PHYS 248 A: Unraveling the Dark Universe with the Large Hadron Collider Shih-Chieh Hsu University of Washington Seattle

PHYS 248A - Lecture 3 Relativity I PAA A110 Tue/Wed/Thu/Fri: 9:30am-12:00pm

1 CENPA Tour Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics CENPA Conference room NPL-178 9:45am tomorrow

Pak Kau Lim 206 660 9811 2 www.npl.washington.edu/ Weak Interaction Studies with 6He

Precision test of Electroweak interaction: solar fusion, neutrino interactions, or muon interactions

5He 6He

Alejandro Garcia

Measuring angular distribution of decay ∼1010 atoms/s 3 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator

Electrostatic accelerator Produce high intensity beams of • Continuous transfer of positive hydrogen and helium isotopes at static charges from a moving belt to the surface. energies from 100 keV to 7.5 MeV • Ions are accelerated from the source (high-voltage supply) to the target (ground)

http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/11/2.html UW Seattle 4 The Axion Dark Matter

Axion eXperiment (ADMX) • a hypothetical elementary particle postulated by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem (naturally preserve charge-parity) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). • a low mass axion is a possible component of cold dark matter.

Facility: 8 tesla magnet and a cryogenically cooled high- Q tunable microwave cavity Principle: cavity refequenncy tuned to axion mass can enhance interaction with axion which decays to two photons and deposit tiny energy into the cavity.

Detection: Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifier and lower temperatures from a 3He refrigerator (noise level 0.15K )

Gray Rybka 5 Torsion-Balance Exp.

The Eöt-Wash Group

6 Krishna Venkateswara Relativity I

• Reference from Tipler chapter 39-1 to 39-3 • Historical Remark • Newtonian relativity • Einstein’s postulates • Lorentz transformation • Time dilation • Length contraction • The relativistic Doppler effect

7 Relativity Einstein was far from being the only person who contributed to the development of the theory of special relativity. However, he was the one who put everything together. Some important years: 1904 Lorentz transformation/Poincaré 1905 Special Relativity - inertial frame 1915 General Relativity - non-inertial frame (acceleration frame)

The Nobel Prize Jules Henri Poincaré The Nobel Prize in in Physics 1902 - Physics 1921 - Albert Hendrik Antoon Einstein Lorentz 8 Wave theory of light Is light a wave or a particle? Huygens first proposed wave theory of light. (1678) What is a wave? an oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy that travels through space or mass. Propagation in media. Interference

frequency = 1 / T Unit: [s-1] Wave velocity Diffraction = λ / T = λ f Unit: [m/s] 9 Particle theory of light Refraction Phenomenon 1660 Hypothesis: Huygen’s wave theory explains refraction due to white light corruptions in glass. -> Experiment: The more glasses the more corruption. Result: decomposed light depends on the refraction angle but not amount of materials passing through. Conclusion: wave theory is wrong.

New theory: white light is composed of different colored particle Newton's sketch of his crucial experiment. Image credit: Warden and Fellows. 10 Wave theory returns

Young’s Double-slit experiment Fresnel’s single-slit experiment 1801 1816 Interference Diffraction

11 Electromagnetic theory

12 Electric Field

Electric field’s SI units are newtons per coulomb (N⋅C−1) or, equivalently, volts per metre (V⋅m−1)

13 Magnetic field

B is measured in teslas (symbol:T) and newtons per meter per ampere (symbol: N·m−1·A−1 or N/(m·A)) in the SI.

14 Electromagnetic theory

Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for magnetism 1835 Absence of free magnetic poles

Faraday’s Law of Induction Ampère's Circuital Law 1831 1826

15 Maxwell’s equation (Integral form) Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for magnetism 1861 Absence of free magnetic poles

Faraday’s Law of Induction Ampère's Circuital Law

16 Maxwell’s equation (Differential form) Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for magnetism 1861 Absence of free magnetic poles

Faraday’s Law of Induction Ampère's Circuital Law

17 Maxwell’s EM wave equation 1861

c =299792458 m/s =3x108m/s

18 Light is a Wave

c = constant in vacuum

19 Newton

1687 Sir Isaac Newton published his book Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (or just Principia). In classical Newtonian mechanics, time was universal and absolute.

Isaac Newton

20 Maxwell

1873 James Clerk Maxwell completed his theory of electromagnetism. This theory turned out to be compatible with special relativity, even though special relativity was not known at that time.

James Clark Maxwell

21 Michelson-Morley

1887 The famous Michelson-Morley experiment was performed by Albert Abraham Michelson and Edward Williams Morley. In the same year, during studies of the Doppler effect, Woldemar Voigt wrote down what were later to be known as the Lorentz transformations.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson 22 Larmor and Lorentz

1898 The Lorentz transformations were also written down in 1898 by Joseph Larmor and in 1899 by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 - Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

23 Poincaré

1898 Jules Henri Poincaré said that "... we have no direct intuition about the equality of two time intervals."

1904 Poincaré came very close to special relativity: "... as demanded by the relativity principle the observer cannot know whether he is at rest or in absolute motion."

Jules Henri Poincaré

24 Special Relativity

1905 On June 5, Poincaré finished an article in which he stated that there seems to be a general law of Nature, that it is impossible to demonstrate absolute motion. On June 30, Einstein finished his famous article On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, where he formulated the two postulates of special relativity. Furthermore, in September, Einstein published the short article Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon Its Energy-Content? In which he derived the 2 formula E0=mc .

25 Planck

1908 Max Planck wrote an article on special relativity. He was the second person after Einstein who wrote an article about this theory. In the same year, Hermann Minkowski also published an important article about special relativity.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 - Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck »

26 General Relativity

1915 On November 25, nearly ten years after the foundation of special relativity, Einstein submitted his paper The Field Equations of Gravitation for publication, which gave the correct field equations for the theory of general relativity (or general relativity for short). Actually, the German mathematician David Hilbert submitted an article containing the correct field equations for general relativity five days before Einstein. Hilbert never claimed priority for this theory.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 - Albert Einstein » 27