DOCSLIB.ORG

MIB–MIP Is a Mycoplasma System That Captures and Cleaves Immunoglobulin G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MIB–MIP Is a Mycoplasma System That Captures and Cleaves Immunoglobulin G MIB–MIP is a mycoplasma system that captures and cleaves immunoglobulin G Yonathan Arfia,b,1, Laetitia Minderc,d, Carmelo Di Primoe,f,g, Aline Le Royh,i,j, Christine Ebelh,i,j, Laurent Coquetk, Stephane Claveroll, Sanjay Vasheem, Joerg Joresn,o, Alain Blancharda,b, and Pascal Sirand-Pugneta,b aINRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; bUniversity of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; cInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, UMS 3033, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; dInstitut Bergonié, SIRIC BRIO, 33076 Bordeaux, France; eINSERM U1212, ARN Regulation Naturelle et Artificielle, 33607 Pessac, France; fCNRS UMR 5320, ARN Regulation Naturelle et Artificielle, 33607 Pessac, France; gInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; hInstitut de Biologie Structurale, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France; iCNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; jCEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; kCNRS UMR 6270, Plateforme PISSARO, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine - Normandie Rouen, Normandie Université, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; lProteome Platform, Functional Genomic Center of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; mJ. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; nInternational Livestock Research Institute, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; and oInstitute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved March 30, 2016 (received for review January 12, 2016) Mycoplasmas are “minimal” bacteria able to infect humans, wildlife, introduced into naive herds (8). In goats and sheep, mycoplasma and a large number of economically important livestock species. My- infections are predominantly caused by Mycoplasma capricolum coplasma infections include a spectrum of clinical manifestations subsp. capricolum, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, ranging from simple fever to fulminant inflammatory diseases with and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. These pathogens cause acute high mortality rates. These infections are mostly chronic, suggesting to peracute diseases, often lethal, including contagious caprine that mycoplasmas have developed means to evade the host immune pleuropneumonia (9). Mycoplasmas also infect swine (Mycoplasma response. Here we present and functionally characterize a two-pro- tein system from Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri that is in- hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis) (10) and economically im- volved in the capture and cleavage of IgG. The first component, portant Galliformes, such as chicken and turkey (Mycoplasma galli- Mycoplasma Ig binding protein (MIB), is an 83-kDa protein that is able septicum, Mycoplasma synoviae,andMycoplasma iowae)(11). to tightly bind to the Fv region of a wide range of IgG. The second Overall, the genetic bases of mycoplasma pathogenicity remain component, Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIP), is a 97-kDa serine prote- unclear, but they appear to lack the effectors exported through ase that is able to cleave off the VH domain of IgG. We demonstrate specialized secretion systems found in numerous bacterial pathogens that MIB is necessary for the proteolytic activity of MIP. Cleavage of (12). In addition, the number of toxins or other toxic compounds IgG requires a sequential interaction of the different partners of the produced by mycoplasmas is limited. Among the known exceptions is system: first MIB captures the IgG, and then MIP is recruited to the the capacity of several mycoplasmas to produce hydrogen peroxide MIB–IgG complex, enabling protease activity. MIB and MIP are (H2O2) as a by-product of glycerol metabolism (13, 14). For a small encoded by two genes organized in tandem, with homologs number of Mycoplasma species, the secretion of virulence-mediating found in the majority of pathogenic mycoplasmas and often in My- multiple copies. Phylogenetic studies suggest that genes encod- proteins was demonstrated. For instance, the rodent pathogen ing the MIB–MIP system are specific to mycoplasmas and have coplasma arthritidis secretes the effector Mycoplasma arthritidis mi- been disseminated by horizontal gene transfer. These results togen, an immunomodulatory protein that demonstrates classical highlight an original and complex system targeting the host im- superantigenic properties, resulting in an excessive activation of munoglobulins, playing a potentially key role in the immunity the immune system (15). Another example is the production by evasion by mycoplasmas. Significance mycoplasmas | immunoglobulin | protease Mycoplasmas are minimal pathogenic bacteria able to infect ycoplasmas are small-sized bacteria belonging to the class humans and a wide range of economically important animals; MMollicutes (1). These organisms are characterized by a fast as such, they are major causes of concern in the medical and evolution that has been marked by a drastic genome reduction, veterinary fields. These pathogens often lead to chronic in- leading to current mycoplasmas having a reduced coding capacity, fections, and their mechanisms of immunity evasion are poorly no cell wall, and a limited number of metabolic pathways (2, 3). As a known. Here we describe a two-protein system from the ru- result, they are obligate parasites and are found in vertebrate animals minant pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri that including mammalian, avian, reptilian, and piscine hosts (4). is involved in the capture and cleavage of antibodies. MIB is Despite their apparent simplicity, many mycoplasmas are path- able to capture the antibodies and to subsequently recruit MIP, ogenic for humans and a wide range of animals, and are major a protease that is able to cleave the antibody heavy chain. The – causes of concern in both the medical and veterinary fields (5). In MIB MIP system appears to be widespread among pathogenic humans, two of the most significant pathogens are Mycoplasma mycoplasmas and is potentially a key player for the virulence pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium, infecting the respiratory and immunity evasion mechanisms of these bacteria. and urogenital tracts, respectively; they are mostly associated with Author contributions: Y.A., S.V., J.J., A.B., and P.S.-P. designed research; Y.A., L.M., C.D.P., diseases characterized by high morbidity and low mortality, like A.L.R., C.E., L.C., and S.C. performed research; Y.A., L.M., C.D.P., A.L.R., C.E., L.C., and S.C. interstitial pneumonia or urethritis (6, 7). In farm animals, myco- analyzed data; and Y.A. and P.S.-P. wrote the paper. plasmas have a high economic impact, thus warranting intensive The authors declare no conflict of interest. veterinary surveillance and regulation. In cattle, one of the diseases This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. listed by the World Organization for Animal Health is the conta- Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. gious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. mycoides subspecies (subsp.) mycoides. CBPP is still highly preva- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. lent in Africa, and its mortality rate can reach up to 50% when 1073/pnas.1600546113/-/DCSupplemental. 5406–5411 | PNAS | May 10, 2016 | vol. 113 | no. 19 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1600546113 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 M. pneumoniae of the community acquired respiratory distress syn- drome toxin, an ADP ribosylating toxin with vacuolating activity (16). Though some mycoplasma infections can lead to acute in- flammatory episodes, most are chronic, suggesting that these bacteria have developed strategies to face and to evade the sophisticated immune system of mammals (17). The most widespread mechanism involves the antigenic variation of surface proteins, including immu- nodominant lipoproteins. In many cases, the antigens that are subject to variation are associated with cytoadherence (18, 19). Indirect evi- dences also point toward the existence of a molecular mimicry mechanism in M. pneumoniae, because infections by this mycoplasma have been followed in some cases by acute autoimmune diseases (20). It has been suggested that some mycoplasmas can directly target Fig. 1. Genome context of protein M homologs coding sequences. (Upper) the host’s immunoglobulins as a means to evade the immune sys- Schematic diagram of the genomic regions surrounding the genes MG281 in tem. In Ureaplasma, the cleavage of the human IgA1 at the hinge M. genitalium (blue) and MMCAP2_0583 (red) and MMCAP2_0582 (dark region, releasing intact Fab and Fc fragments, has been reported. It green) in M. mycoides subsp. capri. Genes homologous to MMCAP2_0583 are was also shown that isolates of Ureaplasma could cleave the IgA1 of colored in light red, and genes homologous to MMCAP2_0582 are colored in their host species, but not IgA1 of other species (21–23). This ac- light green. (Lower) Schematic representation of the domain architecture of tivity appears to be linked to a serine protease, but the source of this protein M and MMCAP_0583. activity remains cryptic, because no gene candidate could be iden- tified. In the poultry pathogens M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum,a this cluster are expressed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Earthworm Gut-Associated Microorganisms in the Fate of Prions in Soil
    THE ROLE OF EARTHWORM GUT-ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN THE FATE OF PRIONS IN SOIL Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Taras Jur’evič Nechitaylo aus Krasnodar, Russland 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Kenneth N. Timmis for his guidance in the work and help. I thank Peter N. Golyshin for patience and strong support on this way. Many thanks to my other colleagues, which also taught me and made the life in the lab and studies easy: Manuel Ferrer, Alex Neef, Angelika Arnscheidt, Olga Golyshina, Tanja Chernikova, Christoph Gertler, Agnes Waliczek, Britta Scheithauer, Julia Sabirova, Oleg Kotsurbenko, and other wonderful labmates. I am also grateful to Michail Yakimov and Vitor Martins dos Santos for useful discussions and suggestions. I am very obliged to my family: my parents and my brother, my parents on low and of course to my wife, which made all of their best to support me. 3 Summary.....................................................………………………………………………... 5 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................……... 7 Prion diseases: early hypotheses...………...………………..........…......…......……….. 7 The basics of the prion concept………………………………………………….……... 8 Putative prion dissemination pathways………………………………………….……... 10 Earthworms: a putative factor of the dissemination of TSE infectivity in soil?.………. 11 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………. 16 2. Materials and Methods.............................…......................................................……….. 17 2.1 Sampling and general experimental design..................................................………. 17 2.2 Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)………..……………………….………. 18 2.2.1 FISH with soil, intestine, and casts samples…………………………….……... 18 Isolation of cells from environmental samples…………………………….……….
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Seroprevalence Map for Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
    Original Paper Veterinarni Medicina, 61, 2016 (3): 136–140 doi: 10.17221/8764-VETMED Development of a seroprevalence map for Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers and its application to broilers from Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) over the course of two years (2009–2010) C. Garcia1, J.M. Soriano2, P. Catala-Gregori1 1Poultry Quality and Animal Nutrition Center of Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellon, Spain 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to design and implement a Seroprevalence Map based on Business Intelligence for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) in broilers in Comunidad Valenciana (Spain). To obtain the sero- logical data we analysed 7363 samples from broiler farms over 30 days of age over the course of two years (3813 and 3550 samples in 2009 and 2010, respectively, from 189 and 193 broiler farms in 2009 and 2010, respectively). Data were represented on a map of Comunidad Valenciana to include geographical information of flock location and to facilitate the monitoring. Only one region presented with average ELISA titre values of over 500 in the 2009 period, indicating previous contact with M. gallisepticum in broiler flocks. None of the other regions showed any pressure of infection, indicating a low seroprevalence for M. gallisepticum. In addition, data from this study represent a novel tool for easy monitoring of the serological response that incorporates geographical information. Keywords: Mycoplasma gallisepticum; broiler; seroprevalence map; ELISA, Comunidad Valenciana Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) is a matic for several days or months before experiencing bacterium causing poultry disease that is listed by stress (Dingfelder et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Determination – What's in My Sample?
    Species determination – what’s in my sample? What is my sample? • When might you not know what your sample is? • One species • You have a malaria sample but don’t know which species • Misidentification or no identification from culture/MALDI-TOF • Metagenomic samples • Contamination Taxonomic Classifiers • Compare sequence reads against a database and determine the species • BLAST works for a single sequence, too slow for a whole run • Classifiers use database indexing and k-mer searching • Similar accuracy to BLAST but much much faster Wood and Salzberg Genome Biology 2014, 15:R46 Page 3 of 12 http://genomebiology.com/2014/15/3/R46 Kraken taxonomic classifier Figure 1 The Kraken sequence classification algorithm. To classify a sequence, each k-mer in the sequence is mapped to the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of the genomes that contain that k-mer in a database. The taxa associated with the sequence’s k-mers, as well as the taxa’s ancestors, form a pruned subtree of the general taxonomy tree, which is used for classification. In the classification tree, each node has a 15 weight equal to the number of k-mersWood in the and sequence Salzberg associatedGenome with the Biology node’s taxon. 2014 Each root-to-leaf:R46 (RTL) path in the classification tree is scored by adding all weights in the path, and the maximal RTL path in the classification tree is the classification path (nodes highlighted in yellow). The leaf of this classification path (the orange, leftmost leaf in the classification tree) is the classification used for the query sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Communities of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Turkeys
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys Olimpia Kursa1*, Grzegorz Tomczyk1, Anna Sawicka‑Durkalec1, Aleksandra Giza2 & Magdalena Słomiany‑Szwarc2 The respiratory tracts of turkeys play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Understanding the bacterial communities present in the respiratory tracts of turkeys can be helpful to better understand the interactions between commensal or symbiotic microorganisms and other pathogenic bacteria or viral infections. The aim of this study was the characterization of the bacterial communities of upper respiratory tracks in commercial turkeys using NGS sequencing by the amplifcation of 16S rRNA gene with primers designed for hypervariable regions V3 and V4 (MiSeq, Illumina). From 10 phyla identifed in upper respiratory tract in turkeys, the most dominated phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Diferences in composition of bacterial diversity were found at the family and genus level. At the genus level, the turkey sequences present in respiratory tract represent 144 established bacteria. Several respiratory pathogens that contribute to the development of infections in the respiratory system of birds were identifed, including the presence of Ornithobacterium and Mycoplasma OTUs. These results obtained in this study supply information about bacterial composition and diversity of the turkey upper respiratory tract. Knowledge about bacteria present in the respiratory tract and the roles they can play in infections can be useful in controlling, diagnosing and treating commercial turkey focks. Next-generation sequencing has resulted in a marked increase in culture-independent studies characterizing the microbiome of humans and animals1–6. Much of these works have been focused on the gut microbiome of humans and other production animals 7–11.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Metagenomic Survey Reveals a New Bacterial Candidate Phylum in Geothermal Springs
    ARTICLE Received 13 Aug 2015 | Accepted 7 Dec 2015 | Published 27 Jan 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10476 OPEN Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh1, David Paez-Espino1, Jessica Jarett1, Peter F. Dunfield2, Brian P. Hedlund3, Anne E. Dekas4, Stephen E. Grasby5, Allyson L. Brady6, Hailiang Dong7, Brandon R. Briggs8, Wen-Jun Li9, Danielle Goudeau1, Rex Malmstrom1, Amrita Pati1, Jennifer Pett-Ridge4, Edward M. Rubin1,10, Tanja Woyke1, Nikos C. Kyrpides1 & Natalia N. Ivanova1 Analysis of the increasing wealth of metagenomic data collected from diverse environments can lead to the discovery of novel branches on the tree of life. Here we analyse 5.2 Tb of metagenomic data collected globally to discover a novel bacterial phylum (‘Candidatus Kryptonia’) found exclusively in high-temperature pH-neutral geothermal springs. This lineage had remained hidden as a taxonomic ‘blind spot’ because of mismatches in the primers commonly used for ribosomal gene surveys. Genome reconstruction from metagenomic data combined with single-cell genomics results in several high-quality genomes representing four genera from the new phylum. Metabolic reconstruction indicates a heterotrophic lifestyle with conspicuous nutritional deficiencies, suggesting the need for metabolic complementarity with other microbes. Co-occurrence patterns identifies a number of putative partners, including an uncultured Armatimonadetes lineage. The discovery of Kryptonia within previously studied geothermal springs underscores the importance of globally sampled metagenomic data in detection of microbial novelty, and highlights the extraordinary diversity of microbial life still awaiting discovery. 1 Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious Orphans of Mycoplasmataceae
    The mysterious orphans of Mycoplasmataceae Tatiana V. Tatarinova1,2*, Inna Lysnyansky3, Yuri V. Nikolsky4,5,6, and Alexander Bolshoy7* 1 Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, California, USA 2 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA 3 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110, USA 5 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, 4 Lugovaya str., Skolkovo Innovation Centre, Mozhajskij region, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation 6 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 1,2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4-6 [email protected] 7 [email protected] 1 Abstract Background: The length of a protein sequence is largely determined by its function, i.e. each functional group is associated with an optimal size. However, comparative genomics revealed that proteins’ length may be affected by additional factors. In 2002 it was shown that in bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus, protein sequences with no homologs are, on average, shorter than those with homologs [1]. Most experts now agree that the length distributions are distinctly different between protein sequences with and without homologs in bacterial and archaeal genomes. In this study, we examine this postulate by a comprehensive analysis of all annotated prokaryotic genomes and focusing on certain exceptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems Outperform Fixed-Bed Biofilters for Cleaning-Up Urban Wastewater
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Supplementary information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems outperform fixed-bed biofilters for cleaning-up urban wastewater AUTHORS: Arantxa Aguirre-Sierraa, Tristano Bacchetti De Gregorisb, Antonio Berná, Juan José Salasc, Carlos Aragónc, Abraham Esteve-Núñezab* Fig.1S Total nitrogen (A), ammonia (B) and nitrate (C) influent and effluent average values of the coke and the gravel biofilters. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 2S Influent and effluent COD (A) and BOD5 (B) average values of the hybrid biofilter and the hybrid polarized biofilter. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 3S Redox potential measured in the coke and the gravel biofilters Fig. 4S Rarefaction curves calculated for each sample based on the OTU computations. Fig. 5S Correspondence analysis biplot of classes’ distribution from pyrosequencing analysis. Fig. 6S. Relative abundance of classes of the category ‘other’ at class level. Table 1S Influent pre-treated wastewater and effluents characteristics. Averages ± SD HRT (d) 4.0 3.4 1.7 0.8 0.5 Influent COD (mg L-1) 246 ± 114 330 ± 107 457 ± 92 318 ± 143 393 ± 101 -1 BOD5 (mg L ) 136 ± 86 235 ± 36 268 ± 81 176 ± 127 213 ± 112 TN (mg L-1) 45.0 ± 17.4 60.6 ± 7.5 57.7 ± 3.9 43.7 ± 16.5 54.8 ± 10.1 -1 NH4-N (mg L ) 32.7 ± 18.7 51.6 ± 6.5 49.0 ± 2.3 36.6 ± 15.9 47.0 ± 8.8 -1 NO3-N (mg L ) 2.3 ± 3.6 1.0 ± 1.6 0.8 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 2.0 0.9 ± 0.6 TP (mg
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Protein Phosphorylation in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
    Pathogenicity of a minimal organism: Role of protein phosphorylation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Sebastian Schmidl aus Bad Hersfeld Göttingen 2010 Mitglieder des Betreuungsausschusses: Referent: Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke Koreferent: PD Dr. Michael Hoppert Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.11.2010 “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” (Albert Einstein) Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke für die Ermöglichung dieser Doktorarbeit bedanken. Nicht zuletzt durch seine freundliche und engagierte Betreuung hat mir die Zeit viel Freude bereitet. Des Weiteren hat er mir alle Freiheiten zur Verwirklichung meiner eigenen Ideen gelassen, was ich sehr zu schätzen weiß. Für die Übernahme des Korreferates danke ich PD Dr. Michael Hoppert sowie Prof. Dr. Heinz Neumann, PD Dr. Boris Görke, PD Dr. Rolf Daniel und Prof. Dr. Botho Bowien für das Mitwirken im Thesis-Komitee. Der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes gilt ein besonderer Dank für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit, durch die es mir unter anderem auch möglich war, an Tagungen in fernen Ländern teilzunehmen. Prof. Dr. Michael Hecker und der Gruppe von Dr. Dörte Becher (Universität Greifswald) danke ich für die freundliche Zusammenarbeit bei der Durchführung von zahlreichen Proteomics-Experimenten. Ein ganz besonderer Dank geht dabei an Katrin Gronau, die mich in die Feinheiten der 2D-Gelelektrophorese eingeführt hat. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei Andreas Otto für die zahlreichen Proteinidentifikationen in den letzten Monaten bedanken. Nicht zu vergessen ist auch meine zweite Außenstelle an der Universität in Barcelona. Dr. Maria Lluch-Senar und Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Resident Microbiome Disruption with Antibiotics Enhances Virulence of a Colonizing Pathogen Received: 13 June 2017 Courtney A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Resident Microbiome Disruption with Antibiotics Enhances Virulence of a Colonizing Pathogen Received: 13 June 2017 Courtney A. Thomason 1, Nathan Mullen2, Lisa K. Belden1, Meghan May2 & Dana M. Accepted: 13 November 2017 Hawley1 Published: xx xx xxxx There is growing evidence that symbiotic microbes play key roles in host defense, but less is known about how symbiotic microbes mediate pathogen-induced damage to hosts. Here, we use a natural wildlife disease system, house fnches and the conjunctival bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), to experimentally examine the impact of the ocular microbiome on host damage and pathogen virulence factors during infection. We disrupted the ocular bacterial community of healthy fnches using an antibiotic that MG is intrinsically resistant to, then inoculated antibiotic- and sham-treated birds with MG. House fnches with antibiotic-disrupted ocular microbiomes had more severe MG-induced conjunctival infammation than birds with unaltered microbiomes, even after accounting for diferences in conjunctival MG load. Furthermore, MG cultures from fnches with disrupted microbiomes had increased sialidase enzyme and cytadherence activity, traits associated with enhanced virulence in Mycoplasmas, relative to isolates from sham-treated birds. Variation in sialidase activity and cytadherence among isolates was tightly linked with degree of tissue infammation in hosts, supporting the consideration of these traits as virulence factors in this system. Overall, our results suggest that microbial dysbiosis can result in enhanced virulence of colonizing pathogens, with critical implications for the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Animals harbor diverse symbiotic microbes that serve key roles in host defense against pathogens1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Islands in Mycoplasmas
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Genomic Islands in Mycoplasmas Christine Citti * , Eric Baranowski * , Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Marion Faucher and Laurent-Xavier Nouvel Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; [email protected] (E.D.-F.); [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (L.-X.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (E.B.) Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 20 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020 Abstract: Bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus are characterized by the lack of a cell-wall, the use of UGA as tryptophan codon instead of a universal stop, and their simplified metabolic pathways. Most of these features are due to the small-size and limited-content of their genomes (580–1840 Kbp; 482–2050 CDS). Yet, the Mycoplasma genus encompasses over 200 species living in close contact with a wide range of animal hosts and man. These include pathogens, pathobionts, or commensals that have retained the full capacity to synthesize DNA, RNA, and all proteins required to sustain a parasitic life-style, with most being able to grow under laboratory conditions without host cells. Over the last 10 years, comparative genome analyses of multiple species and strains unveiled some of the dynamics of mycoplasma genomes. This review summarizes our current knowledge of genomic islands (GIs) found in mycoplasmas, with a focus on pathogenicity islands, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophages. Here, we discuss how GIs contribute to the dynamics of mycoplasma genomes and how they participate in the evolution of these minimal organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Serological Evidence That Chlamydiae and Mycoplasmas Are Involved in Infertility of Women B
    Serological evidence that chlamydiae and mycoplasmas are involved in infertility of women B. R. M\l=o/\ller,D. Taylor-Robinson, Patricia M. Furr, B. Toft and J. Allen Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HAI 3UJ, U.K., and ^Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark Summary. Women with a history of infertility for 2 or more years were examined by hysterosalpingography (HSG) and antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Myco- plasma hominis and M. genitalium were measured by a microimmunofluorescence technique in sera obtained immediately before HSG. Of 45 women with abnormal HSG findings, 15 (33%) had antibodies to C. trachomatis and 16 (35\m=.\5%)to M. hominis. In contrast, of 61 women with normal HSG findings, only 8 (13%) and 7 (11\m=.\5%)had antibodies to these micro-organisms, respectively. Antibody against M. genitalium was found in 26 of the patients (20% abnormal HSG and 28% normal HSG), indicating the need for further investigation of the significance of this mycoplasma in female infertility. The present results do confirm, however, that C. trachomatis is an important cause of infertility in women and suggest strongly that M. hominis is implicated. Introduction Infertility in women is caused often by tubai damage after pelvic inflammatory disease. Chlamydia trachomatis is a well-known pathogen in upper genital-tract infections and accounts for 25-50% of all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (Paavonen, 1979) while Mycoplasma hominis is believed to be responsible for about 25% of all the cases (Moller, 1983).
    [Show full text]
  • (Mycoplasma Synoviae) in Laying Hens Compared to Tea Tree Essential Oil on Table Egg Quality and Antibiotic Residues
    foods Article Influence of Different Tetracycline Antimicrobial Therapy of Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma synoviae) in Laying Hens Compared to Tea Tree Essential Oil on Table Egg Quality and Antibiotic Residues Nikola Puvaˇca 1,* , Erinda Lika 2, Vincenzo Tufarelli 3 , Vojislava Bursi´c 4,*, Dragana Ljubojevi´cPeli´c 5,* , Nedeljka Nikolova 6, Aleksandra Petrovi´c 4 , Radivoj Prodanovi´c 1 , Gorica Vukovi´c 7, Jovanka Levi´c 8 and Ilias Giannenas 9,* 1 Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cve´carska2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; rprodanovic@fimek.edu.rs 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodor Kamez, 1000 Tirana, Albania; [email protected] 3 Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi´ca8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] 5 Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumenaˇckiput 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 6 Institute of Animal Science, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Av. Ilinden 92/a, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [email protected] 7 Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 54a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] 8 Scientific Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; jovanka.levic@fins.uns.ac.rs
    [Show full text]