Modulating Temperature and Humidity Control .
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i Modulating Temperature and Humidity Control
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f Temperature and humidity control are important to the quality of the
e indoor environment. On-off type control has been prevalent for many
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. years; however, fluctuations in temperature and humidity are inherent t r
o with this type of control system. The technology of the on-off control
f system has evolved and superior modulating control systems are now m
o available. The following discussion demonstrates the improvements the C
modulating compressor and modulating reheat systems provide to tem- g n
i perature and humidity control.
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y Temperature Control t i
l Temperature and humidity fluctuations are common in buildings with an on- a
u off compressor and on-off reheat air conditioning equipment. When the air Q
conditioning unit’s compressor turns on, it operates at full capacity. By provid- g
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i ing cool air to the space, the unit begins to cool the area and the temperature
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f drifts downward toward, and then past, the setpoint. When the temperature in e
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the area drops below the lower limit of the dead band, the unit turns off. After the
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r unit turns off, the sensible load in the space causes the temperature to drift up,
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f past the setpoint, until the upper dead band is exceeded. When the upper limit of
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o the temperature dead band is exceed, the unit’s compressor will turn on and the
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g process will repeat.
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B Humidity Control
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y When air is dehumidified, moisture is removed from the air. A common technique used
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l to remove the moisture is to condense the moisture onto a cold surface. Anyone a
u who has poured a cold beverage on a hot and humid day knows that moisture will
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g condense on the glass. As air is cooled, it loses its ability to hold moisture; in the
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i case of the cold glass, the moisture in the air condenses onto the glass. The
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f moisture in a building’s air is condensed in much the same way. A fan draws
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D air from the space over the cooling coil of the unit to condense the moisture.
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t At the same time moisture is condensed from the air, the temperature is r
o being decreased. The moisture condensing from the air is known as latent
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m cooling; the temperature change of the air is known as sensible cooling.
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C To increase the amount of moisture condensed from the air, and further
g dehumidify the air, the temperature of the air must be decreased, some- n i times past the desired setpoint (subcooled). To prevent overcooling the
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l i space, the air can be heated back up before it enters the space. This is
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B done by passing the dry, cool air through a warm coil to reheat the air
. y t back up to its desired temperature before it is returned to the space. De li fining Qua To understand how temperature and humidity are controlled using a de- humidifier and reheat system, it is important to realize the cooling coil, and corresponding compressor, affects both the temperature (sensible) and humidity (latent) control while the reheat coil affects only the temperature (sensible) control.
Note: The temperature and humidity data shown in Figures 1-3 are taken from an actual job site installation in the central United States. The equipment was originally ordered with an on-off compressor and on- off reheat. The customer was not satisfied with the temperature and humidity swings associated with on-off control. Improvements were made to the system to include modulating humidity control and a modulating capacity compressor. The results of these enhancements can be seen graphically in the following illustrations.
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Figure 1: On-Off Hot Gas Reheat, Standard On-Off Compressor
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On-Off Reheat & Standard On-Off Compressor Figure 1 displays the relationship of the on-off compressor and on-off reheat to the tem- perature and humidity values in the space. As the on-off compressor turns on, both the temperature and humidity decrease. To prevent the temperature of the dehumidified air from over-cooling the space, the reheat coil heats the air before it leaves the unit. With an on-off reheat coil, the leaving temperature cannot be modulated; instead, the tem- perature in the space will fluctuate up and down, as shown in the blue line of Figure 1, as the reheat coil cycles on and off. As the compressor turns on and off, the humidity will also fluctuate; while the compressor is on, the air is dehumidified and the space humid- ity drops. When the compressor is off, the latent load in the space causes the humidity to rise until the compressor turns on again and begins to dehumidify the air, as can be seen with the green line of data in Figure 1.
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i Modulating Reheat & Standard On-Off Compressor
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f Figure 2 displays the relationship of the on-off compressor and mod-
e ulating reheat to the temperature and humidity values in the space.
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. As the on-off compressor turns on, both the temperature and humid- t r
o ity decrease, however, by adding modulating control to the reheat coil,
f tight temperature control is achieved. This improved temperature control m
o is accomplished by varying the amount of reheat applied to the dehu- C
midified air so that temperature of the air leaving the air conditioning unit g n
i matches the desired setpoint. However, while the modulating reheat control
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i improves the temperature variations, it does not affect the humidity swings.
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B That is because the humidity oscillations are in response to the on-off opera-
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y tion of the compressor.
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u At part load operation, the compressor must cycle off because of low suction Q
temperature. Even a unit equipped with hot gas bypass will cycle its compressor g
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r To control precisely both temperature and humidity one must be able to vary both o
f the cooling coil temperature and the reheat coil temperature. In a direct expansion
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o refrigeration system, the most efficient way to modulate coil temperature is with a
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g modulating capacity compressor. AAON utilizes a compressor that can modulate its
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i capacity from 10% to 100%.
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i Figure 2: Modulating Hot Gas Reheat, Standard On-Off Compressor l
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Modulating Reheat & Modulating Compressor Figure 3 displays the relationship of the modulating com- pressor and modulating reheat to the temperature and humidity values in the space. This figure reveals the improvements that are obtained by including a modulating capacity compressor and modulating reheat into air condition- ing equipment design.
The improved temperature control accomplished by varying the amount of reheat applied to the dehumidified air is still present; in addition, it is now shown that the humidity level is precisely controlled as well. Because the modulating com- pressor can adjust its capacity to match the required load of sensible or latent cooling, the modulating compressor is not required to cycle on and off as a standard compres- sor would to match the load. The modulating compressor can therefore maintain much longer run times with much tighter humidity and temperature control. The combi- nation of the modulating reheat and the modulating compressor have completely eliminated the temperature and humidity fluctuations seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2, associated with on-off reheat and on-off compressor control.
Figure 3: Modulating Hot Gas Reheat, Modulating Compressor
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i Energy Savings with Modulating Compressor
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f In addition to stable temperature and humidity values, energy savings
e are also gained, as can be seen in Figure 4. The part load efficiency
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. of equipment with a modulating compressor can be up to 35% more t r
o efficient than equipment with a standard on-off compressor and hot gas
f bypass. Most air conditioning equipment spends 95% or more time oper- m
o ating at less than full load, therefore, there are significant energy savings C
throughout the year with a system containing a modulating compressor. g
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Figure 4: Equipment Part Load Efficiency .
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D Reduced Load & Maximum Load &
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m There are a number of factors that contribute to the modulating compres- o
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sors increased part load efficiency:
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l i Reduced Cycling Losses u
B To match the required cooling capacity of a given load, traditionally com-
. y t pressors are switched on and off as necessary to meet the load require- De li fining Qua ments. When an electrical motor starts, such as the motor that drives a compressor, there is an inrush of current (amperage). When an electrical motor is at rest, there is very little inductive resistance to current flow through the windings. As the motor starts to turn, this inductive resistance increases with the increase in RPM. This means that as power is applied to a stopped motor, there is a spike of electrical current far greater in amplitude than the design amp draw of the motor. (Figure 5) This temporarily increases the amp draw, each time the motor starts, and leads to decreased efficiency at part load operation when the compressor cycles on and off because the increased amp draw requires increased power consumption but does not pro- vide an increase in cooling capacity.
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Instead of turning on and off the motor, the capacity of the modulating compressor is controlled through a pulse width modulated signal to a solenoid valve. The compres- sor motor operates continuously; however, the pump- ing output of the compressor operates in two stages - the “loaded state” and the “unloaded state”. During the loaded state, the compressor operates like a standard scroll compres- sor and delivers full capacity and mass flow. However, during the un- loaded state, there is no capacity and no mass flow from the compressor.
Figure 5: Example of Motor Inrush Current
Surge Current
Ta is the time it takes for the motor to spin to it’s operating speed. Amps
Ta Normal Operating Current
T0 Switch Closes
The loaded and unloaded states are created by varying the width of the pulse to a so- lenoid valve that controls the pumping output of the compressor. This concept can be seen graphically in Figure 6. The solenoid valve allows the scrolls inside the compressor to separate, which results in no compression of the gas in the scrolls. When the solenoid valve reengages the scrolls, compression is resumed. The separation of the top scroll is very small (1.0 mm) and consequently the amount of energy required to reposition the scroll, and vary the pumping output, is very little (Figure 7).
Figure 6: Concept of Modulating Compressor Cycle Time
100% 100%
0% 3 12 7.5 7.5
20% Loaded 50% Loaded
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i The combination of the loaded and unloaded states, over a period of
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e ple: In a 20-second cycle time, if the loaded state time is 4 seconds
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r is (4 seconds x 100% + 16 seconds x 0%)/ 20 second = 20%. If for o
f the same cycle time, the loaded state time is 10 seconds and the un- m
o loaded state time is 10 seconds, the compressor modulation is 50%. The C
capacity is a time-averaged summation of the loaded state and un-
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Figure 7: Loaded and Unloaded Stages of Modulating Compressor
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a Loaded Compressor Unloaded Compressor
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e This wide capacity output is continuous and seamless and is an improve-
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r be achieved in steps, or the capacity modulation is energy intensive. The o
f seamless delivery of capacity by the modulating compressor ensures that
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o there is a very tight control on room air temperature. The wide capac-
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ity output also contributes to the high energy efficiency of the system.
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n Frequent start-stops of the compressor consume more energy. The wider i
d capacity output of the modulating compressor reduces the number of l
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. y t De li fining Qua Extended Operating Life The benefit of starting up the motor fewer times not only allows greater operating efficiency; it also can lead to longer motor life. The inrush current (Figure 5), which occurs during the initial start up, can have a harmful effect on motors. The initial inrush current forces the motor to spin to its operat- ing speed immediately and abruptly. This places a great deal of stress on the motor, thereby shortening the useful operating life of the motor. By stopping and starting less, the motor of the modulating compressor has less strain on it and can provide for a longer motor life and reduced maintenance costs for the owner.
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Improved Humidity Control Optimum efficiency and effectiveness of an air conditioning system is achieved at continuous running of the compres- sor; air conditioners are very inefficient when they first start operation. It is far better for the air conditioner to run steadi- ly for a period than to cycle for many shorter periods. The efficiency of the typical air conditioner increases, the longer it runs, until it reaches a steady operating point.
The ability of the air conditioner to remove moisture (latent capacity) is lowest when the compressor first begins to operate. The moisture removed from the indoor air is dependent upon the indoor coil temperature being below the dew point temperature of the air. At startup, the unit’s indoor coil has not operated long enough to cool the air to its dew point temperature; therefore, no dehumidification will occur. In addition, for short cycles, the coil does not have time to operate at the dew point temperature for an extended period and when the unit stops, the moisture on the coil evaporates back into the indoor air. Thus, in humid climates, a unit with continuous operation will do a far better job of removing moisture from the air than a unit that turns on and off continuously.
Even at reduced capacity, the modulating compressor provides very good dehumidi- fication because it operates at a lower suction pressure than other modulation tech- niques. As mentioned before, given any modulation output, the compressor operates at full capacity during the loaded part of the cycle. This full capacity operation results in a lower average suction pressure that leads to a lower coil temperature and greater dehumidification.
Enhanced Compressor to Coil Surface Area Correlation The efficiency of an air conditioning unit is the ratio of the amount of cooling produced divided by the amount of power used - the higher the number, the greater the efficiency. The capacity of an air conditioner is dependent not only on the outdoor conditions, but also on indoor conditions such as temperature, humidity and airflow.
Modulating Compressor Power Usage Versus Capacity Range
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40%
30% Modulating Compressor Power Usage Percentage of Full Power 20% 10%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Percentage of Full Capacity
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i For a fixed capacity, on-off compressor it has been shown that n
i over sizing the indoor coil, in relation to the compressor, generally f
e reduces latent capacity (humidity removal), increases sensible ca-
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. pacity (temperature decrease), and improves overall efficiency. This t
r relationship implies that, assuming all other aspects of the system o
f remain constant, as the surface area of the coil increases in relation to m
o the capacity of the compressor the efficiency of the unit will increase be- C
cause the area available for heat transfer has increased while the amount
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i of power used by the compressor has not.
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. without the added cost of additional material for larger coils. As the capacity y
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u the compressor also decreases (Figure 8). Therefore, in an air conditioning unit
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with coils of a fixed area and a modulating capacity compressor, the reduced
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D Load Efficiency of Figure 4.
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m Modulating Compressor versus Hot Gas Bypass
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A common method for modulating system capacity, until the arrival of the modu-
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n lating compressor, was a technique referred to as, hot gas bypass (HGBP). Hot gas
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u line directly to the low-pressure side of the system. This keeps the compressor fully B
. loaded for a greater period while the cooling coil satisfies the part load condition. HGBP y
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HGBP consume MORE energy than an equivalent on-off system without HGBP. The
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i load created by diverting a portion of hot gas away from the condenser and to
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i f the cooling coil requires a longer runtime of the compressor and hence greater
e energy usage. A standard on-off system would actually use less power than
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. the “modulating” HGBP system because the compressor would turn on and t
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g Figure 9: Modulating Compressor Energy Savings Verses Hot Gas Bypass Energy Usage
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. y 90% t De li Energy Savings fining Qua 80% 70% 60% 50% 40%
30% Modulating Compressor Power Usage Percentage of Full Power 20% 10%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Percentage of Full Capacity
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The modulating scroll compressor gives a direct expansion (DX) system the precise cooling coil control capability of a chilled water system, without sacrificing energy performance like a HGBP DX system. It allows effective operation of VAV airflow systems, as well as, low part load applications, with- out the concern of coil freeze-up associated with on-off com- pressor systems.
Why use modulating temperature and humidity control? Many applications can benefit from the modulating compressor and modulating hu- midity control offered by AAON. The following applications exhibit conditions in which the modulating system would be an ideal cost-effective enhancement to a packaged rooftop unit.
Supermarkets and Convenience Stores - Churches and Auditoriums - Like schools, Doors that are constantly opening and closing, the high degree of variable occupancy can allowing infiltration of outside air, add latent and result in humidity control problems, over sensible loads to the space. Outside air, supplied cooling situations and temperature swings to the building to positively pressurize the inte- by a conventional packaged rooftop unit or rior, will affect the latent load in the space. High units with on-off control. Uncontrolled hu- humidity levels can cause inefficient operation of midity levels can cause furniture and floors in refrigeration and freezer systems. High humid- the building to warp or rot and can cause paint ity, over cooling or temperature fluctuations can to peel. Modulating compressor capacity is ide- cause significant discomfort for customers. ally suited for variable loads because the unit matches its capacity to the varying loads in the Schools - Varying occupancy levels depending space. on the time of day, and time of year, requires a system that can match varying sensible and Health Clubs - Perspiration generated in weight latent loads. When a classroom or auditorium is rooms and during cardiovascular exercise, as full, the latent load will be very high and the air well as, shower areas can cause uncomfortable conditioning equipment should control the load and higher humidity space conditions. In addi- in the most energy efficient manner possible. tion to human discomfort, these conditions can Varying amounts of outside air to the space propagate the growth of mold and mildew. Prop- may require maximum dehumidification control erly controlled temperature and humidity in the at only part sensible load. High humidity, over gym provides a healthier environment for pa- cooling or temperature fluctuations can cause trons and lower maintenance costs for owners. significant discomfort for students and staff. Museums and Libraries - These applications Restaurants and Cafés - Kitchen areas that require a tight degree of temperature and hu- have many humidity producing activities, such midity control during part load and full load op- as dish washing, cooking, and hot beverage ser- eration. High humidity levels in these structures vice can easily result in humidity control prob- can cause substantial damage to priceless books lems and over cooling by conventional packaged and artifacts. When precious historical objects rooftop units or temperature swings by equip- are on display or being stored, precise humidity ment with only on-off humidity control. The high control and temperature control are necessary. degree of variable occupancy requires a system The modulating compressor and modulating re- that can accurately match a range of latent and heat offered by AAON meet the demands of this sensible loads. High humidity, over cooling or type of application. temperature fluctuations can cause discomfort for customers and staff.
These buildings and applications are only a few of the many instances that may benefit from modulating temperature and humidity control. Healthcare facilities, office build- ings, lodging and many other applications have profited by the temperature and humid- ity control that AAON provides. Contact your local AAON representative to learn more about the many ways that AAON can provide solutions for your application.
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C It is the intent of AAON to provide accurate and current product information. However, in the interest of product
improvement, AAON reserves the right to change pricing, specifications, and/or design of its product without notice, g n
obligation, or liability. Copyright © AAON, all rights reserved throughout the world. AAON® and AAONAIRE® are i d
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registered trademarks of AAON, Inc., Tulsa, OK. i
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ModTemp/HumCntrl • R68130 • 110914 a
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