RIVER-CADDO LAKE BORDERLAND, 1803-1841 Jim Tiller

Before the Line

Volume I

An Annotated Atlas of International Boundaries and Republic of Texas Administrative Units Along the Sabine River-Caddo Lake Borderland, 1803-1841

Bound versions of this book have been deposited at the following locations: Louisiana State University at Shreveport (Shreveport, Louisiana) Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) Stephen F. Austin State University (Nacogdoches, Texas) Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas) Texas General Land Office (Archives and Records) (Austin, Texas) Texas State Library (Austin, Texas) University of North Texas (Denton, Texas) University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas)

To view a pdf of selected pages in this work, see: http://digital.library.shsu.edu/u?/p15061coll3,0

An electronic version of this book is available from: The Director, Newton Gresham Library, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2281 (1830 Bobby K. Marks Drive), Huntsville, Texas 77341 Phone: 936-294-1613

Design and production by Nancy T. Tiller The text typefaces are Adobe Caslon Pro and Myriad Pro

ISBN 978-0-9633100-4-0

ii To the memory of Dr. John W. Morris, late Professor of Geography, The University of Oklahoma Also by Jim Tiller

Our American Adventure: The History of a Pioneer East Texas Family, 1657-1966 (2008) (with Albert Wayne Tiller) Named Best Family History Book by a Non-Professional Genealogist for 2008 by the Texas State Genealogical Society

Before the Line Volume II Letters from the Red River, 1809-1842 (working manuscript)

Before the Line Volume III Caddo Indians: The Final Years (working manuscript) Contents

Preface ...... ix Acknowledgements ...... xi Part I International Boundaries ...... 1 Introduction ...... 3 The Northern Portion of the Neutral Ground, 1806 ...... 5 Pichardo’s d’Anville Line, 1812 ...... 6 William Darby’s Corner and Line, 1812 ...... 7 William Darby’s Effort to Locate the Sabine River-32° Intersection ...... 7 Period Evidence Relating to the Location of Darby’s Corner ...... 10 The Map of William Darby, 1816 ...... 10 Period Comments by John Sibley and William Darby Describing the Location of the Corner on the Sabine ...... 11 The Case for the Location of Darby’s Corner ...... 13 Where Was Darby’s Line in Eastern Harrison and Panola Counties? ...... 14 The Adams-Onís Treaty and Subsequent Agreements, 1819-1832 ...... 16 The Treaty of Limits, 1828 ...... 16 The Treaty of Limits, 1832 ...... 16 Terán’s Line, 1828 ...... 17 Conflicting Views of the United States-Texas Boundary, 1819-1837 ...... 20 The American View ...... 20 The Mexican/Texan View ...... 22 Mid-1830s Mexican Surveys ...... 23 The Line as Depicted on Period Maps ...... 24 American-Republic of Texas Maps ...... 25 Mexican Maps ...... 25 Caddo Tribal Lands in Northwestern Louisiana and Adjacent Texas, 1835 ...... 25 American Survey Activity, 1837-1838 ...... 26 Life in R17W, 1838-1841 ...... 27 The Period Immediately Following the Running of the Final Boundary Between Texas and the United States in the Spring of 1841 ...... 29 And What About Those Settlers Found to Have Been Living on the Line? . . . . . 30 The Joint Boundary Commission Survey, 1840-1841 ...... 31 Summary Comments ...... 32 List of Illustrations ...... 33

v Part II Republic of Texas Administrative Units ...... 75 Introduction ...... 77 Shelby County, 1836-1837 ...... 77 Land Districts in Northeastern Texas ...... 77 Green County as Proposed, 1837 ...... 78 Remarks Regarding the Petition ...... 79 Caddo County as Proposed, 1838 ...... 80 Harrison County, 1839 ...... 81 Panola Judicial District, 1841-1842 ...... 82 Harrison County, 1841 ...... 83 Harrison County Militia Districts, 1841 ...... 84 Summary Comments ...... 85 List of Illustrations ...... 87 Endnotes ...... 101 Map/Graphic Sources and Notes ...... 111 Bibliography ...... 117 Index ...... 121

vi Preface

Just off U.S. Highway 79 in far northeastern Panola that local historians are, for the most part, either County, approximately four miles west of the Texas- totally unaware of the boundary history peculiar Louisiana state boundary, is the small community to this area, or they tend to confuse events in the of Mt. Zion. On many occasions the author, as a region with those of the Neutral Ground located young boy, accompanied his father, grandfather, further south and to the east of the Sabine River. and various aunts and uncles on visits to the Clearly, there is a need to more widely disseminate community’s small Methodist Church and adjacent the content and sources developed by the author cemetery where graves were tended and stories of during and in the years following the completion of the family’s long history in the area were passed the family history project. to the next generation. It was not until the author The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 conveyed the and his younger brother were in their early 60s Territory of Louisiana from France to the United and engaged in what ultimately turned into a six- States. The southwestern boundary of the Purchase, year family history research project that the writer which included portions of eastern Harrison came to more fully appreciate the rich geographical County, was undefined at the time. This area, at history of the narrow strip of land along the border various times under the administrative jurisdictions he knew so well as a child. of Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United In recent years, the writer has spent many hours in States/Louisiana, and once again the Republic of the period records of Harrison and Panola Counties, Texas during the 1803-1841 period, has a complex Texas, and Caddo Parish, Louisiana, as well as those and unique early boundary history. Part I of this work of the Texas General Land Office and the Texas will consider the many international boundaries State Archives. Multiple visits have been made to that have passed through or encompassed the the National Archives in Washington, D.C., the Sabine River-Caddo Lake region of Texas including state archives of Louisiana and Mississippi, and a Darby’s Line, Terán’s Line and Louisiana’s Range number of special collections. These efforts have 17 West. yielded a wealth of historical and geographical Part II will discuss the more prominent Republic of information related to the boundary and settlement Texas administrative units associated with eastern history of the area between the Sabine River and Harrison County. Those researching the records of Caddo Lake. the area are certainly familiar with the fact that the Surprisingly, very little of an academic nature has county was initially carved from Shelby County in been written on the Sabine River-Caddo Lake 1839, and that in 1846 the southern portion of the border region during the early Republic years. While county was taken to form Panola County. Less well- academics are certainly familiar with the general known is the influence a number of other boundaries history of the area, they typically have made little and administrative units had on the life and times use of the rich trove of period documents available – of early border settlers. While Green and Caddo especially those materials found in local courthouses Counties are names some intrepid State Archive and special collections. It is the author’s experience researcher may have encountered, these entities,

vii along with the original Harrison County, Panola a variety of difficult-to-locate sources, specifically Judicial District and local Republic-era militia federal and state documents, letters, and obscure districts, have never been accurately mapped and court filings. have heretofore largely been lost to history. It is assumed that the reader brings to this work a The goal of this book is to present and analyze from basic knowledge of Texas history and geography, and a geographical perspective the very considerable, that of the Sabine River-Caddo Lake border region but relatively little known, record that exists with in particular. No attempt will be made within these respect to boundaries and administrative units in pages to provide the reader a comprehensive history eastern Harrison County between 1803 and 1841. or geography of the area. Hopefully researchers will This work is intended to serve as a resource to those find the information within these pages helpful in researching the Sabine River-Caddo Lake boundary their effort to better understand the Sabine River- area by providing (1) historically and geographically Caddo Lake borderland. accurate maps of the region, and (2) references to Jim Tiller Huntsville, Texas

viii Acknowledgments

Many people have contributed to the development State University, Shreveport. Shreveport, of this work. In particular, the author would Louisiana like to recognize the following individuals and Librarians and Staff, Center for Genealogical organizations. Research, Clayton Library. Houston, Texas First and foremost to John W. Morris (deceased), Librarians and Staff, Newton Gresham Library, longtime Professor of Geography at the Sam Houston State University. Huntsville, University of Oklahoma, who first introduced Texas the author as a young graduate student to the thrill and satisfaction associated with Librarians and Staff, Professional Services archival research and field work. Whether Program Area, Surveying Division, Texas riding the back roads of rural Oklahoma or General Land Office. Austin, Texas analyzing sections of land in and around the Librarians and Staff, United States Department University, Dr. Morris constantly sought to of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. point out the presence and significance of Springfield, Virginia geographically-based patterns. Some, such Staff of the Clerk of Courts Office, Caddo as those between contrasting landform Parish, Louisiana. Shreveport, Louisiana regions or vegetation zones, are obvious to even the untrained eye. Others, such as Staff of the County Clerk’s Office, Harrison those associated with housing patterns or County, Texas. Marshall, Texas the cereal aisle in a grocery store, are more Staff of the County Clerk’s Office, Panola subtle. But, as Dr. Morris always attempted County, Texas. Carthage, Texas to convey to his students, many of the most important patterns, while visible to all, are Staff of the District Clerk’s Office, Harrison almost never really “seen.” County, Texas. Marshall, Texas Librarians and Staff, Archives and Information Staff of the District Clerk’s Office, Panola Services Division, Texas State Library. County, Texas. Carthage, Texas Austin, Texas The author would like to extend a very special thanks Librarians and Staff, Archives and Records to his wife Nancy for her production of the many Division, Texas General Land Office. original maps which appear within the pages of Austin, Texas this book. Her expertise with a variety of computer applications has been an indispensable asset to the Librarians and Staff, Archives and Special present work. Collections, Noel Library, Louisiana Jim Tiller Huntsville, Texas

Part I

International Boundaries

Part I

International Boundaries

Introduction unnavigable. The raft had its beginnings in spring floods on the upper Red which eroded adjacent To understand the boundary history of the Caddo river banks and moved the soil and its vegetative Lake-Sabine River border region, it is necessary cover downstream. Shallows or tight meander loops that the reader have some minimal understanding would occasionally obstruct the movement of this of the physical environment that existed during the material. With time, and as additional debris and silt 1800-1841 period. were added from upstream, logjams, or rafts, were created that could vary from a few feet to several The Study Area (Figure 1.1) is a land of unassuming hundred yards in length. Typically, material found landscapes typical of the Western Gulf Coastal within individual raft segments extended from the Plain physiographic region of which it is a part. bed of the river to several feet above the water line. Comprised of low, flattish to gently rolling uplands separated by broad open creek and river valleys, the In late 1828, General Manuel de Mier y Terán, area offered early native Americans much; but its head of the Mexican Boundary Commission, led a unnavigable rivers and general isolation, especially small expedition to the banks of the Red River near when combined with an uncertain boundary, tended modern-day Shreveport where he described the raft to deflect Anglo settlement around the region in the in his diary as a series of islands. In his words, late 1700s and early 1800s. An immense tide of enormous trees is the foundation of these islands. Some Prior to the spring of 1800, the primary hydrologic of them show signs that after their features associated with the Study Area were the formation they have had many years Red River and its tributaries the Sulphur Fork, Big of the tranquility necessary to nourish Cypress, Cross and Cypress Bayous (Figure 1.2). a forest as dense as that on the banks, Paralleling the Red River south of present-day and that the currents flowed elsewhere, Shreveport was an old channel of the Red River allowing the cypresses, cottonwoods, known as Bayou Pierre. To the southwest lay the and oaks that now cover their surfaces watershed of the Sabine River and its prominent left to flourish. . . . Tree trunks piled and bank tributary, Socagee Creek. bound together create a barrier, filled In terms of its potential impact on human activity, in later by sand. Some [trunks] are in a the most significant physical feature found on the vertical position, as if they had grown on 1800s-era Study Area landscape was the Great Raft that spot. . . . The currents, blocked by of the Red River. The raft was the name given to such a multitude of barriers, have flowed a 160-mile stretch of the river above Natchitoches to one side or another and flooded the 1 where a series of logjams made the waterway land for many leagues.

3 Over the years, material at the foot of one of the raft which these waterbodies fluctuated may be seen in segments would decompose to the point that even the period maps. While a general lack of knowledge sluggish currents present were able to pass the debris regarding the lakes certainly accounts for some of downstream. At the same time, the accumulation the differences in their configuration depicted on of material at the head of the raft caused the larger early maps (Figure 1.4), doubtless the time of the body to gradually accrete upstream, typically at the year observed (high water in spring/early summer, rate of a mile or so a year. In the years leading up to low water in late fall and winter) also had a bearing the arrival of the raft in an area, back-pressure on on sketches early observers made. the river upstream above the raft tended to cause In addition to the difficulties associated with the increased flooding by way of overflow and breaks Sodo Lakes complex and the Great Raft which in natural levees. Once the raft arrived, tributary inhibited navigation on the Red River, the Sabine stream channels were blocked, flooding increased River was not navigable in its middle and upper and lakes were typically created in lower-lying areas. courses. Largely separated from external commercial By the late 1700s, with the raft continuing centers by a challenging landscape, there was little to advance upstream, downstream water flow desire by either the Spanish or French to settle the was restricted to the point that pressure on the Sabine-Red River valleys or nearby uplands in Texas natural levees of the Red River began to increase and adjacent northwest Louisiana. By 1800, the significantly. Apparently, during the spring of that Study Area, isolated by its physical geography, was 1800, the pressure became so great that the natural home only to the recently arrived Caddo Indians. levee on a large meander of the river above modern- The situation would change dramatically with the day Shreveport broke.2 As flood waters spilled out of sale of the Louisiana Territory by France to the the confined channel, they filled stream valleys and United States in 1803. The Study Area is located depressions west of the river – the east side being along the southwestern border of what we know largely spared due to the presence of high bluffs. today as the Louisiana Purchase. France initially In this manner, the valley of the Big Cypress filled claimed the region by virtue of exploration. Defeated to form Ferry (modern Caddo) Lake; what would in the Seven Years War, she ceded the area to Spain later be known as Twelvemile Bayou was filled by in 1763, but regained it in 1800 in the Treaty of Sodo Lake; and the lower portion of Cross Bayou San Ildefonso. Three years later, France sold the was transformed into Cross (also known as Cass) Louisiana Territory to the United States. Because Lake. Between Ferry and Sodo Lakes, two large the southwestern boundary of the land purchased shallow depressions filled with water which were in from France was not clearly specified, negotiations time given the names of Clear and Shifttail Lakes between the United States and Spain to define the (Figure 1.3). Collectively these lakes will hereafter border were underway by early 1804. be referred to as the Sodo Lakes complex. Except for scattered Indian tribes, few people lived While Big Cypress and Cross Bayous provided along the new Texas-Louisiana boundary north some water to their associated lakes year-round, of the Sabine. In fact, one of the most prominent the primary source of water for these lakes came population clusters in the Study Area was the with spring flooding along the Red River. Because Caddo village typically depicted on period maps the quantity of water from both sources was (see Figure 1.4, B and C) as lying on the north or subject to considerable change depending upon 3 northwest side of the Sodo Lakes complex. By far upstream rainfall, the amount of water received the most populous area along the boundary was by individual lakes varied considerably as did their found to the south of the Study Area between the size and configuration. Some idea of the degree to American outpost at Natchitoches in Louisiana and

4 Spanish Nacogdoches; and it was here that border establish some semblance of a formal boundary difficulties first began. While discussions regarding between Spanish/Mexican Texas and the United the southwestern border were underway soon after States were the arguments put forth by Father the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, they Pichardo in 1812 in a lead-up to the Adams- quickly came to an impasse largely due to American Onís Treaty, and the on-the-ground expedition of insistence on first the Rio Grande, later the Colorado General Terán in 1828. River and in time the Neches River as the western The Americans aggressively sought to prohibit all boundary of Louisiana.4 settlement on Indian lands in northwest Louisiana. Spain may have claimed the region encompassing While its on-the-ground Indian agents vigorously the Study Area, however, it was unable to effectively attempted to secure the boundaries of Indian lands, control it. In fact, first the Spanish and later the the United States, especially after the Adams-Onís Mexican government tended to view this undefined Treaty of 1819, resisted all efforts to conduct the border region as a buffer zone, peopled by Indian formal survey called for in that treaty and subsequent populations, lying between themselves and the agreements. expanding American nation. During the early The United States first began to assert its claims 1800s, agents of both the Spanish and American on the ground in legislation which authorized the governments vied for the favor of the Caddo citizens of the Territory of Orleans to develop a and other tribes through trade arrangements. constitution and state government in preparation Unfortunately for the Spanish, the Americans had for admission to the Union. On February 20, 1811, in John Sibley an aggressive and dedicated public Congress established the new boundary of the soon- servant and a man who spared little effort in to-be state of Louisiana as currying favor with the various Indian tribes within beginning at the mouth of the river his jurisdiction. Gradually the Americans came in Sabine; thence by a line to be drawn large measure to control the local tribes through the along the middle of said river, including influence of Sibley and later agents George Gray all islands, to the thirty-second degree and Jehiel Brooks. of latitude; thence due north, to the It is important to understand that when the northernmost part of the thirty-third term border or boundary is encountered in period degree of north latitude . . .5 literature as it pertains to the Study Area, one has to first determine the circumstances of the discussion. This is the first instance in border area records where While Spain was willing to contest the extension reference is made to the intersection of the 32nd of American interests into the region in the years parallel and the Sabine River. The work of William immediately following the transfer of Louisiana to Darby (1812), the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the United States, as their influence among local Terán’s Line (1828) and the 1837-1839 surveys of tribes diminished, and certainly after the signing Ranges 16 and 17 West as well as the modern Texas- of the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 which officially Louisiana boundary north of the Sabine River were established a formal (although unsurveyed until all based on this point-of-intersection. 1841) boundary between the Sabine and Red Rivers, they for the most part accepted the entire length of the Sabine as the boundary between their sphere of The Northern Portion influence and that of the United States as regards of the Neutral Ground, 1806 interaction with Indian tribes. The only efforts on In the summer of 1806, President Thomas Jefferson the part of the Spanish/Mexican governments to sent an exploration and scientific expedition – the

5 List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1. The Study Area ...... 35 1.2. The Sabine River-Caddo Lake Borderland, Late 1700s ...... 36 1.3. The Sodo Lakes Complex ...... 37 1.4. The Sodo Lakes Complex as Depicted on Selected Early Maps ...... 38 1.5. The Neutral Ground, 1806 ...... 38 1.6. The Study Area and the Neutral Ground ...... 39 1.7. d’Anville’s Line in Eastern Harrison County ...... 40 1.8. The Problem Associated with Intersecting a Parallel with a Meandering River ...... 41 1.9. A Portion of William Darby’s Map, Northwestern Louisiana, 1816 ...... 42 1.10. The Sabine River-32nd Parallel Intersection, Then and Now ...... 43 1.11. James Terrell’s 1839 Map of T12N, R17W ...... 44 1.12. Socagee Creek, Harrison Bayou and Early Boundary Lines ...... 45 1.13. The Darby’s Corner-Logansport Area, 1841 ...... 46 1.14. General Terán’s Route From Jean Polvado’s to Coates Bluff and Return ...... 47 1.15. A Map of Mexican Surveys in Eastern Harrison County, 1835 ...... 48 1.16. Calculating Terán’s Line in R15W ...... 49 1.17. Terán’s Line on the Sabine River ...... 50 1.18. Terán’s Line According to Jehiel Brooks, 1828 ...... 51 1.19. The Limits of the Caddo Nation as Proposed by George Gray, 1825 ...... 52 1.20. United States-Mexican Boundary as Proposed by General Edmund P. Gaines, 1827 ...... 53 1.21. The United States-Mexican Boundary, Gaines’ Neches River Version ...... 54 1.22. Lands of the “Red People,” Fredonian Declaration of Independence, 1826 ...... 55 1.23. Mexican Survey Sketch Map for Manuel Zepeda on Socagee Creek, 1835 ...... 56 1.24. Mexican Survey Sketch Map for Jesusa Latham on Bayou Pierre, 1835 ...... 56 1.25. Mexican Survey Sketch Map for Juan José Ybarbo and His Brothers Between Lake Sodo and Cass (Cross) Lake, 1834 ...... 57

6 1.26. Mexican Survey Sketch Map for Mariano Mora at the Confluence of the Sulphur Fork and Red Rivers, 1833 ...... 58 1.27. Mexican Survey Sketch Map for Vital Flores, Red River to Lake Sodo, 1833 ...... 59 1.28. The Study Area as Depicted on J.H. Young’s Map of Texas and Contiguous American States, 1835 ...... 60 1.29. The Study Area as Depicted on H. Groves’ Map of the Republic of Texas, 1837 ...... 60 1.30. The Study Area as Depicted on Stephen F. Austin’s Mapa Geografica de la Provincia de Tehas, 1822 ...... 61 1.31. The Study Area as Depicted on Stephen F. Austin’s Mapa Original de Texas, 1829 ...... 62 1.32. Caddo Lands Sold by Treaty, 1835 ...... 63 1.33. John Boyd’s January 1837 Sketch Map of the Area Near the Intersection of the 32nd Parallel and the Sabine River ...... 64 1.34. Survey Dates, R16W and R17W North of the Sabine River ...... 65 1.35. A Portion of the Plat Map of T16N, R17W and the Republic of Texas Land Claim of John Womack ...... 66 1.36. Farm to Market Road Pattern East and West of the Western Edge of R17W, ca. 1912 ...... 67 1.37. The Intersection of FM 451 and FM 9 in Southeastern Harrison County ...... 68 1.38. Headright Patterns in Eastern Harrison County ...... 69 1.39. The Joint Boundary Commission’s Plat Map of T12N, R17W, 1840 ...... 70 1.40. The Joint Boundary Commission’s Map of the Sabine-32°N Intersection, 1841 ...... 71 1.41. This Land in Texas ...... 72 1.42. Examples of Maps Produced by the Joint Boundary Commission ...... 72-73

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Figure 1.5. The Neutral Ground, 1806 11 Part II

Republic of Texas Administrative Units

Part II

Republic of Texas Administrative Units

Introduction in the late 1830s and early 1840s in this region of Texas requires an understanding of the sequence The lack of a well-defined international border prior of border development for the local administrative to 1841 resulted in many local administrative services units as well as the location of the boundaries of the being either unavailable or difficult to access. Even individual entities themselves. with the creation of Shelby County in late 1837, citizens living south of the Sodo Lakes complex found it necessary to be absent from home several Shelby County, 1836-1837 days in order to file a deed, attend county court, pay taxes or serve on a local jury – thus leaving their On January 18, 1836, the Provisional Government families unprotected in what was at the time a largely of Texas changed the name of the Municipality lawless frontier environment. As the area population of Tenehaw to the Municipality of Shelby. The settlement of Nashville (later Shelbyville) was began to increase in the late 1830s, citizen demand 132 that these and other administrative services be made named as the Seat of Justice. On December 14, more accessible to them intensified. As a result, this 1837, the Congress of the Republic of Texas defined period saw the establishment of land offices serving the boundaries of Shelby County north of the Sabine the region, the creation of new counties, and the (Figure 2.1) as reorganization of existing counties. up that river [the Sabine] to the Cherokee crossing of the same, thence In this section we will examine the period record in on the road leading to Jonesborough regard to the evolution of the boundaries of Harrison to the Big Cypress Bayou, thence down (and in particular eastern Harrison) County during that bayou to Lake Sodo [Caddo Lake], the Republic era. In addition to noting pertinent thence east to the boundary line legislative acts, we will devote considerable attention between this republic and the United to the short-lived Panola Judicial District as well as States of the north, thence along said early petitions to the Congress seeking the creation line south to the Sabine river . . .133 of new counties. Those researching the border region between the Sabine and modern Caddo Lake should Land Districts in Northeastern Texas recall that, in addition to international boundary changes, the local administrative units in the area On December 22, 1836, the Congress of the Republic were undergoing an evolution of their own. A full passed, over the veto of President Sam Houston, appreciation of many of the events which took place legislation entitled An Act to Establish a General land Office for the republic of Texas which provided for the

14 List of Illustrations

Figure 2.1. Shelby County North of the Sabine River, December 1837 ...... 89 2.2. Northeastern Texas Land Offices, December 1836 ...... 90 2.3. Northeastern Texas and the Proposed Green County, April 1837 ...... 91 2.4. Miller County, Arkansas, Spring 1837 ...... 92 2.5. The Petition Area, April 1837 ...... 93 2.6. Caddo County as Proposed by the 1838 Petitioners ...... 94 2.7. Harrison and Shelby Counties, 1839 ...... 95 2.8. Panola Judicial District, 1841-1842 ...... 96 2.9. Panola Judicial District and Modern Texas Counties ...... 97 2.10. Panola Judicial District, Southeastern Boundary Survey, December 1841 ...... 98 2.11. Harrison County Militia Districts, December 1841 ...... 99

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Nacogdoches S abin e R Boundary, Shelby County iv e r

Northern Shelby County 10 0 10 20 Miles Undened Border Map by Nancy Tiller

Figure 2.1. Shelby County North of the Sabine River, December 1837 16 Endnotes for pages 1-5

Endnotes

Part I International Boundaries

lage in the area – that distinction doubtless belonged to an as yet Introduction 3.3 located site on a peninsula between Caddo and Cross Lakes. 1. Terán, Manuel de Mier y (edited by Jack Jackson, translated by While the Caddo village depicted on most early 1800s maps John Wheat). Texas by Terán: The Diary Kept by General Manuel may be the Jim’s Bayou site, evidence suggests that this site is de Mier y Terán on His 1828 Inspection of Texas. Austin, TX: The neither the elusive Timber Hill nor is it the village of the caddi University of Texas Press, 2000. p. 119. Reproduced by permis- Dehahuit who is known to have lived south of the Sodo Lakes sion of the publisher. complex.3.4 2. We know from John Sibley’s 1805 “Historical Sketches” that 3.1. Parsons, Mark L., James E. Bruseth, Jacques Bagur, the primary Caddo village on Paw Paw Bayou (Dehahuit’s vil- S. Eileen Goldborer and Claude McCrocklin. Find- 2.1 lage) was first occupied prior to 1800, the settlement having ing Sha’chahdinnih (Timber Hill): The Last Village of the been relocated from a “low place” just above the Great Raft due Kadohadacho in the Caddo Homeland. Archeological 2.2 to flooding. While Sibley suggested that the flooding was Reports Series, No. 3, Austin, TX: Texas Historical due to debris choking the main stream, it seems more likely Commission, 2002. the flooding was related to the formation of the Sodo Lakes complex itself. Sibley’s letter of November 28, 1812 suggests 3.2. Tiller, Jim. Before the Line. Vol. III. Caddo Indians: that the lakes had “been formed within about Twelve years ...”2.3 The Final Years (working manuscript). 2.1. Tiller, Jim. Before the Line. Vol. III. Caddo Indians: 3.3. Tiller, Jim. “Was Timber Hill the Last Caddo Vil- The Final Years (working manuscript). lage in the Caddo Homeland?” Caddo Archeology Journal. Vol. 18 (2008) (see Bibliography for URL). 2.2. Sibley, John. “Historical Sketches of the Several pp. 11-21. Indian Tribes in Louisiana, South of the Arkan- sas River, and Between the Mississippi and River 3.4. For a discussion of early 1800 Caddo villages lying Grande.” American State Papers. Indian Affairs. Vol along the modern Texas-Louisiana boundary see I. p. 721. See also Sibley, John. Letter to General Tiller, Jim. “A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War. April 10, 1805. I.” Caddo Archeology Journal. Vol. 20 (March 2010) American State Papers. Indian Affairs. Vol. I. p. 728. (see Bibliography for URL). pp. 1-30; Tiller, Jim. “A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part II.” Caddo Archeol- 2.3. Sibley, John. Letter to William Eustis, Secretary of ogy Journal. Vol. 21 (March 2011, forthcoming); Til- War. November 28, 1812. National Archives and ler, Jim. Before the Line. Vol. III. Caddo Indians: The Records Administration. Letters Received by the Sec- Final Years (working manuscript). retary of War, main series, 1801-1870. Record Group 107, M221, Reel 57. Material courtesy the Univer- 4. For an overview of the negotiations see Marshall, Thomas sity of Southern Mississippi. Hattiesburg, MS. See M. A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, also Bagur, Jacques. A History of Navigation on Cy- 1819-1841. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1914. press Bayou and the Lakes. Denton, TX: University of Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Company, Millwood, NY, 1974. North Texas Press, 2001. pp. 11-13; Garrett, Julia For a discussion of the Neches River as the boundary between Kathryn. “Dr. John Sibley and the Louisiana-Texas the United States and Texas see Stenberg, Richard. “Jackson’s Frontier, 1803-1814.” Southwestern Historical Quar- Neches Claim, 1829-1836.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly. terly. Vol. 49, No. 3 (January 1946). pp. 417-418. Vol. 39, No. 4 (April 1936). pp. 255-274. 3. The secondary literature almost without exception suggests that 5. 2 Stat. 641. this Caddo village was located on the north side of Caddo Lake. Archeological efforts in the 1990s in fact located a large village site north of the lake on the south bank of Jim’s Bayou. A The Northern Portion number of well-respected authors and organizations have given of the Neutral Ground, 1806 the site the name “Timber Hill” and deemed it to have been the 6. Haggard, Villasana. “The Neutral Ground Between Louisiana Caddo village depicted on early nineteenth century maps. The and Texas, 1806-1821.” Louisiana Historical Quarterly. Vol. 28, Texas Historical Commission, which conducted excavations at No. 4 (October 1945). pp. 1001-1128. the site in the early 1990s, has called this site the last Caddo village in the tribe’s traditional northwest Louisiana homeland.3.1 7. The Bayou Pierre settlements was a name given to a region of There seems little doubt as of this writing that the Jim’s Bayou dispersed homesteads that lay generally northwest of Natchi- site was neither “Timber Hill,”3.2 nor was it the last Caddo vil- toches along Bayou Pierre and the main Natchitoches-to-Pecan 17 Map/Graphic Sources and Notes

Part I International Boundaries

Introduction tion. Professional Services Program Area, Surveying Division. Texas General Land Office. Austin, Texas. See also Map Num- 1.1. The Study Area. Source: While the maps by the author have not ber 0906, Map Collection. Archives and Information Services achieved absolute accuracy, much effort has been expended in Division. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Aus- an attempt to precisely locate each point. The primary base map, tin, Texas. Photoshop enhanced for publication. developed utilizing GIS techniques, includes a compilation of United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute series topographic 1.5. The Neutral Ground, 1806. Source: 25th Cong., 2nd sess. maps, original Republic of Texas headright boundaries in Har- House Executive Document 190. p. 10. Photoshop enhanced for rison and Panola Counties, and 1830s-era United States Public publication. Land Survey plat maps of northwestern Louisiana. The settle- 1.6. The Study Area and the Neutral Ground. Source: Adapted ments depicted on the original maps in this book are provided from 25th Cong., 2nd sess. House Executive Document 190. p. to provide reference points for the reader. Their presence is not 10. See Endnote 7 for comments on Bayou Pierre. intended to imply that they were necessarily in existence at the time depicted. 1.2. The Sabine River-Caddo Lake Borderland, Late 1700s. Source: Pichardo’s d’Anville Line, 1812 Adapted from a compilation of United States Geological Sur- 1.7. d’Anville’s Line in Eastern Harrison County. Source: d’Anville’s vey 7.5 minute series topographic maps. Line has been traced along the watershed divide between the Red and Sabine Rivers using modern topographic maps of the 1.3. The Sodo Lakes Complex. Source: Adapted from selected region. 1830s-era plat maps from United States Department of the In- terior. Bureau of Land Management. Louisiana, Northwestern District. Springfield, Virginia. William Darby’s Corner and Line, 1812 1.8. The Problem Associated with Intersecting a Parallel with The Northern Portion a Meandering River. Source: This map was adapted from an earlier version originally published in Tiller, Jr., James W. and of the Neutral Ground, 1806 Albert Wayne Tiller. Our American Adventure: The History of 1.4. The Sodo Lakes Complex as Depicted on Selected Early Maps. a Pioneer East Texas Family, 1657-1966. Huntsville, TX: The Source: Map A, Texas. 1834. David H. Burr, draftsman. New START Group, 2008 (see Bibliography for URL). p. 439. It was York, NY: J.H. Colton and Company. Document 79292, Digi- originally adapted from United States Department of the Inte- tal Collection. Professional Services Program Area, Surveying rior. Bureau of Land Management. Louisiana, Northwestern Division. Texas General Land Office. Austin, Texas. See also District. Plat maps (T12N through T23N, R16W and T13N Map 0378, Map Collection, Archives and Information Ser- through T23N, R17W) and field notes (T12N through T23N vices Division. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. for both R16W and R17W). Paper copies (18” X 24”) may be Austin, Texas. Photoshop enhanced for publication; Map B, acquired from the Bureau of Land Management in Springfield, Map of Texas with Parts of the Adjoining States. 1836. Stephen Virginia. Also available online at http://www.glorecords.blm. F. Austin, cartographer. Philadelphia, PA: H.S. Tanner. Docu- gov/ (see Search Surveys). See the plat map for T12N, R16W; ment 79740, Digital Collection. Professional Services Program Louisiana Claims. Vol. 5, pp. 204-205. Preliminary Plat Map of Area, Surveying Division. Texas General Land Office. Austin, T12N, R17W by James Terrell. Louisiana State Land Office. Texas. See also Map Number 409C, Map Collection. Archives Baton Rouge, LA. Same as Louisiana State Land Office Doc and Information Services Division. Texas State Library and ID# 510.00246, p. 204. Archives Commission. Austin, Texas. Photoshop enhanced for 1.9. A Portion of William Darby’s Map, Northwestern Louisiana, publication; Map C, Map of Texas Containing the Latest Grants 1816. Source: A Map of the State of Louisiana with Part Of The and Discoveries. 1836. E.F. Lee, compiler. Cincinnati, OH: Mississippi Territory, from Actual Survey By Wm. Darby. 1816. J.A. James and Company. Document 76245, Digital Collec- William Darby, surveyor. Philadelphia, PA: John Melish. Re- tion. Professional Services Program Area, Surveying Division. produced by Permission of The David Rumsey Map Collection Texas General Land Office. Austin, Texas. See also Map Num- (URL, www.davidrumsey.com). Photoshop enhanced for pub- ber 1598, Map Collection. Archives and Information Services lication. Division. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Aus- tin, Texas. Photoshop enhanced for publication; Map D, Map 1.10. The Sabine River-32nd Parallel Intersection, Then and Now. of Texas. 1839. Richard S. Hunt and Jesse F. Randel, compilers. Source: A Map of the State of Louisiana with Part Of The Missis- New York, NY: J.H. Colton. Document 76198, Digital Collec- sippi Territory, from Actual Survey By Wm. Darby. 1816. William 18 Index

Adams-Onís Treaty, 5, 7, 10-11, 14, 16-18, Cater, Edwin, 28 General Land Office (Louisiana), 22 20-22, 24, 32 Cherokee Crossing (Cherokee Trace, Military General Land Office (Texas), 18, 23, 30, 32, Aldrich, George, 18, 23-24 Trace), 77, 81-82, 85 77-80, 82, 85, also n160 Anderson, Bailey, 83 Clear Lake, 4, 13-14, 85 Gonzales, Antonio, 23 Anderson, Holland, 83, also n160 Coates, James, 19-20 Grand Bluff (Brewster’s Bluff), 83 Arkansas, 32 Coates Bluff, 17, 23 Grappe Claim, 19 Arkansas River, 16, Colonization Law (1825), 24 Graves, John, 85 Arkansas Territory, 25 Colorado, n77 Gray, George, 5, 19-21 Arroyo Hondo, 6 Colorado River, 5 Great Raft, 3-4, 22, 24-26, also n2 Austin, 32 Congress, Republic of Texas, 24, 28, 77-84, Green, John G., n160 Austin, Richard, 29 also n159, n160 Green County, 78, 80, 85 Austin, Stephen F., 24-25 Congress, United States, 5, 9, 14 Greensborough, 82-83 Barbour, James, 21 Convention of Limits (1838), 27, 81 Greenwood, 11 Bayou Castor, 17-18 Cross Bayou, 3-4, Gregg County, 82 Bayou Nassosette, 12-13, 15, also n38 Cross Lake (Cass Lake, Coss Lake), 4, 17, 19- Groves, H., 25 20, 23, also n3, n45 Bayou Pierre, 3, 7, 17, 23, 25, also n7, n41 Gulf of Mexico, 11, 16, 31 Customary Boundary, 14 Bayou Pierre Settlements, 6, 19-20, 23-24, Harrison Bayou, 15, 23 Cypress Bayou, 3, 21-22, 25 also n7 Harrison County, 6, 15, 18, 27-31, 77-78, 80- Bayou Wallace, 22, 25 d’Anville’ Line, 6-7, 20 85, also n38, n156, n160 Bean, Peter E., 14 Daily National Intelligencer, 9-12 Heines, William, 29 Big Cypress Bayou, 3-4, 77-79, 81-82, 85 Darby, William, 5, 7-14, 18, 20, 24-25, 31, Henderson, John M., n160 also n38, n41, n129 Blue Buck Point, 11 Herrera, Simón de, 6 Darby’s Corner/Line, 8-11, 13-20, 24, also Boundary Commission, Mexican, 3, 16-17 n38 Herring, Judge E., 23 Bowie County, 23 Darby’s Map, 9-14, 18, 20, 22 Hightower, Robert, 29 Boyd, John, 26-27, 31, also n38, n129 De Berry, 15 Holt, Lewis, 28 Brazos River, 84 Decree 274, 24 Houston, Sam, 77 Brooks, Jehiel, 5, 14, 19-20, 22-23, also n60 Dehahuit, n2, n3 Jackson, Andrew, 16-17 Buffalo Bayou, n7, n41 Devil’s Elbow, n129 Jackson, Jack, 19 Bureau of Land Management, 32, also n41 East Point, n7 Jasper County, 78 Caddo County, 80, 85 Eight Mile Creek, 83 Jefferson, Thomas, 5 Caddo Creek, 83 Eustis, William, 10-12 Jim’s Bayou Caddo Site, 22, 24, also n3 Caddo Indians (Caddo Nation), 4-5, 14, 19, Ferry Lake, 4, 82 Joint Boundary Commission, 8, 10, 17, 29, 31- 21-23, 25, 80-82 32, also n38, n101, n128, n129, n129.3, Fitzgibbons, William, n160 Caddo Lake (Sodo Lake, Sodo Lakes n130 Complex), 3-4, 6-7, 15-16, 18, 20-22, Flat Fork Creek, 12 Joint Boundary Commission, Journal of, 8 24, 27, 32, 77, 79, 81, also n45 Flores, Vital, 23 Jonesborough, 77, 81 Caddo Parish, 19, 27-29, 31 also n60 Fort Claiborne, 8 Jordon’s (Jordan’s) Mill, 83 Caddo Prairie, 19-20, 22-23 Fortson, William T., 27 King, Valentine, 22, 105 Caddo Treaty, 26 Fortson’s Store, 83 Lafitte, Caesar, n41 Caddo Village(s), 4, 7, 12, 18-19, 22, 24-25, Fowler, John, 20-21 Lafitte, Pierre, n7, n41 also n2, n3 France, 4, 6-7 Lagrone, Adam, n160 Calcasieu River, 6, 9 Franklin County, 81 Lamar, Mirabeau B., 27, 81 Calhoun, John C., 21 Freeman-Custis Expedition, 6-7 Land Commissioners, Board of, 80 Camp Graham, 17, 31 Gaines, Edmund P., 10, 21-22 Latham, Jesusa, 23 Cantu, Jesus, 23 Gaines Ferry, 17 Latham, John, 23 Carbajal, José Maria Jesus, 23 Galindo, Ignacio, 18 Lilly, n129, n129.3 Carmel, n7 Gammel’s Laws, 82, also n76.1 Lipscomb, Abner, n128, n129.3 Carthage, 22 19 Livingston, Edward, 12 Sabine River), 5-9, 11-14, 18, 20, 22, 24- Stockton v. Montgomery, 82-83, also n159 Logan’s Ferry, 17, 31 27, 30-32, also n7, n128, n129, n130 Sulphur Fork of Red River (Sulphur River, Logansport, 17-18, 26 Pollock, Ebenezer, 30, 107 Little River of the South), 3, 7, 9, 20-25, 32, 78-79, also n77 López, Don Tomás, 6-7 Polvado, Jean (Palbadeau), 17-18 Talamantes, Melchor D., 6 Louisiana Constitution of 1812, 7 Prewitt, Josiah, 79, 85 Tanner, Henry S., 9 Louisiana Purchase (Louisiana Territory), 4 Pulaski (Walnut Bluff), 83 Taylor, Whitcomb, n160 Marion County, 82 R16W (Range 16W), 7, 16, 20, 26-32, 79-80, also n41, n129 Tenehaw, 77 Marshall, 82 R17W (Range 17W), 7, 9, 14, 16, 26-32, 79- Terrell, James, 13-14, 27, 31, also n38, n129 McKenny, Thomas L., 20 82, 85, also n38, n41, n129, n129.3 Territory of Arkansas, 25 Melish, John, 9-11, 16 Ramsdale, John, n160 Territory of Mississippi, 9 Mexico, 11, 14, 16-19, 21, 23-26, 32, 80 Red River, 3-4, 6-7, 9, 11-12, 14, 16-26, 31-32, Territory of Orleans, 5 Militia, 84 78-80, 84-85, also n7, n45, n77 Texarkana, 6 Miller County, 79 Regulators, Shreveport, n129 Texas Historical Commission, n3 Moore, Josephus, 78 Richardson, Mary, 28, also n160 Texas State Library, n160 Mooringsport, 18 Rio Grande, 5, 9, 22, also n77 Thorn, Frost, 18 Mora, Mariano, 23 Rio Roxo of Natchitoches, 16 Tiller, William, 28, also n160 Nacicit, n38 Rusk County, 82 Timber Hill, n3 Nacogdoches, 5, 7, 9, 17, 22, 24, 78 Sabine Lake, 11 Tippit, James, n160 Nacogdoches Land Office, 78-79 Sabine River, 3-27, 31-32, 77-85, also n7, n38, Toledo Bend Reservoir, 13 Nacogdoches-Gaines Ferry-Natchitoches n41, n129 Road, 17 San Augustine, 78 Trammel’s Trace, 78-79, 81, 84-85 Nandaco, 12 San Ildefonso, Treaty of, 4 Treaty of Limits (1828), 16-17 Nashville, 77 Sánchez, Marcos, 18 Treaty of Limits (1832), 11, 16-17 Natchitoches, 3-4, 7-9, 12-14, 16-17, 20, also Scogin, John, 28, 30 Treaty of Limits (1838), 31 n7, n38, n41 Scottsville, 18 Trinity River, 78-79, 84 Natchitoches-to-Pecan Point Road, n7, n41 Seven Years War, 4 Tuttle’s Creek, 83 Neches River, 5, 17, 22, 31 Shadowens, James, 27-28 Twelvemile Bayou, 4, 25 Nelligan, Willis, n160 Shelby County, 28, 30, 77-84 Upshur County, 82 Neutral Ground, 5-7, 15, 30 Shelbyville, 77, 79 Wallace (Family), 12, 19 New Orleans, 31 Sherrod, John, 29, 107 Wallace, Thomas, 19 New York, 9 Shifttail Lake (Sodo Lakes Complex), 4 Wallace Lake, 12, 17, 19-20, 22, 25, also n7 Nixon, George, 18 Shreavesport Road, 84-85 War of 1812, 7 Norris’ Crossing, 81 Shreve, Henry, 26 Washington, D.C., 9, 11, 21, 32 Norris, Thomas, 79 Shreve’s Town, 26 Watson’s Ferry, 17, 83 O’Neal, Francis, n160 Shreveport, 3-4, 16-17, 19-20, 22-23, 26, 80, Western Gulf Coastal Plain, 3 O’Rielly, Henry, 10 also n45, n129 White Oak Bayou, 24, 78 Opelousas, 9, 22 Shreveport Caddo, 80 Wilkinson, James, 6 Page, Harvey, 79 Sibley, John, 5, 10-13, 15, also n2, n38 Wilson, Jason C., 27, 30 Page, James, 79 Smith, Edward, 30, 82-84, also n160 Winston, William O., 10 Panola County, 13-15, 18, 28-30, 78, 80, 82- Smyth, George, n128, 129.3 Womack, John, 28 83, also n38, n160 Smyth (Smith), John, n60 Womack, Larkin, 28 Panola Judicial District, 28-30, 77, 82-83, Socagee Creek (Sacre Dieu, Sacadhu), 3, 13, Wright, George, 78 n159, n160 15, 18, 23, 27, 31, also n38, n129 Yatasi, 12, 14 Parks, William, 30 Sodo Lake (Caddo Lake, Ferry Lake, Sceodo Ybarbo, Anastacio, 23 Pascagoula Bayou, 22, 25 Lake, Sodo Lakes Complex), 4, 18, 23, Ybarbo, Juan José, 23 Paw Paw Bayou, n2 77, 81-82 Ybarbo, Manuel, 23 Peach Orchard Bluff, 22 Sodo Lakes Complex, 4, 20, 22, 24-25, 32, 77, also n2, n3, n45 Ybarbo, Pedro, 23 Philadelphia, 9, 11, 16 Spain, 4-7, 9-11, 16, 21, 32, also n7 Young, J.H., 25 Pichardo, José Antonio, 5-6, 16, also n38 Spanish Bluff, 6, 21-22 Zepeda, Manuel, 18, 23 Point-of-Intersection (32nd parallel and

20 The Author

Jim Tiller is Professor of Geography at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. A graduate of the University of North Texas (1963, 1966) and the University of Oklahoma (1968, 1969), he served as the chair of the Department of Geography at Sam Houston for 10 years. He and his wife, Nancy, have a daughter and son and live in Huntsville.