ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION AT DANANG AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND OVERSIGHT

Biodiversity Survey at Danang Airport

NOVEMBER 14, 2012 1 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Hatfield Consultants (Hatfield) and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), on behalf of CDM International, Inc. (CDM Smith)

Environmental Remediation at Danang Airport Construction Management and Oversight

Biodiversity Survey at Danang Airport

Prepared by: Dr. Le Xuan Canh, Director of Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) and Hatfield Consultants (Hatfield), on behalf of CDM International, Inc. (CDM Smith) Submitted to: Jamey Watt, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Contracting Officer's Representative (COR) USAID Contract No.: AID-EDH-1-00-08-00023 USAID Order No.: AID-486-TO-12-00001 Report Date: November 14, 2012

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 – BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE ...... 1-1

SECTION 2 – SCOPE OF WORK ...... 2-1

SECTION 3 – STUDY TIME, LOCATION, AND METHODS ...... 3-1 3.1 Study Time and Location ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Survey ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Location ...... 3-1 3.2 Methods ...... 3-1 3.2.1 Field Work ...... 3-1 3.2.2 Lab Studies ...... 3-1

SECTION 4 – RESULTS OF BIODIVERSITY SURVEY ...... 4-1 4.1 List of Plant Species at Danang Airport ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Diversity of Plants at Danang Airport ...... 4-8 4.2 Number and List of Plant Species Identified in the Field During Surveys at Danang Airport, with GPS Coordinates ...... 4-9 4.3 Comparison of Plant Species List from the EIA and the September 20102 Biodiversity Survey ...... 4-18 4.4 Potential Impacts of Remediation Activities on Plant Biodiversity at Danang Airport ...... 4-20

SECTION 5 –COMMENTARY ON OTHER SPECIES REPORTED IN THE EIA ...... 5-1 5.1 Methodology ...... 5-1 5.2 Results ...... 5-1 5.2.1 Birds ...... 5-1 5.2.2 Mammals ...... 5-2 5.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians ...... 5-2 5.2.4 Fish and Aquatic Biota ...... 5-2 5.3 Comments ...... 5-3

SECTION 6 REFERENCES ...... 6-1

i Contents

TABLES

Table 1 List of Plants in Danang Airport ...... 4-1 Table 2 List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates ...... 4-9 Table 3 List of Species that Overlap ...... 4-18

APPENDICES

1 Map Showing Transect Locations 2 Photos of Flora and Field Survey

ii Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CDM Smith CDM International, Inc. COR Contracting Officer Representative EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GPS global positioning system GVN Government of Vietnam ha hectare Hatfield Hatfield Consultants IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MND Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense Construction Management and Oversight of Environmental Remediation Project of Danang Airport USAID United States Agency for International Development VAST Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

iii

1 Background and Objective The Governments of Vietnam (GVN) and the United States, through the Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense (MND) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), are undertaking the remediation of dioxin contamination at Danang Airport. CDM International Inc. (CDM Smith) is the construction management contractor overseeing the remediation in association with Hatfield Consultants (Hatfield) under the project titled Construction Management and Oversight of Environmental Remediation of Danang Airport (the Project). The work being performed involves excavation and treatment of dioxin contaminated soil and sediment at the northern end of Danang Airport.

A biodiversity survey was conducted in 2011 by MND, Air Defense Air Force Command as part of the Project's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (MND 2012). The EIA concluded that "biodiversity is poor as the area was originally coastal sandy land, where later the Airport was built and dioxin-containing defoliants were stored. The area is now in the middle of densely-populated area so biodiversity is practically non- existent. No species listed in the Red Book of Vietnam 2007 are found…. This terrestrial ecosystem has very low biodiversity value…. Project impact on aquatic biodiversity is not high since biodiversity in Sen Lake and in the Eastern Wetland is insignificant, and there are no rare animal or plant species in the area." Based on these findings, no species of concern are expected to be found in the Danang Airport area.

The EIA recommended a follow-up Biodiversity Survey be conducted, prior to commencement of site clearance. The recommendation was to "study carefully the ecosystems prior to proceeding with site clearance. If precious or rare species are found, they should be relocated out of the Project area if possible, and/or mark the sensitive ecosystem or fence it off if it is close to the Project site."

Under CDM Smith’s construction management contract, Hatfield and the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) conducted a Biodiverity Survey from September 4, 2012 to September 6, 2012 to verify if any species of concern exist in the approximately 9 hectare (ha) excavation area at the Danang Airport. The objective of the Biodiversity Survey was to confirm whether any species of concern – species listed in the Vietnam Red Book (Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007) or in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) and their associated habitats – are present on the Danang Airport and whether they may need special protection during the remediation activities. This report documents the findings of the Biodiversity Survey.

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2 Scope of Work The following was the scope of work for this Biodiversity Survey:

 Review previous EIA biodiversity survey methods, data, and report, and make recommendations for any changes or modifications.  Provide detailed methods for the pre-construction Biodiversity Survey.  Conduct a short (2- to 3-day) terrestrial biodiversity survey of Danang Airport, with logistical assistance from the CDM Smith team working onsite. This should include a detailed and systematic field survey of the 9 ha excavation areas, with possible transect sampling in representative areas of the Eastern Wetland where access may be difficult. Interviews with local people may be required to verify species lists, particularly for fish and migratory birds.  If any plant species of concern are identified, these should be noted, recorded, photographed, and removed from the excavation area, and placed in a small containment facility (fenced-off garden) to be constructed on the Danang Airport property (location to be determined by CDM Smith and MND field personnel). Samples of any plant species of concern should be collected for lab verification, if required.

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3 Study Time, Location, and Methods 3.1 Study Time and Location 3.1.1 Survey Duration of survey: 3 days (September 4-6, 2012)

3.1.2 Location Danang Airport (see Appendix 1 for map) 3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Field Work The survey area is about 9 ha and is of heterogeneous terrain (lakes, wetlands, dry lands, etc.). Thus, transects were used to collect biodiversity data. Transects were designed specifically for this biodiversity survey (see Appendix 1). The following transects were used:

 Transect 1—From No. 14 to 17 on map (along the main road)  Transect 2—Through the following locations: No. 17, 18, 19, 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7  Transect 3—Through the following locations: No. 3 to 4, 8, and 9  Transect 4—From No. 6 to 10  Transect 5—Along two sides of the drainage ditch at location No. 11 to Sen Lake  Transect 6—See Appendix 1  Transect 7—Along two sides of drainage ditch at location No. 1  Transect 8—Around the Pacer Ivy Area from location No. 20 to 23  Transect 9, 10—In Storage Area

Sub-transects were added along main transect lines in order to provide better coverage of the survey area (Appendix 1).

Methods included species identification in the field, recording identifications in a field book, taking photos, and recording global positioning system (GPS) coordinates. Specimens were collected if necessary.

3.2.2 Lab Studies The following activities were conducted in the VAST laboratory and contributed to findings in this report:

 A list of all floral species that were positively identified in the study area was compiled. Species identifications were confirmed with the use of taxonomic or other flora publications, or by comparing specimens with herbarium specimens.  Species of conservation concern were identified based on the Red Data Book of Vietnam (Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007) and the IUCN Red List.

3-1 Section 3 Study Time, Location, and Methods

 Endemic plants and plants that are of use to people were identified based on the Checklists of Plant Species of Vietnam (Hanoi National University 2001, National Centre for Natural Sciences and Technology and Hanoi National University 2003, VAST and Hanoi National University 2005).  Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft Access were used to analyze data and to create reports.

3-2

4 Results of Biodiversity Survey 4.1 List of Plant Species at Danang Airport Table 1 contains a list of plant species at the Danang Airport; photos are included in Appendix 2.

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms Div. 1. POLYPODIOPHYTA NGÀNH DƯƠNG XỈ 1. GLEICHENIACEAE Họ Guột 1 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Under. Guột H 2. SCHIZAEACEAE Họ Bòng bong 2 Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Bòng bong nhật H 3. THELYPTERIDACEAE Họ Ráng thư dực 3 Christella parasitica (L.) Lev. Ráng cù lần H DIV. 2. MAGNOLIOPHYTA NGÀNH MỘC LAN 2.1. MAGNOLIOPSIDA LỚP MỘC LAN 4. AMARANTHACEAE Họ Rau dền 4 Amaranthus hybridus L. Dền đuôi chồn H 5 Amaranthus spinosus L. Dền gai H T R ThA 6 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A. DC. Rau dệu H T R 7 Celosia argentea L. Mào gà tím H T C 5. ANNONACEAE Họ Na Uvaria micrantha (A. DC.) Hook. f. & Kỳ hương S 8 Thoms. 6. APOCYNACEAE Họ Trúc đào 9 Wrightia annamensis Eberh. & Dub. Lồng mức nam bộ Su T 7. ASCLEPIADACEAE Họ Thiên lý 10 Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. Hà Thủ ô trắng L T 8. ASTERACEAE Họ Cúc 11 Ageratum conyzoides L. Cứt lơn H T ThA 12 Bidens pilosa L. Đơn buốt H T R Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H. Cỏ lào H 13 Robins. 14 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Thượng lão H T 15 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Rau má tía H T R 16 Tridax procumbens L. Thu thảo H T

4-1 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 17 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Dạ hương ngưu H T 9. BASELLACEAE Họ Mùng tơi 18 Basella rubra L. Mùng tơi H T R 10. BORAGINACEAE Họ Vòi voi 19 Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Vòi voi nhám H 20 Heliotropium indicum L. Vòi voi H T 11. CAESALPINIACEAE Họ Vang 21 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Phượng vĩ T T G C 22 Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz Lim vang T T G 23 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Muồng tây S T 24 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Thảo quyết minh H T 12. CAPPARACEAE Họ Màn màn 25 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Màn màn tím H 26 Cleome viscosa L. Màn màn hoa vàng H T R 13. CARICACEAE Họ Đu đủ 27 Carica papaya L. Đu đủ H T Ed R 14. CASUARINACEAE Họ Phi lao 28 Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. & Forst. f. Phi lao T T Nh 15. COMBRETACEAE Họ Bàng 29 Terminalia catappa L. Bàng T T Ed Nh 16. CONVOLVULACEAE Họ Bìm bìm 30 Ipomoea alba L. Bìm trắng L C 31 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Rau muống H T R ThA 32 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Muống biển H T R ThA 33 Ipomoea pes-tigridis (L.) Bìm chân cọp H 34 Merremia boisiana (Gagnep.) Ooststr. Bìm bois L 35 Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples Bìm ba răng L T 17. CUCURBITACEAE Họ Bầu bí 36 Solena amplexicaulis (Lamk.) Gandhi Cầu qua dị diệp L T 18. CUSCUTACEAE Họ Tơ hồng 37 Cuscuta japonica Choisy Tơ hồng nhật H T 19. DILLENIACEAE Họ Sổ 38 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Chặc chìu S T 20. EUPHORBIACEAE Họ Thầu dầu 39 Acalypha indica L. Tai tượng ấn H

4-2 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 40 Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook. f. Bồ cu vẽ S T 41 Croton glandulosus L. Ba đậu tuyến H T 42 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Đại kích dị diệp H T C 43 Euphorbia hirta L. Cỏ sữa lá lớn H T 44 Phyllanthus emblica L. Me rừng Su T Ed R 45 Manihot esculenta Crantz Sắn H T R 46 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Phèn đen S 47 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Chó đẻ răng cưa H T 48 Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg. Kỳ nhông H 21. FABACEAE Họ Đậu 49 Aeschynomene aspera L. Rút nhám A T 50 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Đậu vẩy ốc H T ThA 51 Crotalaria pallida Ait. Muồng lạc S 52 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Tràng quả ba hoa H T ThA 53 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Sắn dây rừng L T ThA 54 Erythrina fusca Lour. Vông đồng Su T C 55 Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. Chàm lá nhọn S ThA 56 Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker Cốt khí hoa đêm H Vigna adenantha (F. G. Mey.) Mar., Masch. Đậu ma L T ThA 57 & Stain. 22. FLACOURTIACEAE Họ Mùng quân 58 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Hồng quân ấn S T Ed 23. HYPERICACEAE Họ Thành ngạnh Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth. & Thành ngạnh đẹp T 59 Hook. f. ex Dyer 24. LAMIACEAE Họ Bạc hà 60 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. É thơm H T 25. LAURACEAE Họ Long não 61 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Robins. Bời lời nhớt T T Ed 26. LYTHRACEAE Họ Bằng lăng 62 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Bằng lăng nước Su C 27. MALVACEAE Họ Bông 63 Hibiscus surattensis L. Rau chua H T R 64 Sida acuta Burm. f. Bái nhọn H T S 65 Sida cordifolia L. Bái trắng H T S

4-3 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 66 Urena lobata L. Ké hoa đào S T S 67 Urena sinuata L. Ké khuyết S T 28. MELASTOMATACEAE Họ Mua 68 Melastoma normale D. Don Mua thường S T 69 Melastoma palaceum Naud. Mua dằm S 29. MELIACEAE Họ Xoan 70 Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Xà cừ T T G Nh 71 Melia azedarach L. Xoan ta T T G 30. MIMOSACEAE Họ Trinh nữ 72 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Keo lá tràm T G 73 Acacia mangium Willd. Keo tai tượng T 74 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Bồ kết tây T G Nh ThA 75 Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) De Wit Keo dậu S T ThA 76 Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle Trinh nữ có gai S Ed ThA 77 Mimosa pigra L. Mai dương H 78 Mimosa pudica L. Xấu hổ H T C 31. MOLLUGINACEAE Họ Cỏ bụng cu 79 Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC. Rau đắng đất H T R 32. MORACEAE Họ Dâu tằm 80 Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth Da gân S C 81 Ficus rumphii Blume Lâm vồ T T Ed 82 Ficus aff. superba (Miq.) Miq. Sung kiêu T 83 Morus alba L. Dâu tằm T T Ed 84 Streblus asper Lour. Ruối T T G C Ed 33. MYRTACEAE Họ Sim 85 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhart. Bạch đàn trắng T T Es 86 Psidium guajava L. Ổi Su T Ed 34. NELUMBONACEAE Họ Súng 87 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Sen A T C 35. OLEACEAE Họ Nhài 88 Jasminum annamense Wernham Nhài nam bộ L 89 Jasminum nervosum Lour. Nhài gân S T 36. ONAGRACEAE Họ Rau dừa nước Ludwigia octovalvis ssp. sessiliflora (Michx.) Rau mương H 90 Raven

4-4 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 91 Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara Dừa nước peru H 37. PASSIFLORACEAE Họ Lạc tiên 92 Passiflora foetida L. Lạc tiên L T Ed R 38. PORTULACACEAE Họ Rau sam 93 Portulaca oleracea L. Rau sam H T R 94 Portulaca pilosa L. Mười giờ H T 39. RUBIACEAE Họ Cà phê 95 Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. Dành dành S T C ThA 96 Hedyotis auricularia L. An điền tai H T 97 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk. Cho H T 98 Hedyotis pressa Piere ex Pit. An điền sát H 99 Morinda parvifolia Bartl. ex DC. Nhàu lá nhỏ L 100 Morinda umbellata L. Nhàu tán L T 101 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Mơ lông L T R 102 Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir. Lấu đỏ S T 40. RUTACEAE Họ Cam 103 Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle Quất S T C Ed 104 Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lamk.) DC. Muồng truổng T T 41. SAPINDACEAE Họ Bồ hòn 105 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Chành ràng S T 106 Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Nhãn dê S T C Ed 42. SAPOTACEAE Họ Hồng xiêm 107 Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. Moore & Stearn. Trứng gà T Ed 43. SCROPHULARIACEAE Họ Hoa mõm chó 108 Scoparia dulcis L. Cam thảo nam H T 109 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Lữ đằng cẩn H T 44. SIMAROUBACEAE Họ Thanh thất 110 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Sầu đâu cứt chuột S 45. SOLANACEAE Họ Cà 111 Physalis angulata L. Tầm bóp H T 112 Solanum diphyllum L. Cà hai hoa H 113 Solanum nigrum L. Lu lu đực H T Ed 114 Solanum torvum Sw. Cà nồng S T 46. THYMELAEACEAE Họ Trầm 115 Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Mey. Niệt gió S T

4-5 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 47. TILIACEAE Họ Đay 116 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Thâu kén lông S T 117 Melochia corchorifolia L. Trứng cua lá bố H T 118 Muntingia calabura L. Trứng cá Su T 48. URTICACEAE Họ Gai 119 Parietaria micrantha Ledeb. Tường anh H 49. VERBENACEAE Họ Cỏ roi ngựa 120 Lantana camara L. Ngọc nữ thơm S T C 121 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Dây lức H T 122 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Đuôi chuột H T 2.2. LILIOPSIDA LỚP HÀNH 50. ARACEAE Họ Ráy 123 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Khoai nước A T R ThA 124 Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott Bán hạ ba thùy H T 51. ARECACEAE Họ Cau 125 Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Chà là biển S C Ed 52. COMMELINACEAE Họ Thài lài 126 Commelina communis L. Trai thường H T R 127 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Thài lài trắng H T 53. CYPERACEAE Họ Cói 128 Cyperus difformis L. Cỏ tò ty H ThA 129 Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K U du mũi H 130 Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb Cói thủy trúc H T C 131 Cyperus rotundus L. Củ gấu H T Es ThA 132 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl Cỏ quăm nhân đôi H ThA 54. LIMNOCHARACEAE Họ Nê thảo 133 Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. Nê thảo A R 55. MUSACEAE Họ Chuối 134 Musa x paradisiaca L. Chuối H 56. PANDANACEAE Họ Dứa dại 135 Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (1) Dứa dại biển S T S 57. POACEAE Họ Cỏ 136 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. Cỏ lá gừng H 137 Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Tre gai H ThA 138 Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Cỏ lông H

4-6 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 1: List of Plants in Danang Airport (continued) Life No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Uses Forms 139 Cenchrus brownei Roem. & Schult Cước H 140 Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. Cỏ lục bông H 141 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cỏ gà H T ThA 142 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. Cỏ chân gà H 143 Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Túc hình tơ H 144 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Cỏ lồng vực cạn H 145 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Cỏ mần trầu H T 146 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cỏ tranh H T 147 Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Mồm u H 148 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees. Đuôi phụng H 149 Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldk. Lông công H ThA 150 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. San tròn H ThA 151 Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. Cỏ mỹ H ThA 152 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Sậy H T 153 Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd) C.E.Hubb Hồng nhung H 154 Saccharum spontaneum L. Lau H 155 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze Cỏ chít H T 58. PONTEDERIDACEAE Họ Lục bình 156 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Lục bình H R ThA 59. SMILACACEAE Họ Kim cang 157 Smilax bracteata Presl. Cậm kệch L T 60. XYRIDACEAE Họ Hoàng đầu 158 Xyris indica L. Hoàng đầu H T 61. ZINGIBERACEAE Họ Gừng 159 Alpinia conchigera Griff. Riềng gừng H T

Notations Life form (H: Herb; S: Shrub; T: Tree; L: Liana; Su: Use (T: Medicinal plant; ThA: Food; R: Vegetable; Sub-tree; A: Aquatic Plants) Ed: Edible; C: Ornamental; G: Timber; Nh: Tannin; S: Provide fibre; Es: Essential oil)

4-7 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

4.1.1 Diversity of Plants at Danang Airport Field surveys in the study area found 159 plant species within 118 genera and 61 families (list of plants in Danang Airport), in 2 phyla, and 2 classes. The following divisions were found within the study site:

 The Phylum Polypodiophyta comprises 3 families and 3 species;  The Phylum Magnoliophyta contains 2 classes, 58 families, and 156 species;  The Class Magnoliopsida contains 46 familes and 119 species; and,  The Class Liliopsida contains 12 familes and 37 species.

The maximum number species in any family was 20, which was found in the family Poaceae, followed by Euphorbiaceae for which 10 species were identified; 9 species were found belonging to the family Fabaceae; 8 species from the family Rubiaceae; and 7 species were identified for each of the families Mimosaceae and Asteraceae.

There are 22 additional families with 2 to 6 species, and a further 33 families each represented by only one species.

Resource Value The following numbers of plant species are utilized in the following ways:

 Medicinal plant (T): 101 species;  Food (ThA): 23 species;  Vegetable (R): 20 species;  Edible (Ed): 16 species;  Ornamental (C): 16 species;  Timber (G): 7 species;  Tannin (Nh): 4 species;  Fibre (S): 4 species; and,  Essential oils (Es): 2 species.

Life Forms The following numbers of plant species grouped by life form were recorded at the study site:

 Herbs (H): 90 species;  Shrubs (S): 28 species;  Trees (T): 18 species;  Liana (L): 13 species;  Sub-tree (Su): 6 species; and,  Aquatic Plants (A): 4 species.

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4.2 Number and List of Plant Species Identified in the Field During Surveys at Danang Airport, with GPS Coordinates Table 2 contains a list of plant species at the Danang Airport, including GPS coordinates.

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Div. 1. POLYPODIOPHYTA 1. GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Under. N 16o 03' 33.4" E 108o 11' 58.5" N 16o 03' 49.7" E 108o 12' 08.2" 2. SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" N 16o 03' 33.2" E 108o 11' 58.5" 3. THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella parasitica (L.) Lev. N 16o 03' 49.5" E 108o 12' 07.8" N 16o 03' 52.4" E 108o 12' 01.3" DIV. 2. MAGNOLIOPHYTA 2.1. MAGNOLIOPSIDA 4. AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus hybridus L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Amaranthus spinosus L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A. DC. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Celosia argentea L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" 5. ANNONACEAE Uvaria micrantha (A. DC.) Hook. f. & N 16o 03' 51.4" E 108o 11' 53.8" Thoms. 6. APOCYNACEAE Wrightia annamensis Eberh. & Dub. N 16o 03' 51.3" E 108o 11' 53.6" 7. ASCLEPIADACEAE Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.0" 8. ASTERACEAE Ageratum conyzoides L. N 16o 03' 34.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 34.8" Bidens pilosa L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 03' 44.9" E 108o 12' 01.3"

4-9 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H. N 16o 03' 49.8" E 108o 12' 08.6" Robins. N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Tridax procumbens L. N 16o 03' 32.5" E 108o 12' 02.3" Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. N 16o 03' 35.1" E 108o 12' 59.5" N 16o 01' 40.9" E 108o 11' 36.1 9. BASELLACEAE Basella rubra L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" 10. BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium strigosum Willd. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Heliotropium indicum L. N 16o 03' 38.7" E 108o 12' 12.9" 11. CAESALPINIACEAE Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. N 16o 03' 51.7" E 108o 11' 54.3" Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" Senna occidentalis (L.) Link N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Senna tora (L.) Roxb. N 16o 03' 52.6" E 108o 12' 01.1" N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" 12. CAPPARACEAE Cleome rutidosperma DC. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Cleome viscosa L. N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" 13. CARICACEAE Carica papaya L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" 14. CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. & Forst. f. N 16o 03' 52.0" E 108o 11' 55.8 15. COMBRETACEAE Terminalia catappa L. N 16o 03' 48.5" E 108o 12' 09.7" N 16o 03' 39.5" E 108o 12' 11.0" 16. CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea alba L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. N 16o 03' 35.2" E 108o 12' 04.4" Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Merremia boisiana (Gagnep.) Ooststr. N 16o 03' 48.5" E 108o 12' 09.7"

4-10 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples N 16o 03' 51.3" E 108o 11' 53.6" 17. CUCURBITACEAE Solena amplexicaulis (Lamk.) Gandhi N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 35.4" 18. CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta japonica Choisy N 16o 03' 33.2" E 108o 11' 58.3" 19. DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 35.4" 20. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha indica L. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook. f. N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" Croton glandulosus L. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Euphorbia heterophylla L. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Euphorbia hirta L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Phyllanthus emblica L. N 16o 01' 41.0" E 108o 11' 35.7" N 16o 01' 41.5" E 108o 11' 37.2" Manihot esculenta Crantz N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. N 16o 03' 51.2" E 108o 11' 53.6" N 16o 03' 43.6" E 108o 12' 02.3" N 16o 03' 40.8" E 108o 12' 03.3" Phyllanthus urinaria L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg. N 16o 03' 33.2" E 108o 11' 58.3" 21. FABACEAE Aeschynomene aspera L. N 16o 03' 38.2" E 108o 12' 12.0" Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. N 16o 03' 52.5" E 108o 12' 04.3" Crotalaria pallida Ait. N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. N 16o 03' 52.1" E 108o 11' 53.0" Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. N 16o 03' 50.3" E 108o 11' 53.3" Erythrina fusca Lour. N 16o 03' 39.1" E 108o 12' 12.4" Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. N 16o 03' 52.6" E 108o 12' 02.4" N 16o 03' 53.5" E 108o 12' 01.6" Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 01' 40.5" E 108o 11' 34.7" Vigna adenantha (F. G. Mey.) Mar., Masch. & N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8"; Stain. 22. FLACOURTIACEAE Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 34.8" 23. HYPERICACEAE Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth. & Hook. N 16o 03' 51.5" E 108o 11' 54.2" f. ex Dyer

4-11 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates 24. LAMIACEAE Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. N 16o 03' 34.6" E 108o 12' 03.5" 25. LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Robins. N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 03' 38.4" E 108o 11' 57.5" N 16o 03' 38.9" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 40.8" E 108o 12' 03.3" N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.0" N 16o 01' 41.3" E 108o 11' 36.1" N 16o 03' 38.2" E 108o 12' 12.2" 26. LYTHRACEAE Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 34.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" 27. MALVACEAE Hibiscus surattensis L. N 16o 03' 45.1" E 108o 12' 11.5" Sida acuta Burm. f. N 16o 03' 52.3" E 108o 11' 57.4" Sida cordifolia L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Urena lobata L. N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" Urena sinuata L. N 16o 01' 40.7" E 108o 11' 34.5" 28. MELASTOMATACEAE Melastoma normale D. Don N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" Melastoma palaceum Naud. N 16o 03' 49.8" E 108o 12' 08.6" 29. MELIACEAE Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.0" N 16o 01' 41.0" E 108o 11' 36.6" Melia azedarach L. N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.1" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" 30. MIMOSACEAE Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. N 16o 03' 49.9" E 108o 12' 08.5" N 16o 03' 37.8" E 108o 11' 59.8" N 16o 03' 33.2" E 108o 11' 58.3" N 16o 03' 32.8" E 108o 11' 58.8" N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" N 16o 03' 35.0" E 108o 11' 58.3" N 16o 03' 35.2" E 108o 11' 58.5" N 16o 01' 41.7" E 108o 11' 36.6" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0"

4-12 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Acacia mangium Willd. N 16o 03' 35.1" E 108o 12' 59.5" N 16o 03' 33.9" E 108o 11' 59.0" N 16o 03' 33.4" E 108o 11' 58.5" N 16o 03' 35.0" E 108o 11' 58.1" N 16o 03' 36.7" E 108o 11' 57.8" N 16o 01' 41.5" E 108o 11' 35.7" Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. N 16o 03' 38.4" E 108o 12' 11.7" Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) De Wit N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 56.7" N 16o 03' 41.8" E 108o 12' 03.8" Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" N 16o 03' 47.1" E 108o 12' 10.0" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" Mimosa pigra L. N 16o 03' 52.6" E 108o 12' 07.1" N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" Mimosa pudica L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 01' 40.9" E 108o 11' 36.1" 31. MOLLUGINACEAE Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" 32. MORACEAE Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth N 16o 03' 51.4" E 108o 11' 53.8" Ficus rumphii Blume N 16o 03' 52.5" E 108o 12' 01.4" Ficus aff. superba (Miq.) Miq. N 16o 03' 44.3" E 108o 12' 01.7"; Morus alba L. N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" Streblus asper Lour. N 16o 03' 49.5" E 108o 12' 08.1" N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 01' 41.7" E 108o 11' 36.6" N 16o 01' 42.2" E 108o 11' 37.3" 33. MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhart. N 16o 03' 52.0" E 108o 11' 55.8 N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 03' 41.8" E 108o 12' 03.8" N 16o 03' 37.9" E 108o 12' 02.7" N 16o 01' 40.5" E 108o 11' 34.7" N 16o 01' 41.5" E 108o 11' 37.2" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0"

4-13 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Psidium guajava L. N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" N 16o 03' 38.9" E 108o 11' 57.1" 34. NELUMBONACEAE Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. N 16o 03' 52.3" E 108o 11' 58.2" 35. OLEACEAE Jasminum annamense Wernham N 16o 03' 49.8" E 108o 12' 08.9" N 16o 01' 41.5" E 108o 11' 35.7" Jasminum nervosum Lour. N 16o 03' 34.7" E 108o 12' 59.9" N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" 36. ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis ssp. sessiliflora (Michx.) N 16o 03' 35.0" E 108o 12' 04.0" Raven N 16o 03' 49.3" E 108o 12' 09.5" Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" 37. PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora foetida L. N 16o 03' 52.1" E 108o 11' 53.2" 38. PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L. N 16o 03' 50.3" E 108o 11' 53.3" Portulaca pilosa L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" 39. RUBIACEAE Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. N 16o 03' 49.9" E 108o 12' 08.5" Hedyotis auricularia L. N 16o 03' 35.0" E 108o 12' 04.0" Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Hedyotis pressa Piere ex Pit. N 16o 03' 49.5" E 108o 12' 09.5" Morinda parvifolia Bartl. ex DC. N 16o 03' 51.5" E 108o 11' 54.2" Morinda umbellata L. N 16o 03' 51.5" E 108o 11' 54.2" N 16o 03' 33.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 43.6" E 108o 12' 02.3" Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir. N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.0" 40. RUTACEAE Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle N 16o 03' 51.7" E 108o 11' 54.3" Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lamk.) DC. N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 01' 41.4" E 108o 11' 36.3" 41. SAPINDACEAE

4-14 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" N 16o 03' 35.4" E 108o 11' 58.1" N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" 41. SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" N 16o 03' 35.4" E 108o 11' 58.1" N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 35.4" N 16o 01' 41.8" E 108o 11' 37.0" 42. SAPOTACEAE Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. Moore & Stearn. N 16o 03' 33.8" E 108o 12' 01.8" 43. SCROPHULARIACEAE Scoparia dulcis L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. N 16o 03' 49.5" E 108o 12' 09.5" 44. SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. N 16o 03' 49.1" E 108o 12' 09.6" N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 09.4" 45. SOLANACEAE Physalis angulata L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Solanum diphyllum L. N 16o 03' 51.4" E 108o 11' 54.0" Solanum nigrum L. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 38.4" E 108o 12' 11.7" Solanum torvum Sw. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" 46. THYMELAEACEAE Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Mey. N 16o 03' 51.4" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 03' 33.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" N 16o 03' 34.2" E 108o 11' 57.3" 47. TILIACEAE Helicteres hirsuta Lour. N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.0" Melochia corchorifolia L. N 16o 03' 52.1" E 108o 11' 53.2" Muntingia calabura L. N 16o 03' 47.0" E 108o 12' 10.7" N 16o 03' 47.1" E 108o 12' 10.0" N 16o 03' 44.9" E 108o 12' 01.3" N 16o 03' 39.2" E 108o 12' 10.1"

4-15 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates 48. URTICACEAE Parietaria micrantha Ledeb. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" 49. VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. N 16o 03' 53.2" E 108o 11' 53.9" N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 11' 57.1" N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" N 16o 01' 40.7" E 108o 11' 34.5" N 16o 01' 42.2" E 108o 11' 37.3" N 16o 01' 41.7" E 108o 11' 37.5" Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene N 16o 03' 52.2" E 108o 11' 54.8" Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 01' 40.8" E 108o 11' 34.6" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" 2.2. LILIOPSIDA 50. ARACEAE Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 34.8" 51. ARECACEAE Phoenix paludosa Roxb. N 16o 01' 40.6" E 108o 11' 34.7" 52. COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. N 16o 03' 51.3" E 108o 11' 53.6" Commelina diffusa Burm.f. N 16o 03' 38.4" E 108o 12' 11.7" 53. CYPERACEAE Cyperus difformis L. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K N 16o 03' 32.5" E 108o 12' 10.4" Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" Cyperus rotundus L. N 16o 03' 50.3" E 108o 11' 53.3" Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" 54. LIMNOCHARACEAE Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. N 16o 03' 44.2" E 108o 12' 11.6" 55. MUSACEAE Musa x paradisiaca L. N 16o 03' 38.9" E 108o 12' 08.2" 56. PANDANACEAE Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (1) N 16o 03' 38.0" E 108o 12' 11.0" 57. POACEAE Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. N 16o 03' 41.3" E 108o 12' 13.3"

4-16 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss N 16o 03' 51.0" E 108o 11' 53.2" N 16o 03' 37.9" E 108o 12' 02.7" N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 35.1" Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" N 16o 03' 44.9" E 108o 12' 01.3" Cenchrus brownei Roem. & Schult N 16o 03' 51.8" E 108o 11' 53.2" Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" N 16o 03' 33.1" E 108o 12' 02.7" Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult. N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Echinochloa colona (L.) Link N 16o 03' 41.6" E 108o 12' 12.8" Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. N 16o 03' 33.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" N 16o 03' 37.4" E 108o 11' 57.6" N 16o 01' 40.3" E 108o 11' 34.8" N 16o 01' 41.7" E 108o 11' 37.5" N 16o 03' 38.4" E 108o 12' 11.7" Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. N 16o 03' 35.5" E 108o 11' 59.3" Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees. N 16o 03' 51.9" E 108o 11' 52.1" N 16o 03' 40,6" E 108o 12' 13.4" N 16o 03' 46.0" E 108o 12' 11.1" N 16o 03' 44.9" E 108o 12' 01.3" N 16o 03' 41.8" E 108o 12' 03.8" N 16o 01' 40.2" E 108o 11' 35.2" Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldk. N 16o 03' 38.8" E 108o 11' 59.1" Paspalum scrobiculatum L. N 16o 03' 49.5" E 108o 12' 07.8" Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. N 16o 03' 37.8" E 108o 11' 59.8"; Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. N 16o 03' 33.7" E 108o 11' 59.5" N 16o 03' 39.0" E 108o 12' 12.0" Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd) C.E.Hubb N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" Saccharum spontaneum L. N 16o 03' 44.9" E 108o 12' 01.3" N 16o 03' 43.6" E 108o 12' 02.3" N 16o 03' 40.8" E 108o 12' 03.3" Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze N 16o 01' 40.9" E 108o 11' 35.0" 58. PONTEDERIDACEAE Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. N 16o 03' 52.5" E 108o 12' 04.3"; 59. SMILACACEAE Smilax bracteata Presl. N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.1" 60. XYRIDACEAE

4-17 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey

Table 2. List of Plants in Danang Airport with GPS Coordinates (continued) No. Scientific Name GPS Coordinates Xyris indica L. N 16o 03' 37.3" E 108o 11' 59.5" 61. ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia conchigera Griff. N 16o 03' 49.6" E 108o 12' 08.8" N 16o 01' 40.9" E 108o 11' 36.1 During the field survey, we found that some species are common in the region (e.g., Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Brachiaria mutica.), other species were only found at a few locations (e.g., Tephrosia noctiflora and Lagerstroemia speciosa), and a few species are very rare, having only been found in one location in the study area (e.g., Sebastiania chamaelea and Psychotria rubra). The most common tree species in the area include Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The most common herbaceous species include Imperata cylindrical, Leptochloa chinensis, and Brachiaria mutica. 4.3 Comparison of Plant Species List from the EIA and the September 2012 Biodiversity Survey Table 3 contains a list of plant species at the Danang Airport that overlap between the list of the EIA (MND 2012) and the Biodiversity Survey conducted in September 2012.

Table 3. List of Species that Overlap No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name DIV. 2. MAGNOLIOPHYTA NGÀNH MỘC LAN 2.1. MAGNOLIOPSIDA LỚP MỘC LAN 4. AMARANTHACEAE Họ Rau dền Amaranthus spinosus L. Dền gai Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A. DC. Rau dệu 8. ASTERACEAE Họ Cúc Ageratum conyzoides L. Cứt lơn Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H. Robins. Cỏ lào 10. BORAGINACEAE Họ Vòi voi Heliotropium indicum L. Vòi voi 11. CAESALPINIACEAE Họ Vang Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Phượng vĩ 14. CASUARINACEAE Họ Phi lao Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. & Forst. f. Phi lao 15. COMBRETACEAE Họ Bàng Terminalia catappa L. Bàng 16. CONVOLVULACEAE Họ Bìm bìm Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Rau muống Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Muống biển 20. EUPHORBIACEAE Họ Thầu dầu Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook. f. Bồ cu vẽ

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Table 3. List of Species that Overlap (continued) No. Scientific Name Vietnamese Name Euphorbia hirta L. Cỏ sữa lá lớn Phyllanthus urinaria L. Chó đẻ răng cưa 21. FABACEAE Họ Đậu Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Đậu vẩy ốc Crotalaria pallida Ait. Muồng lạc 30. MIMOSACEAE Họ Trinh nữ Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Keo lá tràm Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle Trinh nữ có gai Mimosa pudica L. Xấu hổ 34. NELUMBONACEAE Họ Súng Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Sen 38. PORTULACACEAE Họ Rau sam Portulaca oleracea L. Rau sam Portulaca pilosa L. Mười giờ 45. SOLANACEAE Họ Cà Solanum torvum Sw. Cà nồng 47. TILIACEAE Họ Đay Muntingia calabura L. Trứng cá 49. VERBENACEAE Họ Cỏ roi ngựa Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Dây lức 2.2. LILIOPSIDA LỚP HÀNH 50. ARACEAE Họ Ráy Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Khoai nước 53. CYPERACEAE Họ Cói Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl Cỏ quăm nhân đôi 56. PANDANACEAE Họ Dứa dại Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (1) Dứa dại biển 57. POACEAE Họ Cỏ Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. Cỏ lá gừng Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. Cỏ lục bông Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cỏ gà Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. Cỏ chân gà Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cỏ tranh 58. PONTEDERIDACEAE Họ Lục bình Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Lục bình

There were large differences in the number of plant species listed in the EIA (MND 2012) compared to those found in the September 2012 Biodiversity Survey; only 33 plant species were common between the two surveys. The comparison between the two surveys also indicates that the EIA (MND 2012) did

4-19 Section 4 Results of Biodiversity Survey not identify 67 plant species that are now confirmed to exist in the study area. However, all 67 species are common in Vietnam, and it is therefore not necessary to conduct recovery efforts for these species.

The EIA (MND 2012) included 126 plant species that were not found in the September 2012 Biodiversity Survey. This could be due to a number of reasons: a. Differences in weather, soil conditions, and time of year that the surveys were performed may have meant that some species had perished (e.g., Marsilea quadrifolia, Salvinia natans, and Myriophyllum dicoccum). b. The scope of the two survey areas was different, and sampling locations also may have differed. The number of species recorded would therefore also be different (e.g., Cocos nucifera was recorded in the EIA, but were found outside of the study area used for this survey). 4.4 Potential Impacts of Remediation Activities on Plant Biodiversity at Danang Airport The area is of low plant diversity. The vast majority of species are commonly found in many regions of Danang and Vietnam. No species found in the study area appears on the Red Book of Vietnam (Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007).

There are three plant species that are listed in the IUCN Red List as either vulnerable or nearly threatened. These include: 1) Phoenix paludosa (mangrove date palm), which is listed as near threatened – one specimen was found near the perimeter of the Pacer Ivy Area; 2) Khaya senegalensis (broad-leaf mahogany or dry-zone mahogany), which is listed as vulnerable – two specimens were found near the perimeter of the Pacer Ivy Area; and 3) Delonix regia (flamboyant tree), which is listed as vulnerable – one specimen was found at the northern end of the Danang Airport, northwest of Sen Lake. All specimens are outside of the proposed excavation area for the Project.

Medicinal plants found to exist in the dioxin contaminated area are not used to treat diseases, and are therefore of limited value.

Since very few vulnerable species were found within the study are, none of which are vulnerable according to the Red Book of Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007), the biological and scientific value of the study area is considered to be low.

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5 Commentary on Other Species Reported in the EIA 5.1 Methodology Biodiversity survey work conducted in the Danang Airport area as part of the EIA (MND 2012) was performed by a group of scientists using the following methods:

 Review of literature and sampling methods;  Field survey: – Interviews with the people in the area; – Establishment of survey transects; – Organizing survey work; and, – Laboratory analysis of the data.  Species identification was aided by the following resources: – Zooplankton taxonomy references: Dang Ngoc Thanh et al. (1980), Nguyen Van Khoi (2001), Dang Ngoc Thanh, Qinghai Lake (2002) – Fish taxonomy references: Mai Dinh Yen (1979, 2000), Nguyen Van Hao (2004, 2006), FAO Fish base; – Investigation and survey (in accordance with the Red Book of Vietnam [Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007] and the IUCN Red List). 5.2 Results The EIA (MND 2012) reported no terrestrial or avian fauna of concern at the Danang Airport. In general, the animal composition is poor as the natural habitat like grasslands and shrubs is limited, as the site is close to highly-populated residential areas.

The September 2012 Biodiversity Survey included a review of information presented in the EIA (MND 2012), and did not include a detailed survey of terrestrial or aquatic organisms; however, occurrence of animal species in the study area was noted during the September 2012 plant surveys. No terrestrial or aquatic animal species listed in the Red Book of Vietnam (2007) were recorded at the site during the EIA (MND 2012) or during the September 2012 Biodiversity Survey.

5.2.1 Birds Based on existing references of avian fauna known to occur in the study area, and the field survey results, 28 species of birds were recorded; these belong to 15 Families and 8 Orders. The Orders include:

 Podicipediformes (1 species)  Ciconiiformes (3 species)  Gruiformes (2 species)  Coraciiformes (2 species)  Charadriformes (2 species)

5-1 Section 5 Commentary on Other Species Reported in the EIA

 Columbiformes (2 species)  Cuculiformes (2 species)  Passeriformes (14 species)

Order Passeriformes (14 species) were most abundant, and comprised 50 percent of the total number of species found in the Danang Airport area. All the bird species recorded during the EIA (MND 2012) survey are common and have a wide distribution in Vietnam. No endangerd species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (2007) were found in the study area.

5.2.2 Mammals Twelve mammal species, belonging to 6 Families and 3 Orders were found in the study area. Orders include:

 Insectivora  Chiroptera  Rodentia

These included: Soricidae (shrews: Suncus electus; S. murinus); Pteropodidae (fruit bats: Cynopterus sphinx); Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats: Rhinolophus cornutus); Hipposideridae (roundleaf bats: Hipposideros armiger and H. larvatus); Vespertilionidae (common bats); Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra); Muridae (mice/rats: Mus musculus; Rattus flavipectus; R. exulans; R. losea; R. norvegicus). No species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007) were found at the study site.

5.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians A total of 16 species, belonging to 7 Families, 2 Orders, and 2 Classes were found in the Danang Airport area. Ten species of Reptilia and 6 species of Amphibia were found at the site, primarily in the Sen Lake area. These included: Gekkonidae (geckos: Hemidactylus frenatus; H. garnotii); Agamidae (agamids: Leiolepis reevesiil and L. guttata); Scincidae (skinks: Mabuya multifasciata); and, Colubridae (water snakes: Xenochrophis piscator). No endangered species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST 2007) were found in the study area.

5.2.4 Fish and Aquatic Biota It is important to note that there were 3 fish species were reported during the EIA (MND 2012) that are listed as vulnerable or near threatened in the IUCN Red List;

 Cirrhina molitorella (mud carp) – near threatened  Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) – near threatened  Cyprinus carpio (common carp) – vulnerable

The EIA (MND 2012) also provided a comprehensive list of floating plants (diatoms, green algae, blue- green algae, and flagellates), animals (Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotatoria, Ostracoda, and Insect Larvae), as well as benthic invertebrates (bivalves, crustaceans, snails, slugs, and insects); most were sampled from Sen Lake or nearby March 29 Lake.

5-2 Section 5 Commentary on Other Species Reported in the EIA

5.3 Comments Based on the results of the September 2012 Biodiversity Survey and the previous EIA survey (MND 2012), we conclude that the biodiversity in Danang Airport area is very low. Most of the species found have large areas of distribution and are common in Vietnam. All possible measures of care will be taken during project activities to protect those species identified as vulnerable or near threatened by the IUCN Red List. All plant species that are listed as vulnerable or near threatened are located outside of the proposed excavation area, and care will be taken to ensure they are not disturbed during remediation activities. An assessment of fisheries and aquatic biota will be undertaken in Sen Lake A as part of a separate survey, prior to dewatering and excavation of contaminated sediments from the site.

Hanoi, 14 Sep. 2012

CONFIRMATION OF Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources

DIRECTOR INVESTIGATORS

Prof. Dr. LE XUAN CANH

5-3

6 References Do Tat Loi. 1995. Medicinal plants and traditional remedies in Vietnam. Science and Technics Publishing House, Vietnam.

Hanoi National University. 2001. Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam, Volume 1. Agriculture Publishing House, Vietnam.

Institute of Materia Medica. 2004. The medicinal plants and animals in Vietnam. Science and Technics Publishing House, Vietnam.

IUCN Red List http://www.iucnredlist.org/

MND. 2012. Report of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Project Environmental Remediation of Dioxin Contamination at Danang Airport. Hanoi.

Ministry of Science and Technology and VAST. 2007. Vietnam Red Data Book (Part II. Plants). Publishing House for Science and Technology.

National Centre for Natural Sciences and Technology & Hanoi National University. 2003. Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam, volume 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Vietnam.

Nguyen Tien Ban. 1997. Handbook to reference and identification of the Families of Angiospermae plants in Vietnam). Agriculture Publishing House, Vietnam.

Pham Hoang Ho. 1991-1993. An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, Montreal, Canada.

Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology & Hanoi National University. 2005. Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam, volume 3. Agriculture Publishing House, Vietnam.

Vo Van Chi. 1997. A Dictionary of Medicinal Plants in Vietnam, Medical Publishing House, Vietnam.

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APPENDIX 1 MAP SHOWING TRANSECTS LOCATIONS

APPENDIX 2 PHOTOS OF FLORA AND FIELD SURVEY

North end of Eastern Wetland

Sen Lake

Storage Area

Area Between Eastern Wetland and Drainage Ditch

Checking specimens at field Note on field book

Note on field book Marking Coordinate

Survey at Field

Survey at Pacer IVY Storage Area

US Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523 Tel: (202) 712-0000 Fax: (202) 216-3524 www.usaid.gov