ISSUE 141

September 2011 Punching above your weight The De-Radicalisation of the Modern Extremist Visiting BRNC Dartmouth – Commodore Harry Adams Essay Prize How Many Submariners Does It Take To...? The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal The Australasian Naval Force (ANF) Exclusive Interview with General Peter Cosgrove Military Education: The Place of Ideals Security: Present and Future Challenges Effectiveness of the Individual Performance Appraisal within the RAN

Journal of the

Issue 141 3 Letters to the Editor Contents

he decommissioning of a now flying 3,00ks from Marham to Punching above your weight 4 UK FAA capability by a UK do a mission that could have been TGovernment is invariably followed done from the sea with relative ease The De-Radicalisation of the in short order by a national maritime and with a response time measured in Modern Extremist 9 task arising for which the cancelled minutes by two Invincible Class and an capability was specifically designed. embarked Air Group. Purely on a cost Visiting BRNC Dartmouth – Commodore Harry Adams The decommisioning of Eagle and Ark effectiveness basis flying Typhoons and Essay Prize 12 Royal in the late 70’s under Labour Tornados and refuelling them in mid- was followed by the Falklands invasion air makes no sense. Washington and Arlington 14 and may have been a significant factor Collective amnesia in Whitehall is in precipitating it. The decision to cyclical and predictable and once the First 214 Class Submarine for announce the withdraw of the Ice decisions based on it are demonstrated Hellenic Navy 16 Patrol Ship HMS Endurance in 1982, to be gross errors of understanding and when her political significance in the judgement they are never apologised How Many Submariners Does It South Atlantic was obvious to all except for. David Cameron said ruefully a few Take To...? 19 the accountants in Whitehall, was the weeks ago that his decision to leave a The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s final green light for the Argentinean decade-long gap in fixed wing flying at last signal 25 Junta. sea was his hardest decision so far as The decision to decommission the PM. It was hard because it so clearly The Australasian Naval Forces (ANF) 33 Sea Harrier capability by the Tories risky and manifestly wrong for the UK in November 2010 was followed in and for NATO. Sea lines under strain: Report of March 2011 by the requirement for the Now the air is once again black with the 16th International SLOC Group UK to engage first in the evacuation chickens coming home to roost – but Conference 36 of non combatants from Tunis, using no Harriers ! a frigate, and then to play a major Exclusive Interview with General role in providing a no fly zone over LCDR Des Woods, RAN. Peter Cosgrove 39 a Mediterranean state. The RAF is Military Education: The Place of Ideals 42

Security: Present and Future Challenges 45

Effectiveness of the Individual Performance Appraisal within the RAN 51

Studies in Leadership – Fearless Leader: Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran 58

A Large Acquisition for the Navy 68

Book Reviews 73 F ront page photograph: HMAS Ararat, on patrol during the Australia–Indonesia Coordinated Issue Number 141 Patrol (AUSINDO CORPAT) 2011, sails into calm seas as the sun rises over the Arafura Sea. Short Cut Reviews with Tom Lewis 76 Printed by Everbest Printing SPONSORS: Visions from the Vault 79 Company - RAYTHEON - BOOZ & COMPANY - AUSTAL Style Notes for Headmark 81 ISSN 1833-6531 - THALES NAVAL GROUP - DMS MARITME - QINETIQ - ATI - SAAB Design & DTP by - AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE CREDIT UNION - LOPAC - BLOHM+VOSS NAVAL ANI Membership Application Form 83 Diane Bricknell [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 4 PUNCHING ABOVE YOUR WEIGHT By Lieutenant Martin BURTON

he Australian Defence Force is LHD to provide offensive air support article determines and highlights on the verge of introducing in to capability for troops landed ashore in the challenges that may eventuate Tservice the largest ships ever built for an amphibious force. in an attempt to operate STOVL the Royal Australian Navy. The two This issue of providing CAS with aircraft from the Canberra Class Canberra Class Amphibious Assault fixed wing assets from embarked LHDs. It includes a critical but Ships designated Landing Helicopter platforms, in close range to any constructive evaluation along with Dock (LHD), will give the ADF a location ashore where troops have recommendations of how this possible keenly sought enhanced amphibious been landed, is not a new concept in capability can be introduced. capability. This capability will be a truly that the requirement has been known 2 joint capability with the introduction since the early part of World War II. BACKGROUND into service impacting on RAN, ARA This issue was graphically recorded in The required skill base to operate a and the RAAF. the Falklands War, where it was quickly ship the type and size of the Canberra With the quantum leap in capability learnt of the critical need to provide air Class LHDs can be put into context, that these 27,800 tonne vessels will assets that could not only strive for air in the words of the United States Navy bring, comes with its own set of new superiority over the landing zones but Chief of Naval Operations. It should be challenges that will require thoughtful also be available quickly, constantly, also noted that the USN carrier fleet planning and solutions. This is to avoid well briefed and suitably armed to operations has evolved over a 75 year it becoming a nemesis in attempting to protect the land force. period. over commit the ships and their ships’ I will discuss some of the Defence Carrier fleet operations are highly companies beyond the original concept related management issues that will complex and take years to master. of operations; in particular the positive require to be addressed, and solutions It’s very, very complex, it’s not speculation and media comment as to sought prior to any decision being something like you get an aircraft the ADF adopting an organic Close Air made to commit embarked organic carrier and an airplane then you are Support (CAS) fixed wing capability CAS operations to be undertaken effective. From the day an aircraft which would be operated from, and from the LHDs. The issues that are and a carrier is delivered to when integrated in to the LHD class. raised will be crucial to the successful it becomes effective will take quite The CAS role, if introduced, would introduction of this new capability. some time. Admiral Roughead 3 be required to be undertaken by fixed I will not attempt to address the CNO, USN wing Short Takeoff Vertical Landing perceived requirement of operating (STOVL) aircraft like the future F35B fixed wing aircraft from the LHDs The ADF has not conducted fixed 1 Joint Strike Fighter, or the current or the possible aircraft and who wing embarked operations since the AV8B Harrier operated from the may operate those aircraft. The late 1970s with HMAS Melbourne

H elicopters on the flight deck (Courtesy RAN) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 5

operating A4G Sky Hawk fighter- bomber aircraft and the S2-E/G Tracker anti-submarine aircraft. Consequently the corporate knowledge of operating fixed wing aircraft at sea has been relinquished as the post carrier period has been concentrated on single spot helicopter operations, by predominately frigate based embarked flights, and more recently in the last decade a move to multi helicopter and dual spot operations from the Kanimbla class Landing Platform Amphibious (LPA) and the Tobruk class Landing Ship Heavy (LSH). The operations of an LHD flight flightdeck and how it is used; the location ashore and if required back RAN aircraft in San deck in many ways could be described movement and storage of aircraft loads are also accommodated in to Diego, USA in 1967 4 and classed as more complicated than to and from the hanger. The safe the plan. Due to the very nature of that of a strike carrier. To introduce movement of embarked force troops CAS fixed wing operations they will a fixed wing element to an already along with their combat equipment not always be able to be planned complex and potentially highly from their respective mess or storage and may require the aircraft ranged dangerous flight deck environment area to the aircraft; and then via an on deck awaiting tasking. This may would require superior Command and air assault deploy them ashore. This inhibit and restrict the efficient flow Control along with the requirement must be managed simultaneously of troops and cargo to and from the that all levels of management involved whilst conducting fuelling operations, flight deck and hence possibly delay in the joint environment to work very and continuing aircraft maintenance onwards movement to the beach. closely together to reach a common to insure that the maximum numbers Organic helicopter operations will goal. There will be a requirement that of aircraft are available for ongoing be required to be conducted both all levels of management understand tasking. day and night in all types of weather and comprehend the capability as To add multiple fixed wing conditions. This may include the well as the limitations of the elements aircraft to this mix will require recovery of battle damaged aircraft that make up the whole capability. In specific planning in the areas of space that would be operating in a degraded particular the intrinsic value of detailed allocation, as the hanger and vehicle mode and require significantly more planning, timing and rehearsals to deck are shared multi-use areas. At flight deck then normal to ensure a ensure that every element that makes any one time when undertaking safe recovery. Additionally the aircraft up the capability can play its part when amphibious operations space in these may be damaged requiring rigging of required or order to reach the desired critical areas will be at a premium. It specific rescue equipment, hindering mission outcome. will require detailed planning at the the normal use of the flight deck. Navantia LHD-carrier There are six key sub-systems joint level to ensure the space can still Perhaps the prudent solution to (Courtesy Navantia) that are brought together within the operate and function concept of operations of the class that as it was designed to require comment: Aviation, Watercraft, do. Joint Fires, Command and Control, Organic helicopter Embarked Forces, Logistics and Health operations will also Support. I will discuss each of these in require detailed turn. planning and an Aviation. The LHD will have an element of flexibility to integrated aviation department whose ensure that the correct role will be to “operate the airport”. load is delivered on This includes the management of the time, at the correct Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 6 PUNCHING ABOVE YOUR WEIGHT

this problem may be to operate one but it must be integrated and its if forced to hold on route the day to day activities of the type, be it fixed wing or rotary from operation must be smooth and concise embarked forces will directly impact on the ships’ operation. one platform or a mutually compatible so as not to affect the other on going Embarked Forces will be required to conduct physical group together to further assist the applications of fire. training, combined technical training and rehearsals for smooth flow of operations required. Command and Control. With the airborne and water borne assault. This will require the And finally there may be potential to any new additional element as would embarked forces to enter or pass through areas that are being also conduct Unmanned Aerial Vehicle be the case if fixed wing CAS aircraft utilised for aviation operations and maintenance activities; (UAV) operations in the future as well, where embarked, would come an this will require constant supervision to protect the required adding yet another layer of complexity additional requirement of another level high level of flight safety. to this already multifaceted balancing of command a control which would As with any deployment there are many additional units act. need to be embedded into the already which may bring specialist or unique capabilities to the force Watercraft. The introduction complex operating environment element group and are force assigned at short notice. This of fixed wing aircraft on to the LHD of the LHD. Also the additional leaves the ship in an unenviable position of not knowing how platforms may indirectly affect the accommodation requirements and many personnel they are required to accommodate until the launch and recovery of the watercraft operating spaces of this element would day of sailing which can lead to significant difficulties when due to the requirement to have the ship place significant stress on an already being the “First to go and the last to now.” operating a higher speed. In order to stretched compliment. Logistics. The operation of fixed wing aircraft from gain sufficient wind across the deck to Coordination of the ships airspace shore based facilities requires a great deal of support to safely launch possibly heavily armed and any adjoining airspace and provide and maintain stores, ground support equipment, and fuelled CAS aircraft. Additionally its overall management will be a and maintenance to keep the assets in the air. To try to the recovery pattern of both fixed major challenge. As will the mixing replicate that onboard an LHD would be difficult if not wing aircraft, and watercraft, with the of fixed wing high speed jets and impossible. Therefore the operational logistical package of former flying over the later on final helicopters which is often complex how to support fixed wing aircraft afloat would need to be approach would be distracting to both, and high risk. This will again require rationalised to ensure for example the appropriate number of resulting in a potentially dangerous additional personnel to be embarked spares could be embarked within the confines of the storage situation. to cater for the increased risk involved areas available. This would also be the case for weapon With the very nature of fixed wing with dissimilar operations, and the systems and ammunitions which would also have to be operations requiring constant wind sequencing of aircraft to meet their prioritised on ship and embarked rotary elements holdings. across the flight deck as apposed to individual missions. Also there will be With the requirement for the logistical support for the 5 rotary wing operations that can be the intention to reduce the foot print land forces to come from the LHDs, any break down in that conducted with little or no relative ashore by having the headquarters supply chain will then present the Land Forces Commander wind, the ship will be required to remaining afloat initially to reduce the with additional liability of perhaps delaying his forward manoeuvre constantly to provide the manpower to protect it. advance. This may lead to losing tactile advantage that may flight envelope to launch and recover Embarked Forces. Whilst on have been gained. STOVL jets. This will greatly influence transit to the area of operations, or With 1403 bunks available on each ship and with a the distance that each landing craft will have to cover between the ship and the shore or vice versa. Also the ships will be limited in their ability to manoeuvre whilst the stern door is open and watercraft are entering or exiting the well deck. Joint Fires. As the Joint Fires area is a complicated and classified area of operation this paper will only discuss the minimal amount of information in that is needed to be covered. Firstly, the additional firepower that an embarked fixed wing element would bring would A view of Wolloomooloo Bay in 1982 features the aircraft carrier Melbourne around the time the decision was made to get greatly enhance any latent capabilities, out of the aircraft carrier business-photo by Tony Woodland Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 7

requirement of approximately 400 for amendment to their concept of Notes the ships company and the additional operations or any of the Standard other force assigned elements, the Operational Procedures (SOP). (Endnotes) remaining 1000 bunks will rapidly be a. That no Fixed Wing operations 1. This is the F-35 Lightning II, which will replace various tactical aircraft, including the US F-16, A-10, F/A-18, AV-8B and British filled. Any requirement to feed and are attempted until the full Harrier GR7 & GR9s, and the Canadian CF-18. accommodate an additional number of First of Class Flight Trials and 2. Freidman, N, 2010, ‘CLOSE AIR SUPPORT AND NAVAL AVIATION’, The Navy Vol. 72 No4, Oct-Dec, p23 personnel will place further strain on Ships’ Helicopter Operating 3. This will see the re-establishment of the Aviation Support the ship’s company, and exact numbers Limits are completed; Category (AVN) back in to the RAN. will need to be refined down the bare b. A full needs analysis is minimum to operate the aircraft. This undertaken prior to any Bibliography could be offset by the Aviation Branch decision to modify the ships fit 1. Boast, M, 2010, ‘The Challenges of an Organic Fixed wing Capability for Australia’s LHDs’ Sailors on board being cross trained to out; and THE NAVY Vol. 72, No 4 p27-31, Magazine of the Navy League of ground handle the aircraft and other c. That the ships be used in Australia, GPO Box 1719, Sydney, NSW 2001 generic tasks. one mode of operation at 2. Dodd, M, 2010, ‘Don’t fear Chinese carrier fleet: US Admiral’, The Australian, Nov 28th 2010. Health Support. As any combat any one time eg, Helicopter 3. Friedman, N, 2010, ‘Close Air Support and Naval Aviation,’ operations progress there will also be Amphibious Assault or Fixed The Natural Combination the possibility of casualties requiring Wing Operations, if fixed wing THE NAVY Vol. 72, No 4, p23-26, Magazine of the Navy League of Aero Medical Evacuation (AME). This embarked operations are to be Australia, GPO Box 1719, Sydney, NSW 2001 4. Hobbs, D, 2010, ‘Carrier-Borne Close Air Support’, Historical will again require significant planning conducted. t and Contemporary Perspectives, THE NAVY Vol. 72, No 4, p11-15, and coordination and the use of Magazine of the Navy League of Australia, GPO Box 1719, Sydney, NSW 2001 scarce helicopter assets. Additionally 5. Jackson, R, 1976, ‘Dunkirk The British Evacuation, 1940,’ the responsibility of undertaking the Casselln Military Books, Orion House, 5Upper St Martins Lane, Primary Casualty Receiving Facility London WC2H 9EA (PCRF) duties will require additional 6. Kerr, J, 2009, ‘Nays heavyweights’ bulk and loom, promising to dwarf old big hitters’, The Weekend Australian, Oct 24-25th 2009. specialist personnel and equipment to 7. McMeil, A, 2010, ‘Organic Air Defence & Strike Capability be embarked on to the LHDs. for Navy’ THE NAVY Vol. 73, No 1, p24-27, Magazine of the Navy League of Australia, GPO Box 1719, Sydney, NSW 2001 This article has attempted to outline 8. Palazzo, A, 2010,’ Projecting force : the Australian army and some of the possible challenges that maritime strategy’ Land Warfare Studies Centre Study Papers, may be faced if the introduction of The Director, Land Warfare Studies Centre, Ian Campbell Road, Duntroon ACT 2600, AUSTRALIA fixed wing STOVL operations is 9. The avy,N 2010, ‘Rotary Wing Operations on the LHDs’ Vol. undertaken from the Canberra Class 72, No 4 p08-10, Magazine of the Navy League of Australia, GPO LHDs. Some of those challenges Box 1719, Sydney, NSW 2001 10. Thompson, J, 1985, ‘No Picnic The story of 3 Commando include but are not limited to space Brigade in the Falklands War”, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, availability, concept of operations, Glasgow. command and control, and the aim 11. Work, R, 2010, ‘Hitting the Beach in the 21st Century’, Proceedings, US Naval Institute, Nov 2010, Vol 136/11/1,293,The to reduce the footprint ashore. It Lieutenant Martin “Dexta” Burton, Independent Forum on National Defence, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, would be negligent to ignore or delay MD 21402, USA. an appropriate analysis of concept, to RAN joined the Navy in 1981 as a Junior 12. http://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/defence- minister-calls-for-accountability introduce and conduct CAS operations Recruit where he initially served as Air 13. http://fleet.dle.mil.au/aasgrpdocs/?q=node/178 from an LHD. With the introduction Technical Aircraft Sailor (ATA) and then 14. http://www.navy.gov.au/A_Vision_of_Navy’s_Amphibious_ into military service of this high-end FutureA vision of Navy’s Amphibious Future, Interview with Capt later gained selection as Aircrewman. George McQuire, 17 Sep 2010. capability it would be remiss to over He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1. The ustralianA Newspaper commit and perhaps misplace the 15. http://www.navy.gov.au/Category:Canberra_Class intended initial capability in an attempt Oct 2009 and assigned to his current to achieve additional capability too position as Ships Aviation Officer rapidly. (SAVO) HMAS Kanimbla. Recommendations The Canberra class ships are fully accepted in to service prior to any Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 141 9 The De-Radicalisation of the Modern Extremist By Lieutenant David Smith

Imagine the news headlines: ‘Bin Laden’s Successor’s new Fatwa Prohibits Attacks Against the West’ or ‘Bin Laden Successor Denounces Terrorism’. Too preposterous? Terrorist Attack and Religious Fundamentalism have emerged violently in the modern world in recent years. Since the attacks on September 11, the western world has scrambled to defend themselves from this emergent global phenomenon and to develop protective combat strategies. Many analysts believe that the current climate is developing into the new social norm for the planet – that more so than ever we can no longer contemplate a world without extremist violence as a part of A radical teaching everyday life. is based on a radicalisation of Islamist h. ‘Neo-Crusader’ arguments. school (Middle East But is this the case? Has the youth. Leader of the Israeli Opposition Org) world become too concerned with Her Excellency Tzipi Livni indicated The first five of these deal with the a perceived global implosion? Or as this is not confined to the traditional theological side of Jihadist politics, and Jihadist and Radicalisation expert ‘troubled areas’ of the globe. Most rest on the premise that God’s will, Omar Ashour believes, that the series of this radicalisation has occurred in and literal orders from God, supersede of processes that we have now come western nations: the US, UK and other any rational calculations or material to call ‘de-radicalisation’ suggest nations in Western Europe. interests. otherwise? Why is this? The majority of In 99% of radicalised Islamic youth literature today point to eight major reports indicate they had become Let’s Get Radical pillars or arguments of Jihadists and disenchanted with leadership, (either In order to know for sure one way Jihadism: political or religious) and perceived an or the other, an examination of the a. Al-hakimmiyya – God’s inability to act in accordance with their modern day radical is required, Exclusive right to legislate; religious beliefs and a desire to return including how someone develops b. Al-riddah – Apostasy – of a to an Islamist State. These issues radical tendencies. Where there is ruling regime; coupled with the final “three pillars” radicalisation there is also the more c. Al-jihad/qital – fighting for the combine to create a radicalisation heartening phenomenon of de- Islamist state; environment that served to sow the radicalisation as evidenced in several d. Jihad al-daf – A defensive seed of Jihadist violence. examples of the decline of Jihadist jihad; It seems clear that there is a direct movements. e. Ahkam al-diyar – rules of correlation between social deprivation Jihadism experts, including Omar conduct in the ‘abode of Islam’; and radicalisation. That said Pantucci Ashour, Raff Pantucci and former f. Methods for socio-political concludes that this correlation is only British Islamic Radical Ed Husain, change; correct from the perspective that indicate that the Jihadist movement g. The inevitability of social deprivation is a constant in of the late 20th and early 21st century confrontation; and communities where radicalisation is Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 10 The De-Radicalisation of the Modern Extremist

prevalent. There have been five identified motivators for the radicalisation of youth:

1. Financial – many groups offer monetary benefits, with families well taken care of; 2. Revenge – civilian casualties often ‘fuel’ fundamentalism; 3. Lack of governance; 4. Madrassas – brainwashing in religious schools; and 5. Ideology – Jihadist belief system which demands confrontation with the west. T he controversial In the modern day society, it can be example of the fragile peace between Crusades (Gutenberg Whilst we have focused so far on Islam very easy to forget that Islam is not the Unionists and the IRA would seem Press) as the main protagonist in the history only religious proponent of violence to demonstrate that this approach is of extremism, it would be wrong and that we can see. If we look at recent successful. indeed misleading to pretend it is only Ireland we see once again the evidence Do both these approaches Islam that has ever caused young men of religious violence in the extremely however, fall short of the ideal to become radical for religious reasons. volatile battle between Unionists and solution? Do they both simply turn Perhaps the most radical and the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It is impressionable youth towards radical extremist period in history occurred true that this fight is over nationalist and fundamental ideals? in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries freedom for Northern Ireland; however I submit a process of de- and was perpetrated by the warriors it is still drawn along religious lines. It radicalisation – essentially changing and zealots of the Christian religion. is not even between separate religions, the minds of would be Jihadists – is The Crusades, the period in history it is between different factions of the most effective way to combat the when Christians attempted to reclaim Christianity. Despite this conflict increase of fundamentalism in the the Holy Land of Jerusalem from not spilling out onto a global scale, world. the Muslims, saw some of the most its combatants are by no means less Ed Husain describes in his book The bloodthirsty fighting in human history. extremist or radical. Islamist, how, at the tender age of 16, Indeed the word crusade can be he became a fundamentalist. He infers used as a byword for barbarism and The Enemy of Yesterday is the Friend that after reading and accepting the aggression. of Today writings of Abul Ala Mawdudi (Islamic For centuries young men would So how does one combat such Ideologue and founder of the radical flock to the banner of Kings of Europe, radicalisation? Is a combative approach Islamist group Jamat-e-Islami) he felt men who had ‘Taken the Cross” at the the best? The continued Global War empowered, that he was not a mere behest of the Pope, in order to impose on Terror would seem to indicate that Muslim, but better, superior to his their own religion on others they saw Western Governments believe this to religious brothers. as inferior and in direct threat to the be the case. The name alone “Global “While most boys my age were western way of life. Christians who War on Terror” indicates a concerted smuggling pornography into their participated in a Crusade took religious and unified military and combative rooms to read by torchlight at night, vows, wore religious insignia and were stance when attempting to solve the my pornography was Religious granted penance for past sin from terrorism problem. Ideology. I would hide them from my the Pope which was said to expedite Or conversely is trying to establish a father as one might hide the latest their passage into Heaven. Rewards dialogue with the accused perpetrators edition of Playboy” Husain said. in Heaven for violent acts on Earth…. and architects how governments Just as total acceptance of extremist sound familiar? should proceed? The Northern Ireland doctrine was a process that took time, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 11

so too rejection of said doctrine and Colonel Muammar Qaddafi. Regarding Islamic Jihadism and Extremism, it remains to distancing himself from this doctrine Libyan officials targeted the LIFG be seen whether the extremist or harmonious side of Islam took time and effort. hierarchy with a de-radicalisation that ultimately determines what legacy is bequeathed to Husain came to the slow realisation program, in a concerted effort to win future generations. that his own values for life were at odds over the charismatic leaders of the to those of his peers in extremism. He organisation, encouraging them to The future has not been written – it is being written now. t came to the conclusion that Jihadism interact with non-Jihadists and update and extremism were truly contrary to their views on world issues. This his own belief in Islam. Ironically he process coupled with the military losses states that extremism and Jihadism inflicted on the LIFG, forced the LIFG only served to weaken his faith in God leadership to rethink their political and the prophet. strategy and ultimately abandon His conclusions also pose the politically motivated violence. inevitable question “How long Western Ed Husain recounts reasons why he Governments will continue to tolerate became disillusioned with extremism the hypocrisy of people enjoying the and fundamentalism when he lived and benefits of western life while calling for worked in Saudi Arabia (the supposed its destruction?” home of Islam). De-radicalisation is a process of “Racism was an integral part of relative change. Its premise is simply Saudi society. My students often used Lieutenant David Smith RAN graduated from the Australian to reverse a violently radical group’s the word “nigger” to describe black Defence Force Academy in 2000 and gained his Primary behaviour and ideology. Sound people. Even dark-skinned Arabs Qualification as a SeamanO fficer in HMAS Adelaide (FFG) difficult? On the surface, yes it were considered inferior to their in 2003. Career highlights have included Operational certainly does… but evidence suggests lighter-skinned cousins. I was living that it is possible. By de-legitimising in the world’s most avowedly Muslim Deployments to the Solomon Islands and the Middle East, the use of violence to achieve social, country, yet I found it anything but. Executive Officer of MHC Crew Hunter Two, Divisional Staff at political and religious goals, these I was appalled by the imposition of the Royal Australian Naval College and as Aide-de-Camp to changes are possible – even from Wahhabism (the predominant form Her Excellency the Governor General of the Commonwealth within a violent and fundamentalist of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia of Australia. group. Notable Jihadist defectors – preaching strict adherence to the Noman Bentoman and Abdullah Anas Quran as the only authoritive text) Lieutenant Smith is currently serving as the MAROPS MHP continually state that in order to truly in the public realm, something I had Force Planner and Force Protection Officer at Maritime destroy extremism and the violence implicitly sought as an Islamist.” Operations located at Headquarters Joint Operations associated with it, the ideological roots This disparity served to erode Command. of Jihadism must be dismantled. his zealous beliefs. He states that he finally severs his ties with extremism Repentance from Heresy by “rediscovering classical, traditional The example of Libya as a de- Islam.” radicalisation leader in the world does In conclusion, without doubt Islam not immediately spring to mind, yet is emerging in the world of today. Yet many examples of de-radicalisation extremist elements of all religions practice are evident in their struggle pose a clear threat to the stability against the influence of the Libyan of the Globe in the modern age. I Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG). submit that deradicalisation is the Bibliography The LIFG, established in 1990, only permanent and lasting counter was secretive, elitist, paramilitary and to extremism. The reasons for this are 1. Ashour, Omar – The Phenomenon of Islamist and Jihadist De- aiming for decisive action to topple the because it is the only method where radicalisation 2. H.E. TZipi Livni – Leader, Israeli Opposition Kadima Party – Libyan regime. During its activities, the individual commences and follows Address ‘Fighting Against Terror’ the LIFG was responsible for no less though with the change of their own 3. Pantucci, Raff – Poverty and Terror 4 .ICSR Blog – How Terrorism Ends than three assassination attempts on accord. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 12 Visiting BRNC Dartmouth – Commodore Harry Adams Essay Prize By Lieutenant David Midson

s the winner of the 2010 Commodore Henry Adams essay Aprize, I was given the opportunity to visit the Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC) in Dartmouth, UK. I travelled to the BRNC in December for a week, during which I managed to get snowed in both in Dartmouth and Heathrow airport. However, despite the chilly weather BRNC was a welcoming place and provided a truly unique experience. While at BRNC, two things stood out to me, firstly their generous hospitality and secondly the shared experience of the RAN and RN, both in the past and into the future. Firstly to the hospitality, the timing of the competition announcement and of the Christmas leave period wide range of activities, including; carrying the RN ensign. The Ball was Boating on the River Dart, near BRNC meant that BRNC were notified of cruising down the River Dart, clay very appropriately organised around a my arrival at short notice. Despite the pigeon shooting, the winter Graduation winter wonderland theme, matching lack of notice they welcomed me with Parade and the Graduation Ball. The well with the snow that was falling open arms, and made a great effort Graduation Parade and Ball were outside. to show me life at the College. I was definite highlights. The Parade had The Cadets managed to involve me Graduation parade given the chance to participate in a both a fast jet fly past, and a helicopter in the life of the college, even in their

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 13

Graduation parade busiest week. The welcome I received Both told a story of says a great deal about the relationship fiscal pressure and between the RN and RAN. We share a tightening budgets, common history interest and humour, and both advised all that makes for great relationships the cadets not to on the personal and organisational worry because it is level. The only downside was that an exciting time to Brittannia Royal unfortunately those at BRNC had a be in the military Naval College under very keen interest in cricket while I and the navy. Both a blanket of snow was there, and I was never without a leaders talked of reminder of the Ashes score. the great opportunities in the future as The connection between the RN new capabilities came online, and that and RAN reaches into both our past the military was ready to respond to and future. The history was highlighted budget pressures. in the tour of BRNC, which is not The RAN and RN both face much older than our own college at challenges in the current budget HMAS Creswell. Along the way the environment, and both are making Guide pointed out memorabilia of RN decisions about the capability that we officers who had served in Australia, can operate now and into the future and RAN officers who had trained and in both it is an exciting time to be at the College. But it was not the serving. Lieutenant David Midson RAN joined history that most reminded me of the The fact that we have such a rich the Navy in 2008 as a Legal Officer. He similarities between our navies, it was history of shared challenges, and is currently working in the HQJOC Legal the shared challenges we face. As I sat a future which will involve similar in the crowd at the Graduation Parade pressures, serves to remind us that the Office. In 2010 he won the Commodore I heard VADM Ibbotson, RN, Deputy navy can be a bigger family than just Harry Adams essay competition with Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet, the RAN. In fact as a member of the an essay on Climate Change and the speak to the cadets. The speech he gave RAN we can find friends with which RAN, published in a previous issue of reminded me of what I had heard CDF we share a history and understanding Headmark. say when I graduated from Creswell. on the other side of the world. t Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 14 Washington and Arlington By Flight Lieutenant Michael Kilham

s a result of winning the 2010 Alan ‘Rocker’ Robertson Aessay, I was fortunate enough to visit Washington DC in Dec 2010. This was my second visit, the last in 2008; however, this time I was able to take my family to experience the history of the city. There is much to see in Washington DC; it is rich with history and the capital of the United States of America it is home to the Capitol Building, the White House and many other federal buildings. It boasts 29 Smithsonian facilities, comprising 19 museums, one zoo and nine research facilities. Other museums of interest include the Newseum (a history of news and broadcasting), as well as the Spy and Holocaust museums. The National The National Mall, starting from presidents are laid to rest, and still One of the most visible reminders Mall from Lincoln Capitol Hill, runs down through conducts an average of 29 funerals of where the country has been and Memorial the Washington Monument to the a day. Washington DC constantly where they are going is the amount Lincoln Memorial and is the heart reminds you where America has of security around the city. Police, of the city. At the western end of the been and where it wants to go. My Army and Marines are everywhere. mall are the Korean, Vietnam and family and I visited almost all of the Their presence is not just limited to World War II memorials. Beyond the sights mentioned and were left with federal buildings and memorials, they memorials is Arlington Cemetery. a much greater appreciation of the extend to train stations, bus stations Arlington is where over 300,000 service American psyche through a greater and malls. Like the security around personnel, as well as a number of ex- understanding of their history. the White House, they are both visible and invisible. On a number of occasions I introduced myself and spoke to members on duty. They were friendly, as we found most Americans to be, and were very open about their presence. “I think we have reached a good balance of deterrence and response”, One section of one member told Arlington Cemetery Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 15

me. At the time I could count about 12 army personnel around the bus station. “We want to make sure we can protect the public and respond instantly” he added. During our visit we encountered about a dozen motorcycle police outside a mall, informing about road safety and personal security. SWAT teams were seen on the street a number of times, exercising ‘presence’ as they stated, and Army and Marine personnel seemed to be almost everywhere. You, like me, might ask why. The answer is a complex one, but is perhaps answered by walking the Korean memorial, seeing the bronze cast Wall at the Korean War Memorial soldiers, reading the statements made by the families of the dead or missing on why it was so important that they not only made the sacrifice, but that it is never forgotten. Then, at the end of the memorial is a reflection pool and a wall with ‘Freedom is Not Free’ inscribed in it. Powerful words and a solemn reminder that the nation is at war! It is fighting on both the international and domestic fronts. As a participant in the coalition action against Iraq since 2002 and latterly the war in Afghanistan, Australia too is heavily committed in international action. It is a little further removed from us; it has yet to come to our home soil, but has come tragically close. As news of yet another soldier being killed in Afghanistan seems to be arriving all too frequently, I am reminded of the wall at the Korean Memorial, ‘Freedom is Not Free’. It is SMARTER AND SAFER easy to forget as we go about our daily UNDERWATER SOLUTIONS tasks that servicemen and women of this and other nations are placing their ...Since the beginning lives on the line to ensure freedom. The costs, in all respects, are high, but the price of not paying them is higher! t For more information, please contact: [email protected] www.thalesgroup.com.au Photograph © Australian Department of Defence

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 16 first 214 Class submarine for Hellenic navy

he Hellenic Navy has commissioned T their first 214 Class submarine at Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH, a company of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. Prior to the commissioning, the Hellenic Navy declared the acceptance of the boat together with an order for two more submarines of the 214 Class. The new submarine, named HS Papanikolis, has a displacement of 1,700t, is 65m long and is operated by a crew of 27. It is equipped with an air-independent fuel cell propulsion system allowing a significantly longer underwater endurance. In addition to this, the submarine is characterised by considerably reduced acoustic, thermal and magnetic signatures. Thanks to these features, the submarine is extremely difficult to detect. The diving depth of this type has also been optimised. Papanikolis is the eleventh submarine with fuel cell propulsion in service with the German, Hellenic, Italian, Korean and Portuguese Navies.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 17

Pictures and story by Michael Nitz

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 141 19 How Many Submariners Does It Take To...? By Lieutenant Commander Paul Garai

ustralia is embarking on an introducing new advanced capabilities The Story So Far... ambitious program of developing such as guided missile destroyers and The submarine force has experienced 1 Astrategic strike capabilities, announced helicopter assault ships. While the significant disruption and crisis since in the 2009 Defence White Paper. At the Navy wrestles with these capability the 1990s with the introduction of a core will be 12 new large conventional challenges, there will also be the class of domestically built submarines, submarines with land-attack missiles. demand to up-skill for 12 new strike spiralling-down to one crew available 3 This lethal strike capability will give submarines. Can the Navy handle for the six boats in 2009. At this Australia a decisive edge in the Asia the generational change these new point, the Navy finally admitted Pacific as the strategic environment capabilities will impose on the to deep structural and cultural becomes more crowded in the 21st workforce? In only a few short years, problems in the submarine force and century. But, can the Royal Australian the fleet that recruits are now being publicly committed to a remediation 4 Navy (RAN) manage such exponential trained for will change to a vastly program. But, is it enough? This is a growth? Where will the additional different shape. This article will rare generational opportunity to re- personnel come from and how will the examine the state of the submarine structure and re-align the strategically RAN generate the highly skilled and workforce and consider options which valuable submarine force in a way that sophisticated workforce required when will generate the workforce required to sets it up for an exciting future, discard it has been unable to sustain crews effectively and safely operate the new poor practices from the past and re- 2 for the current six submarines? Also, boats . position the submarine force from the are problems in the submarine force So, what brought the submarine periphery to the centre of the Navy. unique, or indicators of deeper systemic workforce to collapse? And what needs Submarines have long been a T hree of the Collins- problems which may affect the whole to be done to position the submarine secretive and separate part of the Navy. class submarines on fleet? workforce for exponential expansion? In this new era, submariners will be at the surface The Navy is on the threshold of the core of the Navy and will influence (Courtesy RAN)

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 20 How Many Submariners Does It Take To...?

every aspect of the Navy. The Navy will need to bring submariners in from the cold and submariners will need to accept their new mainstream role. The Navy also needs to learn from the fundamental mistakes of Project SEA1114 (Collins class submarines) and its almost singular focus on the technical aspects of the transition from the Oberon class, leading to serious neglect of the submarine workforce and its eventual collapse to a single functional crew. Personnel planning and transition must be at the core of the new generation submarines. Submarines have long been a part of the RAN from the very beginning and value with different capabilities. Their the entire submarine force from Sydney T he ceremonial were included in the first RAN fleet, trump card is the ability to strike enemy to Perth for strategic reasons. beginning of HMAS however, submarines have also proved centres of gravity with surprise and The main cause of the collapse of the Ovens’ first hull problematic for technical and personnel stealth. It should not be underestimated submarine workforce was an obsessive section, with Rear reasons. Early submarines were difficult what this decisive new capability will do focus on the technical aspects of the Admiral Purves representing the to operate and prone to catastrophic for Australia’s strategic position in the introduction of the Collins class and Navy (Courtesy accidents. Due to fluctuating national western Pacific. failure to respond to growing workforce Robert Purves) strategies and finances over the The current era of Australian stress indicators, such as burn-out twentieth century, various Australian submarine operations began in the of submariners in an aggressive submarine classes have been retired 1960s with the introduction of six new organisational effort to make the new without replacement which resulted in British-built submarines (Oberon class) submarines work. Increasing workforce significant capability gaps. But, navies which were replaced by six Australian- stress indicators were ignored because themselves are complicated institutions built submarines in the 1990s (Collins of an internal culture obsessed with 7 which make huge demands on national class). While the submarine force mission achievement. The wider treasure and industrial resources. Even achieved a continuity never realised Navy was not overly affected by the without submarines, the RAN has seen before, a series of factors resulted in growing submarine personnel crisis massive swings in force structure from a steady erosion of the submarine due to the traditional separation of the lows of the Depression era when capability throughout the 1990s and submariners from the mainstream. The 5 barely a ship put to sea, to the highs of into the millennium. The six vessels submarine force focused obsessively on World War II and the 1950/60s with the of the new Collins class were the the technical remediation of the new impressive days of multi-carrier task first submarines built in Australia, a submarines and getting them to sea 6 groups and then the painful withdrawal significant engineering achievement. for task achievement. The result was of carrier operations in the 1980s. Yet, Consequently, a combination of classic workforce stress indicators such the Navy adapted and survived – even inexperience, ambitious targets and as burn-out leading to high separation rebuilt, if perhaps slowly. This new era high public interest resulted in intense rates amongst qualified personnel and of submarine operations is something scrutiny. There was a steady series of poor recruitment to replace them. The which has been forecast for decades negative press articles which lowered result was a spiral into collapse. The and reflects the continuing strategic public confidence and deterred only way qualified submariners could ascendancy of the submarine. Missile recruitment. The submarine force had avoid constant urgent transfers to sea to submarines have been the capital ships traditionally been based in Sydney with plug competency gaps was to leave the of superpowers for decades. Australia the main fleet, however, the Collins Navy or be rendered medically unfit for is now stepping-up to the plate. Just submarines were built at a greenfield sea. By 2009, only one submarine crew 8 as carriers have long held a strategic site in Adelaide which also became the could be mustered for six vessels. place, strike submarines hold a similar maintenance centre. The RAN moved TheCollins project experienced Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 21

significant technical problems submarines became operational Submarine service has been throughout the build and following the technical remediation traditionally seen as highly risky and commissioning program throughout program. However, the extended delay secretive, promoting an exclusiveness the 1990s and early millennium. The between the old and new submarines and aloofness which is also interpreted first boat revealed design flaws which eroded competence which resulted in as ‘elite’. The submarine specialist produced unacceptable water flow a diminished work force remaining to qualification and badge (‘dolphins’) noise, poor engine performance and crew the new submarines. Warning is awarded only after rigorous the combat system never achieved signs were not heeded until the crisis examination across a range of technical, standard. However, ship handling was fully apparent and the submarine safety and emergency competencies exceeded criteria and the ship control force was in a parlous state with only and is equal for all ranks. This has 9 14 system was satisfactory. The final one crew available. fostered a uniquely egalitarian and submarine was delivered to the RAN A personnel remediation program proud culture. However, the negative on 18 March 2003. It was the most was initiated in 2009 through the side has been an obsession with task expensive and complex engineering Moffitt Review. The Moffitt Report achievement at all costs. Submariners 10 project yet completed in Australia. used an impressive body of research also take great pride in their self- As a major government expenditure, through extensive interviews with identity and see it as a strong source SEA114 was always at risk of political a broad range of submariners and of morale and professionalism. interference which grew as the project recent workforce studies. This was However, there have been strong signs fell behind schedule. Following a the first comprehensive investigation of an insular and closed culture which change of government in 1996 and a into the submarine force since the resists external accountability and critical Australian National Audit Office start of the transition between classes engagement. 11 (ANAO) report in 1997 , political in 1993. In comparison, three major 12 pressure mounted to fix the project. reports regarding technical issues How Many Submariners Are The Minister for Defence were compiled and funded with over Needed? commissioned a report in 1999 which a billion dollars of investment. While Navy favours a competency-based was authored by two prominent enormous organisational resources method in analysing position businessmen in order to provide were poured into the technical fixes, requirements for which Competency 13 business-style analysis. The report the submarine workforce was rapidly Profiling methodology would be 16 was also the first and only indicator failing and was not addressed until useful. In addition, the Navy operates that personnel management was crisis point was reached. The Moffiitt a large and complex HR system which failing short until 2009. The team Review drew on a number of internal requires standardisation of roles to reported that substantial progress had studies which have not been publicly produce efficiencies in training and been achieved by 1999 with four of released. The report identified a employment for which Functional Job 17 six submarines built. However, it was toxic culture within the submarine Analysis (FJA) would be beneficial. becoming apparent that personnel force which placed task achievement Therefore, the combination of both 15 competencies were being eroded above all other considerations. The should provide a usable methodology. through the years spent inactive due report’s recommendations have been Competency Profiling can be illustrated to extensive technical remediation implemented or agreed to in principle. as follows (Table One): programs and the retirement of the previous submarines - the first recorded Submarine Force indicator of the looming competency Competencies issue. The report led to extensive government action for extra investment Generic Technical in technical fixes of one billion dollars, however, the growing personnel Cognitive Non-cognitive Skills Experience competence issue was not decisively addressed. The crisis in the submarine General workplace Characteristics Operate Trade certified workforce accelerated from 2003 skills machinery as increasing numbers of Collins Table One - Examples of Competency Profiling Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 22 How Many Submariners Does It Take To...?

Following competency profiling, FJA could be employed to match workplace assessors and managers. periods or maintenance cycles. competencies to existing organisational The growth of CBT in the 1990s synergies or the development of new coincided with the transition of Bring the Submarines In From competency development paths. submarine classes. The aggressive the Cold The RAN has traditionally used roll-out of CBT across the Navy may Land-attack submarines will out- trend analysis to determine future have resulted in a confused response number surface combatants and will requirements based on historical in the submarine force as it grappled be the core national strategic capability 18 workforce trends, however, this with its own workforce development throughout the 21st Century. The method takes time to reflect changes issues. This confusion may have Navy will need to strategically shift its within the workforce and is slow contributed to the legacy of poor HR organisation and culture in order to acknowledge changes in the workforce management which resulted from the capably lead and manage this profound environment. Therefore, organisational organisational focus on technical issues change in its organisational DNA tension is generated as HR managers instead of personnel. CBT has imposed and honour this strategic national attempt to ‘correct’ the trends in the a significant corporate governance security responsibility. This is so face of workforce environmental burden in the development, assessment important that the management of factors beyond their control. This may and reporting of competency the submarine workforce needs to result in the organisation assigning progression and achievement. The shift from a small group of submarine increasing resources to maintain a usual practice has been to absorb specialists to the centre of the RAN. theoretical workplace model based CBT oversight within existing Further, in order to generate the labour on historical data long after the actual management structures. However, as supply required for the expansion business environment has shifted. In these responsibilities grow with ever- of the force, submarine service will response, Ghosh’s Refined Production increasing competency requirements, need to cease being a narrow career 19 Function model provides the additional workloads are assumed path and become a normal part of possibility of including productivity by supervisors, possibly at the cost Naval employment, along with other changes and creating an adaptive model of other responsibilities. Also, the platforms. All Naval personnel will responsive to changes in the operating methodical approach required by CBT need to be suitable and eligible for environment. This is particularly may slow-down training progression submarine service. These options relevant to submarines as advanced compared to previous eras, along with challenge the core cultural value of technology platforms with specific delivering a better product. As the the submarine workforce: selected productivity requirements which will training through-put may be reduced, a and highly motivated volunteers who evolve as technology and operating greater number of trainees are required endure a rigorous training process to techniques develop. Planning labour to achieve the same organisational join an exclusive fraternity, founded supply has also been inefficient. By output. This again reinforces the shift in adversity and identified by one of relying internally on a small and to expanding submarine service to all the Navy’s oldest specialist badges: exclusive labour pool of specialist personnel. dolphins. They also receive substantial submariners the labour supply has Expanding the competency additional remuneration. The shift to been severely handicapped. Growing certification pathway may also be mainstreaming the submarine force competency certification demands achieved through the use of advanced will erode this ethos and challenge have also imposed constraints on simulators. Aircraft simulators are the identity of serving and retired labour supply and lengthened training used to certify a broad range of submariners. This aspect of cultural pipelines. competencies and to maintain some change is very real and must be Competency-based training (CBT) skill currencies. The use of simulators managed with honour in order to is a valuable method of identifying, will provide another avenue of facilitate a successful transition to a developing and certifying competence. competency management without sustainable submarine culture and The RAN has a strategic policy of CBT relying on actual submarines for much force. which has led to vast improvements training. The simulators will need With the introduction of an in the workforce. CBT, however, has to be high quality and accessible in open recruitment and management a significant administrative overhead bases where crews are located in order model, individual competency which has been normally absorbed to maximise geographical stability, and career development should be into the organisation, particularly by particularly during non-operational managed similar to current general Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 23

service practices. Due to the differing The traditional approach of a small, coincided with the move to Adelaide equipment fits between platform specialised workforce operating as and Perth, which may suggest a broad classes, personnel require specific a closed system within the broader reluctance to volunteer for submarine training for the platform. Navy career Navy will not be sustainable in the service because of the requirement managers or individuals may choose face of exponential expansion. Labour to move to these isolated locations to change platforms and be re-trained supply needs to be flexible and as for significant periods. Geographical for the next platform. Submarines broad as possible, therefore, all Navy stability is a well-recognised strategic 20 become another platform option along personnel will need to be available for HR issue across the defence force. the normal Navy career path, removing submarine service. The great divide This becomes more significant the constraints of the current closed between submarine and ‘skimmer’ amongst experienced personnel workforce model. A major strategic service needs to be discarded for a new with families – the very people the shift will be required where the entire era of seamless naval service where a submarine force desperately needs for Navy HR management system is posting to a submarine is as normal as growth. Providing a choice between responsible for submariners, removing a frigate. Also, the traditional selection locations will promote personal them from the current obscurity of requirements for submarine service preference and overcome the negative their own operations. require testing and re-development perceptions of long periods in isolated to check for relevance in the modern locations. As the submarine force Who’s a Submariner? era and the new submarines should expands, a significant part of the force Submarines evolved as a highly be designed to remove environmental should be re-located to Sydney in order specialised force due to the high obstacles which may disqualify the to provide another location option risks which existed from the early majority of recruits from selection. which supports operational flexibility years of submarine operations. Early The greatest obstacle to the full and personal choice. Returning submarines were mechanically integration of submarines into the submarines to Sydney also carries unreliable and highly vulnerable to Navy will be the attitudes of the significant infrastructure and operating navigational accidents and combat submarine service itself. The submarine costs. losses. The high risk nature of culture is fiercely independent and submarine service led to requirements insular and attracts personnel that Where Do We Go From Here? such as highly technical training on value self-reliance and hardship in the SEA1114 was a highly ambitious general submarine systems. Also, the pursuit of excellence. It is a notoriously project, the scale of which was not demands created by the technical tough and exclusive group that appreciated by the RAN or ASC. unreliability and vulnerability of demands a personal entry fee. And Initial decisions, such as production early submarines led to features those who have paid the fee jealously in Australia and an untried custom- such as voluntary recruitment from guard the entrance gates. Breaking built design dictated the conditions within existing Navy personnel and down the barriers while honouring in which the project would operate. recognition that the extraordinary the absolute commitment of those Compared to similar international circumstances of submarine who have gone before will require projects, it was a major achievement. service place unusual demands on fine judgement, but come down they The six submarines were delivered with mental and emotional resilience, must to secure the future of both the significant design defects which were requiring additional psychological submarine service and the Navy. mostly overcome through effective assessment. The traditional view of local solutions or with assistance from the exclusiveness of submarine service Basing Review the US. The later build submarines has continued despite generational Finally, the re-location of the benefited from project improvements improvements in conditions. While submarine force to Perth in the 1990s and have exceeded the expectations of submarine service remains unique, it may have had a negative impact on the the RAN and have also received high is likely to be far more accessible to a recruitment of submariners, along with praise internationally for their stealth greater number of candidates than was establishing Adelaide as the submarine and potency. Unfortunately, years previously the case. The RAN needs maintenance base. It remains an of re-development of the submarine to take advantage of this in order to unassessed factor amongst the array of arm have reduced the numbers of prepare for the approaching strategic HR issues confronting the submarine competent crews. This is now the main shift. force. The crisis in the submarine force limitation on the class. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 24 How Many Submariners Does It Take To...?

These outcomes reflect an difference? An entire Navy’s worth! organisation focused on technical There may be some disadvantages in outcomes with poor strategic human the adoption of these programs. The resources management. Even when shift of the submarine branch from the personnel crisis became apparent, a small and exclusive group with a solutions remained within existing strong sense of identity, to another paradigms and failed to seize a strategic part of the mainstream, may be seen opportunity. Success lies in radical and as detrimental to morale. Submariners innovative adaptation to the changing take great professional pride in their human resources environment. rigorous training process and the The current closed and constrained award of the submarine qualification submarine workforce is no longer badge (dolphins). However, it could be sustainable. Continuing to recruit from argued that the arduous and hazardous Lieutenant Commander Paul Garai is currently completing a limited pool of internal and external conditions that marked submarine Master’s studies in Strategy and Management through candidates and re-employment of service have been significantly reduced UNSW at ADFA and has managed human resources functions an even smaller number of qualified and that persisting with this attitude submariners, has led the submarine reflects cultural values. The proposed in major corporates during a break in Naval service. He force to a point where the demands of solutions are radical and will require is currently the Commanding Officer of Patrol Boat Crew competency certification and limited fundamental paradigm shifts in both ATTACK FOUR. resources have resulted in the near- the mainstream Navy culture and the loss of the critical mass of expertise exclusive submarine culture. They required to train and grow out of will threaten the traditional ethos of Endnotes trouble. the submarine force and also compel 1 Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030 (Defence White Paper), Canberra, 2009 This has been further exacerbated the mainstream Navy to engage more 2 Thomson Mark, “Will Australia have the Economic, Industrial by an institutional culture of treating closely with a previously obscure part and Workforce Skill Base to Support the ADF in 2020 and Beyond?”, Canberra, Australian Defence Force Journal No.173, 2007 submarine HR issues as separate and of its organisation. This confronting 3 The Adelaide Advertiser. “Only One Submarine Left To subordinate to the Navy mainstream. course of action is the price that Defend Australia’, 21 May 2009, http://www.news.com.au/ story/0,27574,25515669-421,00.html This has been demonstrated by the will need to be paid for the Navy to 4 Moffitt, Rowan (Rear Admiral, RAN), Navy’s Response To The previous inability of Navy strategic assume responsibility for the decisive Submarine Workforce Sustainability Review Parts 1 and 2, Canberra, Department of Defence, 2009 HR functions to respond to multiple strategic capability of the nation - strike 5 Woolner, Derek, Yule, Peter, The Collins Class Submarine Story, warning signs from the submarine submarines. The risks for the Navy Steel, Spies and Spin, Port Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, 2009 force that their workforce was and the nation are too high for this to 6 Hinge, Alan, Markowski, Stefan, Defence Project Management: experiencing ever increasing levels of fail. Unless the fundamental structural Pitfalls and Pointers, Volumes 1 and 2, Canberra, Australian Defence stress. The current architecture of the problems that caused the collapse of Studies Centre, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1995 7 Moffitt op cit. submarine workforce will not deliver the submarine workforce are decisively 8 The Adelaide Advertiser. “Only One Submarine Left To the expansion required in the Defence addressed, the Navy will not be able to Defend Australia’. 21 May 2009, http://www.news.com.au/ story/0,27574,25515669-421,00.html White Paper. A strategic approach rise to the challenge of the 2009 White 9 Woolner, Derek, Yule, Peter, op cit. is recommended which places the Paper. t 10 Ibid. 11 Australian National Audit Office, New Submarine Project, submarine force at the centre of Navy Canberra, 1997 HR and moves the submarine force 12 Woolner, Derek, Yule, Peter, op cit. 13 Prescott, John, McIntosh, Malcolm, Report to the Minister from the periphery to the core of the for Defence on the Collins Class Submarine and Related Matters, organisation. No less is required as the Canberra, Department of Defence, 1999 14 Moffitt, op cit. 2009 Defence White Paper doubles 15 Ibid. the size of the submarine force from 16 Nankervis, Alan R., Compton, Robert L., McCarthy, Terence E., Strategic Human Resource Management (6th Edition), South six to twelve by 2030, resulting in Melbourne, Nelson, 2008 more submarines than major surface 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. combatants. 19 Ibid. So, in answer to the opening 20 Department of Defence, “Defence Personnel Environment Scan 2025”, 2006, http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dpe_site/ question: How many submariners publications/DPES2025/DPES2025.htm does it take to... make a strategic Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 25 The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal Bay C pt in Richard Arundel

Is there an Australian naval attribution Dardanelles were blockaded against Allied naval fleet had been successful to the ANZAC legend forged at Gallipoli? 90% of Russian grain exports and in 1915 in penetrating past the forts 50% of all other Russian imports and and minefields in the Dardanelles; t is instructive each Anzac Day exports. With the port of Archangel had entered the Sea of Marmara, and to experience contemporary frozen over in winter months and the had bombarded Constantinople into Iinterpretations of sacred and Baltic blockaded Russia’s remaining submission that strategy might have unquestionable parables extolling lifeline to the European free world been arguably successful in shortening ethical national virtues. These articles and her allies via the Black Sea was the war by months if not years. of faith probably originated in our terminated.1 Economic bankruptcy unique landscape but flowered as followed with heavy Russian losses on This article briefly summarises: Australian iconography at Anzac Cove the Eastern Front, and Lenin inspired • a little of the recorded history and subsequently. We have come to civil disorder. Thus it is not fanciful to of the ANZAC force on the accept that the legend grew from our re-quote that the failure of the Gallipoli evening of the first day of early military involvement with Great Campaign had also contributed to the the landing at the ANZAC Britain in WWI and continues to fit rise of decades of Soviet Communism.2 beachhead on the Gallipoli seamlessly into our psyche especially The Churchill-inspired WWI peninsula, when national emergencies occur. Gallipoli strategy to bolster the Czar’s • HMA submarine AE2’s Why address the Dardenelles? beleaguered southern army against successful passage through the Alan Moorehead succinctly put it their Ottoman enemy, and to free Dardanelles at the same time that German inspired Turkish naval up Russian economic dependency as the main landing on the AE2 arrives at raids on Russian Black Sea ports drew on its trade through the Black Sea, peninsula and the implications Portsmouth to Turkey into the WWI Central Power could have been a crowning Allied of the submarine’s subsequent prepare for her voyage to Australia bloc. This ensured the Bosporus and achievement. Subsequently if the and very last received signal, (Courtesy RAN)

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 26 The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal

also sent on that day, were to penetrate the Dardanelles equipment and • the little recognized actions until a fortnight after an Armistice procedures though of AE2’s telegraphist, William was signed in Mudros harbour on 30 written had not Wolseley Falconer, October 1918.4 been adequately • lastly, the controversy as The strategic assault on rehearsed. The naval to what contribution this Constantinople thus became a military component of the signal made to the decision thrust across the western peninsula amphibious landing to hold the ANZAC force on that takes its name from the port of was promulgated in its beachhead on the night Gallipoli sitting at the north western a 31 page operations of 25-26 April 1915 and the entrance to the Sea of Marmara. The order! This scenario subsequent legend that force French were to land untroubled at was to improve but created. Kum Kale, but be withdrawn to bolster on the 25th April the British landing at Cape Helles, was the lead act to An array of over 100 authors, many of ironically in visual sight of historical tragic theatre. At whom were players in the campaign, Troy. The Turks could not understand Anzac Cove naval H enry Stoker, from have recorded their experience this withdrawal since they were guns stayed largely silent until late in the book Straws in or opinion as to what lead to this convinced this was their Achilles heel. the day against enemy artillery and the Wind, London, ultimately disastrous Allied campaign. Then the Australian and New troop formations, when with better 1925 One Dardanelles admiral had observed Zealand force, the ANZACs, were communications they could have that with the advent of wireless- landed a mile north of their intended provided critical support. By evening telegraphy the once leisurely and beach, now known and which I refer to only 50% of targets were achieved disconnected nature of Army and Navy as Anzac Cove, bound by unexpectedly and the heights commanding the co-operation in joint operations had steep ravines, gullies and crests. This Dardanelles were never to be secured. changed forever.3 made their task of scaling the heights Now when the Allied landing force When WWI was declared the to the dominant mountain ridge so was first cobbled together, and some German advisers to the Ottoman much more exhausting than expected. 200 ships began to concentrate the Empire quickly organized the seeding Despite later scrambling steeply up Allied army from Egypt and the UK AE2 at Cockatoo of 10 lines of fixed mines across the from the beachhead into the sun and at Tenedos and Lemnos Islands at the Island 1914 (RAN Dardanelles and another string of being pinned down as slow moving Aegean entrance to the Dardanelles, photo) mines parallel to the southern coast targets by tortuous thorn, gorse and and drifting with the strong current thicket there began a series of examples outpouring from the Bosporus through of extraordinary bravery, mettle, the narrow Dardanelles at a point mateship, initiative and sheer courage. where major surface units, if forced to Nevertheless there were considerable withdraw, would turn through an arc casualties in junior officers and NCO’s. of 180 degrees. This is exactly what In many cases leaderless troops lost happened and the latter mines were their direction, small numbers from to sink three of the Allied battleships the covering force reaching their attempting to destroy the 12 forts on 18 ridge objectives were forced back or March 1915. wiped out as the enemy regrouped on The forts and hidden field artillery the heights and their incessant and ensured it was impossible for the unanswered artillery played havoc minesweeping force, then made up of among the climbing ANZACs. civilian manned fishing trawlers, to This was a first major contemporary clear the minefield. The fleet retired. amphibious landing and command and The surface naval campaign came to control was to be tragically exposed. an abrupt halt. It was then left to its It is recorded that communications fledgling submarine component to between both services were appalling take the fight to the German supported for some days, communications teams Ottoman navy. No major surface units were landed separated from their Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 27

AE2 joined the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron on 5 February 1915. It was their first E Class submarine. Lieutenant Stoker, her CO, was shortly promoted to Lieutenant Commander and, on patrol, began learning something about the complex local eddies and surface and sub-surface currents off Cape Helles. French intelligence had gained recent access to the minefield locations compromised from a Krupp U-boat specification given to the Greeks to influence their selection of a Dardanelles capable U-boat during their earlier spat with the Turks.5 If the extremely high risk submarine AE2 at her launch in penetration of the Dardanelles was minefields, surfacing for one or following one page typed Sailing Order 1913 (RAN photo) now to be attempted it would have to two navigational fixes before finally No.27.8 His stark and simple orders be the newer E class, or a French boat, penetrating the one mile wide eddy were: both with their superior battery power swept Narrows. In the interregnum necessary to transit sub-surface the 35 between AE2’s repairs at Malta and • to inform the Dardanelles miles through the narrow Dardanelles, arriving back at Mudros on 21 April de Division guarding the Straits against strong currents, into the much Robeck and Keyes discussed Stoker’s when he would pass through wider Sea of Marmara. plan with the three new arrivals but the patrol, Following an accidental grounding only E15’s CO agreed an attempt was • to proceed to the vicinity off the entrance to Mudros harbour feasible. Thus he got the nod to go of Gallipoli, attack vessels on the Island of Lemnos, AE2 was sent first but E15 was swept ashore and lying off the port and watch to Malta for repairs at which time the lost on 17 April. The twin brother of the approaches until further Australian submarine was overtaken E15’s Commanding Officer, Lieutenant orders, by three E class boats, E11/14/15, Commander Charles Brodie, also a • to attack any vessel in the destined to supplement the Eastern submariner, was probably the staff vicinity of Chanak (that is Mediterranean Squadron. It is possible officer on VADM de Robeck’s staff Cannakale today), these boats may have inspired Stoker to whom Stoker had written. He was • that a W/T guard ship would to fit AE2 with a cable cutter and actually airborne and witnessed his be detailed after 2000 with a mine jumping wires to negotiate nets brother’s submarine swept ashore and strict signaling period of 40 and minefields.6 However Stoker had lost. This event had a demoralising to 50 minutes past the hour already written a letter to a staff officer effect on the submarine force following on the night the passage was to VADM de Robeck, the new naval on from the loss of the French attempted, and commander, with a simple plan to submarine Saphir on 5 January 1915. • to signal if his passage plan attempt the transit of the Dardanelles By the campaign’s end seven of 18 was successful for other and his Chief of Staff, CDRE Keyes submarines would be lost. submarines to follow. who reviewed it, was so impressed that So it was that subsequent to E15’s he had taken Stoker directly to see the demise the Fleet Commander, on Stoker was to have had a Admiral to discuss the scheme.7 Keyes’ advice, next accepted Stoker’s reconnaissance flight in the evening Stoker proposed a night surface high-risk proposal to attempt to force together with Lieutenant Commander start dodging between the looms of the Dardanelles. AE2 sailed from Brodie. Further, he was to have had a searchlights until forced to submerge, Mudros on 24 April, after a test dive succession of aeroplanes follow AE2 up then to dive to 70 feet beneath the and a W/T communications check the straits to drop bombs on suitable known and estimated unswept by the tender’s radio staff, with the targets as a diversion, but since it was Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 28 The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal

after midnight this would have been was a mine dropper unlikely.9 There is no record that this at Chanak. Whilst occurred. moving slowly past But when commencing to dive a Chanak the submarine foremost hydroplane shaft fractured was tracked and struck and the first attempt was aborted. The repeatedly by wire and repair was quickly effected and AE2 chain snares. He then was again authorised to attempt, on 25 lay on the bottom until April 1915, to force the passage of the late in the evening Straits sealed off to surface vessels. But when searching craft Stoker now had two additional verbal10 had ceased their AE2 arrival at directions: activity. All told it was a well-planned, control room note taker. Portsmouth Feb 17 lucky, chillingly cool, courageous and It was only in 1912 that approval 1914 (RAN photo) • de Robeck stated that “naval meritorious transit. was first given to fit Marconi Type 10 aircraft from Tenedos had Stoker, in his book Straws in the morse spark transceivers in some C, all sighted minelayers at Chanak Wind remarks stoically that “it being D and E class submarines. The ½ KW and since heavy units were Sunday prayers were held before rising Type 10 outfit operated in the medium to enter the Dardanelles in from the seabed and charging batteries” frequency and low end of the high support of the amphibious in a coastal marsh infested with fishing frequency bands and was fitted in AE2. landing Stoker was instructed craft! It was then Stoker’s primary task It had a range of between 30 to 100 to attack these minelayers”, to signal that he had forced his planned miles. This new and primitive tactical • as Stoker departed from the passage, thus the first submarine to control system added a significant flagship de Robeck’s Chief of penetrate the minefield and reach 2,437 lbs to the submarine’s all up Staff, CDRE Keyes, told Stoker into the Sea of Marmara since the war weight. “to run amok at Chanak” began. For the operation W/T orders were near the port of Gallipoli to The saga shifts to AE2’s telegraphist, issued in a Printed Memorandum No. create a diversion that other William Falconer, who had joined the 17 dated 16 April, 1915 in which the submarines had broken submarine 10 days before it sailed from submarine wave guard was “D” wave. into the Sea of Marmara Sydney, thence Melbourne, for Albany AE2’s guard ship was the torpedo and cause havoc with troop from where AE2 was then towed by the boat destroyer HMS Jed. A copy of reinforcements. armed merchant ship Berrima to Port Jed’s log11 only records her being Said in a sickening and uncomfortable guard ship on 26 April but this may The story of Stoker’s remarkable passage. AE2 had been the sole naval be simply because the log appears to passage into the Sea of Marmara is escort for the Second Troop Convoy have been transcribed from a working well known to naval audiences. With intended for the Western Front. log into a fresh deck log, perhaps by considerable good fortune he eased Falconer was then aged 20. He was the navigator, in view of the small AE2 through the minefields and eddies born in Richmond, Victoria, signed on destroyer’s open bridge and inclement with mine mooring lines scraping and in the RAN in 1912, gave his next of kin weather, and on AM 25 April Jed was twanging along the hull, and probably as his sister in Melbourne, and joined simultaneously also fully occupied whilst surfacing for navigational fixes on a seven year engagement from a shuttling boats and barges. what must have been the underneath Tamworth address. He was made a Falconer had now to transmit in of mines that bounced along the Telegraphist in HMAS Cerberus in the ordered ten minute period before superstructure without exploding. He 1913. On his Record of Service he 2100. Stoker relates the aerial radiated was twice swept heavily aground, and joined “Submarines” from HMAS lurid purple and blue sparks, and that to the surface, by currents and eddies Australia on 1 January 1915 which is despite thorough testing and tuning so close to forts their guns could not clearly incorrect since AE2 was then Falconer and he thought the equipment be depressed sufficiently to target AE2, in tow on its way to the Middle East. had failed. This phenomenon is but the hull and deck fittings were His submarine training in wireless described in the system handbook peppered with exploding shrapnel. He telegraphy was spartan and it is likely as “brushing”12, an earthing effect, attacked and sank what he believed he was also a hydrophone operator and and a luminous discharge at night, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 29

caused by broken aerial strands, a transmissions, decode damaged insulator or supporting and on forward any structure, almost certainly resulting coherent alternate from the morning’s fraught passage versions on another when either struck by chain snares cluttered HQ wave or when aground and peppered with band allocated to shrapnel from shore batteries. To the many divisional eliminate this compromising visual leaders and special display the handbook advice was to guard ships. reduce the transmitter output power, This signal could and remarks correctly that aerial not be found in any of earthing simultaneously “dampens” the London records the audibility of already normally weak or senior officers’ received signals. Thus almost certainly personal papers. However AE2 was unlikely to have heard from there is sufficient evidence Jed that her transmitted signal was to construct an approximate being received. In the event AE2 was plain language version of not to receive an acknowledgement this iconic signal. More from the guard ship, whereupon likely than not in WWI Falconer using his initiative decided ‘signalese’ it would have to retransmit this significant message looked like this: continuously for one half hour, before Stoker was obliged to move out of MOST IMMEDIATE the marsh due to the presence of DTG 251850Z(- inquisitive fishing craft. 2) From AE2 Neither Falconer nor Stoker were to To CinC Commander know fully until they were repatriated Eastern Med from their subsequent brutal Squadron QUEEN incarceration as POW’s that HMS Jed, ELIZABETH FLEET Above: AE2 crew as stationed 30 miles to the north-west CODE SUCCEEDED PLANNED the logistic as well as communications Prisoners of War on 22 Dec 1915 (RAN in the Gulf of Saros, had picked up TRANSIT / TORPEDOED shambles that prevailed prior to and at photo) these fluctuating transmissions and GUNBOAT CHANAK / the landing. He quoted14 “… contents reconstructed a more or less coherent PROCEEDING GALLIPOLI of ships, especially in the case of message, then passed this message 252145Z (-2) Rx JED stores and supplies, are not known before midnight to HMS Queen to the officers on board. This want of T op: AE2 crew – Stoker probably front Elizabeth, the CinC General Hamilton’s Or as eminent RN submariner Captain knowledge greatly hinders despatch in centre (Courtesy HQ. There it would have been further George Hunt DSO* DSC* suggests, landing promptly such supplies as are RAN) checked against AE2’s operation orders. observing that Stoker had a sense urgently required.” Nevertheless Falconer’s deliberate of theatre, he may simply have said By late in the afternoon the naval action to retransmit continuously something like: “NEXT PLEASE. beach master, Captain Vyvyan RN, beyond the rigid transmission schedule SANK MINEDROPPER CHANAK. had to deal with the clutter of fighting ensured the essential gist of the INTEND RUN AMOK GALLIPOLI”! paraphernalia that piled up with little message got through. Now prior to the receipt of AE2’s order on the narrow beachhead. He The reconstructed message was signal in the flagship the scene at had to commandeer incoming craft passed to Hamilton’s staff with a Anzac Cove was chaotic at best. The to ship out the clog of wounded proviso that the message was slightly cryptic comments in the CinC’s War amounting to some 1, 700 and by garbled.13 That it took so long to Diary by Captain Aspinal, a journalist evening incoming troop arrivals had process is indicative of the time taken on Hamilton’s staff and who was to to clamber over the sight of about 300 to check all Falconer’s repeated and become the official British historian dead. In error and prior to 1800 the doubtless “as received” intermittent of the campaign, accurately described first much needed heavy artillery that Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 30 The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal

could not be immediately manhandled appeared to the senior military officers With this dramatic message a off the beach had been sent back to on the beachhead, but not so perhaps ‘council of war’ was convened with their transport! More dramatically a with the frontline troops who were Hamilton’s senior staff officers. Thursby bizarre influence was accumulating fighting courageously for their lives emphasized he could not now collect at the beachhead, in the soaking late and despite some of them hearing sufficient small craft to recover, inside afternoon Mediterranean rain and unconfirmed withdrawal rumours two days, the 15, 000 fighting troops rising sea. from the beach. then ashore. As Hamilton was in It took the form of between 600 At about 2200 Birdwood came discussion, Lieutenant Commander and 1, 000 disoriented and exhausted ashore with RADM Thursby, the naval Brodie, who had just heard a translated troops who had either lost contact with support commander for the ANZAC enemy propaganda news broadcast their units or were escorting wounded force, who immediately signalled for that an Allied submarine, meaning mates, and were straggling back from all small craft to be held ready for the AE2, had earlier run aground at the lines and resting or falling asleep beachhead.17 Birdwood somewhat Chanak and been captured, was given in full view of the beach headquarters unsettled by the beach scenes and staff AE2’s recent but slightly garbled signal. staff officers in their makeshift dugout. advice, as well as the rounding up of Realizing its importance Brodie forced The same staff officers were beginning stragglers, signed an urgent message his way into the meeting and gave the to build up a false picture of the morale that eventually Thursby took to the message to Keyes. and fighting stamina of their troops Queen Elizabeth at about midnight as Keyes, probably unaware of the now in the fiercest fighting for the first AE2’s signal, having been passed from broadcast, immediately exclaimed time in our federated nation’s history.15 Jed, was being processed: somewhat extravagantly “… this is Anticipating a worsening situation Both my Divisional Generals and an omen. An Australian submarine with an expected massive counter- Brigadiers have represented to has done the finest feat in submarine attack from the Turks, the beach HQ me that they fear their men are history, and is going to torpedo all the asked General Birdwood, the ANZAC thoroughly demoralised by shrapnel ships bringing reinforcement, supplies Force Commander, who had been fire to which they have been and ammunition into Gallipoli!” After briefly ashore and was now back at sea, subjected all day after exhaustive a short interval he came out excitedly to return urgently ashore. and gallant work in morning. to the gathered junior officers beaming Clearly the word was out that things Numbers have drifted back from “It’s done the trick!”20 were not going well at Anzac Cove and firing line and cannot be collected This is compelling evidence AE2’s two signals of encouragement ashore in this difficult country. Even New signal reached Hamilton before a from Hamilton in the late evening Zealand Brigade, which has been decision was finalized. It is significant at 2010 and 2050 also recorded by recently engaged, lost heavily and that Bean’s detailed Story of Anzac Aspinal in the War Diary indicate, is to some extent demoralised. If makes no mention of Keyes’ recorded contrary to popular writing, the troops are subjected to shell fire conversation with Hamilton. Thursby’s situation was indeed serious and tomorrow morning there is likely to dismal revelation that insufficient small known by Hamilton. Aspinal, who later be a fiasco, as I have no fresh troops craft were available was compelling had some difficulty having his version with which to replace those in firing enough. Further, when asked by of the ANZAC beachhead accepted by line. I know my representation is Hamilton, Thursby was the only senior Charles Bean and others who produced most serious, but if we are to re- officer to suggest the troops would the official Australian version, had embark it must be at once.18 hold out if it was put to them. But also diarized at midnight “… reported clearly at that moment Hamilton had situation of Australians serious. Genl Now, significantly, on 24 April Aspinal received the only good news of the (sic) Commanding decided to hold wrote a staff résumé19 of action in the day’s peninsula fighting and with an position gained throughout night event that either or both of the landing explanation by Keyes of its significance and with help of Navy to ease task of forces failed to establish themselves had decided to direct Birdwood troops in morning by heavy gunfire”.16 on their beachheads i.e., the possibility that the ANZAC force must remain I suggest that even Charles Bean, the of withdrawal was in the mind’s eye of on the beachhead. He stresses the Australian authority of Anzac, did not all military commanders. Campaign success of AE2 in his fourth sentence emphasise sufficiently in his eminent authorship seems not to have knowing that other submarines would histories how serious this situation addressed this salient factor. follow, enemy reinforcements and Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 31

counter attacks would be slowed and at Hamilton’s ‘council of war’ supports (Constantinople). Properly supported, a breathing space was now assured this important interpretation. submarine warfare had more than for exhausted front line troops at both There is some dispute whether come of age at a time when surface Anzac Cove and Cape Helles. If it news of AE2’s success reached front forces were stalled. The next submarine was not important Hamilton would line troops. Those who have some entered the Sea of Marmara within not have mentioned it. Hamilton’s experience of command and control two days. By the Campaign’s end 10 message21 read: between a military headquarters and submarines operated in the Sea of Your news is indeed serious. But forward troops in an amphibious Marmara and destroyed 242 enemy there is nothing for it but to dig assault as at Anzac Cove would know ships and transport vessels. yourselves right in and stick it out. that, in darkness, close co-ordination The Commanding Officers of It would take at least two days to with front line formations several E14 and E11, that followed, were re-embark you as Admiral Thursby hundred yards away would have to be awarded Victoria Crosses. will explain to you. Meanwhile, been vital. In the flow of two-way Stoker’s duly recognized skilful and the Australian submarine has got information Hamilton’s direction to courageous adventure was to remain up through the Narrows and has ‘dig in’ was the key command order unreported, and in obscurity, until his torpedoed a gun-boat at Chanuk for sheer survival. Thus early in the repatriation by which time the Eastern (sic). Hunter-Weston despite his morning of 26 April 1915 the CinC’s Mediterranean Squadron had either heavy losses will be advancing famous direction based on both the disbanded or moved with their senior tomorrow which should divert lack of small craft and the submarine reporting officers to other tasks and pressure from you. Make a personal threat to enemy movement in the Sea the Allied nations had lapsed into appeal to your men and Godley’s to of Marmara would have been essential demobilization mode. Nevertheless make a supreme effort to hold their for formation commanders and their it is instructive to read the citation in ground. troops whose survival depended on the London Gazette for conspicuous Ian Hamilton. digging themselves right in with all bravery in the case of E14 since it the encouragement that could be mirrors the passage of AE2.22 P.S. You have got through the difficult mustered. William Wolseley Falconer had business, now you have to dig, dig, The paradox is that it was the also been recommended for a bravery dig, until you are safe. Ian H.” senior ANZAC HQ staff officers who award but the RN disapproved the had sought advice as to whether they commendation because the Board Thus if AE2’s signal had been received should remain or withdraw and they of Admiralty “had not proposed whilst or after his order was written had been answered unequivocally to take similar action for their he could not have referred to AE2 together with the morale-boosting (communications) personnel”.23 This except perhaps with his postscript paradigm of their brothers in arms was without any real understanding afterthought to ‘dig in’. As the reference in AE2. They had been relieved of of the signaling difficulties Falconer to AE2 is at the beginning of his any responsibility for a withdrawal had faced, his intuitive initiative or order, and before mention of the main decision. There was a newfound HQ the importance to the Campaign of strike force at Cape Helles, it is more mettle that built up a renewed spirit. AE2’s successful passage with Stoker’s likely than not that AE2’s new tactical Perhaps non-military analysts may be transit signal, and Falconer’s skilful element followed on from Thursby’s forgiven for not fully comprehending contribution to its despatch. For that compelling argument that not enough the dynamics of the day. matter neither had the Australian small craft were available inside two This was to be the start point Naval Board subsequently recognized days, ties the two naval aspects together for legends that the disastrous troop the full significance of this iconic mes and emphasises to the ANZAC HQ losses and ultimate withdrawal never sage. both as a challenge, and a fillip, the feat quenched. The ethos, the myth and Falconer was returned overland to of countrymen. As Keyes stated it was parables of ANZAC were in full the UK from Turkish imprisonment as much the signal that ‘did the trick’ in gestation. Despite AE2’s loss several and embarked in HMAS Melbourne for firming Hamilton’s resolve to make his days later her very last received signal his return to Australia. His Record of command decision not to withdraw. was pivotal in confirming to the Allied Service indicates he was paid various Lieutenant Commander (later RADM) Command that the enemy could Prize Monies and Extra Pay for War Brodie’s record of the intimate debate be attacked by sea right to his heart Service amounting to some £61.4.3d. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 32 The Gallipoli Campaign and AE2’s last signal

It may have been Naval Board policy, London Gazette but his service then and as a POW for four years, is notated “VG Supr”. He Admiralty, 21st May, 1915 was demobilised at his own request in September 1919 from Cerberus, The KING has been graciously worked at Garden Island Dockyard pleased to approve of the grant of and finally as a senior clerk in the the Victoria Cross to Commonwealth Electoral Office, Lieutenant–Commander Edward Sydney. He married and his last known Courtney Boyle, Royal Navy, for the address was East Gosford, NSW. conspicuous act of bravery specified He died aged 75 on 24 April, 1968. below:-- Captain Richard Arundel RAN (Rtd) joined the RANC as a 13 Co-incidentally that was an ANZAC year entry in 1947 as did his father in 1916. He saw service eve, the anniversary on which AE2 For most conspicuous bravery, in Korea, Malaya, Malaysia, and SVN, and specialialized also began her last voyage. Falconer in command of Submarine E.14, in signal communications serving as OIC Communications is commemorated in the Northern when he dived his vessel Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney, in under the enemy minefields and School, Deputy Director JSC-E and Director of Naval Niche QE 63 (24). Ironically the entered the Sea of Marmara Communications. He contributed to AE-1 and AE-2 and Queen Elizabeth, or “QE”, was the final on the 27th April, 1915. Sydney II signal research after retiring as Defence Attache recipient of his last transmitted, and In spite of great navigational Paris and Berne. He lives in Brisbane and the south of France. Stoker’s historic, W/T message. difficulties I submit that William Wolseley from strong currents, of the References

Falconer is more than worthy of being continual neighbourhood of hostile (1) Alan Moorehead Gallipoli, p24 honoured as an outstanding, if not patrols, and of the hourly (2) Admiral of the Fleet Lord Wester-Wemyss The Navy in the legendary, RAN communicator, and danger of attack from the Dardanelles Campaign, p282 (3) Op.cit. p275 a submariner to boot. He was never enemy, he continued to (4) Alan Moorehead Gallipoli, p357 acknowledged for his contribution operate in the narrow waters (5) P.Shankland and A.Hunter Dardanelles Patrol, p28 (6) H.G. Stoker Straws in the Wind, p9 P. Shankland and A.Hunter to the Anzac epic. Unquestionably of the Straits and succeeded Dardanelles Patrol, p22 Stoker and Falconer deserve to be in sinking two Turkish gunboats and (7) H.G.Stoker Straws in the Wind, p92 (8) ADM 137 Sailing Order 27 dated 23 April 1915 remembered appropriately in the one large military transport. (9) ADM 137 Eastern Mediterranean Squadron Commander’s Australian War Memorial, Canberra, letter No 15 23 April 1915 (10) H.G.Stoker Straws in the Wind, pp 105/6 RADM C.G.Brodie depicted stoically working together The KING has further been Forlorn Hope 1915 – The submarine passage of the Dardanelles in AE2’s tense and cramped Wireless graciously pleased to approve of the (11) ADM 53/45338 Deck Log HMS Jed, 26 April 1915 (12) ADM 186/810 (OU 5155 --- W/T Handbook Type 10 Sets Telegraphy Cabinet on the evening of award of the Distinguished Service (Submarines) Copy now held RAN Seapower Centre - Australia) 25 April, 1915. Cross to the undermentioned (13) (RADM) C.G.Brodie Forlorn Hope 1915 –The submarine passage of the Dardanelles, p 69 Officers of Submarine E. 14:-- (14) WO 95/4293 CinC’s War Room log, 23 April 1915 (15) Les Carlyon Gallipoli, pp170/171 C.F.Aspinal-Oglander Military Operations Gallipoli, p 197 Lieutenant Edward Geldard Stanley, (16) WO 95/4293 War Room log HMS Queen Elizabeth, 25 April Royal Navy. 1915 (17) C.F.Aspinal-Oglander Military Operations Gallipoli, p 268 Acting Lieutenant Reginald Wilfred (18) Sir Ian Hamilton Gallipoli Diary, vol 1 p144 Lawrence, Royal Naval Reserve. (19) Military Operations Gallipoli vol 1 maps and appendices --- 13, by direction of the Historical Section Committee of Imperial Defence Approval has also been given for the (20) (RADM) C.G. Brodie Forlorn Hope 1915 - The submarine passage of the Dardanelles, p67-72 award of the Distinguished Service (21) E.Ashmead-Bartlett The Uncensored Dardanelles, ch 2 Medal to each member of the crew (22) ADM 137/1090 p.51 The London Gazette 21 May 1915 of E.14 (attached) (23) Aust Naval Rep London letter to Navy Office dated 17 December 1917 (24) DVA letter - Ph9/1 dated 18 March 2005

ADM 137/1090 p51 The London Gazette 21 May 1915

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 33 The Australasian Naval Forces (ANF) By Greg Swinden

F irstly let me explain that the Australasian Naval Forces (ANF) and the Commonwealth Naval Forces (CNF), and vice versa, are not the same thing. Following Federation in 1901 the various state navies1 were combined into the Commonwealth Naval Forces, on 1 March 1901, with Captain (later Rear Admiral) William Rooke Creswell in command. This amalgamation didn’t happen overnight and it was not until 1904-05 that any semblance of order was achieved. AE 1 with HMAS prime ministers Deakin and Fisher personnel had also joined the CNF. Australia and HMAS Yarra in the Whilst Creswell was busy getting who supported the concept of an A modest recruiting program for the background, in the naval affairs of Australia in order, independent Australian Navy. The CNF had begun and a Boys Training September 1914 a having inherited a rag tag fleet of Government commenced ordering Ship and a Naval College were planned few days before her different vessels and a conglomeration purpose built vessels for the new navy. but the reality was that these were loss-photo courtesy of varied personnel from the state The first of the CNF’s new vessels several years in the future. As part of HMAS Stirling naval navies, the naval defence of Australia were the Torpedo Boat Destroyers the program to train Australians to be base rested very much with the Royal Navy Parramatta and Yarra which were naval personnel, and possibly in the and its squadron of ships based on the built in England; arriving in Australian future alleviate the shortage of trained Australia Station.2 Royal Navy ships waters in late 1910. It was the CNF men, the ANF was created. had been based in Sydney since the that was subsequently granted the title Following the 1902 Colonial days of the First Fleet and warships Royal Australian Navy on 10 July 1911. Conference in London it was agreed were permanently based in Australian Following on from the arrival of that Australians, and New Zealanders, waters since the 1820’s and remained the two destroyers was the creation of would be permitted to enter the so until 1913. Even the creation of the the Australian Fleet Unit consisting of Royal Navy for training.3 This would various state navies had not lessened a Battle Cruiser (Australia) and two eventually form a core of trained men this need; as the state naval vessels were cruisers (Melbourne and Sydney) along who could be accessed by the new considered only suitable for harbour with four more destroyers and two Australian navy. The ANF was formed and close coastal defence. submarines. A third cruiser (Brisbane) and recruiting started in early May Creswell was supported by some was also planned for construction 1904 and 15 year old schoolboy John forward-looking politicians including in Australia. Additionally a number Garfield Clubb4 of Balmain, NSW 1 All states except Western Australia had of Royal Navy warships such as the was the first recruit and issued ANF naval forces consisting of ships and NSW and Victoria possessed naval brigades (naval cruisers Encounter, Pioneer, Psyche and 3 This was linked somewhat to the infantry). survey vessel Fantome were loaned or Australasian Naval Defence Act of 1887 in 2 The Royal Navy ships of the Australian which the Australian colonies had provided Squadron remained based at Sydney until transferred to the new navy. funding for the maintenance and manning October 1913 when the first RAN Fleet It was, however, not just the of seven warships (five third class cruisers unit formally arrived in Australian waters. and two torpedo gunboats). Previously The flagship of the Royal Navy Australian acquisition of new ships that occupied manning of the ships in Australia had been Squadron was the cruiser, HMS Cambrian, the thoughts of our early naval officers purely by Royal Navy ratings recruited in which saluted the arrival of the Australian Great Britain although several Australian and administrators. The personnel Fleet unit on 4 October 1913 and then, born individuals did travel to England to nine days later, she and several other British to man the new ships were equally enlist directly in the RN. 4 John Garfield Clubb. Born Balmain warships departed and returned to England important. Some officers and men had for reassignment or decommissioning. NSW 7 January 1889. Enlisted in ANF 2 Some ships remained in Australian waters been transferred from the old state May 1904. Served in HM Ships Mildura, on loan to the RAN such as the cruiser navies and a number of ex Royal Navy Challenger and Pyramus. He was medically Encounter. discharged as unfit 19 April 1909. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 34 The Australasian Naval Forces (ANF)

service number 1. Over the next ten World War II years another 1, 795 boys and men broke out he were enlisted in the ANF from both returned to Australia and New Zealand. These men the RAN, in were effectively Royal Navy ratings who January 1940, signed on for an initial period of five and served at years service5 and served in the Royal sea throughout Navy ships of the Australian Squadron. the war and was In January/February 1913 the awarded the majority of ANF personnel still serving British Empire in the Royal Navy (i.e. they still had a Medal (BEM) portion of their five year engagement for his service to complete) were formally transferred in HMAS to the RAN and many were allocated Manoora. as commissioning crews to the newly Several ANF built ships and submarines of the RAN. ratings served in These men were allocated service the submarine numbers in the RAN Service number arm of the 7000 series and approximately 400 fledgling RAN men were transferred to the RAN.6 For and a number example Able Seaman Harold ‘Lofty’ lost their lives Batt (ANF 1344) from Palmerston when HMA North, New Zealand was allocated Submarine AE1 service number 7442 and became was lost off commissioning crew of HMAS New Britain in Australia. He had joined the Royal September 1914. Navy in July 1909 as a Boy 2nd Class These included at Lyttleton, New Zealand and was Engine Room AE2 was sunk on 30 April 1915. Creswell, later considered to be allocated to HMS Pioneer. He served in Artificer 3rd Class John Messenger Of course not all ANF ratings were the “father of the 7 the RAN until 1919. (ANF 1389/RAN 7291) from Ballarat, effective sailors. Some were a “Kings Navy”, and who Another example was Ordinary Victoria and Stoker Petty Officer John Hard Bargain” – a lazy and ineffective has the training Seaman Erle Boyd (ANF 1646) from Moloney (ANF 1133/RAN 7299) from sailor and several deserted before establishment at Bendigo, Victoria who enlisted in the Brisbane, Queensland. their period of service was over. Able HMAS Creswell ANF in March 1911; his first ship was Able Seaman Reuben Mitchell Seaman Herman Brazendale of New named after him HMS Psyche. When he transferred (ANF 1448/RAN 7476) also of Ballarat, Norfolk, Tasmania enlisted in the ANF to the RAN he was allocated service Victoria enlisted in the ANF in 1910 in 1911 (ANF 1612/RAN 7866) and number 7353 and joined the new and later served in the RAN Submarine served onboard HMAS Sydney when cruiser HMAS Melbourne. Boyd served service and was awarded the she destroyed the German cruiser in the RAN until 1933 and attained Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) Emden at Cocos Island on 9 November the rank of Chief Petty Officer. When for his bravery while serving in the 1914; but he was a difficult sailor who 5 Noting the five years commenced from submarine HMS E14 in the Dardanelles was frequently in trouble and deserted the time the man turned 18 so any service before this age (‘Boys Time’) did not count campaign in April/May 1915. from the RAN in July 1918. towards the period of service. Stoker Petty Officer Henry Kinder After the creation of the RAN in 6 Note that ANF ratings who completed their initial service in the Royal Navy and (ANF 1334/RAN 7244) of Kogarah, 1911, and the Australian Fleet Unit were discharged prior to 1913, and who later New South Wales was awarded a in 1913, the need for the ANF ceased enlisted in the RAN, would be issued service Mention in Dispatches for his service to exist; although RN personnel on numbers commensurate with their year of enlistment. in HMAS AE2; during its penetration loan to the RAN made up nearly 30% 7 In 1967 Harold Batt published a history of the Dardanelles on 25 April 1915. of the navy’s manpower. As a result of his service in the RN and RAN from 1909-1919 entitled Pioneers of the Royal Kinder later spent several years as a enlistment slowed and no Australians Australian Navy. This is the only known Prisoner of War of the Turks after the book written by a member of the ANF. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 35

Bibliography were recruited after October 19128 distinctly Australian flavour.9 although New Zealanders continued For those interested in researching AWM 266 Australasian Naval Forces Service Records, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, ACT to join up until March 1914. Overall, the ANF further a good source of Australian Archives RAN Service Records (A6770 – Ratings/ however, the ANF ratings provided information is the ANF Service A6769 – Officers). Atkinson J.J. By Skill and Valour - Honours and Awards to the a good source of highly trained Records held at the Australian War RAN for the First and Second World Wars, Spink and Son (Australia) manpower at a crucial time in the Memorial (AWM 266). This consists Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, 1986. Bach J. The Australia Station - A history of the Royal Navy in RAN’s history. In 1913 when the RAN of the individual Attestation Papers the South West Pacific 1821 – 1913, NSW University Press, Sydney, required well trained personnel to for each man who enlisted in the NSW, 1986. Bastock J. Ships on the Australia Station, Child and Associates, man the newly acquired warships the ANF and two large, and rather musty, Sydney, NSW 1988. ex-ANF ratings were able to provide leather bound ledgers that record the Batt Lofty Pioneers of the Royal Australian Navy, Central Coast Printery, Gosford, NSW, 1967 that skill and knowledge and with a enlistment details and service records Gillett R. Australia’s Colonial Navies, The Naval Historical of the 1796 Australians and New Society of Australia, Sydney, NSW, 1982. Hyslop R. Australian Naval Administration 1900 – 1939, The 8 The last Australian to join the ANF was Zealanders who served in the ANF. t Hawthorn Press, Melbourne, 1973. Leslie Norman Bartholomaues (born at Jones C. Australian Colonial Navies, Australian War Memorial, Broken Hill in 1895). He joined the ANF on Canberra, ACT, 1986 22 October 1912 and was allocated service Jose A.W. The Royal Australian Navy - The Official History number 1781. He was transferred to the of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Australian War Memorial, RAN on 22 February 1913 and allocated Canberra, ACT, 1928. service number 7868. He was discharged Lind L.J. HMAS Parramatta (1910 – 1928), The Naval Services No Longer Required (SNLR) on 5 Historical Society of Australia, Sydney, NSW, 1974 April 1918 following the HMAS Fantome Nicholls B. Statesmen and Sailors – Australian Maritime mutiny. The last man to join the ANF 9 That said at least 25% of all RAN Defence 1870 – 1920, Privately published, Balmain, NSW, 1995. was Thomas Henry George Hullah from personnel in 1913 were Royal Navy the Chatham Islands, New Zealand who personnel on loan to the RAN and several enlisted on 6 March 1914 and was allocated more were ex-Royal Navy members who the last ANF Service Number of 1796. had joined the RAN directly.

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 36 Sea lines under strain: Report of the 16th International SLOC Group Conference By Nazery Khalid

A ction expresses priorities among others - to close ranks and work analysis and discussion on issues (Gandhi) towards managing, and protecting key relating to SLOCs. Its members, hailing maritime arteries. In doing so, they from a dozen Asia Pacific countries, Dialogue in Delhi must adhere to international principles publish prolifically on the subject and More than ever, the world’s Sea Lines of and laws, most notably the United are known to be among the foremost Communication (SLOCs) are subject Nations Conference on the Laws of the experts on SLOCs. to intense use by multiple actors and Seas (UNCLOS), and not let narrow It stands testimony to the face a variety of threats – natural and interests get the better of common commitment of the members to the man-made. If not managed well, ones. cause that the Group has, since its these threats can impede safe passage These messages reverberated inception, grown from strength to for ships and cause adverse effects to loud and clear throughout the 16th strength and has expanded the number the fragile marine environment, the International SLOC Group Conference and reach of its membership. Today, population residing along the SLOCs held in New Delhi on 31 January – 1 the Group enjoys a growing global and regional stability. February 2011. Hosted by Observer profile and has made significant This is especially so for SLOCs Research Foundation (ORF), one of contribution in expanding the literature in the Asia Pacific region, one of the India’s most prominent maritime think on SLOCs and promoting better world’s most populous, economically tanks, the conference was attended understanding and appreciation of vibrant and strategically important by some of the best minds working the importance of regional maritime region. Given their location along some on strategic maritime issues today. cooperation in safeguarding the world’s of the world’s busiest shipping routes, Luminaries in the field gracing the SLOCs. it should not come as a surprise that event include ORF’s own Cmmdr PK SLOCs in the region are increasingly Ghosh, Cdr John Bradford from the Watt er, wa er everywhere reeling under heavy use. SLOCs US Navy, Andrew Forbes from Sea The growing importance of SLOCs in such as the Straits of Malacca and Power Centre Australia, Dr Stanley the Asia Pacific in facilitating trade, South China Sea are passageways of Weeks from Washington DC-based economic activities and strategic enormous importance to the littoral SPECTRUM Group, Dr Laurence Lin interests of littoral states and naval states and the international community from National Defence University powers cannot be overemphasized. owing to their role in facilitating much Taiwan and Lee Seokwoo from South The free movement of ships and of global seaborne trade and their Korea’s Inha University Law School. seaborne trade along SLOCs in strategic value to naval powers. The International SLOC Group the region is a pivotal issue that In recent times, the growing was established in early 1980s with affects most regional countries and non-conventional threats posed by the objective to increase awareness of the international community. The non-states actors such as pirates and the strategic importance of SLOCs in persistent piracy attacks on merchant terrorists, and even disasters such as facilitating shipping and seaborne trade vessels in the Gulf of Aden, growing tsunami, has inflicted enormous cost in enhancing economic development. concern over navigation safety, the ever- to shipping. They have also exerted This objective is achieved by the present threat of terrorism on maritime enormous pressure on the part of the Group via organizing dialogues and interests and maritime disputes that ‘SLOC stakeholders’ to mitigate and international conferences and by could undermine regional stability counter. publishing conference proceedings. demand keen attention by the SLOC Given the trans-boundary Being a track two organization, stakeholders to ensure that the regional and asymmetrical nature of these the Group provides a most useful sealanes are safe and secure. threats, they can most effectively be platform for no-holds-barred dialogues With this in the background, the neutralized and addressed through on this most crucial of topics in the conference theme of Re-evaluating multilateral efforts. Protecting and maritime field. Counting retired or the importance of Sea Lines of safeguarding Asia Pacific SLOCs serving government officials, naval Communication in the Asia Pacific calls for cooperation among the officers and academics as members - all Region could not have been more SLOC stakeholders – which include participating in the Group in a personal appropriately coined. As the regional Governments, naval forces, shipping capacity - the Group is renowned for SLOCs face a multitude of issues and industry and coastal communities, generating non-partisan, articulate challenges, decisive measures are Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 37

needed to ensure they are well managed discussion involving both the speakers and kept open for the benefit of their and participants on how to enhance many users and stakeholders. the safety, security and environmental The outline of the conference integrity of the SLOCs in Asia Pacific program reflects the growing concern without compromising on the need to of the SLOC stakeholders on the state keep them open to all users. Among of the region’s sealanes. The fog and topics that were most hotly debated cool weather blanketing New Delhi during the session were the relentless on the first day of the conference gave piracy attacks in the Gulf of Aden little indication of the clarity of the and the response thereto, China’s presentations and the animated - and at growing naval might and the dynamics T he conference, attended by renowned scholars and thinkers in maritime times heated - discussions to come. triggered, and the strategic calculations security and strategies, featured quality presentations and articulate Session I, themed Global Issues of naval powers in regional seas. Also debate on issues and developments related to Asia Pacific LOS Cs and Challenges featured speakers from commanding keen interest was the South Korea, India and Indonesia who worrying scenario of what would Delhi during the conference gave way to sunshine as the day underscored the plethora of issues faced happen should the protests in Egypt progressed. Amid the ‘rising temperature’ in key SLOCs by the regional SLOCs from various lead to disruption of traffic in the Suez due to conflicting use and interests and due to threats such perspectives including legal, regulatory, Canal. as piracy, there is much to be optimistic about the prospect energy economics and security. This of cooperation. We can indeed take comfort in the manner was followed by Session II on Regional The seas unite, & united we stand international navies, backed by a UN resolution, are working Trends in Trade and Shipping which Participants went away from the hand in hand to combat the scourge of piracy in the Gulf of heard speakers presenting the trends in conference with a better appreciation Aden. However, much more initiatives need to be promoted seaborne trade and shipping from the of the need to have a fresh and inclusive to build confidence and enhance cooperation among SLOC North Asian, Indian Ocean, South East look at issues related to Asia Pacific stakeholders before the regional sealanes can be said to be Asian and international perspectives. SLOCs. As more users ply through the truly open, secure and safe for those who depend on them. The presentations helped to put into vital sealanes offered by the SLOCs, Underscoring this point, Vice Admiral (Retd) KK Nayyar context the enormous importance of including naval powers that may emphasized during his keynote address at the conference SLOCs to global trade, much of which potentially act in a belligerent fashion that while regional and global cooperation to counter is carried by merchant vessels, and in safeguarding their interests, the menaces such as piracy are already in place, there are still the challenges faced by the sealanes SLOCs are increasingly coming under plenty of challenges ahead to be overcome to safeguard the in accommodating growing shipping tremendous pressure to continue regional SLOCs. In this regard, he posited that collective and traffic and growing size of vessels. playing their roles of providing cooperative security mechanisms would likely emerge as the The second day kicked off with unhindered passage to its users. norm rather than exception in protecting the sealanes and to Session III, succinctly titled Response Given that huge global interest ensure they are open for all. Strategies, which dished out quality are trained on SLOCs in Asia Pacific, In expressing his hope for a more closer cooperation presentations on naval cooperation, and much stake rides on them, the among the stakeholders of the regional SLOCs to work maritime information sharing and developments in the years ahead together to safeguard the passageways, VAdm KK Nayyar maritime strategy and maritime will be crucial in determining the echoed the immortal words of the great Mahatma Gandhi: security. The breadth of national strategic calculations in these sealanes. Be the change that you want the world to be. The onus is on perspectives on offer in this session Questions will be asked whether the users of the SLOCs not only in Asia Pacific but worldwide provided participants with a broad existing international laws will be able to contribute to the upkeep of understanding on the value of SLOCs. to accommodate traditional concepts these sealanes and use them in The speakers also managed to convey like the freedom of the seas amid a sustainable and responsible to the participants the positions of growing concerns over disputes and manner. To paraphrase various naval powers with regard to the aggressive naval posturing in regional another famous quote by regional sealanes. SLOCs that may lead to clashes that can another famous statesman, the The three sessions set the stage impede the smooth flow of shipping. stakeholders must ask what they for the ‘battle royale’ during the There is a silver lining amid the can do for the SLOCs, not what final session themed Way Ahead. dark clouds, in the same manner that the SLOCs can do for them. t The session featured a roundtable the morning fog blanketing New Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 141 39 “We should not couple Iraq and Afghanistan as a win or no win criterion.” Exclusive Interview with General Peter Cosgrove With Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe

iven the salience of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, General GPeter Cosgrove, one of Australia’s most well known military personalities who is a veteran of Vietnam, East Timor, and previously involved in the early stages of the interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan, speaks exclusively to defence analyst Sergei DeSilva- Ranasinghe about counter-insurgency and the prospects of success in Iraq and Afghanistan. Recently, in mid-July, Afghan President Hamid Karzai accepted 2014 as the target date for foreign forces to hand over responsibility for security in Afghanistan. However, the handover of the Dutch mission based in Uruzgan T- imor Leste Province to US and Australian troops (COIN in military jargon) which proliferation. It was not quite an Battle Group VI on Sunday, the first NATO country to stretch back to Vietnam. afterthought weapon against us in Commanding Officer, withdraw its forces from Afghanistan, General Peter Cosgrove first cut his Vietnam, it was more a tactic to annoy Lieutenant Colonel is a worrying sign of the ongoing teeth in the jungles of that South-East and make us more cautious, rather David Smith talks problems faced by the US led coalition Asian war. His distinguished career than a full-on campaign to achieve a with retired General in obtaining the continued military also saw him oversee senior command knockout.” Peter Cosgrove at the 10th Anniversary of appointments in East Timor, Iraq and “We needed our soldiers to be support of NATO countries over the Popular Consultation next few years. Afghanistan. personally more protected. But if awards ceremony Similarly, with the number of He is realistic about the amount you are highly protected and walking held at the Australian casualties increasing, it of protection which can be given on your two feet, then you’re still Presidential Palace in remains possible that more casualties to Australian troops on patrol in vulnerable,” he says. Dili (ADF photo) could occur in the years ahead, Afghanistan. He is also realistic about “You can protect a soldier from the which may cause an increasingly the amount of protection you can front with a very heavy flak jacket, and skeptical Australian public to question give troops in the rugged Afghan protect the back of his neck and his Australia’s presence in Afghanistan. countryside. In Vietnam the fear was head with a helmet, and maybe even Since Australia first intervened in an enemy fighter with a machinegun giving him a very hard visor to protect Afghanistan in 2001, 17 Australians jumping out from behind a clump of his face and his sight. All of these are have died from Taliban attacks and bamboo. very important things to do for the 143 have been injured, some of them “These days it is the possibility individual but you can move at a snail’s severely. that in the next hundred metres of pace for a very short period before you With cross-party support for road a 200 kilo explosion might blow become exhausted.” Australian involvement in Afghanistan, me to kingdom come and all of my “Secondly, you’re still vulnerable the task of taking the fight to the comrades.” because you have a lot of limbs and Taliban while minimising Australian “In Vietnam, we put it under the can’t be totally encased in armour – it’s casualties is down to the Australian heading of ‘Mines and Booby Traps’. impractical. We had to retain some Army itself, drawing on evolving Basically, the enemy put mines on foot mobility but overall become more approaches to counter-insurgency to roads, but not with the same mobile and that mobility had to be Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 40 “We should not couple Iraq and Afghanistan as a win or no win criterion.”

protected.” Afghans it was more of the same.” and to be very respectful in their day to One big plus for the troops was “They were a very experienced day operations out and about. I think the Bushmaster armoured vehicle. enemy; they weren’t necessarily you saw that repeated in the troop Cosgrove said it had saved many lives, structured as a conventional force or surge arrangements around Iraq that Australians and others, in the war anything like that. They were just really happened to around the same time. zones. ferocious. I think our boys would have The Iraqis themselves at that time were “It’s almost the mark, or the icon, been behind the eight-ball even as good getting very angry with the wanton of modern campaigning,” Cosgrove as they are, without the primary school ongoing violence, so to some degree says. “If you were to put a soldier into experience of East Timor.” Iraq came to that conclusion. a deep sleep and wake him up in ten But for all the equipment, it is the “That’s what we’re trying to do, no years’ time, asking him for images, he counterinsurgency strategy and tactics doubt, in Afghanistan, to have ordinary would say, ‘Oh, a Bushmaster’. It is seen which will determine whether coalition Afghans buy in to a future without often as the armoured vehicle in which forces can make a graceful exit by 2014. roadside bombs, executions and soldiers necessarily go from A to B with The capricious and petulant Karzai, oppressive, violent government.” the expectation that they’ll survive.” sneeringly referred to by US officials “The doctrine for urban-based Experience in East Timor also as the mayor of Kabul, is of little help. COIN operations is very much of proved invaluable for Australian His supporters rigged his election, intelligence, overwatch, highly cautious troops, namely the Special Air his officials ship aid money out of maneuvering, and of doing one’s Service Regiment (SAS), which were the country in suitcase loads, and his utmost to avoid creating a new wave of subsequently sent into Afghanistan. affiliates are heavily into the opium enemies through collateral damage. “We sent Special Forces in late 2001 trade. “It’s in Afghanistan that this after 9/11 and they were operating It is little wonder that the Taliban, Australian urban COIN doctrine primarily in their special operations with their own war chest boosted by is taking a major step forward, and role, but you might say in a more aid rip-off and drugs money, think mostly stemming from the second conventional setting,” victory is within their grasp and have deployment.” Cosgrove says. “They certainly had grown to control a third of the country. “In the first deployment a long-range reconnaissance role, they Cosgrove won’t buy into the debate there was some of it going on, had to be combat capable, combat over coalition counterinsurgency but it was in its infancy. Now it’s ready, and in operations like Operation strategy but says Australia’s experience evolved, and our intelligence and Anaconda, they had to play a very in Vietnam, East Timor peacekeeping surveillance arrangements, our use of strong fighting role because if you’re and in Iraq has served us well. discriminating fire to neutralise the the only troops in a particularly brutal “Iraq would have shown the enemy but not the innocent person area and the need arises, then you necessity for buy-in by the population nearby, all of these things have taken a must fight, and the SAS were prepared to the set of ideas that the military major boost.” to fight, but it’s not the way they’re intervention is supporting, and that is, “We started to step forward organised, to get involved in pitch generally speaking the high desirability powerfully in this regard in the second b a t t l e s .” of a country running its own obedient half of 2006. “That did come their way once and professional and effective security From my conversations with my or twice, and I was very grateful that forces.” senior colleagues who were still in they’d had the sort of opportunity to “We saw that overall effect in the Army, I came to understand that establish their operational patterns embryo in Southern Iraq, while our there’d been a real step forward in what and their own self-confidence in East task force was there, in that they I might call the technical and doctrinal Timor, in a less demanding situation.” reached early on an accommodation approaches to countering insurgency in “I think it would have been pretty with the tribal leaders there, so that this complex terrain.” tough to go straight into an ancient the local informal security forces were “The complex terrain is not battleground like Afghanistan in 2001 sensitive to not going flying off the necessarily the middle of Kabul. It against the Taliban, who’d been fighting handle, and with the Iraqi security might be a pseudo-village compound for years against the soldiers and each forces that our people were training. of ten houses inside a mud wall, where other, and here come the Americans, or “We encouraged them to be the reality was that the people you’re the Northern Alliance and thus for the themselves sensitive to local leaders after were in one of the huts and in the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 41

Oil assets outside other huts were people you didn’t want Timor was one of those. At what point Iraq...a very to hurt.” was there a ‘win’ in East Timor?” t different war “I can’t stress enough the role of from Afghanistan (Courtesy RAN) intelligence in that. In some ways, the operations in Iraq, in those what I might call the middle years of insurgency, around Fallujah and the like, were a ghastly insight into the issues of a wholly kinetic approach to the enemy operating in that urban complex environment. Of course I’m focusing in on the terrible impact on the innocent of people slugging it out on your street corner.” As the war in Afghanistan continues to escalate and fashions increasing public doubts as to whether it remains ‘winnable’, Cosgrove stresses caution and understanding. Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe is a Senior “We should not couple Iraq and Afghanistan as a win or no win Analyst at Perth-based strategic think criterion. Winning seems to be a tank Future Directions International. concept of an outcome judged by This article is a as a condensed version clearly understood and agreed ‘rules’. of an article first published inA sia “Who sets the rules for these Pacific DefenceR eporter. interventions? Interventions can come about because to not intervene is to witness the most ghastly things. East Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 42 Military Education: The Place of Ideals By Lieutenant Commander Richard Adams

R ecently, a disagreeable episode at the Australian Defence Force Academy has provoked a series of reviews. These reviews will examine the Academy in detail, pulling apart the minutiae of habit and practice. These reviews are unlikely to investigate the high- minded ideals which are foundational to Australian arms. The earliest years of the Royal Australian Naval College illustrate a valuable type of educational and cultural idealism. This paper recalls those times and offers a brief illustration of the thinking which distinguished the Naval College T he Royal Australian between 1913 and 1930. Doing so, significant. The College Magazine Connolly in the early 1920s: Naval College - based reflected that the purpose of the Naval (a) White men are better than others. at what was later this paper enables us to reframe College was to graduate officers who (b) England is everything. to become HMAS Creswell - takes on judgements of military education. were “masters of civilities, meeting (c) A “gentleman” is the thing. the Duntroon Army and mixing with inferiors in rank Also all or mostly all worship cadets in 1916 - and 12 and society...(though) preserving the Athleticism. wins 5 The Royal Australian Naval College distinction of rank”. Resonant with 1913 – 1930: An idealist education that particular “aloofness (which) set But behind the lampoon, Cyril Alington, the (Royal Navy) apart from any other Head Master of Eton (1917- 1933) noted 6 Established alongside the Fleet in 1913, body of disciplined men,” the notion genuinely worthy ideals: and “based on the British system (at) of gentlemanliness permeated the all- Lying won’t do, thieving still less: Dartmouth, where they took boys in encompassing influence of Royal Navy that idleness will get punished: and 7 and gave them four years’ English public culture. So, writing in 1925, the College that if they are cowards, the whole 1 school education,” the Royal Australian Captain asserted that graduating from world will be against them: and that 2 Naval College was a British institution, the Royal Australian Naval College, if they will have their own way, they 13 which educated Australian midshipmen midshipmen were “second to none in must fight for it. as officers and gentlemen in accord with point of honour, manners and the graces These were standards which, alongside 8 14 the public school tradition.’ which go to make a gentleman”. a spirited “readiness to be an officer,” Reverberant with ideals, the same This thinking, claimed Corelli defined the ideal of the gentleman, 9 in Britain as in Australia,3 the Naval Barnett, “set the boy apart”. But which informed the Royal Australian College ensured the young man entered whereas Barnett suggests upper-crust Naval College. In its first edition, the the Fleet just as the young man left dandyism, the reality was a long way College magazine noted: public school: “a dyed-in-the-wool from foppish. These were “healthy, Courage, tact and loyalty are... 10 conservative gentleman, who has never well-mannered, honest philistines” the chief qualifications required heard of Ibsen, who crosses himself at who “combined authority...Christian to make a good Naval Officer. Of the mention of Bolshevism and who kindness and...grit: The rarest of (their) these...place before all others that treats women with unfailing tact and virtues was human sympathy, the rarest form of bravery called MORAL 11 politeness....”4 of (their) vices cowardice”. The attitude COURAGE....In (these) qualities... Saturated with chivalric courage, was parodied cynically by Walter Le are comprised all that goes to 15 the idea of a gentleman was particularly Strange, an Etonian colleague of Cyril make a true gentleman. (original Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 43

23 emphasis) a “hearty sporting spirit” and defining The Magazine captures the “mixture of the “Type of Boy Wanted: sport and public service (which) seemed “A bright, smart, cheery boy...with to epitomize the ideal of the English a sense of honest straightforward 16 gentleman”. The spirit was redolent manliness...a strong-minded boy with the epics of of good moral courage; capable of Hector and Achilles, Horatio ‘taking charge...(of) good physique holding the bridge, Arthur and his - this is what is wanted, the ideal 24 A romanticised knights, Roland blowing his horn, type”. depiction of Richard Coeur de Lion charging The College was thus established on safe an Agincourt the Saracens, the Black Prince at and predictable foundations, instilling Knight Crécy, Henry V at Agincourt... ideas of character by various subtle and Nelson at Trafalgar, Wellington at explicit modes of indoctrination and aspiration which typically remains unfulfilled, and traditional Waterloo, the Charge of the Light exhortation. Times have changed. The standards which seem immaterial and out of place. Brigade...Gordon proudly facing the age of chivalry has been superseded. Recalling the earliest years of the Royal Australian Naval screaming Dervishes, the heroes of No longer will the old ways be best. College, we perceive a lamentable a dearth of intellectual 27 28 Rorke’s Drift (and) the gallant little Yet, we have much to learn from an old curiosity. Yet we perceive “True Heartedness,” “a high garrison at Mafeking playing cricket idealism. sense of honour, and duty, and readiness, considerable 17 in the jaws of the enemy.... physical endurance, and the ability to subordinate (selfish) 29 Such was the corpus of valiant The Value of Ideals interests....” This language is resonant with a professional mythology which defined chivalric The profession calls now for counter- ethic, crucial to conflict defined by ideals. Yet, ideals are not manliness, and illustrated the neo- establishment enquiry, for moral and noticeable in professional education focussed on technical 18 Victorian sense of “duty”. The same political critique, and for intellectual training, or the acquisition of formal degrees. cultural narrative defined the Royal debate in a way which has hitherto In conclusion, greater attention needs to be paid to Australian Naval College, and ensured been exceptional. Yet there is much to thinking which is uncompromising – challenging sensibilities Royal Australian Navy officers were, be learned from reflection upon old and uncritical assumption. This is not a mode of thought to “to all intents and purposes, virtually ways which were the cornerstones for which the Services are accustomed. indistinguishable from their RN what Admiral of the Fleet, Viscount Perhaps for this reason, the chaplain has often been called 19 colleagues”. “Great powers were to be Cunningham of Hyndhope, described to deal with the unfamiliar territory of ethics. But, the role 20 humbled by ‘pluck’ and ‘team spirit’”. as an “imperishable tradition of Service is one for which the chaplain is poorly suited. The chaplain 25 So it was, that that curricula at and self-sacrifice”. reflects a dogmatised Christian rhetoric of right and wrong. Naval College and public school, Comparison which historical His role commits him to this task; to do otherwise in the were metaphors for an ethos focused example is revealing and significant. professional context smacks of hypocrisy. Additionally, upon character, rather than scholastic Military education, once inspirational, Erastian separation of church and state suggests involvement fulfillment: is reduced by the laboured continuance beyond ministry to the faithful is inappropriate. Many a lad who leaves...public of threadbare and sometimes brutish The chaplain does not have a large role in professional school disgracefully ignorant of the custom, to the banality of paste crown military education. But the philosopher does. He can and rudiments of useful knowledge...has jewels. Without the obvious yet invisible must, interrogate and illuminate the idealism foundational devoted a great part of his time, and creed of gentlemanliness, military to Australian arms. These principles, fundamental in 1913, nearly all his thoughts to athletic education is left with little but the remain crucial in the volatile ferocious battles for ideas which sports, (and) brings away with timid, prudish quasi-virtues which presently disfigure international affairs. We must rejuvenate him something beyond all price, a find expression in unenforceable rules and nourish them. t manly straight-forward character, a against mythologised offences such as scorn of lying and meanness, habits “fraternization”. of obedience and command and Notwithstanding that naive Lieutenant Commander Richard Adams RAN is StaffO fficer, 21 fearless courage.... “(notions) of joining up to protect Doctrine and Ethics in the Directorate of Leadership and Thus, the public schools and naval Queen and Country have largely 26 Ethics. His interests include theology, the Victorian and college aspired to “the destruction of disappeared;” without idealism, 22 individuality and…regimentation”. The military education and culture is Edwardian public schools, and the philosophy of education. Naval College was adamant, expecting in irons, caught between academic Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 44 Military Education: The Place of Ideals

List of References Feakes, Rear Admiral H.J., RAN (Ret’d) Educational Research. Oral History (1951) White Ensign, Southern Cross: A Thornton, A.P. (1959) The Imperial Idea and its Enemies: A Hamer, D., (1991), About The Navy, The Story of the King’s Ships of Australia’s Navy, Study in British Power, London: MacMillan. Keith Murdoch Sound Archive of Australia Sydney: Ure Smith. Wilkinson, R. (1964) The Prefects; British Leadership and the in the War of 1939-1945: Australian Frame, T.R. (1992b) Pacific Partners: Public School Tradition, London: Oxford University Press. War Memorial Reference Serial: S.1039, A History of Australian-American Naval Interviewed, 11-16 April, 1991. Relations, Sydney: Hodder & Stoughton. (Endnotes) Frame, T.R., Swinden, G.J. (1990) First 1 Hamer, (1991) pp. 14, 15. (Oral history: Transcription archived Unpublished and Archived Royal In, Last Out: The Navy at Gallipoli, Sydney: by The Australian War Memorial ) Australian Navy Documents Kangaroo Press. Hyslop, (1990) p. 31 Pellat, (1917) pp. 23-24 Jose, (1921) p. Royal Australian Naval College Gill, G. H. (1985a) Royal Australian xxxiii. Gill, (1985) p. 48: Magazine, 1913, H. Thacker, Printer: Navy, 1939-1942, Sydney: Australian War Report of the Royal Australian Naval College, (1915) pp. 3, 12 Geelong. (Held by: The Royal Australian Memorial - William Collins. Frame, (1992) p. 19 Naval College Historical Collection) Girouard, M. (1981) The Return 2 Feakes, (1951) p. 161 Macandie, (1949) p. 250 Royal Australian Naval College to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Sears, (2001) p. 88 Magazines, 1915 - 1929, D.S. Ford, Printers: Gentleman, London and New Haven: Yale 3 Bean, (1950) pp. vii, 75 Ogilvie, (1957) p. 1 Malim, (1948) p. Sydney. (Held by: The Royal Australian University Press. vii Selby Smith, (1983) p. 8 Naval College Historical Collection) Hyslop, R. (1990) Aye Aye, Minister: 4 Dibelius, (1930) p. 466 Royal Australian Navy, (1918) Handbook Australian Naval Administration 1939- 5 Royal Australian Naval College Magazine, (July 1913) First of the Royal Naval College, Sydney: W.A. 59, Canberra: Australian Government Number, p. 13. Gullick, Government Printer. Publishing Service. 6 Henderson, (1927) p. 149 Annual Report of the Royal Australian Jose, A.W. (1921) The Royal Australian 7 Frame and Swinden, (1990) p. 2 Naval College for 1915, Together With an Navy, 1914-1918, Sydney: Angus & 8 RANC File A-14-29-10-1: Memo from the Captain to the Abstract for the Year 1914, Sydney: William Robertson Ltd. Headmaster dated April 1925, marked “Personal”. Applegate Gullick, Government Printer. Macandie, G.L. (1949) The Genesis of 9 Barnett, (1972) pp. 36-37 (Held by: The Defence Library Service the Royal Australian Navy, Sydney: Alfred 10 Thornton, (1959) p. 90 Norwood and Hope, (1909) p. 187 Special Collection, Canberra. Reference Henry Pettifer, Government Printer. 11 Morris, (1968) p. 220 CPSC P359.00711094REP) Malim, F.B. (1948) Almae Matres: 12 Connolly, (1938) p. 267 RANC File A-14-29-10-1: Memo from Recollections of Some Schools at Home and 13 Alington, (1914) p. 14 the Captain to the Headmaster dated April Abroad Cambridge: Cambridge University 14 Darwin, (1929) pp. 22 – 23 Pellatt, (1917) pp. 51 – 52 1925, marked “Personal”. Press. Newsome, (1961) p. 201 Mayo, C.H.P. (1928) Reminiscences of a 15 Royal Australian Naval College Magazine, (July, 1913) First Unpublished Theses Harrow Master, London: Rivingtons. Number, p. 14. Sears, Lieut.- Commander, J., RAN (1997) McDonald, Commodore N.E., RAN 16 Girouard, (1981) p. 176 Something Peculiar to Themselves: A Social (1970) “Point of View,” in Symposium on 17 Girouard, (1981) p. 281 History of the Executive Branch Officers the Education of Naval Officers, Held at 18 Mayo, (1928) p. 84 Wilkinson, (1964) p. 4. Reed, (1964) p. 170 of the Royal Australian Navy, 1913-50, The Royal Australian Naval College, Jervis 19 Sears, (1997) p. 7 Gill, (1985a) p. 48 Macandie, (1949) p. 257 unpublished doctoral thesis, University Bay, June 3rd., 1970, in Conjunction with 20 Barnett, (1986) p. 218 College, the Australian Defence Force the University of N.S.W, Randwick: UNSW 21 Richards, (1988) p. 13 Academy, the University of New South Press. 22 Thornton, (1959) p. 89 Downs, (1986) p. 33 Wales. Morris, J. (1968) Pax Britannica: The 23 Royal Australian Naval College Magazine, (December, 1927), Climax of an Empire, London: Faber and Fifteenth Number, p. 8 Journal Articles Faber. 24 Royal Australian Naval College Handbook, 1918, p. 4 Henderson, W.H. (1927) “Naval Education,” Newsome, D. (1961) Godliness and 25 Cunningham, (1951) p. 663 in Naval Review Vol. 15., No. 1, (February) Good Learning, London: John Murray. 26 Ralph, (1976) p. 78 pp 146-154. Norwood, C. And Hope, A.H. (1909) 27 Rodger, (1986) p. 392 Richmond, (1933) p. 9 Rodger, N.A.M. (1986) “Intellectual The Higher Education of Boys in England, 28 Richmond, (1933) p. 24 Formation of the Officer,” in Naval Review, London: John Murray. 29 McDonald, (1970) pp. 59, 64 – 65 (Several sentences Vol. 74, No. 5.,October, pp. 392-3. Ogilvie, V. (1957) The English Public combined) School, London: Batsford Ltd. Books Pellatt, T. (1917) Public School Alington, C.A. (1914) A Schoolmaster’s Education and the War, London: Duckworth Apology, London: Longman, Green &Co. &Co. Barnett, C. (1972) The Collapse of Ralph, Captain N., DSC., RAN (1976) British Power, London: Eyre Methuen. “The Future of RAN Training” in Bonnett, Barnett, C. (1986) The Pride and the Fall: Commander V.W.L., RAN (ed.) Navtrain The Dream and Illusion of Britain as a Great 80: Proceedings of the Seminar on Naval Nation, New York: Free Press. Training for the 1980s Conducted by the Bean, C.E.W. (1950) Here, My Son: An Royal Australian Navy at Dunmore-Lang Account of the Independent and Other College, Macquarie University, New South Corporate Boys’ Schools of Australia, Wales, 2-3 December. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Richards, J. (1988) Happiest Days, Connolly, C. (1938) Enemies of Promise, Manchester: Manchester University Press. London: George Routledge & Sons. Richmond, Admiral Sir H.W., RN (1933) Cunningham, Admiral of the Fleet, A.B., Naval Training, London: Oxford University Viscount of Hyndhope (1951) A Sailor’s Press, Humphrey Milford. Odyssey, London: Hutchinson & Co. Sears, Lieut.- Commander, J., RAN Darwin, B. (1929) The English Public (2001b) “Depression and Rearmament,” in School, London: Longmans, Green and Co. Stevens D. (ed.) The Royal Australian Navy, Dibelius, W. (1930) England, New York: Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Harper & Brothers. Selby Smith, R. (1983) “Australian Downs, I. (1986) The Last Mountain: Independent Schools Yesterday, Today and A Life in Papua New Guinea, St. Lucia: Tomorrow,” in Australian Education Review, University of Queensland Press. No. 19, Hawthorn: Australian Council for

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 45 Security: Present and Future Challenges – Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, the First Sea Lord, and professional head of the Royal Navy, considers the implications for states, now and in the future. The inter-relationship between global and national the Armed Forces security is a feature of our – and especially connected world. Rapid in these particular change and uncertainty circumstances the in the global strategic Royal Navy and Royal environment is bringing new Air Force – have, as security challenges. Emerging you would expect, powers are morphing into acted with appropriate future strategic competitors, restraint and great competition for resources courage. For the Royal is increasing, non-state Navy, the submarine actors are challenging state HMS Triumph has assumptions about security successfully played a and the effectiveness of role in the delivery of supranational institutions is precision strike, with being questioned. This address Tomahawk cruise was presented in mid-2011. missiles to write-down Gaddafi’s air defences. Ladies and Gentlemen: I really am A perfect illustration delighted to have been invited by of the flexibility of David Held and Mary Kaldor, on our submarine force. behalf of London School of Economics Indeed, the recent Global Governance, to contribute to events in Libya are this discussion on present and future a good example of security challenges. Budget day and our need to be able operations in Libya were not on our to respond flexibly to mind when we set this date 6 months a dynamic security ago. Occasions like this are particularly environment. In this timely in the light of recent ongoing sense, tonight’s title international events and provide – Present and Future important opportunities to both think Security Challenges afresh about the nature of the security – is particularly challenges we face, and to debate our apposite. As such, I shall return to A rleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Barry launches a Tomahawk cruise responses to them. Libya shortly, and I’m pretty certain missile to support Joint Task Force Odyssey I would like to begin by you will return to it in questions. Dawn, the US Africa Command task force paying tribute to the bravery and This evening I want to consider how providing operational and tactical command professionalism of what the British the UK secures its strategic interests in and control of US military forces supporting Armed Forces have accomplished, a rapidly evolving global environment. the international response to the unrest and are achieving, in support of UN In doing so, I will make the point that in Libya and enforcement of UN Security Council Resolution 1973. (US Navy photo by Resolution 1973; established to protect flexibility of mind and flexibility of Lieutenant (jg) Monika Hess) civilians from attack by the Gaddafi method need to be central to the UK’s regime. From the initial extraction approach to responding to the future of British Nationals a few weeks security challenges of our modern ago, to the effective establishment world. of a No Fly Zone over Libya now, So, what does our global security Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 46 Security: Present and Future Challenges

environment look like? Well, there’s no anything to go by, it follows that Some have suggested indeed that this doubt that it’s a dynamic one, as – in the next 30 years will, propelled is an approach we should adopt, but it many ways – it always has been. One by continuous globalisation, be overlooks the strategic realities for the only has to look back to when the Cold characterised by rapid change and UK. War – with its veneer of simplicity – increasing global interdependence. The UK is – and has long been dominated a more bi-polar security Analysts and commentators are – an outward looking, democratic environment, to see the extent to quick to remind us of other factors country, one which trades globally which the security environment has that do, and will continue to, shape the and which relies on an international, been transformed into an ever more future security environment. The UN rules-based system to ensure the complex one. predicts that the world’s population will stability upon which our security Why? In large part because, as this increase from the current 6.9 billion and indeed our prosperity depend. audience will recognise only too well, to about 9.2 billion by the year 2050. We leverage influence through the conveyor belts of globalisation And that, by the year 2030, population memberships of multinational bodies are – in all their forms – accelerating increase will mean that global demand – I have mentioned some already - the us closer and closer together. Today, for food and energy will rise by up to UN, the G20, the EU and NATO, to we are connected globally in many 50% and water by up to 30%. These are mention just a few. We have a global many different ways. In 2000, just 12% staggering figures across a population perspective matched by international of the world’s population possessed a of 9.2 billion, but it is not just resource responsibilities. Consequently, we are mobile phone. UN figures tell us that scarcity that is likely to increase the interdependent and interconnected technological innovation has boosted prospect of conflict. The consequences and, in the words of the foreign this figure to more than 60%. In of climate change, from which none secretary, live ‘in a networked world’. 1995, there were 16 million web users of us are immune, are likely to have Another reality, although it is globally. Today it is more than 1.7 a disproportionate impact on the too often overlooked, and is that the billion. developing world, adding further stress United Kingdom is an island. We are The integration of economies across to already fragile states in particular. also responsible for the security of the world is increasing too. The UN But it’s not just these states that 14 Overseas Territories, all of which estimates that in 1990, the total amount present challenges to security and – with the exception of the Gibraltar of global investment overseas was $2 global governance; the same might peninsula – are islands too. Being trillion. In 2008 that figure had risen to also hold true of course for the more an island brings enormous benefits around $18 trillion. powerful nations. And the Non- in security terms, but it also brings Just as there are fiscal imperatives State Actor, perhaps while wearing particular vulnerabilities. to build closer ties with more the trappings of statehood, will also According to the Chamber of economic powers, so globally there is become an increasingly influential Shipping, 95% of UK trade by volume a requirement to build more bridges player. and 90% by value is carried by sea. We as power becomes distributed more So, when viewed from many angles, cannot feed ourselves, so we import widely – as the circle of international the global security environment is, much of the food we consume. Figures decision-making becomes more and will remain, a dynamic one. One from the Department of Energy and multi-lateral. Indeed, the international that is complex. One that is multi- Climate Change tell us that the UK architecture is already responding to dimensional. Recognising this, the became a net importer of energy an increasingly multi-polar world; the UK’s recently written National Security in 2004 and this dependency ladies G8 has been replaced by the G20 as the Strategy concludes that, ‘the risk is and gentlemen we would all agree is main forum for international economic likely to become increasingly diverse’. unlikely to change. We live in a ‘just co-operation; NATO has increased to I think events in the last three months enough, just in time’ economy, one in 28 members; and the EU now consists underpin that. which many goods, raw materials and of 27 countries. Viewed collectively, Perhaps none of this would matter, other commodities are warehoused at these examples alone mean that events if we were in a position to declare sea, in bulk and container ships. We in one region or country are inevitably a Monroe doctrine of our own, are already hugely dependent on the having increasingly profound effects withdrawing from the world and free movement of maritime traffic – a elsewhere in the world. doggedly defending our borders, while dependency that the Chamber of So if the last 30 years really are policing our water, air and cyber-space. Shipping envisages will only increase. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 47

A Qatar Emiri Air If that flow of material is interrupted, resources, and so on and so on. an unemployed graduate set himself Force Dassault there are implications across the However much we regret it, and on fire after police confiscated his Mirage 2000-5 board, and they are increasingly however much we would prefer to fruit stall in the town of Sidi Bouzid. fighter jet takes off strategic. This is why the National conceptualise it, conflict is likely When he died of his injuries, local on an Odyssey Dawn Security Strategy assesses that a to remain a feature of the security demonstrations morphed into national mission. (US Navy photo by Paul Farley) short to medium term disruption to environment. As Leon Trotsky put it, demonstrations, such that the Tunisian international supplies of resources ‘you may not be interested in war, but Government was ultimately deposed. essential to the UK is a significant war is interested in you’. We can debate That led to the demonstrations priority risk. the relative likelihood of these things and civil unrest in Cairo which fed Given all these factors, I would coming to pass, just as we can assess fears that the Suez Canal could be contend that the UK has little choice their likely impact. However, I hope closed. In response, oil prices – just but to engage in the increasingly we can all agree that they do have the as they have done in the past – rose, globalised world if we are to maintain potential to affect our security and – on this occasion to $120 a barrel. But our prosperity and most importantly because security underpins the global just try and imagine the economic our way of life. trade and commodity prices upon consequences – to say nothing of the But that engagement, as it always which our economy depends – to affect wider regional implications – were has done, brings risk and reward in our everyday life. Most particularly, events in Libya to deteriorate even equal measure – indeed our own they have the potential to impact on further than they have at the moment financial institutions stand testament our strategic interests; the security of or additional political stresses arise in to that reality. The risks may manifest our people, our economic well-being, Egypt, let alone Bahrain. It is worth themselves directly; terrorist attacks our freedoms and our values. In sum, reflecting too on just how quickly in our cities, pandemics, extreme the things we take for granted. and widespread demonstrations have weather, cyber-attacks on our national While some of these security reverberated around the Arab world; infrastructure, even direct military challenges that I have spoken of have Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, threats to our overseas territories or always been with us in one form or Algeria, Jordan, Yemen, Albania, Syria, to UK nationals living abroad. They another, I would suggest that what Lebanon and Libya. may manifest themselves indirectly, is new is the speed at which they The implications of a young perhaps as the consequence of conflict can combine to engage our national Tunisian not having the correct elsewhere, or as a second order effect of interests. That can manifest itself in paperwork to run a fruit stall were direct threats to others – for example, ways we might not expect, because not foreseen, but they are no less UK nationals caught up in conflict it doesn’t necessarily sit within our real for that. They illustrate how abroad, interruptions to our energy familiar frames of reference. quickly events can unfold in a way supplies, the deliberate degradation Take recent events in the Maghreb that is difficult to predict and which of our environment, the denial of and Levant as an example. It is said can affect UK interests in the short legitimate access to trade routes or that the riots in Tunisia began when term – in this case, by posing a threat Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 48 Security: Present and Future Challenges

to our energy security and to the interventionism, which reached its – is the vital precondition to achieving safety of UK nationals living, working apogee in the year 2000, with the UK’s a more realistic response to the speed and holidaying in the region – and intervention in Sierra Leone. and unpredictability of events which potentially in the long term too. Or, as HMS Illustrious was, along with characterise the security environments in Libya, simply impacting on our high our Amphibious Task Group and of our modern world. standards for the protection of human contributions from our sister Services, For example, whilst the ‘whole rights, against an unacceptable brutal instrumental in changing the situation of government’ approach to the oppressive dictator. on the ground to create a pause in the production of the National Security Given all that, the principal fighting. The elected Sierra Leone Strategy published last October is challenge for the UK is to secure Government, under attack from the a welcome restatement of strategic our strategic interests in a global Revolutionary United Front, was principles, and whilst the establishment environment that is not just thereby preserved and we were able of the National Security Council to increasingly complex, but one that to help set the security conditions provide prompt, coherent and co- is characterised by rapid and often which allowed the UN to continue its ordinated decision-making on all unpredictable change. Indeed, the mandate. aspects of national security is a positive recent events in the Magreb – and The UK’s standing was significantly step, we need to continue to build on Libya in particular – serve as a timely enhanced as a result and this allowed this. reminder for the UK Government – the expectation to flourish in some If we are to truly balance resources and I might say even the LSE – that quarters that military force – precise, with commitments, power with the capacity of world events to surprise limited and supported by a clear interests, I believe that we should even the best prepared of us, should mandate – could be the panacea to any be more prepared to employ all the not be underestimated. number of further ills. levers of national power – diplomatic, For those of us with responsibilities But past operational success is economic, and military – in addressing for delivering defence and security, no guarantee of future performance. the security challenges we face; and, if getting to grips with the security Indeed, events since then have served consensus can be achieved, to join with environment is a pre-requisite to to remind us of the limits of military others – state and non-state. ensuring the range of outcomes needed force alone in achieving security Why? Because, as commentators to support UK policy and protect UK outcomes, not least in respect of such as Joseph Nye observe, whilst interests. So, how should we address enduring stabilisation campaigns. military power will always have its these challenges? So what has this Admiral got to say place, the networked world potentially It’s a question which, prompted now about how the UK should address allows us to achieve outcomes through by the Strategic Defence and Security the security challenges of today and more subtle use of all the levers of Review, has been much-aired of late. tomorrow? national power. Indeed, I suspect that in Whitehall it Whatever the political rhetoric of Whilst this is increasingly well- has generated more thought in the last the past, this country has neither the understood, I think that we should, 12 months than in the preceding 12 capacity nor the political appetite to given the networked context to which I years. respond to every conceivable threat. referred earlier, be aiming to go further Throughout my own substantially No country frankly has. But that is still. As the author Parag Khanna longer naval career, I have experienced not to say that we shouldn’t try and suggests, when government, business first hand the range of security improve our capacity to do so, as far and NGOs work together, real progress challenges associated with this shifting as is possible. A more imaginative, can be made. For the networked world strategic environment, and have often proactive stance on security should has the potential to truly galvanise been involved in shaping the responses be within our means, provided we dot.gov, dot.com and dot.org into to them. As a submarine commander are prepared to look again at how we generating a more dynamic and in the 1980s, for example, my role was deliver it. innovative response to future security dictated by the realities of the Cold This requires us to do two things: to crises. The need for smarter inter- War and the deterrent strategy that become more flexible in mind and to agency planning and delivery – be it under-pinned it. In the 1990s, warship become more flexible in method. Let humanitarian aid or law enforcement command in HMS Illustrious exposed me explain. for example – whether nationally or me to the practicalities of military Flexibility in mind – in our thinking as part of an international effort, is the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 49

consequence of a growing shift towards In this thinking in much broader terms about regard, the role what security means and how it can of deterrence best be delivered. The introduction – and by that of the Comprehensive Approach a I mean both few years ago is, in my view, definitely conventional worthy of reinvigoration. and nuclear – is To summarise, flexibility of mind of the utmost means we need to consider the levers importance. of power and other actors as individual The value of melodic lines weaved into a complex persistent counterpoint – where the interplay presence in between the lines is fused into an regions of harmonious whole. Whilst history has interest – yet to determine its verdict, I would whether to suggest that, to date, the UK’s response signal national to recent events in the Middle East intent, gather Gunships from HMS for example stands testament to an intelligence and form insights, and aircraft rapidly defeated the Iraqi Ocean ready for action emerging maturity of approach to more contribute to capacity building Navy. We stayed to enforce the UN’s offL ibya (RN photo) intelligently fusing these lines. or to reassure others – cannot be economic sanctions against Saddam This brings me to my second underestimated. The need therefore Hussein’s regime before supplying and point. We need to achieve flexibility to maintain a credible war fighting landing the amphibious forces that in method - we need to consider more capability able to operate and be took control of the Al Faw peninsula, imaginative fusions of both soft and maintained at range is crucial. Why? the gateway to Basrah, in 2003. hard power to achieve the desired Because you cannot deter effectively And while you will perhaps have outcomes and effect we desire. unless it is understood by those whose heard about the drawdown of UK There is a tendency to understand behaviours you seek to influence Armed Forces from Iraq in 2009, the UK Armed Forces’ activity only in that you can intervene militarily with the Royal Navy has remained there, terms of their engagement in conflict. I confidence. Because you cannot keep clearing mines, continuing operations think that is an inevitable consequence the peace unless you are physically to protect the vital offshore energy of the focus on the Campaigns in there, and prepared to be able to stay infrastructure and deterring the illegal Iraq and Afghanistan, but the range there. and damaging smuggling of weapons of operations undertaken by the To aid your understanding of and drugs in the region, as well as component elements of the Armed how the Armed Forces can – and in countering piracy. While we’re at it, Forces is actually much, much wider my view should – be optimised to we have continued to devote resources than that. deliver security outcomes, allow me to to passing on our expertise in training There is also a tendency to view illustrate the broader, strategic effect of the fledgling Iraqi Navy and Marines as the deployment of the military as a how the military can be used differently well as facilitating détente between Iraq last resort, but I think that the military to deliver security. and Kuwait. can be part of a more nuanced first You may not know that the Royal Consider how things might have resort, both in better understanding Navy has been operating in the Arabian developed had we not, over the last the security situation and in doing Gulf, ashore, afloat, in the skies and 30 years, been in the position to shape something to contain it. I think that beneath the waters since 1979. During and influence events in the Gulf – to Defence can do more in the coming the Tanker War of the mid-1980s, we deter, contain and ultimately engage years to shape our Armed Forces so were there providing escort protection in decisive combat operations against that they can be used more effectively to tankers laden with oil through the our foe while supporting our friends, to help address security risks, earlier Straits of Hormuz while the Iran-Iraq all in order to assist the delivery of UK on, as part of our commitment war was being waged around us. national interests. The fact of our being to conflict prevention. Upstream We were still there for the first there, and our wide utility, gave the UK engagement to prevent conflict. Gulf War in 1991, when our ships choice in peace-time, and options in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 50 Security: Present and Future Challenges

crisis. It continues to do so. threat to this country is presently crises. For Defence, introducing Consider these other examples: the assessed as low, we cannot – as the greater flexibility to our forces, operation to evacuate British nationals Strategic Defence and Security Review their capabilities and structures is a by sea from Lebanon during the Israeli- acknowledges – ‘dismiss the possibility sensible response to the speed and Hizbollah conflict in 2006 and, only a that a major direct nuclear threat unpredictability which characterise the few weeks ago, from Benghazi in Libya; to the UK might re-emerge’. Who security environment of not just today, the response to the Haiti earthquake at is to say what the position will be in but tomorrow. the beginning of last year; the ongoing 20 years time? Recognising this, the Flexibility in mind, flexibility in counter-piracy mission in the Indian Government remains committed to method. Thank you very much for Ocean and off the coast of Somalia; maintaining the nuclear deterrent in your attention. t the interception of drugs bound for order to underpin the security of the British streets in the Caribbean Sea UK and support collective security Speech presented at LSE Global and Atlantic; the protection of our fish through NATO. Governance, Wed 23 Mar 11, stocks; and the conventional defence And if we want to be truly reproduced with the Admiral’s of the South Atlantic Islands and their flexible, it also means that, whilst permission associated resources. the Government understands the All of these are examples of forces risks of taking a gap in the Carrier being used flexibly, not fighting wars, Strike capability in the near-term, the but being there doing their business arguments for Carrier-borne aviation in order that Defence contributes, remain entirely sound for the uncertain in harmonious counterpoint with world that we expect to face in the all the levers of national power and future. This is why the Government other actors, to delivering security also remains committed to the future for the UK. All are examples of a Carrier Strike programme. A dmiral Stanhope more elaborate application of both To conclude. Introducing greater pictured with an soft and hard power. Whilst I think flexibility in our thinking is the first Indian Admiral on a there is room for more simultaneous step to truly galvanising dot.gov, dot. recent visit to India activity, genuine flexibility depends com and dot.org in generating a more (Courtesy Chindits on being organised and equipped dynamic response to future security website) to offer continuing policy choices to the Government at all stages of engagement with others. So, for Defence, that means we need flexible forces, able between them to operate successfully across the full range of tasks that might be demanded of them, today and tomorrow: everything from delivering humanitarian relief to winning wars. Flexible forces offer real choices to Government in deciding how to respond to developing situations, but can also provide continuing influence to prevent crises from flaring up in the first place. I’ve already underlined the importance of deterrence in the broadest sense but, of course, this also means maintaining the nuclear deterrent. Whilst the strategic nuclear Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 51 Effectiveness of the Individual Performance Appraisal within the RAN by Lieutenant Victoria Jnitova

ndividual Performance Appraisal IPA within the RAN (IPA) is a central function of has, until recently, followed IHuman Resource Management. IPA a traditional Performance is, however, no longer contained Appraisal Model. The within the framework of HRM. Its approach consists of influence on the strategic business three phases: goal setting, policies of organisations has increased midterm review and final dramatically during the last ten years (annual) assessment as 1 with more and more credibility and outlined at ABR6289 2 value given to performance appraisal and ABR 10. The IPA is outcomes. conducted by the work In order to be effective, IPA needs place supervisors or to have clearly established purposes divisional officers and at individual, departmental and is focused primarily on organisational levels, be conducted in a the assessed suitability standardised and transparent manner, and competitiveness for and be supported by both assessors and promotion. assessed. Effectiveness of the IPA often Individual performance relies on the clarity and quality of the of RAN personnel is assessment criteria, as well as quality of appraised using the application. ‘relative judgment method’ IPA within the RAN is conducted as outlined at Baldwin, 3 annually. There is no other process J. article (1998). In this within the organisation that is uniform method, a standard set of for all ranks and categories, involves job behaviours and attributes is listed promotion and the RAN being a non- every member, and is conducted with assessment guidelines provided for profit organisation. throughout the entire period of service each individual assessment area. These The Strategic Reform Program at regular intervals. This process has guidelines (or descriptors) of behavior (SPR) was implemented within the the potential of becoming one of the are placed on a continuum with six RAN in Apr 10. A new component, most powerful tools in achieving the vertical scales, each point denoting assessment of the ‘signature behaviors’ 7 organisational goals, effective workforce different levels of performance in (SB) of the RAN personnel , had been 4 management and communication. The the forms AC 833-11 and AC 833- added to the RAN IPA. It is planned to 5 question remains if the current RAN 21. A word picture of an employee’s incorporate its content into the existent IPA system is the most effective way performance during an assessment IPA form in 2011. of assessing performances of RAN period is also provided in support of the personnel and if opportunities exist for scores. RAN Personnel Survey 6 improving the current practices. According to Chastetter, W (1986) , Methodology Here I outline and critically analyse there are three possibilities when The RAN personnel survey was the IPA approach implemented determining what is appraised: the constructed using Professional Quest within the RAN. Feedback from a quality of personal characteristics, the 2007 Software to determine the RAN cross section of RAN personnel on quality of a process and the quality satisfaction with the current IPA the effectiveness of the existing IPA of an outcome. Although the RAN process. Respondents were drawn approach, as well as IPA academic includes all three components in its from the DRN personnel directory. All literature, will be utilised to support IPA approach, the emphasis is clearly selected personnel were consulted prior the research findings. Finally, I make placed on the assessment of the quality to survey commencement and gave recommendations on how to improve of personal characteristics due to the their verbal agreement to participate in the effectiveness of the RAN IPA. focus on an individual suitability for the research. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 52 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Effectiveness of the Individual Performance Appraisal within the RAN

Other WO Other 3% 3% CMDR over 50 3 to 6 CPO 3% 3% 12% years old years 12% Trends were identified and Recommendation” box with 20-30 12% respondents’ commentsyears old utilised to greater than respect to the correct use of the PO 24% 6 years LCDR 30% 12% 27% 40-50 measure and support the issues raised. “Likely to become suitable” option years old 21% Relevant quotes from the academic ... I recommend that this option be literature, as well as respondents’ removed’. AB 12% feedback in the form of free text have Inconsistency of assessment by 1 to 3 been included throughout this article to empty years different assessors. It was a consensus SBLT responses 46% 3% support the research findings. 12% amongst respondents that different LEUT 30-40 27% Demographics.years old The survey was Figure 3: Sea Service by Respondents assessors score differently. The reasons completed40% by 33 respondents, with the for the IPA inconsistencies included majority being in the rank of Lieutenant In terms of exposure to the RAN the effect of different personalities on and Lieutenant Commander (18 IPA, all respondents experienced it as the assessment outcomes, avoidance personnel). Other ranks ranging from having been assessed. The majority of of conflicts and confrontations, FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Able Seaman through to Commander survey participants (73 %) have acted as traditionally inflated scores to ‘bring were also present (Figure 1): assessors for the RAN IPA on multiple sailors in line with the majority’, and

Other occasions. ‘recent error effect’ (REE). REE as WO Other 3% 3% CMDR over 50 3 to 6 CPO 3% Survey Findings. The respondents3% defined in the ‘Employee Assessment, 12% years old years 12% 8 expressed various degrees of 20-30Appraisal and Counselling’ (1994) 12% years old greater than PO 24% 6 years LCDR satisfaction with the IPA system is ‘the tendency to rate people30% on the 12% 27% 40-50 implementedyears old within the RAN and most easily remembered behaviour, 21% 94% agree the RAN IPA is effective or often the most recent one’. The

AB somewhat effective for their respective following feedback was selected 12% workplaces. There were, however, to illustrate the issue of the IPA 1 to 3 empty years SBLT concerns regarding consistency and application inconsistency:responses 46% 3% 12% LEUT quality of the IPA implementation.30-40 ‘I am aware that some assessors 27% years old These issues will be discussed40% further are stricter than others, I suspect F igure 1: Respondents by Rank in this paper. that some assessors do not like to Respondents came from several Suitability for Promotion Criteria. have difficult conversations with RAN specializations and categories, Several respondents commented their staff and give reasonably such as TS, WTR, ATV/ATA, ET, CSO, that application of the ‘suitability good reports to avoid having those MTE, SU and CISSM. Their RAN for promotion’ criteria is somewhat conversations’; and service experience ranged from three to ambiguous where confusion exists ‘I believe SPARs reporting is very more than six years with the majority between the ‘not yet suitable’ and ‘likely over inflated. I have seen personnel of participants (24) having completed to become suitable’ for promotion SPARs around 98 points which is FIGURE 1 more than sixFIGURE years 2 in the RAN. criteria. The following commentsFIGURE 3 very close to being a perfect sailor Respondents’ age and total years of sea illustrate this: in all respects. I believe people have service are shown at Figures 2 and 3: “If you tick ‘likely to become lost sight of 50 points being for an Other WO Other suitable’ this according to the [Naval average sailor. If a sailor gets 50, 3% 3% CMDR over 50 3 to 6 CPO 3% 3% 12% years old years 12% Officer Performance Appraisal they are quite upset and annoyed’. 20-30 12% years old Report] NOPARgreater means than you are not Poor Implementation. The RAN PO 24% 6 years LCDR 30% 12% 27% 40-50 suitable for promotion. It even says IPA process can only be effective years old 21% in the ABR that you should not put if implemented thoroughly and ‘likely to become suitable’ based consistently. Respondents indicated AB on time spent in the RAN. This it is often not the case. Respondents 12% 1 to 3 can be damagingempty for promotional commentedyears that there were SBLT responses 46% 3% prospects due to the12% ambiguity and occurrences during their careers LEUT 30-40 27% years old due to an individual interpretation when the goals setting and midterm 40% of the wording”; and review stages of the IPA process were F igure 2: Respondents by Age ‘There seems to be widespread shortened significantly or ignored. The misuse of the “Promotion following comments are selected to Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 53

illustrate this feedback: ‘It is imperative that all personnel have the opportunity to sit a midterm... Unfortunately in recent times the use of a performance appraisal tool has become quite cumbersome due to the quantity of paperwork that needs to be completed. As a result, personnel have come to not value the report’; and ‘There needs to be some sort of check and balance that supervisors are in fact, goal setting and performing at least one midterm review. If supervisors fail to do this, there should be some sort of flagging in PMKeyS Self Service to alert that person that they have work to have time for divisional issues.’ the case, they know little of your job undertake’. RAN Workplace constraints. The roles, but are still required to assess Quality of Feedback. With regards to RAN is a unique workplace with the your performance’; and provision of individual performance following IPA challenges highlighted by ‘My assessor only wrote the feedback, there was no consistency respondents: report because no one else fit the amongst the survey responses. Whilst a. personnel regularly posted to role. He had hardly viewed my work some respondents experienced support different positions; and was not in a good position to and guidance from their assessors, b. contractors and navy personnel report or assess my abilities…’ others were expected to self-drive often share the same workplace Signature Behaviour Assessment. their personal and professional with different IPA processes; The idea of assessing SB of RAN development. Almost half (48%) of c. workplace supervisors and personnel as part of the annual IPA respondents indicated, however, that assessors are occasionally two reporting process was supported by the they received quality performance different personnel; and vast majority of respondents. Several feedback ‘rarely’ or ‘sometimes’. The d. personnel with different concerns were raised, however, with following comments were provided on professional qualifications often regards to the SB initiative. These the issue: work on the same project leading concerns are listed below: ‘The yearly appraisal system to assessors have no expertise of a. Criteria ambiguity: does not provide a good platform the assessed job role. ‘I believe it is good for personnel for this [quality feedback]. Two The following amplifying comments to be forced to comply with the mandatory sessions do not were selected to illustrate the issue of values in order to achieve CN’s constitute regular feedback’; RAN workplace constraints: vision of NGN. However, I believe ‘I have only had one completed ‘I have not always had the the criteria are not thought out appraisal not under training. My opportunity for a midterm as the well and are extremely subjective supervisor at the time was not supervisor had only been posted to assess. As such, they become overly supportive in enabling me to to the position for less than six somewhat meaningless for progress my career. While I received months’; reporting purposes. They have the a good NOPAR, I do not feel I ‘My supervisor and assessor ability to provide good feedback to was given great opportunities to were two different people and thus the sailor, and may help to align develop’; and confused the reporting in my view. their attitudes/actions with NGN ‘As a Senior Sailor, I was With categories in Navy, your better but are not robust enough expected to manage my own career, supervisor is quite likely to not be of to be reportable for promotion including goals. Assessors do not the same category as you. This being purposes’; and Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 54 Effectiveness of the Individual Performance Appraisal within the RAN

‘I think the signature behaviours assessor in 2002 and would are a step in the right direction, have appreciated some however they are difficult to earlier guidance’; measure. Eg. How do you measure ‘…It [training] may proficiency and integrity?’; and be required due to the b. Overlap with the existent system: bastardisation of the ‘Signature Behaviours is a outcomes and issues of duplication of the PAR and is not inflated scores. Average required. It would have been better scores are seen as low scores to review the wording on the PAR’; now’; and ‘Training was just about ‘Signature behaviours are nothing how to fill up the forms. new and to a degree have always There was no scenario been considered when completing based training’; and a subordinate’s performance ‘The training was some appraisal... This effort and peoples’ time ago but I seem to department [are conducted]. time could be used more effectively recall that it was process based, The majority of survey respondents in engaging their staff rather than and for a performance report to be agreed that more training in the IPA writing about them’. truly valuable it needs to be written conduct would be beneficial to them. One respondent suggested using SB as so it has meaning etc which is a bit The following comments are selected a feedback mechanism: more than process...’ to support this conclusion: ‘SB assessment is better suited The vast majority of respondents (94%) ‘Educate supervisors and as a feedback mechanism at the received neither follow up training assessors on the correct process to be midterm level rather than annual in the RAN IPA, nor participated in followed...’; and assessment’. any group sessions aimed at ensuring ‘More training needs to be Training in IPA. The majority of consistency of assessments. The provided to appraisers to get respondents (61%) indicated they had following difficulties were outlined in accuracy and fairness across the received RAN training in IPA conduct. one of the comments: RAN’. 9 They listed various RAN leadership ‘In my work, usually I am the only Baldwin, J emphasises the importance courses, as well as On Job Training supervisor overseeing the work of the of assessor training undertaken in a (OJT). When asked if the received IPA individual, so have limited options for systematic manner. IPA training for training was effective for an assessor asking others whether my assessments assessors should be integrated into role, more than 30% of surveyed are accurate. Further, the community an overall training for managers. It personnel selected the ‘ineffective’ in which I work is so small that the staff could be conducted in the form of option; 28% stated the training was in confidence nature of the reporting workshops or seminars covering such somewhat effective; with only 18% process might be compromised issues as factors that affect individual selecting ‘effective’ option. Remaining should I try to achieve consistency performance and job performance; 24% opted not to respond to the in assessment. One other thing, by setting performance standards and question. The consensus amongst policy we are not supposed to compare goals; handling of appraisal interviews; the respondents was that the training individuals to others, so I cannot make and provision of regular quality was not sufficient, often untimely and assessment scorings on anything like a feedback. lacking practice opportunities such as bell curve’. Study Limitations. The findings scenario based assessment sessions. Several respondents provided of this study need to be interpreted More guidance on writing IPA reports feedback about group discussions and with the following study limitations in and scoring was requested. The follow up training implemented within mind. First, the sample size used in the following amplifying comments were their respective units. An illustrative present study is relatively small with selected to illustrate the issues raised: comment is provided below: almost half (49%) being personnel from ‘During JOLC in 2003 we were ‘Immediate supervisor the Training Systems Category. Second, provided some guidance on it discussions and DO discussions to the survey questions used in this study however I had already been an confirm consistency across a large may not have fully captured the various Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 55

dimensions of the IPA system. Further incorporated into an existent annual work toward understanding the IPA form in the near future which will dimensionality of this process as well address an issue of overlapping with as validation of the selected variables is the existing system. required. Finally, it would be beneficial ‘Likely to become suitable for to identify new variables that could promotion’ option within the IPA assist in determining the relationship form is rarely used and has a similar between individual performances and interpretation as ‘not yet suitable’. organisational outcomes. It is recommended that annual IPA In conclusion, the RAN IPA is training is introduced across the RAN Lieutenant Victoria Jnitova RAN is the Assistant Staff an effective and comprehensive in the form of workshops or seminars Officer, External Evaluation Agency at Command Individual approach to performance management covering the following areas: Training. She emigrated to Australia from Ukraine in 1999. within the RAN organisation. There a. factors that affect individual After a successful career in agricultural science research are, however, concerns regarding performance and job performance, and secondary school education, she joined the RAN in July consistency and quality of the b. setting performance standards and 2005 as a Training Systems Officer. Prior to her current role, IPA implementation. There are goals, inconsistencies in scores provided by c. handling of appraisal interviews, Lieutenant Jnitova was the Training Development Officer for different assessors, the application d. provision of regular quality PWO and CS faculties at HMAS Watson. of the midterm review stages, and feedback, Bibliography provision of performance feedback. e. awareness and effective mitigation Baldwin, J. ‘The Function of performance Appraisal in Career Lack of training provided to RAN of RAN workplace constraints, Development’ Australian journal of Career Development, Vol. 7, No assessors, as well as limited guidance and 3, Spring 1998. Chastetter, W (1986), The Personnel function in educational on scores consistency across the board f. assessment consistency. Administration (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan. and consistency of the IPA process Implementing a mechanism of Department of Defence, 2006, Australian Book of Reference 6289 ‘RAN Officers’ Career Management Manual’, Edition AL1, Jul 06, application could potentially result ensuring assessor’s accountability DRN Publications. in subjective IPA outcomes. As the for procedurally sound IPA Department of Defence, 2007, Form AC 833-11 ‘Navy Officer Performance Appraisal Report’, revised Apr 2007, DRN Forms. main purpose of the RAN IPA is to conduct is recommended. Department of Defence, 2007, Form AC 833-21 ‘Sailor determine personnel suitability and Removal of ‘likely to become suitable Performance Appraisal Report’, revised Apr 2007, DRN Forms. Department of Defence, 2008, Australian Book of Reference competitiveness for promotion, any for promotion’ option from the 10 ‘Sailor Career Management Manual’, Edition 4, Jul 08, DRN subjectivity in the matter could unfairly AC833-11 and AC833-21 forms is also Publications. Department of Defence, 2009, Form AD 979 ‘Navy Signature advantage or disadvantage a member recommended. Behaviours Appraisal and Development Report’, Sep 2009, DRN in question. Using the Signature Behaviours Forms. ‘Employee Assessment, Appraisal and Counselling’ (1994), Third Currently, there is no formal quality approach as a midterm review Edition, CCH Australia Limited. assurance process of the assessment feedback mechanism should be (Endnotes) outcomes. It relies solely on the considered; a review of SB assessment 1 Department of Defence, 2006, Australian Book of Reference assessor’s diligence and experience, criteria to ensure they are measurable 6289 ‘RAN Officers’ Career Management Manual’, Edition AL1, Jul 06, DRN Publications. as well as the departmental culture. and achievable is recommended. t 2 Department of Defence, 2008, Australian Book of Reference Implementing a mechanism of 10 ‘Sailor Career Management Manual’, Edition 4, Jul 08, DRN Publications. ensuring assessor’s accountability 3 Baldwin, J. ‘The Function of performance Appraisal in Career for procedurally sound IPA conduct Development’ Australian journal of Career Development, Vol. 7, No 3, Spring 1998. could potentially mitigate the issue 4 Department of Defence, 2007, Form AC 833-11 ‘Navy Officer of assessment’s subjectivity and Performance Appraisal Report’, revised Apr 2007, DRN Forms. 5 Department of Defence, 2007, Form AC 833-21 ‘Sailor significantly improve quality and Performance Appraisal Report’, revised Apr 2007, DRN Forms. consistency of the RAN IPA. 6 Chastetter, W (1986), The Personnel function in educational th Addition of the SB component to Administration (4 ed.). New York: Macmillan. 7 Department of Defence, 2009, Form AD 979 ‘Navy Signature the annual IPA reporting process has a Behaviours Appraisal and Development Report’, Sep 2009, DRN positive effect on the overall IPA. The Forms. 8 ‘Employee Assessment, Appraisal and Counselling’ (1994), Third new approach, however, lacks clarity of Edition, CCH Australia Limited. assessment criteria and overlaps with 9 Baldwin, J. ‘The Function of performance Appraisal in Career Development’ Australian journal of Career Development, Vol. 7, No an existing system. SB approach will be 3, Spring 1998. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 56 Qualities of Leadership by lieutenant commander tom lewis

his series examines selected Inspirational see it, putting his telescope to his blind Ttraits of leadership to This leader inspires others to perform eye and exclaiming: «I really do not see compare Royal Australian similar deeds. Often this is shown by the signal». The British won the battle Navy leaders against a criteria. the leader’s actions in front of their with much help from Nelson’s use of The first of the articles took subordinates. Nelson inspired his initiative. Admiral Lord Nelson, the followers in being resolute, courageous hero of Trafalgar in 1805, as and honourable. It is one measure of Impressive Physical a model, as well as examining the man that so many did: Hardy, who Qualities the characteristics of other well- was with him when he died; his fellow This might be rephrased as “looking known leaders, both civilian and admiral Collingwood whose battle the part of a leader”. Would anyone military. line he raced to be first to engage at have said that Horatio Nelson achieved Seven qualities of leadership Trafalgar; ship commander Berry, who this? Yes – and no. A short, thin man measure the subject matter, followed him from ship to ship, and not blessed with good looks, he first suggesting a capable naval Captain Hallowell, who after the Battle entered the British navy in 1771 as leader is an achiever; expert in of the Nile made him a present of a a midshipman at 12 years and three his or her field; inspires others, coffin fashioned from the French ship months.1 Despite being prone to and takes initiative; impresses L’Orient’s mainmast – Nelson kept it in sickness: “I have had all the diseases by their physical qualities; his cabin and was indeed buried in it. that are”, he once said; he adapted well empathises with others, and is to the vigorous and often dangerous life an effective communicator. Initiative that was the Navy. Sometimes described as “going Nelson was a man of raw physical A chievement in where angels fear to tread”, this courage who led by example. He lost Did the person under discussion measure means to use judgement and an eye when an enemy shell, exploding improve their organisation? Did advance where necessary. The leader is during the siege of Calvi in Corsica, they leave it a better place by being a brave in psychological terms and takes drove splinters and dust and rock member? Promotion is recognised as the lead where necessary. It does not fragments into his face. He suffered a measure of achievement. With this mean going forward rashly. most terribly and often from wounds, and other measures which traditionally Nelson was a man who had the quite willing to lead from the front. mark out achievement – education; courage of his own convictions, who His right arm was amputated after the decorations; amassing of physical could often have left off and blamed battle of Santa Cruz in Teneriffe due to wealth perhaps – we gain some superiors for failure. Instead, he was his being hit by grapeshot. beginnings of whether a person is a a man who chose to use initiative and This is what is meant by “looking the success. advance when he knew the defeat of part of a leader”: behaving in such a the enemy was attainable and essential. way that people can be inspired. It Expert in one’s Field At the Battle of Copenhagen, walking means to look resolute and act with Anyone who aspires to be a leader and the deck while the guns roared their resolution – as did Nelson. To lead an example to others must obviously broadsides, and deadly splinters by example. To not show physical have expertise in their craft. In naval whistled about his ears, he confided cowardice. It might include «panache»; terms, that translates as being an expert to Colonel Stewart, commander of “the almost untranslatable expression “ship-driver”; an aviator par excellence; infantry, who was with him on the of dash, of valour, the ability to do an engineer possessing a wealth of quarterdeck, that he would not be things with an air of reckless courage theoretical and practical knowledge «elsewhere for thousands». Whether and inspiring leadership».2 Finally, we - and so on. Nelson, for example, was he was fearful or not – and who would might add that the bearing, carriage a master at strategy – which becomes not have been – Nelson led by example. and speech of a leader should be of the a commander of fleets – but also of And when his uncertain superior, highest standards. tactics, which behoves a ship captain. Admiral Parker, made the signal to He was also an inspired man-manager. leave off the action, Nelson refused to Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 57

Empathy Communication to use words effectively to persuade The great soldier of the 18th century, One needs to be understood at others. Winston Churchill was a great Frederick the Great, had good advice all times. Nelson employed in his exponent of this. Eisenhower, then a on how to attain the next quality of the leadership style something unusual US General and later President of the leader – Empathy: for its day: the art of effective United States, experienced the British ...talk with the soldiers, both when communication. One characteristic Prime Minister in action: you pass their tents or when they was to invite others to contribute their Churchill was a persuader. Indeed, are on the march. Sample often to ideas for a campaign, or a battle, or a his skill in the use of words and logic see if the cookpots have something change of some sort; to educate his was so great that on several occasions good; find out their small needs and men and get them – and him – to when he and I disagreed on some do what you can to satisfy them; know each others’ minds. Nelson important matter – even when I was spare them unnecessary exertion. embarked upon the Battle of the Nile convinced of my own view and when But let fall the full vigor of law on the in 1798 by letting his captains engage the responsibility was clearly mine – I mutinous soldier, the backbiter, the in individual fashion. The French had a very hard time withstanding his pillager...3 fleet, anchored by the bows in a line in arguments.9 shallow coastal water, engaged in ship Empathy means to be able to imagine to ship fashion by five British vessels 12 yourself – as leader – in the role sailing inside the line and anchoring, of your people, and to show that. and the rest engaging from outside. A capable naval leader is an achiever; It is “the power of understanding Thus the French were caught between expert in his or her field; inspires and imaginatively entering into two forces. At the end of hours of others, and takes initiative; impresses another person’s feelings”.4 General fighting, the French had lost 1, 700 men by their physical qualities; empathises Montgomery said to his troops at to the British 200; their fleet was largely the Battle of Alamein: “We will stand pounded to pieces, and Napoleon with others, and is an effective and fight here. If we can’t stay here and his army were stranded in Egypt. communicator. We have seen many alive, then let us stay here dead”.5 Nelson had hoisted just two signals great leaders who exhibited those 7 Montgomery was entering into the through the entire battle. traits. This series examines how many feelings of all of his people, who feared For the autocratic manager this would of Australia›s naval leaders performed that they would die. Churchill’s speech have been disastrous: an authoritarian of WWII did the same: “We shall leader would not trust his subordinates in these fields. defend our island, whatever the cost to make momentous decisions and may be, we shall fight on the landing fight on their own. Nelson trusted his grounds, we shall fight in the fields and individual captains. So too, in the long 1 Description of Admiral Lord Nelson in the streets, we shall fight in the hills: pursuit of the French, years later in and his career are drawn from Kenneth we shall never surrender.” Alexander 1805, he had regular meetings with his Fenwick’s HMS Victory; Christopher Lloyd’s Nelson and Sea Power; Peter Padfield’s Broke the Great “shared in the men’s dangers, «Band of Brothers» – the name applied and the Shannon and Robert Southey’s The as the scars of his wounds testified…he to those who fought under him at the Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. 8 2 Welch, Ronald. Tank Commander. ate the same food as they did. He was Nile. During the long chase the officers London: Oxford University Press, 1972. highly visible….he fought hard himself would pool their ideas for forthcoming (135) 3 Connelly. (16) but he was ever on the watch for any battles; the best use of tactics; what 4 Collins English Dictionary. Sydney: acts of conspicuous courage in the face a following ship would do when its Harper Collins, 1991. (510) 5 Adler (116) of danger amongst his men.6 fellow was sighted engaged and so on. 6 Adler (232) Such statements say to you that Consequently even the necessity for 7 Ireland, Bernard. Naval Warfare in the your leader will be with you, no matter signals within the ensuing battle was Age of Sail. London: Harper Collins, 2000. (148-151) what the cost. dispensed with; the captains knew each 8 Thursfield, James R. Nelson and other others’ minds. Naval Studies. London: John Murray, 1920. (125) Communication means to be able 9 Adler (76) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 58

Studies in Trait Leadership – Fearless Leader “Fearless Frank” – Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran by lieutenant commander tom lewis R ear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb was born in Sydney in 1899, and entered the RAN College in the first intake. A fter graduation as a midshipman he served in HMS Royal Sovereign from mid-1917 until the end of World War I. A variety of appointments both ashore and afloat followed. H e was promoted commander in the early thirties – the first of his class to attain the rank – and this rise was reflected in his promotion to Captain in 1937 – again the first of his class. During WWII he was the CommandingO fficer of HMAS Perth, then Commanding Officer of HMA Ships Canberra and Australia, and HMS Attacker. He was made Commodore Commanding Australian Squadron in December 1944, and Rear Admiral Commanding Australian Squadron from January 1947 to January 1949. Farncomb was the first graduate of theRAN College to be promoted to the rank of Admiral, and spent all of WWII at sea, where he was known as “Fearless Frank” to the men of the Navy. He briefly becameH ead of the Australian Joint Service Staff inU SA, and retired from the Royal Australian Navy in 1951.

arold Bruce Farncomb was born …of medium height, five foot ten Hat Sydney, NSW, on 28 February inches to five foot eleven inches, 1899, the son of a British-born and fairly solidly built. Not what accountant – Frank Farncomb – and you would call an athletic figure his wife Helen. Living in Gordon, near but trim as opposed to paunchy. Sydney, Harold was the middle child He was always dressed well, both of three; his sister was the eldest of the in uniform and civilian clothes. His children, and he had a younger brother, voice was unique and unforgettable Ronald. Harold attended Gordon State – rather high pitched with precise 1 and Sydney High Schools , and in 1913 short clipped sentences spoken entered the RAN College in the first rapidly. When reprimanding one it intake. was a looking down his nose at you Farncomb performed well there, sort of voice. Never loud but when and distinguished himself on the he was angry with you – he was, F arncomb (left) in later life cricket field as a bowler. The 1914 often, with us midshipmen – he Island for Gunnery Courses, and was on board a warship College magazine was of the opinion: accentuated the abruptness raising promoted to Lieutenant on 1 October ‘H.B.Farncomb has a very nice style his voice only slightly. He seldom 1919. and should develop in to a really good swore, being too intelligent for that. Back in Australia, Farncomb was bat. Rather inclined to ‘slog’. A fair Although a little quick tempered, posted to the destroyer Stalwart, bowler, but poor in the field. Obtained he never lost control of it. He was and then served on the staff of the cap.’ The magazine also depicts him assertive. He never hesitated in his Commodore Commanding the in an amusing photograph in his role decisions, not in acting on them Australian Squadron. A report of 9 during a dramatic festival, complete with an air of authority which October 1922, while posted to HMAS with check trousers, top hat, a very brooked no questioning. There was Melbourne, noted his General Officer- large bow tie and a big false moustache. never any doubt as to who was in Like Qualities’ were ‘Excellent’, and In that year he also managed – the command.2 that he was a ‘very zealous and capable College kept proud statistics – to officer’. increase his weight by 18 pounds Farncomb left the College on 31 After several appointments as a Staff and his chest measurement by three December 1916, and proceeded to officer in both the areas of Operations inches. He also performed with some London for sea time in HMS Royal and Intelligence, Farncomb was distinction in the College Chess Sovereign, in which ship he remained promoted to Lieutenant Commander Tournament. until the Armistice which ended the on 1 October 1927. In the same year A physical description of Farncomb war was signed. Promoted to Sub- he married Jean Nott, an Australian 3 in later years gives us a picture of the Lieutenant on 1 September 1918, girl he had met on commercial passage 4 man: he went to HMS Excellent on Whale to Britain. Posted as liaison officer Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 59

in the battleship USS California, he noted as ‘beyond criticism’. A report gave him ten shillings and told him to 7 earned a ‘Special Notation in Record’ of May 1932 rated him as all ‘nines’ proceed to inspect the island. in ‘appreciation of (his) efficient and with two ‘sevens’ for ‘Judgement’ and Another midshipman remembers intelligent efforts’ from Admiral ‘Initiative’: a high set of scores by Farncomb as a welcome change to his Robinson, USN. comparison with the average. He was predecessor, who had been ‘…a typical He served in the battlecruiser promoted to Commander on 30 June R.N. martinet of the ‘fire-eating’ sort’. HMS Repulse, necessitating travelling 1932, on his ‘second chance’ out of By contrast: to Britain, which saw some financial eight possibilities over four years within Harold was a welcome change. He hardship for the newly-wed couple. As the zone of promotion. He was the first was assiduous in his duties, but AW Grazebrook has noted, the RAN’s of his class to achieve this rank. managed to combine this with a generosity did not extend to paying Now posted to HMAS Australia real understanding of his men. He Mrs Farncomb’s passage to Britain. as the Commander for two years, was strict, but scrupulously honest Jean’s parents assisted in finding and Farncomb achieved a reputation within and fair with his ‘requestmen and paying for accommodation for her the ship as being an exceptional second defaulters’. He built into Australia 8 while Farncomb was overseas. in command. With the midshipmen a morale which was unequalled. In 1930 Farncomb attended the carried on board the ship there was no Imperial Defence College 12-month slackening in discipline. One noted: Australia carried the Duke of course, the second RAN officer It turned out that my departure Gloucester to Britain in 1935, with 9 ever to attend; the first Lieutenant from Australia was just in Farncomb receiving an MVO for his 5 Commander, and posted there as time to avoid Commander services during the passage. Farncomb a junior officer by comparison with Farncomb’s periodical blitz on the was now posted to Britain into an others attending. His report noted: Midshipmen. When I returned Intelligence position. Already proficient Has mental ability considerably there a few days later to collect in French, he applied to the Navy to above the average even of students the last of my belongings the Mids study German but was initially turned here. Broad-minded, well read, told me that all of them had had down. However, Farncomb persisted, shrewd and clear and incisive in their leave stopped for a week got his way, and was rewarded when he debate. He has character and good because the brasswork on their scored 95% in his examination. He was judgement and his good work has chests had not been polished to his promoted to Captain on 30 June 1937, been not only valuable to himself satisfaction, nor did he consider the first graduate of the RAN College but to everyone else here. I regard their hammocks to be as clean and to reach this rank. 6 Lieutenant Commander Farncomb, tidy as they should have been. His next appointment was to a who is still young, as very seagoing billet: command of the sloop promising and likely to develop Although Farncomb was a hard but fair HMAS Yarra. This was small ship, into an extremely valuable officer taskmaster, he was also a kind man. A but Farncomb had not had command who, as he gains experience, will be later RAN Captain, LM Hinchecliffe, experience at sea. According to his fit for the most important work on DSC, recalled many years later that he reports, he performed well, with a the staff. had been the Commander’s ‘doggie’ at report in 1938 rating him as all ‘sevens’ the time – his personal messenger on with a solitary six for ship-handling. The comments are highly significant, a watch system, usually for a day. With Farncomb was posted on 29 June for Farncomb’s course included Australia at Malta, Hinchecliffe had 1939 to take command of the newly- Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) been asked by a British Admiral what commissioned light cruiser HMAS John Somerville; future Field Marshal he thought of the place, and had replied Perth and bring her from Britain to Earl Alexander of Tunis, General Sir that he hadn’t been ashore because Australia. A re-naming ceremony Philip Neame and Admiral Sir Geoffrey he was ‘not interested in the place’. was held at Portsmouth - the ship Layton. For Farncomb to shine in such Farncomb heard of this, summoned was originally HMS Amphion – with company is testimony indeed to his the midshipman, and told him he was the formalities being performed by calibre. going to ‘write the history of Malta’ for HRH the Duchess of Kent, for whom 10 Return to Australia followed, with such a reply. Hinchecliffe confessed Farncomb called for ‘three cheers’. Farncomb posted to Navy Office, the real reason he hadn’t been ashore The ship sailed on 26 July for Kingston, where his ‘social qualifications ‘were – he was penniless. At this Farncomb and then arrived in New York, where Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 60

Studies in Trait Leadership – Fearless Leader Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran she was received with gunfire salutes, had been true in any way at all..... Evans, and to represent Australia at the World It was founded on a lot of lies and Twiggs. The 11 Fair, on 4 August. Twelve days loose talk and we did our best to US warships of American hospitality included live it down. The bare facts of the persistently reduced-price fairground rides for the ‘mutiny’ are described in a seaman’s asked for the ship’s company on such attractions diary: ‘1200 Clear Lower Deck, Perth’s identity as the Bobsled, Drive-a-Drome and everybody aft but majority of ship’s by signal and the Stratoship, with shows including company went and sat down on received the Glass Blowers of the World, Nature’s the forecastle. Complained about equally persistent Mistakes and Seminole Village. The having to wear whites ashore. 12.25 reply ‘British program for Farncomb and the other Hands fell in on the Quarter Deck warship’ from 13 ship’s officers was probably less fun, and matter settled.’ Farncomb, with many lists of official calls and who recorded functions contained within the 18 Grazebrook also makes reference to his views as pages of the program. these incidents, but notes they may ‘Queer ideas, Instances arose on board Perth in well have been caused by Perth’s of ‘neutrality’ New York which tested Farncomb’s Commander, WLG Adams, a Royal these Americans 12 17 leadership. There have been Navy officer who may have been too have!’ 14 suggestions of abnormally high tough on the Australian sailors. Christmas numbers of desertions. Complaints Farncomb received news of the saw major F arncomb as a were made by many about aspects outbreak of war at 5.30 a.m. on celebrations on board Perth, and it is Captain (Courtesy of the ship’s routine. These included 3 September, when Perth was off clear that the ship was indeed a happy Seapower Centre Farncomb being autocratic; sailors Willemstad Harbour in Curacao. one under Farncomb’s leadership: Australia) having to stand to pay respects to His reaction was underplayed in the ..Perth was in Kingston from the officers, even if sleeping; arguments Farncomb style: 23rd to the 26th. Christmas Day about white uniforms giving way to Captain Farncomb was ever a man was heralded in very appropriately blue at 1800 – even for sailors already of few words and this was all he by ‘Christians Awake’ instead of ashore on leave in uniform – and a had to say: ‘We have just received a the usual bugle call of ‘Reveille’. final gathering of the aggrieved which signal from Admiralty which reads: A church service was held in the was nearly a mutinous occasion. All of ‘Total. Germany total’. We are now forenoon and from then onwards these stories however, are sourced in at war with Germany. Three cheers Christmas was celebrated with a 15 the book which gives them prominence for His Majesty the King!’ real Christmas spirit. Christmas – Mutiny! - from the diary of one man, dinner consisted of soup, roast who himself seems to admit being On 6 September he assumed command turkey, York ham with French somewhat of a ‘sea lawyer’. of the Oil Fuel Protective Force and beans, green peas, roast and boiled One history of the ship, with several a small collection of ships including potatoes, Christmas pudding first-hand sources to draw on, puts an the French submarine Surcouf. In and brandy sauce, fresh fruit alternative view worth quoting in full, mid-October Perth rode out the ‘first and nuts.... It was a very happy and suggests that a small matter arose hurricane since 1926’ – according occasion and a very welcome which was quickly solved by diplomatic to the local paper – which lashed break from patrolling. Some old management: Bermuda and surrounding waters. Perth sailors swear that the man ..an unfortunate incident occurred. The ship’s damage included smashed in cells was let out for the day on It was described by Yeoman of fittings and boats, and five depth condition that he was back in for 16 Signals R.G. Roberts: ‘One of the charges washed overboard. Commander’s rounds at 9 p.m. several newspapers here caused For two to three days in mid- and he was! Exchange visits were a mild sensation when published December, while patrolling the Yucatan paid to the Canadian destroyer that night. Poster headings: ‘Aussie Channel in the hope of intercepting the Assinboine and there was a general Mutiny, British officers too British’. German Columbus if that ship broke go as you please... After a most It wasn’t a very nice article to make from Vera Cruz, Perth was closely hilarious Christmas, Perth left on 18 screaming headlines, even if it shadowed by US ships Vincennes, the morning of the 28th.... Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 61

containing 27 survivors. They were was a success Farncomb later received This is hardly the picture of a picked up and those men recovered some criticism for it for his caution disillusioned ship’s company who told Farncomb that Pinguin had made which necessitated the expenditure of were on the point of mutiny. Rather, off to the north west after torpedoing too much ammunition – 215 rounds Farncomb was a firm, sometimes their ship. (Farncomb provided the of 8”. Of interest, as Wesley Olson tough – although a somewhat detached Second Officer with some clothes, has pointed out, was that some of the – captain. As Bill Cook, one of his for which he was later thanked in criticism came from Captain Burnett, watchkeeping Lieutenants at the time, writing.)22 The search was continued, who later that year lost Sydney in action says: ‘There never was any doubt who but Pinguin, alerted by an irresponsible against the Germans raider Kormoran24 was in command’, and that ‘…Farncomb radio news broadcast from the – by perhaps closing too far towards 19 was a strict disciplinarian, but fair’. Australian Broadcasting Commission, a shamming raider which was in fact The work in the East Indies was knew that the hunt was on and made ready for decisive and deadly action. mainly concerned with blockading good her escape.23 At the end of December 1941 German ships in neutral ports. Canberra’s aircraft was deployed, Farncomb was posted in command Farncomb acted as senior officer for and soon reported two ships, shortly of HMAS Australia, and Chief a mixed group of Allied ships; the amplifying this to an armed raider Staff Officer to the Rear Admiral work unremarkable and often tedious. with a tanker in company carrying out Commanding Australian Squadron, Nevertheless, under Farncomb’s refuelling. The cruiser’s aircraft was or RACAS, as the position was command, it was carried out sent to attack the second vessel, by now known. Farncomb was to serve in this expeditiously. On 29 February Perth moving off southwards, while the other appointment until March 1944. departed from Kingston for Australia. ship began to run north. Farncomb Farncomb’s immediate concern On arrival at home the ship’s concentrated on the supposed-Pinguin was with morale on board. The ship company paraded through the streets – in fact another German vessel, the had not been in action except against of Sydney, where Governor-General Coburg, who disregarded a warning enemy aircraft since 1940, and she 20 Lord Gowrie took the salute. On salvo, and Canberra opened fire on had been engaged in monotonous 6 June 1940 Farncomb assumed her at a range of about 21,000 yards. convoy work in tropical waters. With command of the heavy cruiser HMAS Bearing in mind the armament of Singapore falling and Darwin under Canberra. The duties in which the ship the supposed Pinguin, Farncomb attack, the ship’s company had good was employed were much the same as manoeuvred to keep the range over reason to feel left out of the action 25 that Perth had been engaged in: patrol 19,000 yards, which would suit his ship and frustrated. One measure 21 work off the West Australian coast. and disadvantage the raider. taken to raise morale was to take the On 20 November, Canberra was Meanwhile, the Canberra’s aircraft opportunity to engage occasionally in 26 in Fremantle, when a distress signal had caught up with the other vessel, a rowing races against other ships. was received from the British steamer tanker captured by the Germans, the In March 1942 a major concern to Maimoa.1 She was under attack, Kitty Brovig. By the time bombing all on board the Flagship and Farncomb 800 miles north of Perth, from commenced the supposed-Pinguin was in particular was the (eventually the German raider Pinguin. The taking hits, and soon the lookouts on notorious) court-martial of two of cruiser sailed to search for the Canberra reported both ships as taking Australia’s stokers at Noumea on 15- raider, and another distress signal scuttling action and being abandoned 18 April 1942. The charge concerned was received, this time from the by their crews. Farncomb however, the murder of one Stoker John Joseph Port Brisbane, approximately 500 was ‘suspicious of a ‘booby trap’ in the Riley. miles south-east of Canberra. merchant ship in the shape of a couple Flying the flag of RADM JG Crace, Canberra raced for the position at of torpedoes’ and held off the ship Australia had been supplying long- 26 knots. thought to be Pinguin, which was now range air cover for US aircraft flying Close to the position where on fire. missions against Japanese ships at Port Brisbane was sunk, Canberra Canberra’s aircraft landed near the Salamaua and Lae. An incident took sighted her three lifeboats under sail, Kitty Brovig, but despite the cruiser place at night while the ship was drawing near and attempts being anchored in a darkened state. Three 1 The Maimoa was caught and sunk by the Pinguin the next day, her captured crew made to save her, she was sinking fast, stokers were seen struggling together eventually being interned in France. (Gill, as was Coburg. Although the action by witnesses, with one crying out for 272-273) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 62

Studies in Trait Leadership – Fearless Leader Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran 29 help. One seaman later died from knife Dacre Smyth. This was later Japanese and American-Australian wounds, and the other two involved reduced to a prison sentence, which fleets) did not sight each other – was were arrested. itself was eventually commuted in one of the first checks of Japanese A court-martial was soon convened 1946.2 Farncomb moved on, with expansion throughout the Pacific. The and Farncomb, as was usual as action looming in the Pacific. But ships were attacked by the aircraft of the ship’s captain, was appointed he referred to the legal proceedings the opposing side’s aircraft carriers. prosecutor, versus Lieutenant Trevor again in later years, and some insight Rear Admiral Jack Crace, RN, who Rapke, a legal officer brought from into his character can be discerned was in command of the Allied support Darwin. Farncomb performed the job from his comments: group, was on board his flagship well: Some years later, after Farncomb Australia as torpedoes from the Captain Farncomb, who acted had been promoted to Rear incoming bombers streaked towards as prosecutor, would little Admiral and was in command of the ship: have expected his efforts to be the Australian Fleet, a conversation The day was calm and sunny and scrutinised minutely later by four took place on the quarterdeck the sea very blue so that the tracks Justices of the High Court, and of the Flagship, at which Trevor were very easily seen. How those then by another Judge conducting Rapke was holding forth on the torpedoes were avoided beats me a secret inquiry into the conduct inadequacies of naval court-martial and I could have laid very long odds of the proceedings. Fortunately, procedure, compared with those that two on the starboard side must for the Navy’s reputation, he in a civil court. Admiral Farncomb hit. They can only have missed by a performed the task with fairness turned to him and said, ‘The matter of feet. Farncomb handled 27 and dignity. trouble with you, Rapke, is that the ship extremely well and it was you don’t understand that in the entirely due to him and a great deal However, he was criticised for one Navy we administer justice, not the of luck that the Australia was not 30 32 action during the proceedings, as L a w ’. hit. Chris Coulthard-Clark has pointed 28 out. Farncomb declared at one Nevertheless, a firm friendship This, and other similar examples of stage ‘…his own firm personal view had been formed between the pair, inspired ship-handling in the same that the men were guilty’, an opinion and Rapke was post-trial asked by battle may indeed have given rise which, as prosecutor, was later used as Farncomb to become his secretary, the to Farncomb’s nickname during 31 ammunition by those who considered offer being accepted. It is a telling the war, for he was ‘...known to the a miscarriage of justice had taken point – Farncomb was a formidable lower deck as Fearless Frank’, a label place. It is characteristic of Farncomb’s opponent, but one of honour and Neil McDonald (later Rear Admiral) occasionally brusque manner that he integrity. The trial must have been a confirms.33 He saw Farncomb as a expressed himself in this way, but also great test of the man’s skills in many ‘somewhat dour character who inspired a mark of the man that he went to areas, but at the end the aim had been others by his ability and knowledge’.3 some lengths to point out extenuating achieved - justice had been done, and The later Vice Admiral Sir Richard circumstances which needed to be Australia remained a capable fighting Peek, then a Lieutenant, recalls taken into account in the matter. unit, testimony to her captain’s many- Farncomb ‘accepted advice’ when These concerned the living conditions faceted abilities. necessary, and remembers him as a in which all three men had been In May 1942 Farncomb was in ‘splendid captain of Australia’, in which working: high temperatures, oppressive command of Australia during the 3 McDonald, Neil, Rear Admiral, RAN humidity, limited ventilation, long Battle of the Coral Sea. This battle – (Rtd.) Letter to the author, November periods at sea away from anyone else unique in that it was the first time in 2001. Another RAN member who served with Farncomb reports the nickname was but Navy members, and war itself. history that the opposing ships (of the acquired earlier, when Perth was escorting The court-martial found the a convoy in 1940, and signalled to its 2 Goldrick points out that the two seamen Commodore that if an enemy approached men guilty of murder, and much convicted were released in September he would close with main armament firing prevarication ensued as to their 1950, after much argument which reached until in torpedo range, and if those were sentence: capital punishment was senior government levels as to whether the not sufficient, he would ram. (See Zammit, two were in fact guilty. See Goldrick, JVP. Alan. ‘Rear Admiral Farncomb 1899-1971’. pronounced, and even practised for, ‘The AUSTRALIA Court Martial of 1942’. Naval Historical Review. Date unknown. according to one officer on board, Master of Letters Dissertation. University of RAN College Historical Collection file New England, 1983. B.00018 (39)) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 63

ship he served.34 Peek found him ‘remote in a way, but with a firm grip on the affections of the sailors’ and a ‘distaste for bureaucracy’. Australia moved on to further operations in the Pacific. It was a time of tremendous strain on all of the different ship companies within the Fleet. Japan might have been checked at the Battle of the Coral Sea, but these were still dark times. Farncomb noted in a Report of Proceedings: The prolonged periods spent at action stations, day and night, with very little rest coupled with a mental strain, first, during the approach, when the reception we were likely to meet could not T he Collins-class be gauged, and subsequently, Crutchley, VC, DSC, RN, flying his flag in that first strike, and simultaneously submarine HMAS during the periods of waiting for in Australia, who also commanded it was joined by naval gunfire support Farncomb running enemy air attacks and submarine five American cruisers. Other ships from the incoming warships. Australia on the surface-photo and surface ship attacks, were joined with the main assault force of fired three salvoes from her 8’ guns by Chris Sattler calculated at times to produce a 16, 000 US Marines and the whole as her initial bombardment. At 0653 feeling of lassitude, both mental fleet was assembled in the vicinity of the first landing boats were in the and physical. Of this I can give the Fiji islands. Three carrier groups water, with the warships now forming personal testimony…. I feel that in joined to provide air cover and support. a double arc of protection from operations of this sort, some relief Divided into two squadrons – X and both submarine and aircraft around must be given from the continuous Y – the ships and men would attack them. The first wave of landing craft state of alertness required, either the heavily-defended islands of went in just after nine o’clock and the by providing extra complement to Guadalcanal and Tulagi respectively beachhead was established, although enable key officers and ratings to be in a surprise move that would be the islands would take many months to 36 in watches during periods of a high preceded by long distance bombing. subdue. degree of readiness, or by relieving As 7 August began in the middle It was shortly after this that ships temporarily after a couple of of the night the attack went in. The Australia and Farncomb were involved days…the often-forgotten adage ships’ companies were in the first in the Battle of Savo Island. On the that ‘Men fight, not ships’, should degree of readiness, which meant the morning of the 8th Allied shipping 35 not, once more, be forgotten. guns’ crews slept on the decks beside was attacked by 40 heavy bombers, their weapons. Eventually, at 0245 with 23 torpedo-carrying aircraft Early mid-July 1942 a fleet of 45 ships Farncomb ordered the bugle call to being spotted first by the cruiser, and began assembling for the invasion of wake everyone. Cocoa was distributed, immediately met with concentrated the Solomon Islands – the beginning and ‘Mae West’ life jackets and steel 4’ and 8’ fire. The Japanese later of a fight back against the Japanese. helmets put on. CH Nichols, the signal admitted to losing 17 of their planes, Leaving Brisbane, Farncomb in boatswain, was amused to see those on although the Allies had one ship hit Australia was soon joined by old the bridge conversing in whispers, even hard and another sunk. But that night, classmates from Jervis Bay: Captain though the enemy was still 20 miles off. the six cruisers and 15 destroyers of FE Getting – in command of the Just after 0600 the assault Admiral Crutchley’s force were struck cruiser Canberra – and Captain commenced with 84 attacking aircraft by a strong Japanese force not sighted Harry Showers, in command of the from the carriers sweeping in over the by two guarding radar-equipped cruiser Hobart. They were under the invading force’s ships. 18 Japanese destroyers. Steaming at 10-12 knots command of Rear Admiral Victor seaplanes were destroyed on the water in patrolling formations, the ships Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 64

Studies in Trait Leadership – Fearless Leader Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran were in a modified degree of readiness, out by the ships of her group. In More than 800 ships took part from with half of the weary men resting. wartime, with the possibility of attack eight navies. Amongst the 300 ships Although aircraft were heard overhead, by submarine, aircraft and surface ship of the Royal Navy were the nine escort they were thought friendly, but they on this valuable capital ship, it would carriers of Task Force 88, commanded were actually the scouts from Admiral be doubly strenuous – and even more by Rear Admiral Troubridge, with Mikawa’s Japanese forces. so for the commander of an important Farncomb the senior officer of the five 39 At 0140, racing in at 30 knots, the escort ship such as the Australia. captains of the group. The LCDR incoming Japanese ships attacked. As a measure of his success in these (Air) of Attacker, AG Leatham, RN They had thirty-four 8” guns ready Pacific Operations, on 9 February later wrote of Farncomb: to fire, and 60 torpedo tubes, and 1943 Farncomb was awarded the By any measure, Farncomb did very the Allied ships were suddenly lit up Distinguished Service Order, with the well in command…He took great with parachute flares. Canberra was citation reading: ‘For skill, resolution trouble to know about Fleet Air quickly hit by at least 24 shells, which and coolness during operations in Arm matters. He insisted on flying killed or wounded one in six of her the Solomon Islands.’ In June 1943 over the battlefield and seeing complement. The cruiser USS Astoria Farncomb again presided over a court- it at first hand. [Attacker] was a was hit by heavy salvoes, and then martial: this time against several sailors demanding posting, being his first USS Quincy, savaged by the enemy who had refused orders in the corvette to a carrier and being in command guns, was the first to sink, although HMAS Pirie; several sailors were found of an RN ship. He easily overcame 38 she fought fiercely. Another cruiser, guilty. these problems. As a ship handler Vincennes, followed her, struck by On 5 March 1944, after her initial he was first class – the ship was 40 many 8’ and 5’ shells and at least two operations in the Admiralties, Captain bulky and underpowered. torpedoes. Admiral Crutchley, on Dechaineux relinquished command of board Australia away from the group Warramunga and proceeded to Sydney In September 1944 the carrier of ships under attack, was out of the to assume command of Australia carried out operations against enemy action, and he later spoke of his regret from Captain Farncomb. At this time forces in Greece and Rhodes. Her at not having had the ship and her Farncomb was being considered for aircraft provided air cover, bombed extremely experienced people involved, higher command with the end of enemy positions, and undertook where he felt ‘…she would have given Rear Admiral Crutchley’s two-year reconnaissance. Attacker also refuelled 37 a good account of herself’. It was a appointment as RACAS and the next nine ships with 1635 tons of fuel. terrible defeat for the Allies: for the loss appointment of the Chief of Naval Somehow during this month Farncomb of 35 men killed and 51 wounded the Staff. Movements such as these saw found time to visit Jerusalem and Japanese had sunk four cruisers. Farncomb singled out to succeed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, The Pacific war, in all its savage Collins in the Squadron and in the duly receiving a certificate to attest to 41 intensity, moved further to the meantime obtain some ‘battleship his pilgrimage. The following year north-west, taking Farncomb with experience’. saw testimony to his services in the it. He must have been sorely tested In May Farncomb was appointed invasion: he was awarded another to maintain morale in the ship after to command the aircraft carrier HMS Mention in Despatches, this time ‘For Savo Island. On 3 November 1942 his Attacker, an 11, 000 ton British (but distinguished service and gallantry skills were recognised when he was US-built) three-year-old escort carrier during the invasion of the south of awarded a Mention in Despatches, with 20 aircraft embarked. Courses France.’ On 14 August 1945 Farncomb with the citation reading: ‘For bravery to learn further skills to operate was awarded a third MID, this time ‘For when HMAS Australia was attacked such a ship were necessitated, and distinguished service, efficiency and by Japanese aircraft.’ By now Australia Farncomb travelled to Britain for this zeal while serving in HMS Attacker in was deployed on various duties with distinctive appointment, for it was the the clearance of the Aegean Sea and the the Allied forces as they moved first command of an RN carrier by an relief of Greece during period 1944/45.’ north-west through the Pacific. These Australian. In October Farncomb operated included escorting the aircraft carrier Beginning on 9 July 1944 Operation as Senior Officer Northern Aegean, USS Saratoga. Escorting a carrier is Dragoon commenced, a massive working with Sirius, Teazer and the a hard enough business in peacetime, invasion of French towns and beyond Greek destroyer Navarinon. Attacker’s with a myriad of duties to be carried following up the D-Day landings. aircraft bombed Kos and the area Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 65

around the Gulf of Salonika. She US 6th Army to land on the beaches intercepted the German hospital ship of Lingayen Gulf and then establish Gradisca and the Swedish relief ship a beachhead on the plain of Luzon. Vasaholm which was carrying German The Japanese defenders fought well, wounded. Later she provided air cover with particularly effective kamikaze and ground support in the Piskopsi attacks. On 5 January, for example, 11 area. American and Australian ships were 44 Farncomb attracted a negative hit and damaged. The period of 5-8 comment in one of his reports at this January was particularly traumatic for time. He was still in command of all aboard Australia, when she was Attacker in the north Atlantic, when struck four times by suicide aircraft Rear Admiral Thomas H.Troubridge, in this short period. The final attack RN wrote: was ferocious enough that many This officer suffers from one were killed and Australia had to be failing, namely a tendency to withdrawn to the dockyards of home fortify himself with liquor prior to for repair. Farncomb was wounded in facing the ordeal of an important the leg: Grazebrook notes that it was in charge of Shropshire (then Flag) F arncomb, social occasion. I am informed said he refused to let himself be treated and the Australian and American photographed as a that normally he does not over until others had been seen to, and as a ships Portland, Minneapolis, and the Rear Admiral indulge and this is borne out by the result his wound became ‘infected and destroyers Conway, Eaton, Braine, 45 efficient manner in which his ship tiresome’. Upon Australia’s departure Frazier, Arunta and Warramunga. and her aircraft are handled and Farncomb transferred his pendant They were assigned covering and commanded. temporarily to Arunta, and then on her defence force duties within the 46 return on 22 January to Shropshire. Lingayen area. Interestingly, the report’s numerical He was kept busy with Australian ships The Commander of Battleship scores were all positive sixes and scattered near and far, but commented Division Two, Vice Admiral JB sevens. on the ships’ presence and actions at Oldendorf, commented on his With Commodore Collins seriously the end of the Lingayen operation: subordinate Farncomb’s performance injured in a kamikaze attack on I consider it an honour that H.M.A. at this time: HMAS Australia, Farncomb was soon Ships Australia, Shropshire, Arunta He showed himself to be on his way back to Pacific waters. and Warramunga should have courageous capable and highly At Manus on 9 December 1944 he formed part of the vanguard…I cooperative officer where ships [sic] hoisted his pendant as Commodore saw Gascoyne and Warrego only could always be counted on to their Commanding the Australian Squadron occasionally as their duties were full share of all assignments and 42 and Commander Task Group 74.1. with the Minesweeping and to do them well. He imbued his The American forces had triumphed at Hydrographic Group, but was glad command with confidence. I have the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October, and to see that they were also in the been pleased with his performance 47 now the invasion of Japan’s empire was forefront. and will be glad to have him with on in earnest. Flying his pendant in me again. Australia, with Shropshire, Arunta and On the down side, Farncomb was Warramunga in attendance, Farncomb much concerned about the non- On 15 February, Rear Admiral Berkey, led his ships on through the islands. receipt of mail within the Australian USN, called on the additional support The Australian ships had been ships. It was a sure way for morale of Commodore Farncomb and his task pushed hard, but were responding to plummet, and he was active at this force for the assault on Corregidor 43 well. Arunta reported one case of time in trying to get the situation within the Philippines. The main scurvy, but the Christmas dinner of remedied. On his return with Arunta opposition within this area from the 1944 was surprisingly good. Over the before transfer to Shropshire he had Japanese was in the form of mines and next month the ships participated in gone to some effort to secure 42 bags shore guns, which were putting up a the American-led invasion of local of mail which he brought with him.48 spirited resistance. The warships’ days areas. The invasion plan required the Over the next month Farncomb was were filled with naval gunfire support Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 66

Studies in Trait Leadership – Fearless Leader Rear Admiral Harold Bruce Farncomb, cb, dso, mvo, ran duties, while overhead US aircraft known as a boy. He served in the American Admiral Harold Martin to 53 swept in to strafe and bomb the shore position until 7 November 1946. come aboard HMAS Australia, where positions. These were followed by He became CCAS – Commodore he presented Farncomb with the US paratroop and amphibious assault Commanding the Australian Squadron Navy Cross for his activities in 1945 49 57 landings. The Japanese fought until – from 9 November 1946. Late that during the invasion of the Philippines. the end of February, and lost around 4, month, on board Shropshire once His next position was overseas, to 500 men in Corregidor’s defence. more, and with Arunta as consort, Washington DC, America, as head of On 7 March Farncomb struck his he travelled to Yokohama as part the Australian Defence Liaison Staff 58 broad pendant from Shropshire and of the occupying force. Diplomatic and Naval Attache. This position 50 moved to Hobart. On 1 May 1945 duties occupied much of Farncomb’s took in liaison with American armed he was awarded the CB, ‘for most time before the ships proceeded to forces – in particular the USN. Naval distinguished service in the command Kobe, and the Kure for a program of attaches also advise ambassadorial of HMA ships Australia, Shropshire, exercises. In the new year Farncomb staff on naval matters. Farncomb held Arunta and Warramunga, which took was able to visit Hiroshima, the site the position for only 11 months, and part in the assault landing in Lingayen of one of the atom bomb attacks. returned to Australia prematurely: Gulf, Luzon Island’. Transferring his pendant to Bataan on the reasons for this are not clear, On 18 June Farncomb was ashore 7 January he sailed for Hong Kong and but he took ‘early retirement owing 54 on Labuan Island to confer with Australia. to his private affairs’, as the official the General Officer Commanding On 8 January 1947 Farncomb announcement put it on 23 February 59 the 9th Australian Division, General was made FOCAS: Flag Officer 1951. Wootten. The next day he transferred Commanding the Australian Squadron. In civilian life Farncomb studied his pendant briefly to Arunta for On 19 March he was able to inspect for the Bar, and qualified as a barrister 60 some of the bombardment. 400 out divisions on Shropshire for the last on 6 June 1958. He practiced out of 55 of the 550 Japanese of the garrison time before she was placed in reserve. chambers in Phillip St, Sydney, until 51 there were killed. Farncomb and his Later that year, on 8 June, he was 1962, and in 1963 was admitted as ships then moved on to Wewak and promoted to Rear Admiral, as was John a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Balikpapan for similar operations. Collins. Both men were promoted on NSW. He practiced successfully in 61 By this time British ships had begun the same day, but Farncomb, by being this role until August 1969. He died operating in the Pacific – the cruiser mentioned first on the signal due to on 12 February 1971, and was buried HMS Newfoundland was under his his extra six months of seniority as a at sea from the aircraft carrier HMAS 56 62 command – and with Germany falling Captain, was therefore the senior of Sydney. the war was solely against the Japanese. the two, and therefore ‘first to a flag’, as In the years following his death On 22 July 1945 Collins relieved AW Grazebrook later put it. For two he has been hailed on a number of Farncomb, and he returned to Sydney years, he reformed the Australian fleet, occasions as a leader of renown in 52 by air. and saw the introduction of airpower the Navy. Admiral Sir Victor Alfred From 1 October 1945 Farncomb to the Royal Australian Navy in the Trumper Smith noted in 1989 that was posted as Commodore shape of HMAS Sydney, a Majestic while: Superintendent of Training at HMAS class carrier brought out from Britain. …his outstanding war service and Cerberus, with duties including the It was an exciting time for the Navy, other matters are well known, what post of Commanding Officer of the and a difficult one too: the RAN was may be lesser known were his high RAN College. It was his first shore contracting, yet reforming to meet qualities of leadership including his appointment since joining Yarra, eight new demands: the needs of aviation; great ability in decision making. years before. Now located at HMAS changes in technology and methods What should never be forgotten Cerberus, as opposed to Jervis Bay from of handling personnel, and competing was the respect and affection in where Farncomb had graduated, the demands for budgets from the RAAF which ‘Uncle Hal’ Farncomb was 63 College’s new location was not exactly and the Army. held by many in the R.A.N. cheery. Cerberus is located inside an January 1948 saw a pleasant honour inlet, rather muddy and without sea for Farncomb. With the visit of an His early promotions to Commander, views, and Farncomb probably would American squadron to Australia for Captain, service as a Commodore, and have missed the beautiful bay he had exercises, it was arranged for the as ‘first to a Flag’ mark him as achieving Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 67

(Endnotes) 32 Coulthard-Clark, Chris. Action the ultimate ambition of many 1, 2 From the letter of a (name-withheld) Stations Coral Sea. Sydney: Allen and naval officers. As a warship captain, RAN officer to Grazebrook in ‘First to a Unwin, 1991. (95) Flag’. (201-202) 33 Payne. (32) Farncomb earned and deserved his 3 Royal Australian Navy. Personal 34 Peek, Sir Richard, Vice Admiral. KBE, nickname of ‘Fearless Frank’. As a Reports of Harold Bruce Farncomb, Navy CB, DSC, RAN (Rtd.) Former Chief of Navy Records, Canberra. Staff 1970-73. Interview May 2001, and leader, he was more than capable, but 4 Stephens, Tony. ‘In a proud widow’s further telephone calls through that year perhaps on occasion too brusque. heart, it’s still all ‘tickety-boo’’. Sydney and beyond. Morning Herald. 5 May 1992. (5) 35 Farncomb, Bruce. Report of However, his subordinates knew they 5 The Imperial Defence College. Register Proceedings 12th August 1942. In Gill, G. were capably led. By his abilities in 1927-1967. London: Seaford House, 1967. Hermon. Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945. 6 Ross, John. Lucky Ross. WA: Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968. his chosen field he would have served Hesperian, 1994. (74) (154) as an inspiration to many. Especially 7 Zammit, Alan. ‘Rear Admiral 36 Paraphrased from Gill, G. Hermon. Farncomb 1899-1971’. Naval Historical Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945. in his command of Perth, Farncomb Review. Date unknown. RAN College Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968. showed his qualities of making difficult Historical Collection file B.00018 (37) (120-136) Nichols’ account was taken from 8 Zammit. (39) its publication in H.M.A.S. Mk. II by Gill. decisions on a number of occasions. 9 Member of the Royal Victorian Order. 37 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian Farncomb cannot be seen (See Glossary for a full explanation) Navy 1942-1945. Canberra: Australian 10 Portsmouth Evening News. ‘Duchess War Memorial, 1968. (154) Account of the as excelling in gaining empathy of Kent at Portsmouth: re-names cruiser’. Battle paraphrased from Gill. (130-155) from his men, nor for excelling at 10 July 1939. RAN College Historical 38 Frame, Tom & Kevin Baker. Collection file B. 00018. (164-184) communicating with them. Sometimes 11 Clippings from unnamed newspapers, 39 Grazebrook. (197) by his actions one might be excused within RAN College Historical Collection 40 Grazebrook. (198) for thinking that he had forgotten his file B. 00018. 41 Photocopy of certificate contained 12 Frame, Tom & Kevin Baker. Mutiny! within RAN College Historical Collection own feelings and actions in the same St Leonards: Allen and Unwin, 2000. (145- file B.00018. position years before. Nevertheless, 147) 42 Gill (536) 13 Payne, Alan. HMAS Perth. NSW: 43 Gill (537) he was capable of reaching out and Naval Historical Society of Australia, 1978. 44 Matanle, Ivor. World War II. London: making a link whenever necessary: (4) CLB, 1989. (297) 14 Grazebrook (193) 45 Grazebrook (198) witness his gathering back to orderly 15 Payne. (7) 46 Nicholls. (168 and 173) folds Perth’s people at the beginning of 16 Clippings from unnamed 47 Gill (593) newspapers, within RAN College Historical 48 Nicholls (173) WWII. No-one was ever in doubt as to Collection file B. 00018. 49 Gill (597) what was required if led by Farncomb. 17 Payne. (13) 50 Nicholls, Stan. HMAS Shropshire. 18 Payne. (13-14) Sydney: Naval Historical Society of He always looked – and behaved – as 19 Cook, WF. RAN Naval officer of Australia, 1999. (184) a leader. 1930 and beyond. Letters to the author. 51 Nicholls (191) April-December 2002. 52 Nicholls (204) In summary; an extremely capable 20 Pictures from unnamed magazines, 53 Honour Board of Commanding fighting commander, and more than within RAN College Historical Collection Officers, CO’s Conference Room, RAN file B. 00018. College, HMAS Creswell. (Sighted by the worthy of the flag-rank distinction 21 Paraphrased from Gill, G. Hermon. author, August 1999.) conferred on him. t Royal Australian Navy 1939-1941. 54 Nicholls (289) Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968. 55 Nicholls (299) 22 Letter from the West Australian 56 Gill (537) Shipping Association, 4 December 1940. 57 Jones, Colin. Wings and the Navy. (RAN College Historical Collection file B. NSW: Kangaroo Press, 1997. (27) 00018) 58 Grazebrook (200) 23 Gill. (274) 59 Grazebrook (200) 24 Olson, Wesley, Bitter Victory. WA: 60 The New South Wales Bar University of Western Australia Press, 2000. Association. Letter to the author. 12 June (183) 2002. 25 Goldrick, JVP. ‘The AUSTRALIA 61 The Law Society of New South Wales. Court Martial of 1942’. Master of Letters Letter to the author. 17 May 2002. Dissertation. University of New England, 62 Grazebrook (201) 1983. (12) 63 Zammit, Alan. ‘Rear Admiral 26 Payne. (72-83) Farncomb 1899-1971’. Naval Historical 27 Holden, TJ. The Administration of Review. Date unknown. RAN College Discipline in the Royal Australian Navy. Historical Collection file B.00018. (37) Canberra: Royal Australian Navy, 1992. Lieutenant Commander Tom Lewis (2-31) 28 Coulthard-Clark, Chris. Action PhD, OAM, RAN has served in a variety Stations. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. (pp. 63-67) of PNF and reserve roles within the 29 Smyth, Dacre. Pictures in my Life. Navy. He led US forces on deployment in Self-published, 1994. (22) 30 Holden (2-43) Baghdad in 2006. 31 Goldrick. (41) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 68 A Large Acquisition for the Navy

Largs Bay towers over a Type 42 destroyer as she sails from Portsmouth on 18 April to begin a refit.

On 6 April 2011 Defence Minister Stephen Smith and Minister for Defence Materiel Jason Clare jointly announced that Australia had been successful in its bid to acquire the Royal Fleet Auxiliary’s amphibious ship Largs Bay. One of four members of the Bay Class, Largs Bay is designed to operate over the horizon using helicopters and landing craft through a floodable stern dock to get personnel and equipment ashore.

args Bay commissioned in 2006 and played a significant part in the RoyalL Navy’s contribution to Haiti relief operations in 2010. She has a displacement of 16,000 tons, a length of 176 metres, a beam of 26 metres and a Chinook capable flight deck. She is being acquired to ensure the RAN has the amphibious capability it needs for operations and humanitarian support in our region in the period leading up to the arrival of the even larger amphibious ships, Canberra and Adelaide. The following photos were taken soon after the announcement of Largs Bay’s acquisition, just before the ship underwent its final UK refit and prior to her maiden voyage to Australia. T he bridge extends over (Thanks to Dr David Stevens for the full width of the ship and has excellent visibility. obtaining these photographs)

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 69

The vehicle deck is approx 1200 linear metres. The total cargo capacity is equivalent to the entire existing RAN amphibious fleet.

T he dock can be flooded and vehicles loaded or unloaded into landing craft directly over the steel beach in the foreground.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 70 A Large Acquisition for the Navy

RFA Largs Bay at Portsmouth. The Bay Class have the highest bridge in the UK fleet.

(Right) The Largs Bay’s Sick Bay. Much of the existing equipment will be remaining on board.

(Bottom right) Accommodation for the Embarked Military Force. The ships can carry 356 troops, although this can be increased to 500 using undesignated space.

The passageways are well marked and are wide enough to allow two fully kitted up soldiers to pass unobstructed.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 71

The galley of Largs Bay.

Main Dining Space. The ship normally carries a complement of 60 civilian personnel plus a similar number of Royal Navy and RN Marines depending on the task. At the time of going to press, the proposed RAN complement was unknown to Headmark.

T he Largs Bay’s gym. The Bay Class are particularly spacious and well fitted out.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 72

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 73 Book Reviews

Naval Academy makes publication as a philosophical account which particularly noteworthy. These enables war to be justified, not glorified. papers are not merely philosophically People were not then, and are not now, compelling. As a record of deliberate expected to fight eagerly. Augustine effort by the Academy and the Navy also insisted upon conspicuous to sharpen and strengthen the moral limitations, such as that men refuse perspective and judgement of naval to fight wars of conquest, and abstain officers, these papers are historically from the rape and pillage which were significant. traditional postscripts to conflict. This The book is divided logically into thinking continues to resonate. three parts. The first three chapters, Noting the Christian foundation of concern jus ad bellum - the adjectival just war theory, Walzer observes that justice of war. Discussion is focused military force against unbelievers was on past events. Yet the depth of never subject to serious questioning. analysis ensures continued relevance. This was the case from the eleventh Concerning adverbial ideas of jus in century Crusades, to the religious wars Empowering Our bello, the narrative is directed toward of the sixteenth century Reformation. Military Conscience: ideas of legitimate military targets, the Set against this background, the Transforming Just War doctrine of double effect and the ideas argument of Francisco de Vittoria that of the limited combatant responsibility. the sole justification for waging war Theory and Military The concluding chapters, speak to the is when harm has been committed, Moral Education moral singularity of the profession of can be recognised as innovative and arms and the ethical ideas which must momentous. More conspicuously, R. Wertheimer (ed). Ashgate: be its foundation. de Vittoria argued that difference of Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, Each of the papers presented is religion cannot be a justification for Vermont, 2010 significant and accessible. Of particular war. merit is a commentary by George Ironically, the reasoning of De ISBN: 978-0-7546-7992-9 Lucas on the idea of preventative war. Vittoria, a Dominican, underlines Reviewed by Lieutenant Commander Acknowledging the strain imposed the worldly evolution of just war Richard Adams, RAN upon the Westphalian paradigm by theory. Just war doctrine, proposed by contemporary politics, this narrative theologians, has taken secular form to This volume presents a compelling is well directed and relevant. Equally counter the extremes of militarism and and accessible exploration of just impressive is investigation into pacificism. Accepting this logic, Walzer war theory. This doctrine argues that the ideas of invincible ignorance explains how politics and conflict have resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is and professional obligation. This come to be informed by the just war justified under only certain conditions, paper interrogates long established language of peace and justice. and that force in war (jus in bello) presumptions that soldiers are ipso Walzer describes how, thanks to should be limited and controlled. Just facto guilty of no wrong if, in an unjust Grotius and Pufendorf, the doctrines war thinking, coalesced as a coherent war, they adhere strictly to the rules of of just war came to exert considerable doctrine in the Middle Ages, continues armed conflict. effect upon theories of international to reflect the early influence of St. The cornerstone of the volume is the law. Thus, and significantly, the idealism Augustine (354–430) and St. Thomas sustained scrutiny of just war theory of just war doctrine mediates dominant Aquinas (1266–1273). by Michael Walzer. In this significant realist political dicta that inter arma This book, being the published paper, Walzer explains how ideas of silent leges – in time of the war the papers of a lecture series given by “just war” matured to enable Christian law is silent. Walzer explores this distinguished visiting academics to pacifist to fight in “just” causes for a philosophical standoff, observing how the United States Naval Academy at better peace. Augustine argued such just war theory, though marginal to Annapolis, is a work of distinguished fighting should be with a downcast political enterprises, is used to pardon provenance. That these were all demeanour and without anger or lust. the excesses of states. invited talks at the United States This reasoning underlines the theory Political realism, explained Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 74 Book Reviews decisively by University of Chicago this is unbelievable since it presupposes institution Hans Morgenthau, exerts we can neither recognize nor condemn a prevailing hand upon the discourse the murder of innocent people. of international relations. Much Just war doctrine faces a more inhumanity is disguised and forgiven serious challenge. Walzer identifies by hackneyed reference to “the national this as the pacifism which has emerged interest”. This is all about results from the heart of just war argument. through calculated application of force. Announced by an emblematic slogan; But, explains Walzer, there are clear “stop the bombing,” reasoning is simple reasons of state for fighting justly. and powerful – war kills innocent Underlining this point, Walzer people. But, it is flawed and naive, since recalls George Bush Sr. “sounding like war is sometimes necessary. Walzer a just war theorist,” despite confusing explains that whilst argument for peace the ideas of just war with those of the sustains the principles of just of just crusade. In the first Gulf War, President war theory, it does not acknowledge the Bush made just war concepts of critical role of just war thinking which restraint demotic. Since that time, the is internal to the practice of war, and Bligh, Master Mariner idea that non-combatants should be which requires close attention to what by Rob Mundle, Hachette Australia, shielded from the activities of armies soldiers do and what they try not to do. Sydney, 2010, 368 pp. Published has become colloquial. Targeting Walzer’s paper interprets just war December 2010 decisions no longer reflect the theory as the doctrine of those who unrestrained realism which informed have the realistic expectation that wars Reviewed by John Dunmore Korea or Vietnam. will be fought – and who have the We now emphasise the restraint resolve and high principle to fight wars William Bligh, often referred to as with which battles are fought. We responsibly, and with concern for the ‘Captain Bligh’, is one of the best-known acknowledge the importance of innocent who are inevitably caught figures in maritime history, largely proportionate targeting. Strategy now in evens. Just wars are fought with a through the three films which have accounts for the philosophy of justice. mind to a better peace, not merely as a dramatised the so-called ‘mutiny on the Moral theory has been incorporated political exercise. Bounty’ into war making as a real constraint on This excellent paper is the In fact his rank was lieutenant when when and how wars are fought. cornerstone of a volume which he commanded the expedition to But this, the triumph of just war explores and explains significant ideas Tahiti. The purpose of this expedition theory, entails inevitable antipathy. of the just war tradition. The work is was the gathering of breadfruit plants, The first counter-argument is a meaningful and accessible addition which he was then to take to the insubstantial. Walzer identifies it to the professional library of those West Indies in order to provide cheap as the implausible rant of the post- who have to understand the strategies, food for the large population of slave modern left, which argues just war technologies and policies of a new age. workers on the sugar plantations. doctrine is not even hypocritical since Old ideas do not fit emerging reality. The expedition was a total failure. hypocrisy implies standards. Leftist The war against terrorism – to take TheBounty was forced to stay some post-modernist reasoning holds that the most present example - requires five months in Tahiti as the breadfruit politicians and generals who use just a kind of international cooperation plants were not ready for transplanting. war language are deluding themselves. that is radically undeveloped in terms This delay was caused by the Admiralty Advanced technology may make strict of theory. Military practitioners who which sent Bligh too late in the season. proportionality possible, but this is understand theoretical argument about The crew enjoyed their time on the irrelevant since no argument about just war will make better doctrine and island, developing close links with the justice, guilt or innocence is possible. better decisions. They will make better Tahitians, and not surprisingly hated The argument of the post-modernist professionals. t the thought of having to sail away left is resonant in the catchphrase that under the command of the stern and “one man’s terrorist is another man’s often ill-tempered William Bligh who freedom fighter”. But, argues Walzer, was capable of denigrating his officers Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 75

publically. Mundle’s claim that Bligh should be of what was facing him. When the target of Bligh’s insults regarded as “a very modern hero”. The But the author lays no claim to was the proud and sensitive Fletcher picture he presents is of a difficult, at being a historian. In a modest Author’s Christian it resulted in the famous times arrogant, commander who lacked Note, he stresses that he has simply mutiny, with Bligh being cast adrift in personal skills and lacked consistency written the biography of a sailor, a man an open longboat with 18 of those who in his behaviour towards his men. whose navigational ability he rightly chose not to mutiny. Christian may Though he made less use of the lash admires, and says, disarmingly, “I dips have anticipated that Bligh would make than many of his contemporaries, m’lid to Captain Bligh”. That he is not a short voyage to the nearest inhabited including Cook, it was his vituperative a historian is shown by a number of islands and wait for eventual rescue. tongue-lashing which caused deep errors or misspellings. We are told, for If so he underestimated Bligh, whose offence. This was particularly evident in instance, that Tahiti was discovered by determination to return to London his deteriorating relationship with his a certain ‘Samuel Wallace’; that Captain and explain the circumstances of the former protégé Fletcher Christian. The Charles Clerke had been imprisoned in mutiny was the motivation which narrative that flows on through Bligh’s ‘the fleet debtor’s prison’, which suggests drove him to undertake the hazards of long career is battered by narrations of some naval institution rather than a journey out of the Pacific through the disputes, threats and occasional court- the famous Fleet Prison of Farrington Torres Strait and back to civilization. martials with Bligh as the accused or Road in London, and that Quiros was The mutineers, led by Christian, sailed as a witness. Clashes with a number faced with a mutiny and forced to back to Tahiti, picked up their women of his men, sometimes with fellow sail home to Spain immediately after and a small group of males then sailed officers, roll on through the years reaching Espiritu Santo, whereas his on to the remote and wrongly charted rather like heavy waves on a troubled stay there lasted several weeks. Even Pitcairn Island where they burnt the ocean. He was praised and thanked in connection with naval matters, Bounty. As for the breadfruit, which a by Nelson for his part in the Battle of the reader can become confused, as later expedition commanded by Bligh Copenhagen. When Bligh served in the in the case of the mention of Bligh’s successfully transported to the West North Sea, he was inevitably affected promotion to midshipman in February Indies, it was found to be unpalatable by the Nore Mutiny; when he was sent 1771, followed on the next page by the by the West Indians and discarded. to New South Wales he took on the announcement of his formal promotion What deserves great credit, and corrupt officers of the NSW Regiment to midshipman in 1775. indeed our admiration, is Bligh’s and was once again, deposed from his Stylistically, the author has his navigation of his frail longboat from command. peculiarities. Although Bligh, Master the waters near Samoa all the way The reader would appreciate it if Mariner includes a substantial to Timor in the Dutch East Indies, the biography were set in a broader number of extracts from journals and with a meagre stock of food and historical frame. Bligh lived in troubled correspondence, Mundle gives no almost no navigational instruments. times. After decades of philosophical references for any of them. There is no It was a great navigational feat, and arguments and social dissensions, the formal list of sources; no bibliography. demonstrated Bligh at his best. He French Revolution had broken out, In spite of its weaknesses, this maintained discipline and acted with the autocratic Ancient Régime had biography of William Bligh is a resolute fairness towards the men been overthrown, Louis XVI had been welcome addition to the growing under his command who all accepted executed, and a succession of new corpus of works on the man and his his authority and his plan to sail them governments, democratic in theory travels. t beyond. but autocratic in practice, had been ( Reviews Ed: Professor John Dunmore’s We are grateful to Rob Mundle for set up. All this had affected much of main field of history is the exploration the detailed account he provides in Europe, and influenced the thinking of the Pacific, particularly byF rench this biography. A skilled yachtsman and activities of the middle and lower and a best-selling author of accounts classes, including the sailors who had navigators. He has done more than anyone of voyages and yacht races, he is well been so often ill-treated, poorly paid to bring attention to the achievements of qualified to describe with precision and in many cases press-ganged into eighteenth and nineteenth century French what is undeniably William Bligh’s the service. A “modern hero” would explorers of the Pacific.H is work is highly greatest claim to fame. have been more attuned to these regarded by scholars as well as by the public.) However, it is difficult to accept changes and had a better understanding Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 76 Short Cut Reviews with Tom Lewis

The Man who broke into Auschwitz The Gurkhas Area 51 By Denis Avey with Rob Broomby By Chris Bellamy by Annie Jacobsen Hodder and Stoughton, $35 Hodder and Stoughton, $35 Published by Orion. Paperback, $35

Denis Avey served with the British Army in North Africa The Gurkhas have recently been in the Area 51purports to be a history of in WWII. His exploits with Bren Gun Carriers and news in Britain because of an initial the well-known test area, located various operations fill the first half of this rather strange refusal by the British Government to let in the USA deserts, for American but compelling book. Avey was captured and detained in men of the regiment and their families military equipment. The trouble is a German Prisoner of War camp, where he was made to settle in the country. This decision that journalist/author Annie Jacobsen perform manual labour on a daily basis: common practise was eventually overturned, and so hasn’t worked out whether the book is for captured troops as opposed to officers. it should have been, if this history is actually a history or just a collection of One of Avey’s camps was near the Auschwitz camp, anything to go by. For nearly 200 years every weird tale to ever be even loosely which became notorious after the war for its elimination of this Nepal tribe have fought loyally associated with the area. There are Jews and other “non-desirables” despised by the Nazis. These for their original colonists. Not just some nice stories of various aircraft camp inmates were literally worked to death, surviving if with allegiance, but also with ferocious tests, but Area 51 veers into having the they did for a while on starvation rations. Avey – who admits courage and admirable ability, all of serious military history reader throw he was of a strange temperament – became curious about which author Chris Bellamy charts in it at the wall when it enters the kooky his fellow workers, and bribed his way with one of them this weighty tome of over 400 pages. fields. for a swap for a night. His intention seemed to be to bear I don’t know how much of the Fake moon landings even get witness against the prison’s captors post-war, but this never Gurkhas’ history has been charted, but a mention, and according to one eventuated after freedom at the end of hostilities, generally this book may well be the definitive interviewee “the moon sets are still because his story was submerged in greater events, his own article. Substantial endnotes to each there”, (p.321), and this will get an traumas, and of course, people wishing to put the grim chapter; an excellent list of sources, and intruder dead if attempting entry. Far events of those days behind them. a lengthy index complement the book, cheaper, methinks, to just destroy the Avey has been presented recently with a special medal as does two collections of photos. sets – think of the wages saved. And if by the British then-Prime Minister Gordon Brown. His co- Highly recommended. t it’s true that scores of witnesses have author, Rob Broomby, deserves congratulations for relating given their story – and the place is still this fascinating story, as does Avey for finally telling it. operational, super-secret, AND “the Recommended. t government” is super-powerful, then why aren’t the witnesses locked up? Along with this author? Overall, an Area worth avoiding. t

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 77 Book Reviews continued...

China, the United to round out the book. The result is a States and 21st Century remarkably insightful work that should set the conceptual agenda for maritime Sea Power: Defining engagement between China and the a Maritime Security United States (US) for years to come. Crossing the Wire Partnership The book, although well written, is a little complex and somewhat dry By David Coombes E dited by Andrew S. Erickson, in parts. This style is not accidental, it is the result of carefully selected Big Sky Publications; Lyle J. Goldstein and Nan Li, sentences and words. Each chapter is Hardback; $34.99 Naval Institute Press, prepared by a subject matter expert Crossing the Wire is an excellent Annapolis MD, 2010 writing authoritatively, thoroughly and achievement by Tasmanian precisely, even though the language author David Coombes. The work Reviewed by Dr Gregory P. Gilbert - itself often has subtle differences in concentrates on one Brigade, the 4th Air Power Development Centre meaning between the equivalent Infantry, from its formation before English and Chinese translations. The Gallipoli through its experiences on Each year there is one book that stands editors have allowed each chapter the Western front in World War I. out from the pack. China, the United to speak for itself, retaining cultural The writer has used diaries and letters States and 21st Century Sea Power nuances which add considerably to the heavily but selectively, and once he is a book that needs to be read by overall work. The result is a volume has established the scene, he takes us every member of the Australian Naval that discusses the advantages and “behind the wire” to the experiences of Institute, not only because it provides limitations of US-China maritime those who were captured. a blue-print for naval policy in the cooperation, which should help Crossing the Wire is unusual but Asia-Pacific Century but also because policymakers of both nations to chart fascinating. We don’t see many books it is one of the few authoritative works a course for ‘peaceful development’ for such as this: concentrating not on the that discusses a cooperative alternative this century. second World War, but the first; and to the sensationalist threat driven Overall, the book makes clear concentrating on those who spent time responses to the rise of China. that the US and China now have a in captivity in Europe, rather than in The collection of papers contained great opportunity to increase naval the Japanese POW camps which have within China, the United States and cooperation, particularly with maritime established themselves in an important 21st Century Sea Power are derived security and humanitarian assistance. way into the Australian psyche. from the US Naval War College’s The release of A Cooperative Strategy Well illustrated with around 50 China Maritime Studies Institute’s for the 21st Century Seapower, by photographs, and several maps, third annual conference, ‘Defining the US sea services in 2007, has been Crossing the Wire is handsome a Maritime Partnership with China’, received positively as a step towards hardback publication which deserves held in Newport, Rhode Island on 5-6 future cooperation, even though that space on your military bookshelf. t December 2007. Most of the papers cooperation may be bilateral when were updated after the conference and dealing with China. A Global Maritime a few additional chapters were added Partnership (GMP) which includes Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 78 Book Reviews

China is still some way off - as is far US-China maritime security Germany’s economic prosperity helped evident from the Chinese decisions to cooperation has come in recent years. to fund an expanded Imperial German opt out of the Proliferation Security In an especially informative chapter, Navy with a global outlook. The British, Initiative (PSI) and not to join CTF 150 Andrew Erickson examines views on as the only global sea power, felt when conducting anti-piracy patrols off America’s new maritime strategy as threatened by Germany and became the Somali coast. published in China. After describing involved in a naval arms race that many Although it is not possible to discuss areas of growing cooperation, he lists historians believe was one of the causes every chapter of the book in this review, some of the obstacles to enhanced of World War I. One would hope that a few highlights will illustrate the scope cooperation between China and the today we would not wish to repeat such of China, the United States and 21st US; the Taiwan situation, the US use a nightmare scenario in the Pacific. Century Sea Power. The first chapter of military power projection, non- It is a little surprising that the other by Zhuang Jianzhong effectively sets transparency, and recent incidents/ example of naval rivalry during the the scene. He is convinced that US- crises. ‘Despite the long-term strategic early 20th Century is often overlooked. China cooperation in maritime issues importance of cooperation, perceptions From the late 1890s, a rising United should be in line with China’s overall and misconceptions will continue to States competed with the British ‘peaceful development strategy’, as wield great influence over its success’. Empire for global markets. The US both nations aim to ‘build harmonious That said, Erickson also believes that Navy grew rapidly in size and ability, in oceans and a harmonious world’. Yu China’s rhetoric is hedging, while cooperation with the Royal Navy during Wanli, after summarising the evolution actual maritime cooperation proceeds 1917-18, and eventually the US replaced of Chinese naval strategy, states that quietly. Again the reader is left feeling Britain as the maritime hegemon. Using ‘few scholars publicly declare that the cautiously positive about the future. Gabriel Collins’s step-wise diagram of development of the Chinese navy aims Some of the major differences maritime security cooperation (p. 33), to challenge US supremacy at sea.’ between China and the US involve which ranges from ceremonial visits He discusses China’s 2004 national maritime legal issues, especially to full interoperability, we note that defence white paper and its concept over the interpretation of maritime the Royal Navy was at the bottom step of ‘safeguarding national development zones under the Law of the Sea even though it conducted ceremonial interests’, and recognises ‘that China’s Convention. The chapters by Julia visits with the Imperial German Navy “peaceful development” is realized Xue and Peter Dutton analyse areas right up to the start of World War I. by participating in the existing of common ground as well as the By the end of that war the US Navy international system and economic major differences. The large number battlefleet was operating as a fully globalization.’ Such statements are of disputed maritime claims, made interoperable component of the British reassuring, but as other chapters point by China, remain potential sources Grand Fleet, and thus the US Navy/ out, the Chinese language of hedging for international conflict, although Royal Navy engagement was at the top is not always reflected by actions. the Chinese policy of shelving such step of Collins’s diagram. Today these Transparency and reciprocity issues disputes is a pragmatic, albeit short- likely alternatives are at the extreme are raised a number of times in the term, solution. The chapters by Wu ends of the spectrum when considering book, but even here Eric McVadon Shicun and Zhu Huayou describe the the future relationship between the US points out that much of the US concern opportunities for regional security Navy and the PLA Navy, but they are may be due more to their not liking cooperation in the South China Sea, certainly worth considering. what they see from China than to an area which is of great strategic China, the United States and a lack of transparency. It may also importance to most Asian nations, but 21st Century Sea Power is a positive, be appropriate to reflect upon how particularly to ASEAN and Australia. balanced, thought provoking, and hedging language in Australia’s recent James Holmes and Toshi Yoshihara also timely study which will no doubt Defence White Paper is interpreted provide a good synopsis of the strategic impact upon the relationship between overseas, particularly in China. relationship between the US, China and China and the United States over the Chapters dealing with maritime India in the Indian Ocean. next twenty years. One thing is certain, commercial partnerships, search Some defence analysts continue to that relationship will also directly affect and rescue cooperation as well as see the rise of China in this century, as Australia and Australians. This book is humanitarian and disaster relief a modern version of the Anglo-German highly recommended. t operations, highlight just how rivalry of the early 20th Century. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 79

HMAS Voyager boarding party 29 June 1961

rom 1955 the RAN began regular Treaty Organisation. This photo was left to right, Brian Jackson of Brisbane; deployments in support of the taken on 29 June 1961. Under the Douglas Bain, West Footscray, Victoria; Fdefence of Malaya and Singapore under headline ‘Sailors in Battle Dress’, the Reginald Stevenson, Petersham, the banner of the Far East Strategic original caption reads: ‘Australian Sydney; Ronald Williams, Yagoona; Reserve. Regular exercises were sailors aboard the destroyer, HMAS Edward Martschenko, Homebush; and held not only with Commonwealth Voyager, prepare for action ashore Walter Priddle, Bell Park, Geelong.’ t partners, but increasingly with the during international exercises in South members of the South East Asian East Asia. The landing party comprises

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 80 ANI On-line: A guide to the new website.

O ur new website is now on-line! In addition to the features available on the Changing your details previous site, the new site also features a library of past journals, a discussion When your account is created, only your member ID and password are stored in the system for privacy reasons. However, you may provide forum, a news section and member list. This short guide is designed to help other details that are visible to other ANI members. In order to change you take full advantage of the new features. your details, login and click the “Change Your Details” menu item (figure 5). Then select the “change” link (figure 6) next to either your personal details or password. Change the text appropriately and click the “save” button (figure 7). F igure 1 The personal information that you provide will be visible to other Obtaining an account members of the ANI but will be hidden from members of the general In order to access the new features of the site you must have a user public. You may provide as much or as little detail as you wish but account for the website. If you have a current subscription to the ANI, none of the fields are compulsory. However, you may not change your navigate to the website www.navalinstitute.com.au using your web member ID as it is the link between the on-line database and our off- browser (figure 1), click the “Members Login” menu item (figure 2), line records. then click the link to download an application form. Fill in the form, then fax or post it to the ANI Business Manager. Once your account has been created, you will receive an email that outlines your member

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 141 81 Thinking of Making a Contribution? Style Notes for Headmark

In general, please present your work So: the end of the article, please supply full honours - Lieutenant with the minimum of formatting. Adkin, Mark. Goose Green. London: Commander Bill Crabbe, CSC, RAN - unless you would Paragraphs: Leo Cooper, 1992. prefer not to use them. Then please supply a paragraph Don’t indent, and leave left justified. Adler, Bill (Ed.) Letters from Vietnam. on yourself, to a maximum of 50 words, including any Separate paragraphs by one line. Single New York: EP Dutton and Co., 1967. qualifications you would like listed, and any interesting spacing only. Use one space only after Articles use quotation marks around biographical aspects. If possible please supply a colour or stops and colons. their title, which is not in italics. greyscale head and shoulders e-photo of yourself for use Conventions: If citing web sites please use the alongside the article title. Use numbers for 10 and above, words convention: Illustrations: below. Ship names use italics in title Australian Associated Press. “Army Do not embed graphs or figures in your text without case; prefixes such as HMAS in capitals admits mistakes in SAS investigation”. sending a separate file as well. If supplying photographs use and italics. Book and Journal titles use 17 February, 2004. Forwarding your article: Citations: So, web site name. Article title. Full Please send to the Editor on Endnotes rather than footnotes. Use date of accessing the site. Full URL. Editorial considerations: footnotes to explain any points you want Bylines: The Editor reserves the right to amend articles where the reader to notice immediately. Book Supply your everyday title for use at the necessary for the purposes of grammar correction, and to titles follow Author surname, first name, beginning of the title, so: Lieutenant delete tables or figures for space considerations. title if any. Title. Place of publication: Commander Bill Crabbe, or Jack publisher, year of that edition. Aubrey, or Reverend James Moodie. At

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Manoora, one of the Royal Australian Navy’s Amphibious Troop Transport Ships, was decommissioned in a ceremony held at Garden Island on 27 May 2011. Manoora gave 17 years of distinguished service to the Navy which included deployments to the Solomon Islands, East Timor, and the Middle East. During her commission, Manoora has provided the ADF with significant amphibious capability, which has seen her serve effectively in humanitarian aid and disaster missions, non-combat evacuation operations, border protection, exercises and active service. Manoora is making way for a bold new capability with the first of twoLH Ds (amphibious assault ships) due to enter service in 2014.