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Mycoplasma Mobile Sp. Nov., a New Species from Fish H INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, July 1987, p. 192-197 Vol. 37, No. 3 0020-7713/87/030192-06$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1987, International Union of Microbiological Societies Mycoplasma mobile sp. nov., a New Species from Fish H. KIRCHHOFF," P. BEYENE, M. FISCHER, J. FLOSSDORF, J. HEITMANN, B. KHATTAB, D. LOPATTA, R. ROSENGARTEN, G. SEIDEL, AND C. YOUSEF Institut fur Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tierarztliche Hochschule, D 3000 Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany Mycoplasma strain 163K was isolated from the gills of a tench (Tinca tinca L.) with red disease. The cells are elongated, ovoid or flask shaped, consisting of a thicker body and a more slender part ending in a hemispherical terminal structure, that is apparently stabilized by a cytoskeleton. They are able to attach to inert surfaces and living cells. The most exciting property of the organisms is their fast gliding motion, which occurs on glass and plastic surfaces and which is not interrupted by resting periods. Growth occurs between 17 and 30°C, with an optimum at 25"C, in modified Hayflick medium with horse or bovine serum and in medium with swine serum. Acid is produced from several carbohydrates, but arginine and urea are not catabolized. The organism reduces tetrazolium chloride, produces film and spots and hydrogen peroxide, and is able to hemolyze and to adsorb to erythrocytes of several animal species. Indirect immunofluorescencetest, growth inhibition, and metabolism iqhibition tests indicate that the mycoplasma represents a new species for which the name Mycoplasma mobile is proposed. Strain 163K (ATCC 43663) is the type strain. In a study of 85 fish of several species, mycoplasmalike colony count method (6) diluting the samples in microtiter colonies were obtained on agar plates directly inoculated plates (1).Growth curves were determined for strain 163K in with unfiltered organ material of 16 of the 85 fish examined several media and at several temperatures. (17). Despite immense efforts, cultivation in further passages Morphological studies. The colonies of strain 163K were was only possible in one case, with an isolate from the gills examined with a stereo microscope (Leitz). Cellular mor- of a tench (Tinca tinca L.). In a second study of 95 fish of phology was examined by dark-field microscopy, by scan- several species (unpublished data), again mycoplasmalike ning electron microscopy and by transmission electron mi- colonies were observed repeatedly on agar plates directly croscopy, using a negative staining technique and sectioning inoculated with materials from the gills, skin, spleens and of organism pellets. intestines, of the fish, but subcultivation did not succeed in For scanning electron microscopy, organisms were grown any case. Consequently, there was only one type of myco- on glass cover slips in petri dishes. Cover slips with attached plasma isolated from these fish. However, this mycoplasma cells were rinsed three times in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate distinguished itself by such unique properties that its de- buffer (PH 7.2), fixed in 2.5% (wt/vol) glutaraldehyde in the scription as a new species appears to be justified. same buffer for 2 h at 4"C, and postfixed in 1% (wtlvol) cacodylate-buffered osmium tetroxide for 2 h at room tem- MATERIALS AND METHODS perature. After washing in buffer and dehydration in a Mycoplasma. The mycoplasma isolate originated from the graded series of ethanol and double-distilled water, followed gdls of a tench showing symptoms of red disease. Growth by pure ethanol and amylacetate as intermediate fluid, the was obtained under aerobic conditions at an incubation preparations were critical point dried in carbon dioxide, temperature of 15°C on modified Hayflick medium. The sputter coated with gold, and then examined in a Jeol model details of primary isolation have been described previously JSM 35C scanning electron microscope operating at 25 kV. (17). The isolate was designated strain 163K. Pictures were taken at approximately 30°C to the plane of the Media and cultivation. Strain 163K was isolated and gen- specimen holder. erally cultivated in Hayflick medium (7), modified as de- For negative staining, organisms were grown in petri scribed before (17). For the preparation of antisera dishes on Pioloform films supported by electron microscope rnycoplasmas were cultivated in Friis medium (13), modified as described before (17). For the preparation of solid me- copper grids. The adherent cells on these films were directly dium, 0.7% (wthol) purified agar (Oxoid no. 1) and 0.01% stained with 2% (wt/vol) aqueous ammonium molybdate for dextran were added. Strain 163K was usually incubated 20 to 60 s without any preceding washing and fixation aerobically at 25°C. For determination of the temperature procedures. range enabling growth and reproduction, mycoplasmas were For thin sectioning, fluid cultures were initially fixed by incubated at 4, 17, 25, 30, and 37°C. Strain 163K was filter adding glutaraldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5% cloned three times according to the recommended proce- (vol/vol). After 4 h at room temperature or overnight at 4"C, dure, using a 220-nm-pore membrane filter (Millipore Cop) cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 2,500 x g, washed in (23). 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) or in veronal Growth curves. Broth medium (5 ml) was inoculated with acetate buffer (pH 7.1), and postfixed in 1% (wt/vol) cacodyl- 0.5 ml of a mycoplasma suspension containing 7.85 x lo6 ate or veronal acetate buffered Noble agar. Small cubes of organisms (stock inoculum, kept at -70°C). The number of the cell-containing agar were dehydrated in increasing con- viable and reproductive mycoplasmas was determined at centrations af ethanol, and embedded in Ducupan ACM by various intervals during incubation for 0,6,12,15,24,30,36, the method of Luft (19). Thin sections were made with an 48, 54, 60, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, and 240 h by the LKB model 4800 ultramicrotome, using glass knives, and were stained with 2% (wthol) aqueous uranylacetate for 10 * Corresponding author. min (28) followed by Reynolds lead citrate for 6 min (21). 192 VOL. 37, 1987 MYCOPLASMA MOBILE SP. NOV. 193 TABLE 1. Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma strains and antisera TABLE l-Continued used in serological tests Source' Source' Strain Strain Mycoplasmas Antisera Mycoplasmas Antisera M. pneumoniae FHT NIH NIH, IMT M. agalactiae PG2T IRC IRC M. primatum HRC 292T NIH NIH M alkalescens DBS 803 NIH NIH M. pullorum CKKT IRC IRC M alvi IlsleyT IRC IRC M. pulmonis PG34T NIH NIH, IMT M anatis 1340T NIH NIH, IMT M. putrefaciens KSIT IRC IRC, IMT M arginini G230T NIH NIH, IMT M. salivarium PG20T NIH NIH M arthritidis PG6T NIH NIH, IMT M. spumans PG13T NIH NIH, IMT M bovigenitalium PGllT NIH NIH, IMT M. sualvi Mayfield BT GIRA GIRA M bovirhinis PG43T NIH NIH, IMT M. subdolum TBT MIT MIT M bovis DonettaT IRC IRC, IMT M. synoviae WVU 1853T IRC IRC M bovoculi M 165/69T IRC IRC M. testudinis 01008T MRC MRC M buccale CH20274T NIH NIH M. verecundum 107T IRC IRC, IMT M. californicum ST6T IRC IRC M. canadense 275CT IRC IRC, IMT A. axanthum H86N IRC IRC, IMT M. canis PG14T NIH NIH, IMT A. equifetale C112T IMT IMT M. capricolum California kidT IRC IRC A.florum LIT FCR FCR M. caviae G122T IRC NIH, IMT A. granularum BTS39T NIH NIH, IMT M. cavipharyngis 117CT FCR FCR A. hippikon CIT IMT IMT M. citelli RG-2CT IRC IRC A. laidlawii PG8* NIH NIH, IMT M. cloacale 383T FCR FCR A. modicum PG49T IRC IRC, IMT M. collis 58BT FCR FCR A. morum 72-043T FCR FCR M. columbinasale 694T IRC IRC A. oculi 19LT IRC IRC, IMT M. columbinum MMP-lT IRC IRC A. parvum H23MT FCR, VFV FCR, VFV M. columborale MMP-4T IRC IRC M. conjunctivae HRC 581T IRC NIH, IMT Bovine serogroup 7 PGSO IRC IRC M. cricetuli CHT FCR FCR M. cynos H831T IRC IRC, IMT ' Abbreviations: CVM (R. F. Ross), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa M. dispar 462/2T State University, Ames, Iowa; FCR (J. G. Tully), Mycoplasma Section, IRC IRC, IMT Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Md.; GIRA (R. M. Gourlay), M. edwardii PG24T IRC IRC, IMT Institute for Research Animal Diseases, Compton Newbury, Berkshire, M. equigenitalium T37T IMT IMT England; IMT (H. Kirchhoff and J. Heitmann), Institut fur Mikrobiologie und M. equirhinis M 432/72T LIRA LIRA, IMT Tierseuchen, Tierarztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Federal Republic of Ger- M. fastidiosum 4822= IRC IRC many; IRC (E. A. Freundt), FAO/WHO International Reference Centre for M. faucium DC333T NIH NIH Animal Mycoplasmas, Aarhus Denmark; LIRA (R. Lemcke), Institut for M.felifaucium PVT MRC MRC Research Animal Diseases, Compton Newbury, Berkshire, England; MRC M.feliminutum BenT IRC IRC (A. Hill), Medical Research Council Laboratories, Carshalton, Surrey, En- M. felis gland; NIH (M. F. Barile and J. G. Tully), National Institutes of Health, COT IRC NIH, IMT Bethesda, Md. ; SVS (N. F. Friis), Statens Veterinaere Serum Laboratorium, M. fermentans PG18T NIH NIH, IMT Copenhagen, Denmark; VFV (M. Ogata), Department of Veterinary Public M. fEocculare M~42~ svs svs Health, Azabu University, Fuchinobe Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. M. gallinaceum DDT NIH NIH, IMT M. gallinarum PG16T NIH NIH M. gallisepticum PG31T NIH NIH, IMT M. gallopavonis WRIT IRC IRC All specimens were examined with a Zeiss EM 10 electron M. gatae C1 IRC IRC, IMT microscope, using an accelerating voltage of 60 and 80 kV. M. genitalium G37T FCR FCR Filtrations studies. Filterability of strain 163K was deter- M. glycophilum 486T FCR FCR M. hominis PG21T NIH NIH mined by membrane filters (Millipore Corp.) with pore M. hyophatyngis H3-6BFT FCR FCR diameters of 450 and 220 nm.
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