the root of many of the they were in 1915. Any change to the design drinks to meet the tastes of perceived problems we face today. way that we drink that makes drinking ‘market sectors’ rather than relying on safer will only be accepted if it is seen the maturity of the individual and the This is what makes this Design Out first and foremost as an improvement. increasing sophistication of palate that is Crime research so refreshing. It rejects That is the design challenge. supposed to come with age to bring an the usual premise that the appropriate appreciation of complex flavours and the response to amending other people’s effects they have. An undemanding behaviour is to tell them they shouldn’t market sector can only be satisfied with do it – what one may term the ‘Catholic’ drinks that are undemanding. If or ‘Fiscal’ response, which has intoxication is all that is demanded then, misinformed so many temperance in this, the best of all possible worlds, the minded measures. (Measures which have market will supply. done little to change popular behaviour from century to century.) This is a Victorian view as much as a contemporary one. It was the censorious The Design Out Crime project is playing attitudes of many Victorians that served its part by investigating the issues and – uniquely in Europe - to divorce eating delivering an informed solution by from drinking, with profound creating the next generation pint glass. consequences for modern Britain. This project is much more than merely Similarly it was the Victorian an assessment of whether polycarbonate introduction of mass produced glass that is better than glass. It recognises that

A drinker’s history A drinker’s history 1. The problem

Nearly 10,000 11–17 A quarter of UK Adolescents year-olds are admitted to teenagers say they have hospital each year in the drunk five or more drinks and alcohol UK because of alcohol in a row three times consumption.9 or more in the month preceding the survey.14 Most young people do not drink By age 15, 37% of young excessively or come to any harm through people drank at home, In 1997-98, there were , 34% outdoors, 38% at 6,667 admissions of 1 000 drinking, but there is a significant someone else’s house under-18s to NHS minority who do and this is a big concern.6 and 45% at parties.10 hospitals in England for young people a week alcohol-related reasons. The cost to the taxpayer In 2005–06 this increased suffer serious facial Government has recognised the need for for the criminal justice to 8,889.15 system to deal with injuries from action on this issue, with the launch of alcohol-related crimes by Up to 1,000 young people the National Alcohol Strategy 7 and the under-18s is estimated a week suffer serious drunken assaults at between £915m and facial injuries from Youth Alcohol Action Plan. The effects £1.15bn.11 drunken assaults. 18,000 8 of young people drinking are felt across young people are scarred society. They are more likely to become The overall cost to for life each year.16 society from the victims of crime or engage in unsafe problems caused by sexual behaviour. Their school work excessive alcohol consumption, related suffers, as do their relationships with crime and anti-social , behaviour (by both 18 000 family and friends. Local communities young people and adults) young people are scarred have to deal with antisocial behaviour has been estimated at and crime, and society as a whole faces between £17.7bn and for life each year huge bills for health and policing as £25.1bn.12 professionals deal with the fallout from A survey of 15-16 year- problematic youth drinking, including olds 13 found that UK teenagers came at thousands of alcohol-related hospital or near the top of the admissions each year for under-18s. international league for binge drinking, drunkenness and experiencing alcohol problems. Source: www.gettyimages.co.uk © Getty Images Getty © www.gettyimages.co.uk Source:

Adolescents and Alcohol Pint glasses are the most Bottles often cause blunt The violence common glass weapon in trauma and don’t break, reported assaults. so the injuries they cause are less likely to need Much of the violence in licensed Glass injuries are a medical treatment. premises happens at flashpoints, when serious problem in the UK, with approximately Drinking-glass injuries people have been drinking and 5,500 glassings reported are often more serious something is said or done that makes each year 18, and glasses and likely to include eye or bottles being used in and facial injuries. them see red and react violently on the 5% of all violent crime.19 spur of the moment. Although the bottle or glass is occasionally The pubs and bars where they have been broken before being used in an attack, it is far more drinking are filled with dangerous common for assailants to implements that can readily become use them intact, although weapons. The glasses and bottles that are on impact they often break and can then inflict integral to the drinking environment are more serious injuries. easy to grab hold of and they can inflict serious injuries.

Attacks where a glass or bottle is used as a weapon are called glassings. In glassing incidents the perpetrator either thrusts a glass directly at a person’s face or body, or across it in a slapping-style motion. A bottle’s design means it lends itself to being used as a blunt object to club someone because people can hold the bottle’s neck and use the body to hit out. Another common glassing approach is to throw the bottle or glass so it becomes an exploding projectile.

‘We are still serving a mind-altering substance in a potential weapon.’ Marjorie Golding mother of glassing assault victim and founder of the POP Campaign17

10 The violence 11 The 2008/09 British Crime There is often a blurring The victims Survey 20 for England and between victim and Wales reports that 36% assailant in alcohol- of stranger violence and related assaults, with Glassings can potentially occur in any 23% of woundings take the perception of who public drinking environment. There are place in or around pubs the victim is shifting and clubs. through the course of age trends but they match trends for the altercation. Often, violent crime and for timings and levels In a study of assaults the assailant reports with bar glasses and that the motivation for of drinking in public. bottles21 it was found that the assault was being significantly more women upset by someone, acting than expected inflicted in revenge or acting in injury on other women, self-defence. At times, but there were also fewer glass or bottles are seen female-to-male assaults as an ‘equaliser’, used and fewer male-to-female because the person feels injuries than expected. threatened by someone who they believe is likely A study by the Scottish to harm them. Centre for Crime and Criminal Justice The consequences of Research found that being glassed can be while clubs with younger complex. Beyond the clientele were more likely physical healing process, to have violent outbreaks, victims, and often those with older clientele assailants, have to suffer were most resistant long after the assault, to getting rid of glass dealing with social and completely. psychological factors.

It is difficult to pinpoint a definitive statistic for the number of glassing assaults, as the majority go unreported, making police records under- representative of the true scale of the problem. Hospital admissions offer a closer representation, but this too is incomplete as victims may not accurately report the cause of the injury, and many decide the injury is not significant enough to go to a hospital in the ‘Some people first place. can be so drunk they don’t even realise a glass is in their hand.’

Male bar worker Limited News Mason’s, & Service News West South Source:

12 The victims 13 Glassing scenarios

While glassing incidents may have some things in common, such as crowding in the pub, rivalry, self-defence, sexual jealousies, revenge and mistaken identity, they are instigated by, and happen to, people of many different ages, of both John, 44, hadn’t seen his PhD student Liam was sexes and in places that aren’t renowned wife Liz for nine months exchanging lively banter for violence. until he spotted her at with 29 year-old Lisa in a table in a Glasgow a Stockport bar but the nightclub with another conversation turned sour. These descriptions of glassing incidents man. Liz had only Lisa was offended by recently met this new one of Liam’s comments feature real events, but some of the man but John accused and she threw the wine names have been changed to protect the him of having a sexual from the full glass she victims’ identities. relationship with his was holding in Liam’s wife and hit him on the face. When Liam laughed neck and upper body in response she hit him repeatedly with a glass twice in the face with her which soon shattered glass, dragging it down and inflicted deep his cheek and wounding wounds. him in five places.

When Laura, 21, asked another girl on the dance floor of a club in Manchester to stop jostling, the girl smashed the glass she was holding into Laura’s face. She inflicted two gashes on Laura’s face which narrowly missed her jugular vein but left heavy scars. Source: www.gettyimages.co.uk © Getty Images Getty © www.gettyimages.co.uk Source:

14 The victims Glassing scenarios 15 A knife wound is often In a study of five UK Alcohol misuse The injuries continuous, predictable A&E departments it was and relatively neat; found that 75% of glass broken glass, however, assault injuries were to Glass as a blunt weapon can cause has ragged edges and the face, that eye injuries uneven surfaces so were infrequent but often significant damage. As a sharp weapon it gouges rather than serious and that, in the the potential for damage is hugely slices, which often leads opinion of surgeons, 75% to very messy wounds, of injuries were likely to increased, and a very high ratio of glasses followed by very messy result in ‘very noticeable’ and bottles do smash into sharp pieces scarring. or ‘noticeable’ scarring six months later.25 on impact. Broken glass injuries are more likely to involve the Bottle injuries tend victim’s eyes, which can to be inflicted on a Accidental injury dramatically increase the victim’s scalp. Facial severity of the injury and injuries are more likely can lead to blindness. to have been inflicted by £ £ bn Accidental injury is also a concern and broken drinking glasses. 8 1322 accounts for a large percentage of glass Drinking-glass injuries estimated cost of alcohol-related crime are almost twice as likely injuries. There is obvious potential for as bottle injuries to need injury from falling glass in multi-level stitches.26 venues, and from breakages. Also, there is a significant number of accidental injuries to staff. A survey of bar workers in 1994 showed that 40% had sustained accidental glass-related injuries (mostly while stacking and washing), and one third 70% of them needed treatment in A&E.24 of A&E attendances between midnight and 5am are alcohol-related. 23

16 Alcohol misuse The injuries / Accidental injury 17 Glassing incidents are Violence can also spill The time and the place largely confined to the out onto the streets. The weekend when extended journey from pub or club ‘The timings of these drinking patterns draw to public transport or The majority of glassing assaults happen out into the night.29 home often sees people when people are in or around bars and congregating in areas The entertainment areas where the potential for incidents are no clubs, and they increase proportionately of town and city centres trouble still exists, in with the number of people (and the are the most common that streets can also be location for violent crowded with boisterous quantities of alcohol they drink). offending. and at times competitive surprise — Friday people who are still The problem environment is typically drunk. one where so-called vertical drinking and Saturday nights, happens.27 This means large pubs such as the ‘super-pubs’ found in most cities, late evening into which can hold around 2,000 people, or nightclubs where there is more potential for violence to occur at flashpoints. early morning.’ Sergeant Mark Worthington Safer, Stronger Northampton Partnership 48% violent offences occurred between Friday 6pm to Monday 6am. 28

18 The time and the place The time and the place 19

2. Material matters

S AS GL WITH CARE

20 Pint sized facts Current glass types

Pint glasses were Approximately 126 million Each to their own traditionally straight pints of beer are served edged and had a each week in the UK. There are increasing variations on the tendency to crack or chip The average British male traditional forms, as foreign imports when stored together will drink 11,600 pints or during washing. In of beer or lager in his become more popular. Slight waists, 1960 the ‘Nonic’ (no lifetime. wide mouths, stems, and extra height are nick) glass, with a strengthened bulge In a pub the average life all features designed to enhance specific an inch from the rim of a pint glass is three The Tulip Straight-edged Mug The Nonic qualities of the particular drink. was invented, allowing months. An upside down pear This pint glass tapers Made from heavy, A bulge about an inch glasses to rub together shape where the top is gently from a wide top to dimpled glass with from the top of the glass without being damaged. Most British pints are fatter than the bottom. a narrower base, with no an added handle for stops the rims knocking But they must all have one thing in drunk out of French The shape helps drinker change to the flat sided easy drinking, these against each other and common. UK law dictates that a pint A pint glass holds 568ml glasses made by grip the glass and the surface. glasses are seen as the chipping when they’re of liquid (20 fluid ounces, Cristallerie d’Arques in space at the bottom traditional beer drinker’s being carried or stored. glass must be exactly that, or an exact an Imperial pint). Calais. They have their makes separating choice. The bulge also helps part of a pint. This is typically achieved own stamp number: stacked glasses easier. drinkers keep a good grip 2043. Some say the shape also on their pint. through use of a certified glass with an improves the aroma of the drink. official marking.

A brief history of the pint glass Ancient 1400s 1500s 1700s 1900s 2000s 2010 Pewter or silver beakers The European ‘stein’ Clear glass was first Up to the end of the First Pint glasses made from The Design & Technology history were the vessel of choice container with a handle used to show off the World War the English safety glass (also known Alliance Against Early ale drinkers often among the wealthy. and a hinged lid was clarity and colour of pint mug was a china pot as shatterproof glass) Crime unveils the next drank through straws to designed as a sanitary the costliest beers, in a shade of pink with a are introduced to the UK. generation pint glass. avoid swallowing grain Wood or earthenware measure to keep out flies compared to the cloudy, white strap handle. husks left in the beer. (both porous materials) following an explosion sediment-laden cheaper Polycarbonate pint were used by the masses. in insect numbers after varieties. Mass manufacture of glasses (toughened The Romans favoured But they broke easily and an outbreak of bubonic glasses saw the invention plastic) are released horn drinking vessels. absorbed the stench of plague. Steins made of of a number of pint glass to cater for outdoor beer with each use. stoneware, pewter and shapes: the conical, the drinking. other materials would tulip, the fluted glass, the remain the most popular dimple mug, the straight beer vessel for the next edged and the ‘Nonic’ (no 300 years. nick) glass.

Source: www.istockphoto.com All images © iStockphoto ?

22 Current glass types Current glass types 23 The use of toughened Glass concerns over the safety of annealed Furthermore, British Glass says the term glass (see below). The amount of ‘toughened glass’ is in itself misleading, glass to cut the number toughened glass currently in circulation and toughened glass is not actually tough. Glass pint vessels are made from either is difficult to judge, partly because of A better description would be ‘brittle of injuries has become annealed or toughened glass. a lack of recognisable labelling. glass’ because toughened glass breaks into a much-debated topic little pieces when impacted or scratched.34 Key strengths among people from Despite a handful of studies — User research suggests drinkers documenting the positive impact of Annealed glass drinkers, licensees and the perceive it to be higher quality than toughened glass, research also points Annealing involves a much slower plastic. police to licensing officers, to a number of failings, and why the cooling process, which aims to reduce — Glass is inert, so food, drinks, material is far from the ideal ‘safe’ glass. residual stress in the glass.35 plastic surgeons and drinks medicines or cosmetics remain untainted by contact. brand managers. The curvaceous form of drinking glasses Annealing is a process of slowly cooling — Good recycling infrastructure is currently renders the toughening process glass to relieve internal stresses after it was already in place for glass. uneven and unreliable, particularly in formed. Glass which has not been relation to more delicate stemware. annealed is liable to crack or shatter when Key weaknesses Belgian glass manufacturer Durobor subjected to a relatively small temperature — Glass has low impact resistance. It recently claimed to have developed a change or mechanical shock. Annealing breaks into potentially dangerous shards. toughening technique that can be applied glass is critical to its durability. If glass is to all glasses, whatever their shape, but not annealed, it will retain many of the Toughened glass this is yet to be proven and widely thermal stresses caused by quenching Toughening involves the controlled, adopted. A nationally approved standard (a quench refers to a rapid cooling) and rapid cooling of glass during to regulate quality of toughening is significantly decrease the overall strength manufacture with the aim of deliberately currently in the pipeline, but until it is of the glass. However, by comparison, inducing compressive surface stresses confirmed the level and consistency in toughened drinking vessels have into the glass. These stresses help to toughening will vary according to substantially higher impact strengths than increase its strength. manufacturer. annealed glass - over a period of extended use (3–6 months) in licensed premises, The compressive energy stored in the Toughened glass has also been widely toughened glass was still shown to retain glass influences how it reacts to breaking, reported to ‘spontaneously shatter’. a level of strength equivalent to that of so that as soon as a fracture develops it Warburton and Shepherd (2000), in a new annealed glassware. continues throughout the glass in all six-month study of 1,229 bar workers, directions causing it to fragment into reported that toughened glassware small pieces that are safer. significantly increased the number of ‘Toughened glass is accidental injuries to staff. The authors The speed of cooling determines the inherently stronger therefore advocate stricter quality control degree of toughening and hence the when new but if in the manufacture of toughened glass.32 degree of strength and fragmentation.30 damaged it can break Unfortunately the toughening process In 1997 the Brewers and Licensed quite easily. It can also does not necessarily ensure longevity, Retailers Association, (now the British and scratches and knocks that occur shatter spontaneously Beer & Pub Association) recommended with use quickly compromise the glass’s the use of toughened glass to all if damaged.’ 31 impact resistance. members. Since then there has been a Rebecca Cocking steady increase in the use of toughened British Glass Manufacturers Confederation 33 Source: www.istockphoto.com ©iStockphoto www.istockphoto.com Source: glass drinking vessels in response to (British Glass)

24 Glass Glass 25 Plastic Misconceptions Polycarbonate vs. Glass After they started using polycarbonate Users, licensees and others initially glasses, the UK’s largest nightclub Benefits & barriers operator, Luminar Leisure, said they Key strengths resistant to polycarbonate glasses tend to saved an estimated £200,000 because — High impact resistance become significantly more positive after Polycarbonate glasses are definitely a there were no more insurance claims — Little or no injury risk. seeing and handling good quality samples. The majority of ill-feeling ‘safe’ alternative to glass. They don’t from customers getting cut feet from shatter when new and they can withstand walking barefoot on broken glass. Steve Key weaknesses towards polycarbonate glasses is based the weight of a three tonne truck. Thomas, Director of Luminar Leisure, — Drinkers dislike plastic glasses on misconceptions about the material’s explains: ‘The introduction of — Flexible plastic glasses, when full, strength, feel or appearance. These They are widely supported by police polycarbonates is cost-neutral: are difficult to carry without spillage misconceptions are often effectively 36 officers, surgeons, victims of glassing and polycarbonate costs a bit more than glass, — Anecdotal evidence suggests dispelled by seeing the sample glasses. their families, as well as some publicans. but lasts longer.’ 37 excessive fizzing when beer is poured But the debate still rages regarding the into the glass, resulting in wastage But, as with toughened glass, there is suitability of the material as a replacement Recycling — Plastic is seen to have poor currently no recognised standard, so the for glass. It may fulfil all safety criteria, The recycling infrastructure for glass is environmental implications in disposal quality of polycarbonate glasses varies but is this the perfect drinking vessel? well established. The relatively low — There is anecdotal evidence of greatly between manufacturers. number of glass variants in circulation significantly more littering when Price (mainly different colours), the widespread disposable glasses are used Nationally, a growing number of Although glass is cheap compared to usage, and the high density of glass make — There are growing concerns over initiatives encourage the adoption plastic, due to the manufacturing process, this practical. Plastics, on the other hand, Bisphenol A (BPA) leaching from of safer glasses. In Glasgow the city the tooling is more expensive. The overall are used in many more variants, making polycarbonate glasses council tried to make the use of purchase cost of a glass is a combination recycling more of a challenge. One — Plastic is seen by some to be less polycarbonate drinking glasses of the material cost and tooling. A cheap opportunity to overcome this problem inert than glass and many believe it mandatory in city centre pubs and tempered pint glass might cost around may be to use the well-defined nature of changes the taste of the drink as a result bars. But, as in the rest of the UK, 40p, and this doubles to 80p if the glass is the supply chain to the drinks industry, — Plastic is prone to scratching. they did not meet with universal approval. Connoisseur drinkers insist toughened. A quality polycarbonate glass and the very high value of polycarbonate will typically cost approximately £1.00, (£2,100 per tonne). Research shows that A number of manufacturers already offer that plastic glasses adversely affect around 20% more than the more if the grade of polycarbonate used for plastic drinking glasses. At the top end of the taste of their pint. They don’t like expensive glass alternative. However, glasses could be standardised, local the quality scale are polycarbonate interference or social engineering, as these costs need to be considered in light schemes could be set up to recycle them. vessels, manufactured by injection they see it. of the life of the glass - data that is not While recycled polycarbonate could not moulding. Virtually unbreakable in readily available. There is an argument be used again for glasses, it could have normal everyday usage, polycarbonate is ‘When you said plastic that although polycarbonate glasses are many other applications. The high value used as a shatter-resistant substitute for glasses I was thinking more expensive, their toughness and of polycarbonates could provide a real glass. A number of other materials such resistance to breakage may offset this cost. incentive to recycle. as styrene acrylonitrile, polystyrene and cheap plastic glasses, polypropylene are also widely available, but this is actually really Looking further ahead, developments are but do not offer the same qualities as underway to recycle plastics at a polymer polycarbonate. Styrene acrylonitrile and similar to a real glass.’ level. This would overcome the problems polystyrene, both hard wearing plastics, Female drinker, 20s of mixing different grades of plastic, are also brittle and can crack easily. possibly making the recycling of plastic Polypropylene glasses, commonly seen at much more practical. outdoor events, are flexible to the touch and often cause excessive spillage as well as being susceptible to splitting.

26 Plastic Polycarbonate vs. Glass 27 Longevity ‘Plastic substantially compromises the quality ‘It feels like less. It’s the Most polycarbonate glasses currently on A tendency to ‘cloud’ after a number of of the drinking experience. We take the view the market are a close visual match for washes, and to scratch easily, has led to that in some cases, polycarbonates are a weight, it’s the size. glass, leaving the user feeling cheated, questions about the longevity of necessary measure in ensuring customer I may be wrong but it and often sceptical, on closer inspection. polycarbonate compared to glass. In a safety, and we’ll implement them - even if Through design there is potential to series of recent tests the Institute of doing so reduces the level of customer feels less than a pint.’ exploit the true properties of Materials and Mining also found satisfaction associated with visiting the Male drinker, 30s polycarbonate, in turn encouraging a polycarbonate glasses tended to lose venue. But there are other types of operations more positive response from drinkers. strength with repeated exposure to where to ask customers to drink out of a This view is shared by the Campaign for dishwashing cycles.38 polycarbonate glass would fatally Real Ale. ‘Plastic glasses taint the taste of The Institute of Materials, Minerals and compromise their experience, and they will the beer. The drinkers least affected by Mining has tested polycarbonate, ‘The structural strength of polycarbonate simply not come back.’ introducing plastic containers will be the annealed and toughened glass pint glasses materials is severely affected by both — Simon Kaye, ones who drink to get drunk and don’t to see how each material breaks and alkaline and glass friendly detergents. In Commercial Director, Regent Inns care about quality. As this is the group that stands up to everyday pressures like this context, we believe that visible micro- is responsible for almost all pub related dishwashing and stacking. cracking developed within the body of the Sensory experience violence it means that the licensing board polycarbonate shapes is generated by the The qualities and material properties policy isn’t just punishing the innocent Its conclusion: ‘There is clear evidence thermal cycle of the dishwashing cycle.’ associated with glass have become along with the guilty, it is punishing the that the use of toughened glass provides ingrained in the drinking experience. innocent instead of the guilty’.39 impact strength and fracture Perceived quality When asked to evaluate the experience characteristics of value in reducing Central to many industry brand drinking from a glass and compare it to Weight glassing incidents. Clearly, polymeric managers’ argument against drinking from polycarbonate, common Visually distinguishing a quality materials, particularly polycarbonate and polycarbonate glasses is that they would themes emerge: polycarbonate glass from one made of co-polyester, offer impressive impact compromise the quality of the product glass is a challenge to even the most strength to further reduce glassing and hence the drinking experience. Taste perceptive drinker, but handling it rapidly problems. The potential to develop Many of the drinkers interviewed were reveals the dramatic difference in weight surface coating technology, polymer concerned about how polycarbonate between glass and polycarbonate. colouring, or the incorporation of wear- glasses affected the taste of the drink. Conditioned to associate quality with resistant bands to improve scuffing weight, the drinker is suspicious of the behaviour may offer promise to reduce ‘It tastes different, lightweight polycarbonate glass. replacement costs for plastic glasses.’ different texturally. Temperature It’s difficult to explain. Almost all drinkers are concerned about the temperature of their drink when It tastes cheaper, like served in a polycarbonate glass. They also if you were to drink say the lack of condensation on the glass is off-putting, even though drinks stay a cheap cola instead cooler for longer in a polycarbonate glass of a regular cola.’ due to better insulation from body heat. Male drinker, 30s

28 Polycarbonate vs. Glass Polycarbonate vs. Glass 29 Alternatives to glass The 2003 Licensing Act established a single integrated scheme for licensing Methods for adoption premises. Permission to carry on licensable activities is now contained in There are currently a number of formal a single licence, the Premises Licence, and informal methods for introducing or which replaced several different and enforcing the use of polycarbonate complex schemes. Responsibility for glasses. Amid growing resistance from issuing licences now rests with local the licensed trade and customers to a authorities, which are required to legal ban on conventional glasses, police establish a Licensing Committee to officers and licensing authorities are address specific concerns, such as the increasingly reluctant to impose blanket likelihood of problems on key dates like bans. It is acknowledged that this is not sporting events, or in response to a the solution. glassing incident. Police officers can now bring cases before the Licensing Responsible licensees Committee and try to impose the use Many licensees already use a combination of polycarbonate glasses through a of polycarbonate and glass, using their condition of licence. judgement about times when anti-social behaviour could be more likely.

Licensees are also highly aware of the risk of accidental harm from glass, and so take the relevant precautions to minimise it. For example, many use plastic glasses during busy sporting events or at live music venues.

Localised Licensing Authority Before the introduction of the 2003 Licensing Act, imposing specific and targeted conditions within licensed premises to safeguard against a particular problem was a complex process, which police officers often had neither the time nor the resources to pursue.

30 Alternatives to glass Alternatives to glass 31 Continuing analysis Case study The premises that use polycarbonates were canvassed to gauge customers’ response. Most users felt generally safer at venues Northampton where they were used and didn’t feel they adversely affected the taste, temperature or and polycarbonate experience of their drink. The targeted approach, as opposed to a glass trials blanket ban, has been viewed favourably by the trade, who want to continue working with Northampton Borough Council to The problem The response improve the service they provide. 21-year-old Blake Golding was working Northampton Borough Council decided to as a nightclub doorman in Milton Keynes implement a no-glass vessels policy in the on Christmas Eve 2004 when he had to sort of licensed premises where glasses break up a fight. He was attacked by an or bottles were being used as weapons. assailant who slashed his face many times It knew a ban wasn’t the right solution, with a broken glass bottle and inflicted as Glasgow had banned glass vessels from wounds 10 inches long over Blake’s city centre pubs, clubs and bars in 2006 forehead, right eye, cheek and neck. Blake’s and found it alienated the licensed trade mother Marjorie has gone on to campaign as well as many drinkers. for late night drinking venues to bring in polycarbonate glasses. Funding for the Northampton no-glass project was sourced to test the effect of After Marjorie led discussions at the replacing glassware with polycarbonates. National Licensing Conference in November Rather than forcing trade premises to adopt 2006 on the safety of polycarbonate polycarbonate glasses, Northampton wanted glasses, Northampton Borough Council to work with the trade to trial them. The local commissioned Northampton University to Pubwatch scheme supported the change analyse violent crime in the night-time and Marjorie Golding was called in to help economy of Northampton town centre. It promote polycarbonates to trade premises. revealed that the number of violent crimes where glasses or bottles were used as The results weapons was ‘considerably higher than the The nine largest venues in the town centre national average’. now use only polycarbonate glasses. They are also attempting to source PET 40 plastic Staff at the local hospital’s A&E department bottles. Many other pubs and bars within revealed the issue of glass related injuries the recognised leisure zone and in urban was significant. Assessment focused on locations use polycarbonate glasses at comparing the night-time economy of the peak times in gardens and smoking areas town’s ‘leisure zone’ with national statistics. and for special events like televised sport. Venues that enabled high volume vertical drinking (HVVD) had the highest numbers of Within Northampton town centre the glassing incidents, while licensed premises, number of glassings and bottlings has such as community pubs, in the less urban significantly declined year on year from51 areas had less of a problem. in 2006 to 45 in 2007 and 31 in 2008. Since 2004 there has been a cumulative decrease of 40% in glassing incidents.

32 Case study Case study 33 Promotional potential Smaller brewers and beer companies also satisfaction at having the choice of a All the drinker’s senses help them judge distinguish and promote themselves by branded glass, while managerial staff if their pint is a good one. They may see in a glass using branded drinking glasses, so UK frequently mentioned the cost and a brand stamped on the side, or hear the drinkers have a wide range of branded efficiency benefits of using branded beer frothing, feel its cold through the In the highly competitive UK drinks vessels to choose from. vessels, which are supplied free, glass, and smell the aroma, and all before industry, the branding and marketing or at a subsidised price. they finally taste it. of drinking glasses is a key way for Different consumers respond to this companies to promote the different proliferation of branded glasses in Negative feedback largely related to Beer brand owners understand how brands within their vast drinks portfolios. different ways. When asked by researchers problems like reduced stackability, limited important each of the drinker’s senses is. Major global brewers and distributors like from Innovation RCA, which conducted storage capacity, increased breakability of ‘We want to make sure it looks great… Anheuser-Busch InBev, Coors and interviews with landlords, drinkers and certain glasses through handling and it’s what it tastes like, what it feels like in Diageo all use variations in glass design, the drinks industry on the use of different washing processes, and increased theft of the hand; does it feel cold, does the foam shape and decoration to boost brand materials for pint glasses, customers aged particularly desirable glasses. last as long as it would in a standard profile and encourage consumer loyalty 18-35 said they preferred their drinks in glass? We would be delighted to use a through product differentiation.41 branded glasses. Older beer drinkers said Branded polycarbonates safe glass if the drinking experience was they were less concerned about branded Another study by Innovation RCA of the as great as a normal glass,’ says Paul When beer is served on draft, not in glasses, unless they enhanced the types of branded promotion applied to Hegarty, Director of Communications at bottles, it is particularly important for the drinking experience. For example, a plastic glasses showed that, with the Coors Brewers. brewers that something conveys the branded glass that has been etched to exception of occasional branding by major brand. The branded drinking glass, as encourage nucleation (the formation of brewers on the kind of low quality plastic There are plenty of opportunities for well as labels on the pump, are important bubbles), glasses with specific shapes glasses provided at mass gatherings like designers to help exploit what Hegarty tools in a brand owner’s repertoire, designed to capture aroma and improve sporting events and music festivals, there calls the ‘theatre of dispense’. Glasses are because while the customer is drinking taste, or stemmed or double walled glasses is currently no significant branding of a vital part of this theatre, allowing the their pint they are advertising it to others. that claim to affect temperature were all polycarbonate glasses in the UK. aromas, flavours, head and overall visual cited by customers as reasons for appeal of the beer to be maximised. AB InBev is one of the world’s top five deciding which beer to drink. Student Union bars are one of the few consumer products companies with a types of premises known to have adopted Material potential portfolio of more than 200 brands, The RCA researchers concluded that the branded polycarbonates because they are A number of common labelling, including Budweiser, Stella Artois, effect of an unusual glass was often encouraged by free supplies from decoration and strengthening processes Beck’s and Leffe. Branded glasses have particularly important to those drinking brewers. But even many of these feel the could be used to make pint glasses safer formed a major part of the individual continental beers. They immediately quality of plastic glasses is not yet good and create branding opportunities. marketing campaigns for both Stella associated these beers with the enough and they supplement the Artois and Leffe.42 continental drinking experience, where branded polycarbonates by buying more — Plastic shrink sleeves are already drinking from a much larger range of expensive high-end polycarbonates. used to brand glass bottles. This process Coors too has developed branded glasses branded glasses is the norm. Many who could be applied to drinking glasses, to accompany all its beer brands, which drank continental beers said they would Using the senses making them safer while simultaneously include Carling, Grolsch and Caffrey’s.43 feel the drinking experience had been Beer should look good to the drinker. offering branding opportunities. diminished if they were not served their Ales and lagers should be clear and Similarly, Diageo has used innovative beer in a branded glass. bright, with a good head. Stouts need to — The car industry uses polycarbonate marketing campaigns that encompass be dark with a thick creamy head. Even for headlamps, and protective coatings glass design and branding in their What bar staff want cloudy beers such as wheat beers should prevent scratching and dulling of the promotion of Guinness, one of the Most bar staff said there are both never look dull. plastic over time. These same coatings company’s highest performing brands.44 positives and negatives to serving drinks could improve polycarbonate glasses’ in branded glasses. On the positive side, resistance to scratching and prolong they reported increased customer their life.

34 Promotional potential in a glass Promotional potential in a glass 35 Case Study Stella Artois

Stella Artois recognised that design and Michael Thompson, of the Portman Group branding opportunities could help them (an industry-wide organisation encouraging deliver a better experience for drinkers responsible drink promotion), says that when they launched a new 4% strength while Stella was quick to see the branding beer in the UK. opportunity of a newly shaped glass, it could have made safety improvements to Brand owner InBev saw that more British the design as well. He says that consumer drinkers were taking up continental drinking affection for the continental drinking model styles and enjoying their beer from a offers an opportunity to the drinks industry branded glass. So they made sure the to develop new, safer drinking glasses: ‘It’s continental credentials of Stella’s 4% beer all about being driven by consumer appeal, were highlighted in TV commercials and in and finding something that is attractive to the design of new glasses to coincide with consumers… In big cities, like London, you’ll its launch. see consumers demanding more and more beers that are very popular on the continent. The Stella Artois chalice glass is based on The continental drinking experience is the traditional Belgian beer glass but it has different – the glass adds to it.’ additional features including embossed sides to keep the beer insulated, a shape Could the knowledge that you’re drinking designed specifically to eliminate any from a safer pint glass add to the frothing and a lip engineered to retain the experience of you drinking a new beer? head of the beer throughout the drink.

36 Case study 37 3. Designing a safer future

THIS WAY UP

38 39 How designers can help Jeremy Myerson, 1 2 member of the Design They understand the problem Get to know the users. & Technology Alliance Design is a problem solving discipline And any abusers Against Crime and and at the start of every project designers Designers regularly focus on delivering need to do research that helps them fully products and services that meet user Director, Helen Hamlyn understand the problem they have been needs, but when designing out crime Centre RCA. asked to address. they also need to think about the people that abuse the system. They need to Current trends in alcohol-related They think about the who, what, when, know and understand users and abusers. violence in Britain present designers with where, why and how of the problem and a difficult challenge. The culture and do research online or via academic To design a safer pint glass that is less experience of drinking is in many ways documents to inform their view. likely to be used in glassings, designers a designed experience. Design could need to understand how abusers use therefore be said to be part of the The facts and figures in this book are an glasses in violent attacks. By talking problem, but it can also be part of the example of the preliminary research to emergency services and victims of solution, especially when it comes to the designers undertake at the start of every glassings it emerges that attackers tend design of drinking glasses. project. Designers look at the problem to use one of four main techniques: from all sides to find statistics, people or The Design & Technology Alliance facts that inspire them or that challenge — Slapping: the perpetrator slaps his or Against Crime, which was convened by the their preconceptions. It is important that her hand across their victim’s face while Home Office to explore how design and the designers look at the problem from holding a glass. technology can address aspects of criminal the point of view of their client and also behaviour, believes designers have much to understand their aims in commissioning — Smashing: the perpetrator smashes offer in improving the design of the British a design project. a drinking glass then swipes or stabs at pint glass. their victim. Research for the Design Out Crime safer There is a real opportunity here to offer pint glass project breaks down how — Stabbing: the perpetrator thrusts both a pleasurable and safe drinking glassings and alcohol-related crime affect: an intact glass towards their victim in experience through material innovation — Victims a stabbing action. and creative design. Design is not just a — Emergency services tool for businesses to commission. In the — Pub landlords — Throwing: the perpetrator throws right hands it is also an agent for social — Beer brands an intact glass at their victim. change and progress. — Compensation payments from insurance companies or the Criminal As well as understanding how abusers Designers’ skills and processes are Injury Compensation Board. could misuse a product and create a already used to create innovative new problem, designers consider how legitimate products and services and their skills are Once designers have compiled facts and users will be affected by any changes. Pint equally suited to tackling pressing social evidence about the problem, their focus glasses affect customers who drink beer, problems such as alcohol related violence. shifts to the people and customers the but they also affect bar staff who serve, The way designers work means design is design project could affect with a view to collect and wash them, pub landlords who an appropriate method for delivering understanding what these people need buy them and beer brands which can social change and progress. them to do. promote their products on them.

40 How designers can help How designers can help 41 3 4 5 6

Research design ideas Search for appropriate Sketching and visualising ideas Make models to test and What does safety mean and how have materials and technologies Sketching and developing computer use results to develop ideas things been designed to be safer? Designers understand their ideas need models of design concepts is a core part Models are useful to bring ideas to life, Research can reveal how others have to be manufactured on a mass scale to of the design process because it helps turning them into a 3D form that can be been making their products safer. Some become a commercial reality, so they designers communicate their ideas to judged for scale, feel and performance. techniques include: collaborate with materials and technology each other and to their clients and it experts. They don’t restrict themselves to allows them to start testing whether their More sophisticated prototypes are — Defence: Wee-Go baby bottles are looking for inspiration in the market they ideas can be modelled into reality. essential for rigorous testing and they are made from glass so plastic can’t taint are designing for. When producing a new helpful when testing your designs with their contents. They are encased in a pint glass they might ask: users to help them understand how a contemporary silicone sleeve which stops final product will feel and how they will them breaking if they topple and makes — What is done to glass on car use it. Prototypes are also essential as them easier to hold. windscreens that means they don’t break production models to explain how the on impact? Could its manufacturers also product could be manufactured at scale. — Reinforcement: strength can be make drinking glasses? added to materials by reinforcing them with stronger and more flexible — Why don’t polycarbonate headlights materials. on cars get scratched and go dull like polycarbonate glassware? What is it — Containment: Safety razors have coated with? Is the coating food grade? been designed to make sure sharp blades are contained by wire so they can’t inflict — Why do the leading glassware serious injuries. manufacturers develop so many new ideas each year without a route to market?

42 How designers work How designers work 43 Conclusion

The Alliance has worked with the Design Council to marshal the evidence and insights captured in this publication Brief 3 — I love plastic Brief 4 — The 21st century pint and enable designers, beer brand owners Brief 1 — Glass and more Design a new plastic/composite drinking Design a new safe drinking glass that and policy makers to understand the Design an improved glass vessel that glass that harnesses material properties goes back to the drawing board to set the scale and effects of the problem of incorporates an additional design feature to give added benefits to the consumer new standard for drinking vessels for the alcohol related violence, and particularly (branded or otherwise) that makes it (and brands) and address negative 21st century. It should make the most of glassings. It has also identified some key appealing to the consumer but increases consumer attitudes to plastic. The new current advancements in manufacturing ways that professional design firms can safety by reducing the opportunity for proposition should include consideration and material science to deliver a credible help create a safer drinking experience. the vessel to be used as a weapon. Pub landlords think that glass is the best of a creative campaign to create positive alternative to glass in its user experience attitudes towards the plastic glass. while presenting a powerful business Four design briefs were created to show material to drink a pint from: ‘The beer Sebastian Conran, Chairman of the case to industry. Peter Hayden, author how designers could approach the holds its head much better in glass than it Design & Technology Alliance Against of An Inebriated History of Britain, says: challenge. One design agency, Design does in plastic. The presentation is much Crime, thinks designers and beer brand ‘Present beer in a fashion that elevates it. Bridge, was commissioned by the better and people prefer drinking from owners are missing an opportunity to be Stop presenting it as a commodity. Start Alliance to design its own response to glass than plastic.’ So, if people like glass innovative and use alternative materials thinking of it as something that has the briefs that appealed to them. You so much, why not let them keep it? But in a pint glass. He says: ‘It’s not so much intrinsic values rather than something can use these same briefs, or create your let’s make glass in drinks vessels safer. a question of what the polycarbonate that’s there to get you bladdered.’ own, if you have been inspired to design glass is going to look like but what the a solution to alcohol related violence. customer experience is going to be. How are they going to be served? Are there things you can do with the serving of plastic glasses or paper cups that you Glass can’t do with real glass?’ APPEAL I love plastic and More Brief 2 — Under-the-radar safety Design a new safer glass by modifying the properties and features of glass itself Different Experience Different to make it less easy to break and use as a weapon. This will be a behind-the-scenes SAFETY solution where the new design will not Controlled Breakage Prevented Breakage provide a significantly different user (glass) (plastic) experience. Paul Hegarty, Director of Communications at brewer Coors, says: ‘However good the beer tastes when it Under- The 21st the-radar Century Pint leaves the brewery, it’s the experience Safety when people drink it in the pub that really determines whether people like it. It’s all

Similar Experience Similar about surprising and delighting people at the pumps. It’s about what it tastes like but we also want to make sure that it looks great. It’s how it feels in the hand. We would be delighted to use a safe glass if the drinking experience was as great, or better, than with a normal glass.’

44 Conclusion Conclusion 45 7. HM Government (2007) Safe, 15. IAS- Adolescents and Alcohol: 23. Cabinet Office. The Prime 30. Rickinson, B, and Preston, S, 37. Morning Advertiser ‘Luminar Endnotes Sensible and Social. The next Problems Related to Drinking: Minister’s Strategy Unit (2003). Materials for Drinking Glasses, A expects plastic to save it steps in National Alcohol Strategy, http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/ Interim Analytical Report, as cited short test programme with one £200,000’ 27/07/07 http://www. 1. The Home Office Statistical 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ factsheets/adolescents.pdf in Alcohol Misuse Interventions: pint glasses, Executive Summary, morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/ Bulletin, Crime in England and shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/5_6_07_ Guidance on developing a local London: IOM3, March 2009. article/48061 (Accessed 5 Wales 2008/09, The British Crime alcoholsurvey.pdf 16. Magennis P, Shepherd J P, programmes of improvement. February 2009). Survey and police recorded crime Hutchison I, Brown A E (1998). 2005 http://www.drugsandalcohol. 31. BLRA, Toughened Glass. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ 8. Department for Children, Trends in facial injury. British ie/6278/1/3501-3722.pdf Press release, Brewers and 38. Rickinson, B and Preston, S, rds/pdfs09/hosb1109vol1.pdf Schools and Families, Department Medical Journal;316:325-3256 Licensed Retailers Association, 42 Materials for Drinking Glasses, A of Health and Home Office , 2008, 24. L.C. Luke, A little nightclub Portman Square, London, 1997 short test programme with one 2. Department of Health (2008) Youth Alcohol Action Plan, http:// 17. Plastic Bottles or Plastic medicine: the healthcare pint glasses, Executive Summary, The Cost of Alcohol Harm to the publications.dcsf.gov.uk/ Surgery Campaign. implications of clubbing. 32. Warburton, A, and Shepherd, London: IOM3, March 2009. NHS in England eOrderingDownload/ Emergency Medical Journal; J, Effectiveness of toughened Cm%207387.pdf 18. Derived from Magennis P., 19:542-545, 2002. glassware in terms of reducing 39. ‘Glasgow Licensing Board 3. British Crime Survey data Shepherd J., Hutchison H. and injury in bars: a randomized Policy on use of Plastic/ 20078/08 as quoted in Hansard 9. Department for Children, Brown A. (1998) ‘Trends in facial 25. Coomaraswamy, K, Shepherd, controlled trial, Injury Prevention, Toughened Glass in Public Houses http://www.publications. Schools and Families, Department injury’, BMJ, 316: 325–6. In Safe, J, Predictors and severity of injury Vol. 6, pp36-40, 2000. and Entertainment Licensed parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ of Health and Home Office , 2008, Sensible and Social. The next in assaults with bar glasses and Premises’ http://www.camra.org. ldhansrd/text/91013-0008.htm Youth Alcohol Action Plan, http:// steps in National Alcohol Strategy, bottles. Injury Prevention 2003, 33. Winder, B, Last Orders for uk/ (Accessed 21 February 2009). publications.dcsf.gov.uk/ 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ 9:81-84, 2003. Alcohol Related Violence: 4. Derived from Magennis P., eOrderingDownload/ shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/5_6_07_ exploring salient factors in the 40. PET stands for polyethylene Shepherd J., Hutchison H. and Cm%207387.pdf alcoholsurvey.pdf 26. Coomaraswamy, K, Shepherd, occurrence of violent incidents terephthalate, a plastic resin and Brown A. (1998) ‘Trends in facial J, Predictors and severity of injury in UK pubs and other late night a form of polyester. injury’, BMJ, 316: 325–6. In Safe, 10. Fuller E. (ed.) (2008) 19. British Crime Survey data in assaults with bar glasses and venues, Nottingham Trent Sensible and Social. The next Smoking and drinking and 20078/08 as quoted in Hansard bottles. Injury Prevention 2003, University, 2.4.1.1 Glass Pg.23. 41. Anheuser-Busch InBev Brand steps in National Alcohol Strategy, drug use among young people http://www.publications. 9:81-84, 2003. Strategy http://www.ab-inbev. 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ in England in 2008. Leeds: parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ 34. Winder, B, Last Orders for com/go/ brands/brand_strategy shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/5_6_07_ Health and Social Care ldhansrd/text/91013-0008.htm 27. High Volume Vertical Alcohol Related Violence: (Accessed: 17 November 2009). alcoholsurvey.pdf Information Centre. Drinking establishments exploring salient factors in the 20. The Home Office Statistical (HVVDEs) are premises with occurrence of violent incidents 42. Anheuser-Busch InBev Brand 5. In 1994, 40% of accidental 11. Impact assessment for the Bulletin, Crime in England and exceptionally high capacities, used in UK pubs and other late night Strategy http://www.ab-inbev. injuries to bar workers were as a consultation on a mandatory code Wales 2008/09, The British Crime primarily or exclusively for the sale venues, Nottingham Trent com/go/ brands/brand_strategy result of broken glass incidents- for the alcohol retail industry. Survey and police recorded crime and consumption of alcohol with University, 2.4.1.1 Glass Pg.23. (Accessed: 17 November 2009). 1/3 needed A&E treatment Home Office, 2008. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ little or no seating for patrons. rds/pdfs09/hosb1109vol1.pdf 35. Rickinson, B and Preston, S, 43. Anheuser-Busch InBev Brand http://www.emphasisnetwork.org. 12. Impact assessment for the 28. 2008/09 BCS Crime in Materials for Drinking Glasses, Strategy http://www.ab-inbev. uk/events/alcoholnov2008/ consultation on a mandatory code 21. Coomaraswamy, K, Shepherd, England and Wales 2008/09: A short test programme with one com/go/ brands/brand_strategy presentations.htm (Accessed: 2 for the alcohol retail industry. J, Predictors and severity of injury Supplementary Tables: Nature of pint glasses, Executive Summary, (Accessed: 17 November 2009). March 2009). Home Office, 2008. in assaults with bar glasses and burglary, vehicle-related theft, London: IOM3, March 2009. bottles. Injury Prevention 2003, bicycle theft, other household 44. Diageo Brands http://www. 6. Department of Children, 13. IAS- Adolescents and Alcohol: 9:81-84, 2003. theft, personal and other theft, 36. Pilkington, A, Feasibility study diageo.com/en-row/OurBrands/ Schools and Families, Problems Related to Drinking: vandalism and violent crime for establishing and enforcement ourbrandsA-Z/BeersLagers/ Consultation on Children, Young http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/ 22. Policing and Crime Bill, 2008 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ mechanism for the use of (Accessed: 17 November 2009). People and Alcohol: Summary factsheets/adolescents.pdf http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ rds/crimeew0809_tables_bvv. polycarbonate vessels in Responseshttp://www.dcsf.gov.uk/ documents/ia-police-crime-bill- html#violent Northampton’s ‘leisure zone’. consultations/downloadableDocs/ 14. IAS- Adolescents and Alcohol: 08/ia-alcohol-code-practice2835. Centre for Children and Youth, Alcohol%20Results.pdf (Accessed: Problems Related to Drinking: pdf?view=Binary 29. How does your night end? School of Social Science, The 10 September 2009). http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/ London: Home Office, 2008 University of Northampton, 2008. factsheets/adolescents.pdf http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/ publication-search/alcohol/ bingeleaflet2835.pdf?view=Binary

46 47 For more information on Design Out Crime visit www.designoutcrime.org.uk

Design Council 34 Bow Street, London WC2E 7DL United Kingdom

Tel: +44(0)20 7420 5249 Fax: +44(0)20 7420 5300 Email: [email protected] www.designcouncil.org.uk

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48 49 The Home Secretary’s Design & Technology Alliance Against Crime brings industry, the public sector, designers and crime prevention experts together with victims of crime to prototype new design-led ideas for crime-proof gadgets, public spaces and housing.

The programme will work with industry experts to tackle five areas where design can help to prevent crime:

Schools Finding and applying specific design solutions to reduce problems such as bullying, fighting and petty theft in schools.

‘Hot’ products Developing innovations in technology, services and product design which help make personal electronics more crime-proof.

Housing Embedding design-led approaches to help develop safer communities by reducing crime and the opportunities for them to occur.

Alcohol-related crime Finding design-led approaches to reduce the harm caused by alcohol-related antisocial and criminal behaviour, especially assaults in pubs and clubs.

Business crime Helping businesses to use design to minimise the crimes which victimise them, their customers or employees – such as shoplifting and other forms of retail theft.