Role of Protein Phosphorylation in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

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Role of Protein Phosphorylation in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pathogenicity of a minimal organism: Role of protein phosphorylation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Sebastian Schmidl aus Bad Hersfeld Göttingen 2010 Mitglieder des Betreuungsausschusses: Referent: Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke Koreferent: PD Dr. Michael Hoppert Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.11.2010 “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” (Albert Einstein) Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke für die Ermöglichung dieser Doktorarbeit bedanken. Nicht zuletzt durch seine freundliche und engagierte Betreuung hat mir die Zeit viel Freude bereitet. Des Weiteren hat er mir alle Freiheiten zur Verwirklichung meiner eigenen Ideen gelassen, was ich sehr zu schätzen weiß. Für die Übernahme des Korreferates danke ich PD Dr. Michael Hoppert sowie Prof. Dr. Heinz Neumann, PD Dr. Boris Görke, PD Dr. Rolf Daniel und Prof. Dr. Botho Bowien für das Mitwirken im Thesis-Komitee. Der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes gilt ein besonderer Dank für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit, durch die es mir unter anderem auch möglich war, an Tagungen in fernen Ländern teilzunehmen. Prof. Dr. Michael Hecker und der Gruppe von Dr. Dörte Becher (Universität Greifswald) danke ich für die freundliche Zusammenarbeit bei der Durchführung von zahlreichen Proteomics-Experimenten. Ein ganz besonderer Dank geht dabei an Katrin Gronau, die mich in die Feinheiten der 2D-Gelelektrophorese eingeführt hat. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei Andreas Otto für die zahlreichen Proteinidentifikationen in den letzten Monaten bedanken. Nicht zu vergessen ist auch meine zweite Außenstelle an der Universität in Barcelona. Dr. Maria Lluch-Senar und Dr. Jaume Piñol gilt ein besonderer Dank bei der morphologischen Untersuchungen von Mutanten sowie zahlreichen lustigen Abenden auf Tagungen. Für die gute Arbeitsatmosphäre und tatkräftige Unterstützung im Labor möchte ich mich bei Julia Busse bedanken. Speziell natürlich für die unzähligen Slot Blots. Ein besonderer Dank geht auch an Hinnerk Eilers für die vielen anregenden Diskussionen rund um die kleinen Biester. Viel Erfolg in Umeå! Meinem Nachfolger Arne Schmeisky wünsche ich alles Gute und hoffe, dass er das Mycoplasmen-Mekka weiterhin gut vertreten wird. Dr. Petra Neumann-Staubitz danke ich für die vielen unterhaltsamen Gespräche im S2-Labor. Mal sehen, ob ihr Schilderwahn einmal ein Ende nimmt! Weiterhin bedanke ich mich bei meinen alteingesessenen sowie neuen Mitstreitern Katrin Gunka, Christine Diethmaier, Christoph Wrede, Nico Pietack, Lope A. Flórez, Martin Lehnik, Frederik Meyer und Fabian Rothe, die in den letzten 3 Jahren viel zu einer entspannten und kreativen Arbeitsatmosphäre beigetragen haben. Ein großer Dank für die Erleichterung des Laboraltages geht auch an unsere „Pufferella“ Bärbel Herbst. Möge sie wieder zu ihrer alten Stärke zurückfinden! Bei der Praktikantin Sandra Appelt, den Bachelor-Studenten Stephanie Großhennig, Miriam Bothe und Daniel Reuß sowie den Diplomanden Meike Ridderbusch und Pavel Dutow bedanke ich mich für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei vielen Projekten. Hoffentlich haben sie meinen kleinen Exkurs in die „Advanced and Applied Mycoplasmology“ gut überstanden!? Außerdem danke ich noch all jenen, die ich nicht namentlich erwähnen konnte, die mich aber dennoch bei der Erstellung dieser Arbeit unterstützt haben. Mein ganz spezieller Dank gilt meiner Familie. Ohne die moralische Unterstützung meiner Eltern und meiner Schwester hätte ich weder mein Studium noch meine Doktorarbeit schaffen können. Dafür ein riesengroßes Dankeschön! Zum Schluss gilt mein Dank meiner Freundin Anke, die mich immer wieder neu motiviert und so sehr an mich glaubt. CONTENTS EDITORIAL Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................... I List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... III List of publications ..................................................................................................... VII Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 (A) Mycoplasma and Spiroplasma .......................................................................... 3 (B) Aims of this work ........................................................................................... 30 2. The stability of cytadherence proteins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae requires activity of the protein kinase PrkC ............................................... 31 3. The phosphoproteome of the minimal bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Analysis of the complete known Ser/Thr kinome suggests the existence of novel kinases ............................. 52 4. In vitro phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis: PrkC phosphorylates enzymes from different branches of basic metabolism ..................................................................... 109 5. Upregulation of thymidine kinase activity compensates for loss of thymidylate synthase activity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae .................. 128 6. Interactions between glycolytic enzymes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae .... 146 7. The hidden pathway: Impact of the glycerophosphodiesterase GlpQ on virulence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae ................................................... 161 8. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 205 I CONTENTS EDITORIAL 9. References ..................................................................................................... 219 10. Appendix ....................................................................................................... 245 Curriculum vitae ........................................................................................................ 263 II ABBREVIATIONS EDITORIAL List of abbreviations 5FdUMP 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphat A adenine Å ångström ABC adenosine 5’-triphosphate binding cassette ADP adenosine 5’-diphosphate Amp ampicillin Asn asparagine ATP adenosine 5’-triphosphate B2H bacterial two-hybrid bp base pair BSA bovine serum albumin C cytosine Ca2+ calcium cation Cam chloramphenicol cAMP cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate CDP-Star disodium 2-chloro-5-(4-methoxyspiro {1,2-dioxetane-3,2’-(5’-chloro) tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan}-4-yl) phenyl phosphate CH3CN acetonitrile CHAPS 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate ChIP-chip chromatin immunoprecipitation with microarray technology Cho choline Ci curie cm centimeter CM cell membrane cm2 square centimeter CMP cytidine 5’-monophosphate co control CO2 carbon dioxide CoA coenzyme A COG cluster of orthologous groups of proteins Cys cysteine Da dalton DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate DIG digoxigenin DNA deoxyribonucleic acid dT thymidine dTDP thymidine 5’-diphosphate dTMP thymidine 5’-monophosphate DTT dithiothreitol dTTP thymidine 5’-triphosphate dU deoxyuridine dUMP deoxyuridine 5’-monophosphate EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Erm erythromycine ESI electrospray ionization et al. and others FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide III ABBREVIATIONS EDITORIAL Fig. figure G guanine g gram G3P glycerol 3-phosphate Glc glucose Glu glutamic acid Gly glycerol Gm gentamicin GPC glycerophosphorylcholine GTP guanosine 5’-triphosphate h hour H hydrogen H2O water HCl hydrochloric acid HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid His histidine HIV human immunodeficiency virus HMW high molecular weight HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HPrK HPr kinase i.d. in diameter i.e. that is IPG immobilized power of hydrogen gradient IPTG isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside IS insertion sequence Kan kanamycin kb kilobase KCl potassium chloride KClO4 potassium perchlorate kDa kilodalton KOH potassium hydroxide kPa kilopascal l liter LB lysogeny broth LC liquid chromatography Leu leucine M marker M molar m/z mass-to-charge ratio mg milligram Mg2+ magnesium cation MgCl2 magnesium chloride µg microgram µl microliter µm micrometer µM micromolar min minute ml milliliter mm millimeter mM millimolar IV ABBREVIATIONS EDITORIAL mmol millimole MMR multiple mutation reaction Mn2+ manganese cation MnCl2 manganese chloride MPN Mycoplasma pneumoniae mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid MS mass spectrometry MW molecular weight na not available NaCl sodium chloride NAD+/NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized/reduced form) NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) NaF sodium fluoride NaH2PO4 monosodium phosphate NaOH sodium hydroxide nd not detectable ng nanogram NH4HCO3 ammonium bicarbonate Ni2+ nickel cation nl nanoliter nm nanometer nmol nanomole ns no significant difference N-terminal amino-terminal OH hydroxyl group ORF open reading frame P phosphate p.s.i. pound per square inch PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PBS phosphate buffered saline PCA perchloric acid PCR polymerase chain reaction PEI polyethylenimine PEP phosphoenolpyruvate Pfu Pyrococcus furiosus pH power of hydrogen Phe phenylalanine pI isoelectric point ppm parts per million PrkC protein kinase C PrpC protein phosphatase of the PP2C family PRPP phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate pS phosphoserine pT phosphothreonine PTS phosphotransferase
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