Humaniora, Vol. 27, No. 1 Februari 2015: 096-106HUMANIORA

VOLUME 27 No. 1 Februari 2015 Halaman 96-106

THE IMPLICATURE OF TEMBANG GAMBUH IN SERAT WEDHATAMA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SOCIETY

Edy Tri Sulistyo*

ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan makna yang tersirat dalam naskah tembang Gambuh karya KGPAA Mangkunagara IV dalam Serat Wedhatama dan kebermaknaannya bagi masyarakat. Penuturan naskah tersebut terdiri 25 bait, namun kajian ini dibatasi pada bait yang berkaitan dengan sembah. Kajian dilakukan dengan menggunakan paradigma kualitatif, yang ditempuh deskriptif studi kasus tunggal terpancang. Data dihimpun dari sumber informan, tempat dan peristiwa serta dokumen/arsip atau kepustakaan. Validitas data digunakan trianggulasi data. Data dianalisis dengan model analisis pragmatik. Hasil temuan berdasarkan kajian pragmatik pada naskah tembang Gambuh yang dominan menunjukkan implikatur berkaitan dengan sembah raga, sembah cipta, sembah jiwa, dan sembah rasa. Adapun makna dari keempat sembah tersebut bagi masyarakat yakni sebagai peringatan dan pendidikan moral yang memiliki arti penting bagi seseorang untuk melakukan pendekatan kepada Allah swt dengan cara melaksanakan peribadatan yang telah dituntunkan.

Kata kunci: implikatur, pendidikan moral, sembah cipta, sembah jiwa, sembah raga, sembah rasa, serat Wedhatama, Tembang Gambuh

ABSTRACT This study was aimed to discover the meanings implied in the texts of Tembang Gambuh written by KGPAA Mangkunagara IV in his Serat Wedhatama as well as its significance for the society. The texts were originally composed of 25 stanzas, but this study was limited to those associated with sembah (worship). This study employed qualitative paradigm which was conducted by using an embedded-case-study research design. Data was collected from informants, places and events as well as documents/archives or library sources. The validity of the data was tested using the data triangulation. The data was then analyzed by using a model of pragmatic analysis. The findings based on the pragmatic analysis suggested that the dominant implicatures in the Tembang Gambuh in relation to sembah were sembah raga (worship by physical conduct), sembah cipta (worship by controlled/mind conduct), sembah jiwa (spiritual/soul worship), and sembah rasa (worship beyond rituals). For the society, these four types of worship can serve as a warning and moral education that have significant values for someone to draw closer to God by performing worship in accordance to the guideline.

Keywords: implicature, moral education, sembah cipta, sembah jiwa, sembah raga, sembah rasa, serat Wedhatama, Tembang Gambuh

* Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta

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INTRODUCTION THE MEANING OF SEMBAH (WORSHIP) Tembang Gambuh is part of KGPAA AND ITS IMPLICATURE Mangkunagara IV’s speech in Serat Wedhatama. In the introduction of this paper, it has been This Tembang (Javanese Song) is comprised of 25 stated that the Tembang Gambuh texts in Serat stanzas (R.Ng. Satyopranowo and KRT. Sarjono Wedhatama contain teachings related to sembah Darmosarkoro, 2000:iii, Harmanto Bratasiswara, (worship). It can be shown in the following stanza. 2002:895; Ardani, 1995:38; Anjar Any, 2001:29; Simuh, 2002:253). As a classic work of literature, Samêngko ingsun tutur Serat Wedhatama (Supreme Wisdom) contains Sêmbah catur supaya lumuntur didactic values which idealize moral values ​​or Dhihin: raga, cipta, jiwa, rasa, kaki characters in Javanese culture as an adhiluhung Ing kono lamun tinêmu (sublime) work (Pamberton, 1994:115; Anjar Any, Tandha nugrahaning Manon 2001:5). However, it is contrary to the current ‘Now I beseech you’ reality. Almost every day, the mass media report cases of rape, murder, injustice, corruption, fraud, ‘Four types of worship’ and the like. Based on these pathetic life events, ‘Worship by the body, mind/heart, soul, and the public need to be exposed to moral education sense, my son’ so hopefully they do not fall into behaviors which ‘Whereby, If succeed, you can see’ are injurious to either themselves or others. ‘Signs of God’s grace’ In relation to the above background, this study (Speech 1, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and was aimed to reveal the meanings contained in KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). the texts of Tembang Gambuh and hopefully it can give enlightenment to the society. Speeches This stanza and the next ones were expressed uttered in the Tembang Gambuh are interesting to in Javanese and then translated into English. This review because their meanings are very prominent is in accordance with the initial purpose of the in association with worship (drawing closer to speech (in form of poem) which was intentionally Allah (swt) which means remembering Him at all delivered by the creator for the descendants of times). Kings in Java. Even, the poem was typically sung to make it listenable and make its meaning easy to This study applied a pragmatic qualitative catch. In the subsequent development, however, approach which was conducted by using an the poem was received well by the community at embedded-case-study research design. Data was collected from informants, places and events, as large. This is in accordance with Aris Munandar’s well as documents/archives or library sources. opinion in Jurnal Humaniora (2013:92) that the The validity of the data was tested using the data use of Javanese language in communication in the triangulation, a method to guide the researcher in community can be delivered orally or in writing. collecting similar/particular data whereby a variety The prominent utterance in the Canto of of different data sources must be used (Sutopo, Gambuh particularly in the above stanza (speech 2006:93). The data was then analyzed by means of 1) is ‘sêmbah catur supaya lumuntur’ (four types a pragmatic model, i.e. analyzing a language under of worship you shall conduct) and ‘dhihin: raga, the considerations of context in addition to paying cipta, jiwa, rasa, kaki’ (worship by the body, attention to the syntax (the arrangement of words mind, soul, and sense, my son). The advice and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a given is the need for imitating and implementing language) and semantics (the meanings of words sembah (worship), i.e. the four types of worship. If and phrases in language) (Hamid Hasan, 1993: implemented well, they can provide a blessing for 20). At the end of this analysis, a synthesis was life. What is meant by the word sembah (worship) done to draw a conclusion as a result of the study. here is not like a homage paid by the people to

97 Humaniora, Vol. 27, No. 1 Februari 2015: 096-106 their king, but an act to earnestly appreciate and Fifth, respect and worship to the teacher. This utilize the gift from God. In this sense, worship is also obliged and necessary because teacher is can be divided into two types, namely physical a person who sincerely has given knowledge, worship and spiritual worship. Physical worship instruction, guidance, coaching to students in order consists of five objects including worship to to establish their independence. Paying respect to parents, worship to the parents-in-law, worship to teacher is also a sign of gratitude and appreciation older brothers, worship to the leader, and worship to the parents who are very instrumental in to the teacher. In contrast to physical worship, children’s education. On the other hand, the spiritual worship only requires worship to God spiritual worship is the main purpose of someone’s Almighty. life in this world, because at the end of life, people A brief explanation of the meaning of will go into the new world hereafter. If someone physical worship is as follows. First, worship to believes this, then someone will surely conduct the biological parents. To the biological parents, spiritual worship. In this case, all religions teach a child shall do this worship, in the sense that he/ how to perform spiritual worship. For example, she is obliged to respect and devote him/herself in Islam, someone doing spiritual worship are to them because they are the intermediaries for obliged to perform the ritual prayers (salat) five the existence and the birth of a child. For nine times a day and night, and even then coupled with months, the fetus is inside the mother’s womb. salat sunnah (optional prayers). It has been stated We can see how affectionate the parents in the above that in this stanza, there are four types of care of the fetus, the birth, until the process to worship that should be performed. The description nurture. Considering the parents’ hard work and of the four types of worship are as follows. affection, so it is an obligation for every child to First, sêmbah raga (worship by the body- worship them. Moreover, the parents’ prayer for a related to physical conduct). The sêmbah raga child will be the priceless provision at the end of tries to do deeds that lead to good/holy actions. the day. Second, worship to the parents-in-law. The physical worship is here performed when The same as biological parents, the parents-in- someone will start a sêmbahyang (prayer) started law shall also be respected and loved. In relation with ablution by water, and usually done five to the affinity of husband and wife (marriage), the times continuously every day, an in accordance parents-in-law are the ones who are instrumental with the rules that have been outlined. For in the procession. example, in Islam, starting a ritual prayer must Third, respect and worship to older brothers be preceded by wudlu (ablution by water); in the are also deemed necessary because (1) if the Christian religion, this is called a bath of water biological parents are dead, the ones who are (baptism), while in Hinduism and Buddhism, it is responsible as the successor are them; (2) older done by sprinkling holy water. brothers are born first, so they shall be respected; Second, sêmbah cipta (worship by the mind (3) older brothers have more life experiences -related to controlled conduct). The sêmbah cipta too, so they shall be respected. Fourth, respect is performed by always learning to condition the and worship to the leader, on the grounds that mind to always be serene (cleansing the mind from (a) a leader is seen as a person-in-charge in a misleading delusion). community or country; (b) a leader who provides Third, sêmbah jiwa (worship by the soul- protection and safety for humans is beyond the related to spiritual conduct). The sêmbah jiwa is parents themselves; (c) a leader provides welfare, performed by always being cautious to everything sufficient food and clothing for the people. someone will do.

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Fourth, sêmbah rasa (worship by the As mandated by Sharia/Principles or as sense). The sêmbah rasa is performed by always taught by the Prophet Muhammad, the acts of remembering the true rules of life (outlined by performing wudlu includes: (1) Intention of religion). performing wudlu; the Prophet Muhammad PBUH The implicature of speech in this stanza is that said means “Actions are according to intentions, if someone has been able to find or implement the and everyone will get what was intended ...”; fourth types of worship, he/she has found grace or (2) Tasmiyah (reciting bismillah); the Prophet received guidance from God. People who receive Muhammad PBUH said: “No prayer is accepted guidance are those who have begun to be aware of without ablution and no ablution is accepted the deficiencies or sins they did in the past, then without mentioning Allah’s name”; (3) Rinsing surrender to God. the inner mouth and sniffing water and blowing it In order to more clearly comprehend the once; (4) Washing the face once, ranging of a head speech in the form of advice as described above, of hair growth until the end of the beard, while the then the next stanza in Tembang Gambuh of Serat width of the face is between the left and right ear; Wedhatama below is presented since it is also (5) Passing wet fingers into the beard; (6) Washing associated with worship. both the arms including the elbows once; (7) Rubbing the hair once using wet hand; (8) Wiping Sêmbah raga puniku both ears at once; (9) Washing both the feet once Pakartiné wong amagang laku up to and including the ankles; (10) Passing wet Sêsuciné asarana saking warih fingers between fingers and toes; (11) Wudlu is Kang wus lumrah limang wêktu done systematically. Waktu wataking wêwaton Sunnah (optional) acts that can be done in ‘Worship by the body is’ wudlu are: (1) Rinsing the mouth, rubbing the ‘The act of a person being practicing’ teeth with a miswak; (2) Washing both the hands at the beginning of wudlu; (3) Rubbing the head ‘Ablution by water’ of those who do not have long and thick hair; (4) ‘Commonly done to perform the five-time Washing three times; (5) Reciting du’a after wudlu prayers’ which means “I bear witness that none has the ‘Time is the nature of the rules’ right to be worshipped but Allah alone, Who has (Speech 2, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and no partner; and I bear witness that Muhammad is KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). His slave and His Messenger except that all eight The prominent utterances in this stanza of doors of Paradise are opened for him, and he can the Canto of Gambuh (speech 2) are sêmbah raga enter into it through whichever one he pleases.” puniku pakartiné wong amagang laku which (6) Offering two-rakaat prayer after wudlu. means meaning the act to purify parts of the body The water required for wudlu is only holy using water, in addition to beneficial for health and purifying water including rainwater, objects and neatness. Health is essential for human life. whose origin is water such as snow and dew, Once someone is sick, he/she will certainly face spring, well water, sea water, Zam-zam water, ajin difficulties in carrying out tasks/obligations. water (water that has changed its characteristics), Purification by water (wudlu) is an act to be done the water that has been mixed with excrement, by a Muslim before doing formal prayers, either but does not change its taste, color and smell, mandatory (wajib) or optional (sunnah) in the musta’mal water (water that has been used), water attempt to get closer to Allah (swt). that has been warmed or heated.

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Sharia means the moral code and religious Based on the above description, it can be law which are charged to the Muslims to live the concluded that sêmbah raga is the worship to God relationship with God and relationship with fellow with emphasis on bodily movement behavior, or human beings. A good wudlu is the one performed physical deeds (Ardani, 1995:56). In this stanza, by not only washing part of the body, but also there is an utterance ‘magang laku’ which means presenting the mind and heart that purifying parts the human must have a long life journey or a of the body by water is a means to get inner purity. spiritual life, as an actor who undergoes the early If this is done truly and sincerely for God, then it stages of an ascetic life. Asceticism in this sense can abort sins. does not have to be alone, meditating in a cave or Raga (the body) is observable in nature of sacred places, but trying to get closer to Allah. The wadhag (materialism). In the wadhag, human utterance ‘kang wus lumrah limang wêktu’ means needs food, drink, air, and sunlight. Things that the worship must be conducted in accordance included as the wadhag body are brain, heart, with the requirement, i.e. five times a day. veins, nerves, blood and so on. If one part does The five-time worship, in the religion of not function, then health will be disrupted and the Islam, is known as salat fardlu (obligatory wadhag body will be damaged. For example, if prayers-fajr, dohr, asr, maghreb, and isha), the heart is experiencing restless or emotion, then which must be performed by meeting all the someone will be easier to get disease and stress. requirements and pillars (waktu wataking So, the wadhag body needs to be maintained so as wêwaton). This worship must be done by every not susceptible to illness. Muslim during his/her life. The implementation In this modern era, many ways can be done of this five-time worship is performing obligatory/ by humans to keep the wadhag body stay good ritual prayers in the determined times including and healthy by improving diet and nutrition or fajr (4:25 am), dohr (11:40 am), asr (15:00 pm), exercising according to the body condition. Older maghreb (17:30 pm), and isha (18:45 pm). people, in regulating food nutrition, in general What is designated as a legal subject or have to reduce foods that contain cholesterol such mukallaf (the one charged with responding to and as meat, avoid foods that are too salty, and better abided by the legislative commands) includes: (1) eat lots of vegetables and fruits and prefer to a person has received the message of Islam; (2) consume drinking water. It is also better to work sane (healthy mind, not crazy or in the waking out by strolling or riding a bike on a regular basis. state); (3) baligh, i.e. the one who reaches the age Moreover, if a Muslim has just had intercourse of fifteen (15) lunar years, or has had a wet dream with his wife, or teenage gets a wet dream, (for men), or has already married and menstruation they must perform a complete bath (ghusl) in for women. Meanwhile, the conditions of salat preparation for formal prayers. This is also true for that must be met by someone who will perform the Muslim. Thus, sêmbah raga is the first level salat are: confidence of the time of worship; in the worship to God and water is a means of facing the qibla; covering the awrah: the awrah ablution in preparation for this type of worship. of a man refers to the part of the body from the Almost all religions perform ablution because navel to the knees, while a woman should cover it basically makes a life worth living and cleanses her entire body excluding her face and her hands the body of all the dirt on the body. Cleanliness to the wrist; clean and neat clothes: applies both to can make the body healthy, and health will drain men and women; and the place of worship should the power. Therefore, it can be concluded that be clean. purifying the body has benefits for health, fitness The steps in performing salat are: (1) Reciting and diligence, and eliminates unpleasant smells. takbiratul-ihram (saying Allahu Akbar in the first

100 Edy Tri Sulistyo - The Implicature of Tembang Gambuh standing position while raising hands to the ears the Islamic scholars generally did not give until the fingers almost touch the bottom of the supernatural or confidential teachings. However, earlobe, then it is sunnah to recite the du’a iftitah; in the next development, when this Tembang (2) Reciting Fatihah, then it is recommended to Gambuh was written, it was stated that at this recite other surah in the first and second rakaat; time there were scholars who issued certain (3) Ruku’ or bowing approximately ninety theories or doctrines to show versatilities in degrees; (4) Standing again (i’tidal); (5) Sujud strange behaviors. This phenomena can be seen (prostration), i.e. putting forehead and palms on the utterance ‘saréngaté élok-élok’. In recent on the ground while reciting tasbih; (6) Sitting time, for instance, there is a group of people who (between two prostrations); (7) Second prostration perform ritual prayers (salat) using Javanese or and reciting tasbih again as in the first prostration. Indonesian language, whereas they embrace Islam. If a prayer is performed only two rakaat like in the This teaching is clearly contrary to the teachings fajr prayer or sunnah prayer, then it ends up by of Islam, or not in accordance with the Sunnah of saying salaam-Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi the Prophet, which is thus also not justified by the wabarakatuh-and then looks over your left author of the tembang gambuh. shoulder and then the right one. The implicature of the speech above is that The implicature of this speech, especially in doing religious practices, someone must obey in case of sêmbah raga, is although emphasizing the valid law/regulation. Worship, for example, more on bodily motions, it does not mean cannot be done using their own ways, but must be ignoring the spiritual aspect since someone who in accordance with the guideline. is practicing, in addition to presenting a set of Samêngko sêmbah kalbu physical movements, he/she also presents a set of Yèn lumintu uga dadi laku spiritual aspects to rise to a higher spiritual stage. Laku agung kang kagungan Narapati In short it can be said that when someone does a sembah (prayer), not only his/her soul that must be Patitis têtêsing kawruh clean from evil desires, but the body should also Mêruhi marang kang momong avoid dirt. Therefore, to purify the body should be ‘Now it is about the heart’s worship’ in accordance with the exemplified guidelines. ‘If done regularly, it can be your conduct’ Ing uni-uni durung ‘A supreme conduct which has narapati’ Sinarawung wulang kang sinêrung ‘When a knowledge has been dominated by Lagi iki bangsa kas ngêtokkên anggit the right’ Mintokkên kawignyanipun ‘It will show you the one who nurture this’ Saréngaté élok-élok (Speech 4, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). ‘In the past’ The outstanding utterances in this Canto of ‘It has not been introduced the secret teachings’ Gambuh above (speech 4) are “samêngko sêmbah kalbu, yèn lumintu uga dadi laku”. Sêmbah kalbu ‘Only this time, there is a group who or called sêmbah cipta implies ideas, imagination, earnestly puts out their ideas’ hope, or desire stored in the heart. Therefore, ‘Demonstrate their skills sêmbah cipta/kalbu in this case is referred as to ‘In a strange way’ worship by the heart. (Speech 3, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and Worship by the heart is to worship God with KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). an emphasis on the role of heart. This worship, as Speech at this Canto of Gambuh (speech well as sêmbah raga (worship by the body) should 3) can be interpreted as follows. In the past, be conducted continuously on a regular basis to

101 Humaniora, Vol. 27, No. 1 Februari 2015: 096-106 guide the actor/doer to a destination (yèn lumintu certain signs like gray hair, blurred eyes, old age, uga dadi laku). and that we all will be burned, sooner or later. The utterance pratitis têtêping kawruh mêruhi Suciné tanpa banyu marang kang momong can be interpreted as a Mung nyênyuda mring hardaning kalbu very long and not easily-passed journey taken by Pambukané: tata, titi, ngati-ati a sufi (mystic) in drawing near to God. However, Atêtêp, talatèn, atul for those who are able to master of the knowledge concerning such a journey and then practice it Tuladhan marang waspaos diligently and steadfastly, then they will be able ‘Self-purification cannot be performed by to arrive at the destination and get to know the using water’ ‘teacher’. Teacher in this sense is the one who ‘But by reducing your heart ruthlessness’ nurtures those people, and guard and keep an eye ‘The beginning (of the process) should be on them (mêruhi marang kang momong). done systematically, carefully, cautiously’ Based on the utterances in the worship by ‘Stoically, determinedly, and loyally’ the body and worship by the heart, it can be ‘This is an example towards the vigilance’ briefly said that the core of worship by the body emphasizes the use of water to wash away dirt (Speech 5, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). and unclean things, while the core of worship by heart emphasizes the restraint on evil desires, and The utterances in this stanza have very remove sin and stains which cause a variety of a great significance, marked by the provision trespasses. mentioned including tata, titi, ngati-ati, atêtêp, têlatèn, atul (systematic, cautious, careful, stoic, According to Nashr, the heart worship is done gradually starting from taqwa (piety), repent, painstaking, and loyal). Someone is going to have wara’/syubhat, to stoic or patient (in Ardani, a brilliant future insight in dealing with the public, 1995:72). The description of these four stages both worldly and spiritually. To get through the are as follows: (1) Taqwa (piety), which means creation of such an insight, it needs training to obeying rules and laws set by Allah; (2) Taubat master the moral to be implemented and beneficial (Repent), which means if someone has violated to mankind. the rules and laws , then he/she should repent by The Mangkunagara IV’a speech “suciné fully intending not repeat violations and earnestly tanpa banyu, mung nyênyuda mring hardaning feel deterrent; (3) Wara‘/syubhat, which means kalbu” shows that the way to purify one’s soul if a person repents for reasons of neglecting or is no longer using water like that used in wudlu forgetting, committing sins, or being arrogant, as before body worship, but only to reduce, prevent soon as possible he/she begs for forgiveness and or restrain the evil desires. Mind, as the source of is then be careful in dealing with what is halal all physical acts, shall be restrained or controlled (lawful), haram (unlawful) and syubhat (doubtful), so that it produces virtue. If someone always then tries to stay away from something clearly thinks of material/property, then his/her mind unclean; (4) stoic or patient, which means being certainly thinks of how, at any time, to earn money stoic in undergoing this life, patient in receiving and to get rich and richer. But on the contrary, the various trials without complaints and restlessness, mind always thinks about how to make himself patient in obeying Allah (swt). useful to people, then what he/she thinks and The implicature of speech in this stanza is manifests is definitely actions needed by people, self-restraint on evil desires by drawing closer to such as providing assistance in the forms of God. This can be done by way of remembrance thought/opinion, being kind to people, helping of the oneness of God, for example, by looking at people and so on.

102 Edy Tri Sulistyo - The Implicature of Tembang Gambuh

The implicature of this speech is as follows. ‘Towards the Hyang Sukma who make you The word “tata” (systematic) is usually associated live every day’ with the word orderly, meaning that a person’s ‘Try to achieve’ activity must be done according to the same place ‘’This worship by the soul, my son’ and time. To achieve maximum results, it needs (Speech 6, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and discipline and perseverance. The word “ngati-ati” KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). (careful) has an implicature that when a person performs an activity carefully and cautiously, The outstanding utterances in this stanza then he/she will get results in line with her/his (speech 6) are “sêmbah katri kang sayêkti expectation. The word “tetep” (stoic) means if a katur, mring Hyang Sukma sukmanèn saari- person has defined his/her goal clearly, then he/ ari”. Worship by the soul (suksma) should be she will be confident to step up to that goal. In the always performed every day, and should be process, if experiencing problems, he/she will not pursued so that all this worship can be achieved. change the direction and not easily discouraged The soul’s worship means worship to Hyang or get bored. The principle of this speech is keep Suksma (Allah) by prioritizing the role of smooth moving forward, never give up. and deep soul, and internalizing it thoroughly The implicature of the word “têtêg” pervasively, relentlessly or continuously every (determined) is when someone faces difficulties day. In this Mangkunagara IV’s teaching of and obstacles, he/she is not easy to give up. worship, worship by the soul is the one which Whatever the difficulties are, he/she remains has the most important position. Therefore, in steadfast, sure, until the goal is achieved, and can this soul’s worship, people attempt to emphasize be accounted for in the front of both humans and the charging of all spirit aspects by way of zikir God. The word “têlatèn” (painstaking) means “remembrance”, i.e. contemplating for drawing that if a person, in doing his/her activity/work, closer to Allah by means of emptying your mind experiences difficulties or obstacles, he/she should of all existence except Allah. not get bored easily and despair quickly, but The worship by the soul is performed by should be eager to deal with it, be stoic to face it, intending earnestly in the heart to pack/manage persevere, persist, then try to find a solution so that all aspects of life, then tied it tightly to be directed the results can be still achieved in accordance with to the hoped goal without giving up what has the intention. The word “atul” (loyal) means that been held at that time (Ardani, 1995:85). In the if a person has got used to make all his/her activity soul’s worship, the purification can be done by in line the six words (utterances) above, then how means of awas (cautiousness) and éling/émut difficult the job he/she can definitely overcome it. (consciousness). Cautiousness means being wary At the end of the stanza, KGPAA of the state along the soul/inner journey, do not Mangkunagara IV gave a guideline or advice to be lost in direction towards something which do so that people are cautious in dealing with all is not good (misleading) or be cautious, while activities in life. consciousness means being aware of the lofty ideals, which are fused with Hyang Suksma. Samêngko kang tinutur Usually, the word éling is specifically Sêmbah katri kang sayêkti katur associated with a phrase ‘sangkan paraning Mring Hyang Sukma sukmanên saari-ari dumadi’ which means that humans should always Arahên dipun kacakup remember or be aware of its origin. In this sense, Sêmbah ing jiwa sutèngong humans come from God, someday they will ‘Now I will talk about’ return to Him. Human life in this world is only temporary, therefore, while living in this world, ‘The third worship as mentioned before’ humans must prepare themselves to be summoned

103 Humaniora, Vol. 27, No. 1 Februari 2015: 096-106 by the Lord one day (passed away). The see the One who controls and is controlled. A provisions or preparations to be made during life person will be aware of the law of karma, the law should refer to the oneness of God and also bring of action and reaction, or everything else will be prosperity for themselves and others (righteous reciprocal. At this level, someone starts to absorb deeds). According to Suwardi Endraswara the meaning of life in his/her heart. In relation to (2006:36-37), éling (being mindful) (1) leads this sense, this concept is likely in line with the life to focus on and not only look for sparkle and golden adage ‘love your neighbor like thyself’, glitzy things, (2) foster self-awareness, and (3) meaning that if someone expects to be loved by direct people to conduct for the benefit of others. someone else, then she/she must love someone The implicature of this speech is that else, too. Moreover, if someone does not want someone, for still alive, must remember God to be hurt, then do not hurt others. Therefore, Almighty in a sense to draw closer to Him. At this do good to others, then others will do good to level, people have to think much of the afterlife, ourselves. how to obey God by performing worship and The implicature of speech in this stanza is as avoiding His prohibitions. For believers, this follows. Humans will get something in accordance understanding is identical to someone’s duties in with what they do, any righteous or evil deeds implementing the concept of ‘amar maruf nahi and ‘amal (practices) will definitely get rewarded. mungkar’ (enjoin good, forbid evil). The example In this case, a person who makes a lot of devout of enjoining good is obeying Allah like conducting practices and earnestly performs worship, he/she worship, loving to help people, providing would get rewards and paradise in the hereafter. convenience to someone and so on. Forbidding On the contrary, someone who commits sins or evil includes the following examples hurting disobey God would receive punishment and hell is others, slandering and so on. his/her place. Yèku wênganing kalbu Samêngko ingsun tutur Kabukané kang wêngku-winêngku Gantya sêmbah ingkang kaping catur Wêwangkoné wis kawêngku nèng sirèki Sêmbah rasa karasa rosing dumadi Nging sira uga kawêngku Dadiné wis tanpa tuduh Mring kang pindha kartika byor Mung kalawan kasing batos ‘So that your heart reveals’ ‘Now, I say to you’ ‘The revelation of the controlling and the ‘Step up to the fourth worship’ controlled’ ‘The worship by the sense which is the ‘The territory has now been controlled in essence of life’ yourself’ ‘There is no longer guideline’ ‘But yourself is also controlled’ ‘But only (using) the inner power’ ‘By the one shining like a star’ (Speech 8, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and (Speech 7, source: R.Ng. Satyapranawa, and KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). KRT. Sarjana Darmasarkara, 2000). The utterances sêmbah rasa karasa wosing The utterances ‘kabukané kang dumadi in the Canto of Gambuh in this stanza wêngkuwinêngku, wêwangkoné wis kawêngku (speech 8) can be interpreted as follows. This nèng sirèku’ and ‘nging sira uga kawêngku serta worship only uses sense as its essential basis, mring kang pindha kartika byor’ in this Canto of meaning it internalizes/feels the essence of the life Gambuh (speech 7) can be interpreted as follows. of the universal creatures. While the heart worship When someone’s mind has been opened or his/ implies the use of heart and the soul’s worship her attitude has been mature, he/she will feel and implies the use of soul or spirit, the sense implies

104 Edy Tri Sulistyo - The Implicature of Tembang Gambuh the use of inner spirit core or têlênging kalbu (the yêkti sêpi asêpa lir sêpah samun which means deepest part of heart). that even though people have been very old, if Worship by the sense is the last worship, i.e. not heartless, they are really empty, no essence or the existence which becomes a sign of achieving benefit in their lives. Javanese people generally the lofty goal, because it is melted together in a live according to Javanese culture. In this case, life which controls and pervades the universe. they make sense as the core of their spiritual This stanza is emphasized by a speech ‘dadiné practices. Utterances should be delivered with a wis tanpa tuduh, mung kalawan kasing batos’ sense, solving a case should be done with a sense, which can be interpreted that sense is the guidance meaning that sense cannot be left behind. If the of all things in human life and its supporter is Western nations decide a case using the mind/ tranquility. This level can be said to be a journey ratio, Javanese people use sense to decorate their toward the last goal in life. If this tranquility moral attitudes. But now, it turns out that both the is instantly lost, it would result in the loss of Western and Eastern people make a decision on a awareness of the primary goal, causing this goal case based on the evidence and witnesses who can failed. Therefore, during stepping toward this final accurately be accounted for the truth. destination, it is necessary to arm with tranquility. The implicature of speech in this stanza is In addition to being useful to maintain the safety drawing closer to Lord cannot be delegated to of this process, it is also to prevent any confronting others, but rather come from ourselves. This is in obstacles along the way, which ranges from accordance with human’s sensitivity of sense. the simple and easy to the difficult and heavy ones (R.Ng. Satyapranawa and KRT Sarjana CONCLUSION Darmasarkara, 2000:254). Based on the study of the meaning of sembah To perform worship by the sense, people mentioned in the texts of Tembang Gambuh no longer need the instruction and guidance of above, there are four types of sembah (worship) a teacher like the third worship, but it must be someone must do to draw closer to Allah (swt), done independently with his own inner power. At which are body’s worship, mind’ worship, spirit’s this level, a person has to have spiritual maturity, worship, and sense’s worship. Worship by the therefore it is quite an expert in this worship. body implies the need for health; (B) worship by To do that, it takes courage and determination, the mind implies the need for mind treatment by without relying on others. Inner clarity is the main feeding mind with real lessons such as science, capital. In performing this worship, which is done art and culture, the experience of life; (C) worship without the guidance of a teacher, a person can be by the soul/spirit implies the soul treatment by said to receive the grace or guidance from Allah. improving credence to the God Almighty by way Whoever gets this special guidance (inspiration) of embracing religion; (D) worship by the sense has had a remarkable ability to cultivate the implies the sense treatment which means that the science of mind/inner knowledge and quickly final goal in life is about feeling, to feel, and be prepare all aspects of the mind to get rid himself felt. When all these types of worship have been of all things except Allah. Such a person is called practiced, someone succeeds to draw closer to the sêpuh/pintêr person (mature mind and heart). Allah (swt). He/she is not affected by evil desires and wary of joining two elements-the will of God and the will of the servant (Ardani, 1995:96-97). REFERENCES In harmony with this understanding, KGPAA Any, Anjar. (2001). Menyingkap Sêrat Wédotomo. Mangkunagara IV also gives a lesson that reads Semarang: Aneka Ilmu. mangka nadyan tuwa pikun yèn tan mikani rasa, Ardani, Moh. (1995). Al Qur’an dan Sufisme

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Mangkunagara IV (Studi Serat-Serat Piwulang). 92-102. Yogyakarta: Dana Bhakti Wakaf. Pemberton, John. (1994). ”Jawa” on the Subject of Bratasiswara, Harmanto R. (2000). Bauwarna Adat ”Java. Translated by Hartono Hadikusumo. Tata Cara Jawa. Jakarta: Yayasan Suryasumirat. Yogyakarta: Mata Bangsa Endraswara, Suwardi. (2006). Falsafah Hidup Jawa. Satyapranawa, R.Ng. dan Sarjana Darmasarkara, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Cakrawala. KRT. (2000). Bahasan dan Wawasan atas Sêrat ______. (2006). Budi Pekerti Jawa Tuntunan Luhur Wédhatama Karya KGPAA Mangkunagara IV. dari Budaya Adiluhung. Yogyakarta: Buana Surakarta: Reksa Pustaka Mangkunagaran. Pustaka. Simuh. (2002). Sufisme Jawa Transformasi Tasawuf Lubis, Hamid Hasan A. (1991). Analisis Wacana Islam ke Mistik Jawa. Yogyakarta: Bentang Pragmatik. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa. Budaya. Munandar, Aris. (2013). “Pemakaian Bahasa Jawa Sutopo, HB. (2002 dan 2006). Metodologi Penelitian dalam Situasi Kontak Bahasa di Daerah Istimewa Kualitatif. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Yogyakarta”. Jurnal Humaniora. Vol. 25, No. 1, Press.

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