TSETSE and TRYPANOSOMOSIS INFORMATION Numbers 17429-17647
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Morphometric Characterization of Three Tsetse Fly Species - Glossina M
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.1.30 ISSN: 2456-1878 Morphometric characterization of three Tsetse Fly Species - Glossina M. Morsitans, G. P. Palpalis and G. Tachinoides (Diptera: Glossinidae) from Ghana Edwin Idriss Mustapha1,2*, Maxwell Kelvin Billah3, Alexander Agyir- Yawson4 1African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana 2Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, (SLARI) PMB 1313, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Box LG 67, Legon-Accra Ghana 4Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana Abstract– Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the main distinguished fly populations into four groups, Northern, vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), or Eastern, Western and the lab colony; this is an indication sleeping sickness and Animal African Trypanosomiasis, that hind tibia/wing length is a good morphometric feature (AAT) or Nagana in Sub Saharan Africa. In Ghana, whilst which can be used to discriminate flies from different HAT is no longer a major public health issue, AAT is still regions of Ghana. widely reported and causes considerable losses in the The principal components and canonical variates as well as livestock sector resulting in major impacts on agricultural Mahalanobis squared distances confirmed linear and ratio production, livelihoods and food security in the country. separations. Therefore based on these differences in Application of morphometric techniques can reveal the morphometric characters observed, the three tsetse species existing level of population differentiation in tsetse flies, were distinguished from each other. -
SURRA. THIS Short Notice of Surra Is Written in Order to Induce R.A.M.C
J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-02-01-10 on 1 January 1904. Downloaded from 64 SURRA. THIS short notice of surra is written in order to induce R.A.M.C. officers living in surra districts to assist in filling up a few gaps in our knowledge of this disease. It is true that surra is not a human disease, but it is none the less of very great importance from an Army point of view; as a force which has to operate in a surra district may lose the greater part, if not all, its transport and riding animals, with disastrous results .. Surra generally occurs in hot climates and in low-lying, damp localities, hence a large number of sick men may be expected coincidently with the appearance of surra, and the question of trans port is certain to furnish a good deal of anxiety for the medical officer. In this way surra may closely concern us. Moreover, Leishman's recent observations on the spleens of men dying of Dum Dum fever suggest the possibility of another trypanosome Protected by copyright. disease, in addition to sleeping sickness, occurring in man, so that any fresh information as to the method of spread of trypanosome diseases in general will be of value. \ The disease is a parasitic one caused by the Trypanosoma Evansi. The characteristics of the disease are, progressive wasting and muscular weakness, associated with irregular fever. The disease has been known in India for centuries, but its actual cause was only discovered in 1880 by Evans, a veterinary surgeon. -
Spatial Distribution of Glossina Sp. and Trypanosoma Sp. in South-Western
Duguma et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:430 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-1041-9 RESEARCH Open Access Spatial distribution of Glossina sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in south-western Ethiopia Reta Duguma1,2, Senbeta Tasew3, Abebe Olani4, Delesa Damena4, Dereje Alemu3, Tesfaye Mulatu4, Yoseph Alemayehu5, Moti Yohannes6, Merga Bekana1, Antje Hoppenheit7, Emmanuel Abatih8, Tibebu Habtewold2, Vincent Delespaux8* and Luc Duchateau2 Abstract Background: Accurate information on the distribution of the tsetse fly is of paramount importance to better control animal trypanosomosis. Entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted in the tsetse belt of south-western Ethiopia to describe the prevalence of trypanosomosis (PoT), the abundance of tsetse flies (AT) and to evaluate the association with potential risk factors. Methods: The study was conducted between 2009 and 2012. The parasitological survey data were analysed by a random effects logistic regression model, whereas the entomological survey data were analysed by a Poisson regression model. The percentage of animals with trypanosomosis was regressed on the tsetse fly count using a random effects logistic regression model. Results: The following six risk factors were evaluated for PoT (i) altitude: significant and inverse correlation with trypanosomosis, (ii) annual variation of PoT: no significant difference between years, (iii) regional state: compared to Benishangul-Gumuz (18.0 %), the three remaining regional states showed significantly lower PoT, (iv) river system: the PoT differed significantly between the river systems, (iv) sex: male animals (11.0 %) were more affected than females (9.0 %), and finally (vi) age at sampling: no difference between the considered classes. Observed trypanosome species were T. congolense (76.0 %), T. -
Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. -
Radiation Induced Sterility to Control Tsetse Flies
RADIATION INDUCED STERILITY TO CONTROL TSETSE FLIES THE EFFECTO F IONISING RADIATIONAN D HYBRIDISATIONO NTSETS E BIOLOGYAN DTH EUS EO FTH ESTERIL E INSECTTECHNIQU E ININTEGRATE DTSETS ECONTRO L Promotor: Dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar in de Entomologie in het bijzonder de Oecologie der Insekten Co-promotor: Dr. ir. W. Takken Universitair Docent Medische en Veterinaire Entomologie >M$?ol2.o2]! RADIATION INDUCED STERILITY TO CONTROL TSETSE FLIES THE EFFECTO F IONISING RADIATIONAN D HYBRIDISATIONO NTSETS E BIOLOGYAN DTH EUS EO FTH ESTERIL EINSEC TTECHNIQU E ININTEGRATE DTSETS ECONTRO L Marc J.B. Vreysen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw - enmilieuwetenschappe n op gezag van rectormagnificus , Dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 19 december 1995 des namiddags te 13.30 uur ind eAul a van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen t^^Q(&5X C IP DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Vreysen, Marc,J.B . Radiation induced sterility to control tsetse flies: the effect of ionising radiation and hybridisation on tsetse biology and the use of the sterile insecttechniqu e inintegrate dtsets e control / Marc J.B. Vreysen ThesisWageninge n -Wit h ref -Wit h summary in Dutch ISBN 90-5485-443-X Copyright 1995 M.J.B.Vreyse n Printed in the Netherlands by Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, Wageningen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission by the publisher except inth e case of brief quotations, onth e condition that the source is indicated. -
Medicine in the Wild: Strategies Towards Healthy and Breeding Wildlife Populations in Kenya
Medicine in the Wild: Strategies towards Healthy and Breeding Wildlife Populations in Kenya David Ndeereh, Vincent Obanda, Dominic Mijele, and Francis Gakuya Introduction The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) has a Veterinary and Capture Services Department at its headquarters in Nairobi, and four satellite clinics strategically located in key conservation areas to ensure quick response and effective monitoring of diseases in wildlife. The depart- ment was established in 1990 and has grown from a rudimentary unit to a fully fledged department that is regularly consulted on matters of wildlife health in the eastern Africa region and beyond. It has a staff of 48, comprising 12 veterinarians, 1 ecologist, 1 molecular biologist, 2 animal health technicians, 3 laboratory technicians, 4 drivers, 23 capture rangers, and 2 subordinate staff. The department has been modernizing its operations to meet the ever-evolving challenges in conservation and management of biodiversity. Strategies applied in managing wildlife diseases Rapid and accurate diagnosis of conditions and diseases affecting wildlife is essential for facilitating timely treatment, reducing mortalities, and preventing the spread of disease. This also makes it possible to have an early warning of disease outbreaks, including those that could spread to livestock and humans. Besides reducing the cost of such epidemics, such an approach ensures healthy wildlife populations. The department’s main concern is the direct threat of disease epidemics to the survival and health of all wildlife populations, with emphasis on endangered wildlife populations. Also important are issues relating to public health, livestock production, and rural liveli- hoods, each of which has important consequences for wildlife management. -
A Short Bifunctional Element Operates to Positively Or Negatively Regulate ESAG9 Expression in Different Developmental Forms Of
2294 Research Article A short bifunctional element operates to positively or negatively regulate ESAG9 expression in different developmental forms of Trypanosoma brucei Stephanie L. Monk, Peter Simmonds and Keith R. Matthews* Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Accepted 25 February 2013 Journal of Cell Science 126, 2294–2304 ß 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.126011 Summary In their mammalian host trypanosomes generate ‘stumpy’ forms from proliferative ‘slender’ forms as an adaptation for transmission to their tsetse fly vector. This transition is characterised by the repression of many genes while quiescent stumpy forms accumulate during each wave of parasitaemia. However, a subset of genes are upregulated either as an adaptation for transmission or to sustain infection chronicity. Among this group are ESAG9 proteins, whose genes were originally identified as a component of some telomeric variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites, although many members of this diverse family are also transcribed elsewhere in the genome. ESAG9 genes are among the most highly regulated genes in transmissible stumpy forms, encoding a group of secreted proteins of cryptic function. To understand their developmental silencing in slender forms and activation in stumpy forms, the post-transcriptional control signals for a well conserved ESAG9 gene have been mapped. This identified a precise RNA sequence element of 34 nucleotides that contributes to gene expression silencing in slender forms but also acts positively, activating gene expression in stumpy forms. -
Surra Importance Surra, Caused by Trypanosoma Evansi, Is One of the Most Important Diseases of Animals in Tropical and Semitropical Regions
Surra Importance Surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the most important diseases of animals in tropical and semitropical regions. While surra is particularly serious in Murrina, Mal de Caderas, equids and camels, infections and clinical cases have been reported in most Derrengadera, Trypanosomosis, domesticated mammals and some wild species. T. evansi is transmitted mechanically El Debab, El Gafar, Tabourit by various tabanids and other flies, and it can readily become endemic when introduced into a new area. The morbidity and mortality rates in a population with no immunity can be high. In the early 1900s, an outbreak in Mauritius killed almost all Last Updated: September 2015 of the Equidae on the island. More recently, severe outbreaks have been reported in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. In addition to illness and deaths, surra causes economic losses from decreased productivity in working animals, reduced weight gain, decreased milk yield, reproductive losses and the cost of treatment. Etiology Surra is caused by the protozoal parasite Trypanosoma evansi. This organism belongs to the subgenus Trypanozoon and the Salivarian section of the genus Trypanosoma. Two genetic types of T. evansi, type A and type B, have been recognized. Most isolates worldwide belong to type A. Type B, which is not recognized by some diagnostic tests, has only been detected in parts of Africa as of 2015. Whether T. evansi should be considered a distinct species, separate from T. brucei, is controversial. Species Affected The principal hosts and reservoirs for T. evansi are reported to differ between regions; however, camels, equids, water buffalo and cattle are generally considered to be the major hosts among domesticated animals. -
Attraction of the Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans to Acetone
Retour au menu Rev. Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1984, 37 (4) : 468-473. Attraction of the tsetse fly ~Glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 1-octen-3-01, and the combination of these compounds in WeSt Africa par H. POLITZAR and P. MÉROT Centre T.E.M.V.T./G.T.Z. de Recherches sur les Trypanosomoses Animales (C.R.T.A.), B. P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. RÉSUMÉ SUMMARY POLITZAR (H.), MÉROT (P.). - Pouvoir attractif pour POLITZAR (H.), MÉROT (P.). - Attraction of the Glossina morsitans submorsitans de l’acétone, du l-octen- tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 3-01 seuls ou associés, en Afrique occidentale. Rev. Eh. 1-octen-3-01, and the combination of these compounds in Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1984, 37 (4) : 468-413. West Africa. Rev. Elev. Méd vét. Pqs trop., 1984, 31 (4) : 468-473. Le pouvoir attractif du 1-octen-3-01 (octenol) et de I’acé- tone ayant été montré au Zimbabwé pour G. pallidipes et 1-octen-3-01 (= octenol) and acetone that had proved to G. m. morsitans, ces deux produits ont été testés vis-à-vis be potent olfactory attractants in Zimbabwe for G. palli- de G. m. submorsitans au Burkina Faso. Les essais, faits dipes and G. m. morsitans were tested against G. m. successivement en saison des pluies puis en saison sèche, submorsitans in Burkina Faso. Experiments were carried ont été réalisés selon le protocole des carrés latins. out in the rainy season and in the dry season. TO compare L’analyse des résultats obtenus en saison des pluies a mis the efficacy of acetone, octenol, acetone-plus-octenol - en évidence un accroissement significatif des captures de baited and non baited traps, a series of randomised 4 x 4 6,7 fois lorsque les deux produits étaient associés au piège. -
Author's Manuscript (764.7Kb)
1 BROADLY SAMPLED TREE OF EUKARYOTIC LIFE Broadly Sampled Multigene Analyses Yield a Well-resolved Eukaryotic Tree of Life Laura Wegener Parfrey1†, Jessica Grant2†, Yonas I. Tekle2,6, Erica Lasek-Nesselquist3,4, Hilary G. Morrison3, Mitchell L. Sogin3, David J. Patterson5, Laura A. Katz1,2,* 1Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA 3Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA 5Biodiversity Informatics Group, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 6Current address: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA †These authors contributed equally *Corresponding author: L.A.K - [email protected] Phone: 413-585-3825, Fax: 413-585-3786 Keywords: Microbial eukaryotes, supergroups, taxon sampling, Rhizaria, systematic error, Excavata 2 An accurate reconstruction of the eukaryotic tree of life is essential to identify the innovations underlying the diversity of microbial and macroscopic (e.g. plants and animals) eukaryotes. Previous work has divided eukaryotic diversity into a small number of high-level ‘supergroups’, many of which receive strong support in phylogenomic analyses. However, the abundance of data in phylogenomic analyses can lead to highly supported but incorrect relationships due to systematic phylogenetic error. Further, the paucity of major eukaryotic lineages (19 or fewer) included in these genomic studies may exaggerate systematic error and reduces power to evaluate hypotheses. -
The Distribution of the Vectors of African Pathogenic Trypanosomes*
Bull. Org. mond. Sante 1963, 2.8, 653-669 Bull. Wld Hth Org. I The Distribution of the Vectors of African Pathogenic Trypanosomes* J. FORD 1 The author lists the species, subspecies and races of tsetse fly now recognized in three morphologically distinct groups. The distribution of each group is mapped and described in relation to climate and vegetation, with some indication ofthe partplayed bypast climates and orogenies in determining the modern pattern. The importance of different species as vectors of human or bovine trypanosomiasis, or both, is noted, and examples are given of the part played by human settlement as a secondary limiting factor. The author suggests that many modern problems of control are the consequences of the recent invasion of the African ecosystem by the outside world. Although there are local exceptions, the broad pattern of Glossina distribution has not been significantly changed by the entomological approach to the trypanosomiasis problem. So little is known of the role of haematophagous belt of the Koalib Hills in Kordofan and at least insects other than tsetse flies as vectors of African six species in scattered foci in western and southern pathogenic trypanosomes that, although the so- Ethiopia. These relics have survived a southward called " mechanical transmission" occasionally expansion of the Sahara (see, for example, Huzayyin, assumes local importance, discussion must be con- 1956). fined to Glossina (Muscidae, Diptera). The genus Bursell (1960) has suggested that climates showing occurs only in Africa, between latitude 14°N and a mean temperatures for the length of a pupal period line drawn from Benguela to Durban which is of 16°C or less (three months) or of 32°C (three indented by the Bihe Plateau in Angola (Sousa Dias, weeks) provide limits to the distribution of G. -
Third Target of Rapamycin Complex Negatively Regulates Development of Quiescence in Trypanosoma Brucei
Third target of rapamycin complex negatively regulates development of quiescence in Trypanosoma brucei Antonio Barquillaa, Manuel Saldiviaa, Rosario Diaza, Jean-Mathieu Barta,b, Isabel Vidala, Enrique Calvoc, Michael N. Halld, and Miguel Navarroa,1 aInstituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18100 Granada, Spain; bCentro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, The Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; cCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and dBiozentrum, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland Edited by Alberto Carlos Frasch, Universidad de San Martin and National Research Council, San Martin, Argentina, and approved July 27, 2012 (receivedfor review June 21, 2012) African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites transmitted by that TbTOR4 assembles into a structurally and functionally a tsetse fly vector to a mammalian host. The life cycle includes unique TOR complex (TbTORC4) that plays a crucial role in the highly proliferative forms and quiescent forms, the latter being T. brucei life cycle. adapted to host transmission. The signaling pathways controlling TbTOR4 contains characteristic TOR kinase domains, in- the developmental switch between the two forms remain un- cluding HEAT, FAT, and FATC domains, but lacks a rapamy- known. Trypanosoma brucei contains two target of rapamycin cin-binding site (RBS). The RBSs in TbTOR1 and TbTOR3 also (TOR) kinases, TbTOR1 and TbTOR2, and two TOR complexes, are poorly conserved and do not interact with FKBP2-rapamycin TbTORC1 and TbTORC2. Surprisingly, two additional TOR kinases (5). Multiple-alignment analysis of TbTOR4 with other members are encoded in the T. brucei genome. We report that TbTOR4 asso- of the PI3K-related kinase (PIKK) superfamily indicates that ciates with an Armadillo domain-containing protein (TbArmtor), TbTOR4 clusters with the TOR family (Fig.