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Community and Institutional Perspectives on Water Management and Environmental Changes in the Taita Hills, Kenya

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Community and Institutional Perspectives on Water Management and Environmental Changes in the Taita Hills, Kenya DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY C11 Community and institutional perspectives on water management and environmental changes in the Taita Hills, Kenya JOHANNA HOHENTHAL, MARINKA RÄSÄNEN, EMMAH OWIDI, BELINDA ANDERSSON, PAOLA MINOIA & PETRI PELLIKKA Community and institutional perspectives on water management and environmental changes in the Taita Hills, Kenya Final research report TAITAWATER Social –research group: Johanna Hohenthal Marinka Räsänen Emmah Owidi Belinda Andersson Paola Minoia Petri Pellikka This study is part of the TAITAWATER (Integrated Land Cover-Climate-Ecosystem Process Study for Water Management in East African Highlands) project funded by the Academy of Finland. An unpublished version of this study was delivered to the local stakeholders in May 2014. 0 Photos: Front cover: Emmah Owidi Back cover: Johanna Hohenthal Publisher: Department of Geosciences and Geography Faculty of Science PO BOX 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland ISSN-L 1798-7938 ISBN 978-951-51-1341-2 (PDF) Helsinki 2015 1 Table of contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ v About the researchers ....................................................................................................................................... v List of tables and figures ................................................................................................................................... vi List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Participatory Research Methods .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 How did we collect the data? ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1.1 Scientific and technical literature review .................................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Semi-structured interviews ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1.3 Workshops ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.4 Transect walks ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 How did we organize the data? ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Content analysis ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Institutional mapping ................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.3 SPSS.......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Historical review ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.5 Participatory geo-information systems (PGIS) ........................................................................ 10 3 What did we get as results? .................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Governance and management of water and related ecosystems in the study area ..................... 12 3.1.1 Institutional map of governance and management institutions in the study area ................. 12 3.1.2 Roles of governance and management institutions in the study area .................................... 15 3.1.3. Local large scale water users – example of the Teita Sisal Estate ........................................... 22 3.2 What are the services provided by water in the Taita Hills? ........................................................... 23 3.2.1 Preference valuation of the water-related ES by institutions and community groups ........... 23 3.2.2 Cultural and religious significance of water ............................................................................ 25 3.3 Locals’ perspectives on water problems ......................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Reducing water quantity and quality ...................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Unequal access to water resources ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Water conflicts......................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 Disappearance of fish from natural streams ........................................................................... 35 3.4 What has caused the environmental degradation and the water problems? ................................ 35 3.4.1 Land demarcation and privatization ........................................................................................ 36 3.4.2 Loss of the indigenous forests ................................................................................................. 38 3.4.3 Introduction of the exotic tree species ................................................................................... 38 3.4.4 Agricultural expansion ............................................................................................................. 40 3.4.5 Changes in precipitation .......................................................................................................... 41 i 3.5 How have the institutions and community groups responded to the local water problems? ....... 41 3.5.1 Tree planting ............................................................................................................................ 41 3.5.2 Education and awareness-raising ............................................................................................ 42 3.5.3 Soil conservation and protection of water resources ............................................................. 42 3.5.4 Water conflict resolution ......................................................................................................... 43 3.5.5 Search for new water sources ................................................................................................. 43 3.6 What are the challenges of water governance and management? ................................................ 43 3.6.1 Inadequate resources, weak governance and conflicting policies .......................................... 43 3.6.2 Challenges with water service providers and water supply development in the area ........... 45 3.7 How could the water resources of the Taita Hills be revived? ........................................................ 46 3.8 Common systematic understanding of drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses ............. 52 4 Discussion and Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 53 4.1 Towards community participation in water management .............................................................. 53 4.1.1 Potential of using participatory methods in water management ........................................... 54 4.1.2 Potential shortcomings of the participatory methods ............................................................ 55 4.2 Concluding remarks and the way forward ...................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Ways forward in water supply and resource management in Taita Hills ................................ 56 4.2.2 What should be further studied? ............................................................................................ 57 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Annex 1: Institutions and experts interviewed ................................................................................................ 60 Annex 2: Workshop participants ..................................................................................................................... 62 ii Summary Water resources are dependent on multiple environmental and social systems and thus are very sensitive to changes in those systems. With the rising global water demand, and decreasing sources, a dilemma arises for both water users and managers. As part of the TAITAWATER (Integrated land cover-climate-ecosystem process study for water management in East African highlands) project of the University of Helsinki, Finland, we have studied the water resource use and management in the Taita Hills, South-East Kenya. These hills form an important water tower providing water for the ecosystems and people living in the hills and the surrounding semi-dry savannah area. Currently, the water resources of the Taita Hills are declining,
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