Chapter 13: Plants
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Gymnosperms the MESOZOIC: ERA of GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE
Chapter 24 Gymnosperms THE MESOZOIC: ERA OF GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF GYMNOSPERMS CYCADS GINKGO CONIFERS Pinaceae Include the Pines, Firs, and Spruces Cupressaceae Include the Junipers, Cypresses, and Redwoods Taxaceae Include the Yews, but Plum Yews Belong to Cephalotaxaceae Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae Are Largely Southern Hemisphere Conifers THE LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS, A REPRESENTATIVE GYMNOSPERM Pollen and Ovules Are Produced in Different Kinds of Structures Pollination Replaces the Need for Free Water Fertilization Leads to Seed Formation GNETOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS: SEEDS, POLLEN, AND WOOD THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GYMNOSPERMS The Origin of Seeds, Pollen, and Wood Seeds and Pollen Are Key Reproductive SUMMARY Innovations for Life on Land Seed Plants Have Distinctive Vegetative PLANTS, PEOPLE, AND THE Features ENVIRONMENT: The California Coast Relationships among Gymnosperms Redwood Forest 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The evolution of seeds, pollen, and wood freed plants from the need for water during reproduction, allowed for more effective dispersal of sperm, increased parental investment in the next generation and allowed for greater size and strength. 2. Seed plants originated in the Devonian period from a group called the progymnosperms, which possessed wood and heterospory, but reproduced by releasing spores. Currently, five lineages of seed plants survive--the flowering plants plus four groups of gymnosperms: cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes. Conifers are the best known and most economically important group, including pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods, cedars, cypress, yews, and several Southern Hemisphere genera. 3. The pine life cycle is heterosporous. Pollen strobili are small and seasonal. Each sporophyll has two microsporangia, in which microspores are formed and divide into immature male gametophytes while still retained in the microsporangia. -
California's Native Ferns
CALIFORNIA’S NATIVE FERNS A survey of our most common ferns and fern relatives Native ferns come in many sizes and live in many habitats • Besides living in shady woodlands and forests, ferns occur in ponds, by streams, in vernal pools, in rock outcrops, and even in desert mountains • Ferns are identified by producing fiddleheads, the new coiled up fronds, in spring, and • Spring from underground stems called rhizomes, and • Produce spores on the backside of fronds in spore sacs, arranged in clusters called sori (singular sorus) Although ferns belong to families just like other plants, the families are often difficult to identify • Families include the brake-fern family (Pteridaceae), the polypody family (Polypodiaceae), the wood fern family (Dryopteridaceae), the blechnum fern family (Blechnaceae), and several others • We’ll study ferns according to their habitat, starting with species that live in shaded places, then moving on to rock ferns, and finally water ferns Ferns from moist shade such as redwood forests are sometimes evergreen, but also often winter dormant. Here you see the evergreen sword fern Polystichum munitum Note that sword fern has once-divided fronds. Other features include swordlike pinnae and round sori Sword fern forms a handsome coarse ground cover under redwoods and other coastal conifers A sword fern relative, Dudley’s shield fern (Polystichum dudleyi) differs by having twice-divided pinnae. Details of the sori are similar to sword fern Deer fern, Blechnum spicant, is a smaller fern than sword fern, living in constantly moist habitats Deer fern is identified by having separate and different looking sterile fronds and fertile fronds as seen in the previous image. -
Pollination of Two Species of Ferocactus: Interactions Between Cactus-Specialist Bees and Their Host Plants
Functional Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Ecology 2005 Pollination of two species of Ferocactus: interactions 19, 727–734 between cactus-specialist bees and their host plants M. E. MCINTOSH Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1041 E. Lowell Street; BioSciences West, Room 310, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Summary 1. Resolving the controversy over the prevalence of generalization in plant–pollinator interactions requires field studies characterizing the pollination effectiveness of all a plant’s floral visitors. Herein, the pollination effectiveness of all visitors to two species of barrel cactus (Ferocactus) was quantified. 2. Flowers of both species were pollinated almost exclusively by cactus-specialist bees: 99% (F. cylindraceus (Engelm.) Orcutt) and 94% (F. wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. and Rose) of all seeds produced in this study resulted from cactus bee visits. 3. For F. cylindraceus, the cactus-specialist Diadasia rinconis was the most abundant visitor. For F. wislizeni, three cactus-specialists (including D. rinconis) plus generalists in the family Halictidae (which did not act as pollinators) each accounted for a quarter of all visits. 4. Diadasia rinconis visits to F. wislizeni flowers were more effective (per-visit) than visits by the other two cactus-specialists. 5. Pollen-collecting and nectar-collecting visits were equally effective. Nectar-collecting visits were the most abundant. 6. Apart from the non-pollinating halictids, floral visitors surprisingly did not include commonly co-occurring generalist bees. 7. These data suggest that, just as apparently specialized flowers may be visited by a diverse assemblage of generalists, so apparently generalized flowers may be visited predominantly by specialists, and that these specialists may perform virtually all of the pollination. -
Plant Classification, Evolution and Reproduction
Plant Classification, Evolution, and Reproduction Plant classification, evolution and reproduction! Traditional plant classification! ! A phylogenetic perspective on classification! ! Milestones of land plant evolution! ! Overview of land plant diversity! ! Life cycle of land plants! Classification “the ordering of diversity into a meaningful hierarchical pattern” (i.e., grouping)! The Taxonomic Hierarchy! Classification of Ayahuasca, Banisteriopsis caapi! Kingdom !Plantae! Phylum !Magnoliophyta Class ! !Magnoliopsida! Order !Malpighiales! Family !Malpighiaceae Genus ! !Banisteriopsis! Species !caapi! Ranks above genus have standard endings.! Higher categories are more inclusive.! Botanical nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)! Species Plantarum! published 1753! 7,300 species! Botanical nomenclature Polynomials versus binomials! Know the organism “The Molesting Salvinia” Salvinia auriculata (S. molesta)! hp://dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/biocontrol/2floangfern.html " Taxonomy vs. classification! Assigning a name! A system ! ! ! Placement in a category! Often predictive ! because it is based on Replicable, reliable relationships! results! ! Relationships centered on genealogy ! ! ! ! Edward Hitchcock, Elementary Geology, 1940! Classification Phylogeny: Reflect hypothesized evolution. relationships! Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859! Ernst Haeckel, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, 1866! Branching tree-like diagrams representing relationships! Magnolia 1me 2 Zi m merman (1930) Lineage branching (cladogenesis or speciation) Modified -
Phytotaxa, a Synthesis of Hornwort Diversity
Phytotaxa 9: 150–166 (2010) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2010 • Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work JUAN CARLOS VILLARREAL1 , D. CHRISTINE CARGILL2 , ANDERS HAGBORG3 , LARS SÖDERSTRÖM4 & KAREN SUE RENZAGLIA5 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269; [email protected] 2Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian National Herbarium, Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra. ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] 3Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496; [email protected] 4Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] 5Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901; [email protected] Abstract Hornworts are the least species-rich bryophyte group, with around 200–250 species worldwide. Despite their low species numbers, hornworts represent a key group for understanding the evolution of plant form because the best–sampled current phylogenies place them as sister to the tracheophytes. Despite their low taxonomic diversity, the group has not been monographed worldwide. There are few well-documented hornwort floras for temperate or tropical areas. Moreover, no species level phylogenies or population studies are available for hornworts. Here we aim at filling some important gaps in hornwort biology and biodiversity. We provide estimates of hornwort species richness worldwide, identifying centers of diversity. We also present two examples of the impact of recent work in elucidating the composition and circumscription of the genera Megaceros and Nothoceros. -
Page 1 of 9 BIOL 325 – Plant Systematics Name
BIOL 325 – Plant Systematics Name: ___________________________ Sample Topics & Questions for Exam 1 This document and questions are the copyright of CRHardy, 2016 onwards. Topic 01 – Introduction, Sample Topics & Questions: 1. What major topics to Rhoads and Block (2007) discuss in the introduction to their book? 2. What are the reasons that Prather et al. (2004) list for continued herbarium collecting even in places like North America the flora is thought to be well known? 3. What method(s) does Dirig (2005) discuss for mounting pressed specimens to herbarium sheets? 4. What methods does Dirig (2005) discuss for collecting plant specimens for later pressing? 5. What do the graphs used by Prather et al. (2004) show about herbarium plant collecting in the US? 6. How does one define plant systematics? Name at least one synonym for plant systematics? 7. What are practitioners of plant systematics called and what are some of their important products? 8. Be able to explain how each of these products are important to people and other scientists outside the field of systematics. 9. What is a phylogeny? 10. What is a herbarium? 11. Name the important components of a herbarium specimen. 12. What are herbarium specimens used for? 13. Although taxonomy and systematics are often treated as synonyms by many, they are not actually the same thing. Which of the two is a broader term and how so? 14. The far majority of plant species are described from studies in ... a. botanical gardens b. herbaria c. the field d. plant nurseries e. zoological museums Page 1 of 9 15. -
Anthocerotophyta
Glime, J. M. 2017. Anthocerotophyta. Chapt. 2-8. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. Physiological Ecology. Ebook 2-8-1 sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 5 June 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA TABLE OF CONTENTS Anthocerotophyta ......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-2 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 2-8-2 Chapter 2-8: Anthocerotophyta CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA Figure 1. Notothylas orbicularis thallus with involucres. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. Anthocerotophyta These plants, once placed among the bryophytes in the families. The second class is Leiosporocerotopsida, a Anthocerotae, now generally placed in the phylum class with one order, one family, and one genus. The genus Anthocerotophyta (hornworts, Figure 1), seem more Leiosporoceros differs from members of the class distantly related, and genetic evidence may even present -
Identification of Conifer Trees in Iowa This Publication Is Designed to Help Identify the Most Common Trees Found in Iowa
Identification of Conifer Trees in Iowa This publication is designed to help identify the most common trees found in Iowa. It is based on vegetative characteristics including leaves, fruit, and bark. It is neither complete nor without possible oversights. Separate species are grouped by similar characteristics, mainly based on type and arrangement of leaves. These groups are; awl- or scale- like needles; single needles, flattened with rounded tips; single needles, square in cross section, with pointed tips; and needles in bundles or fasticles of two or more. Remember, vegetative character- istics are quite variable; use more than one specimen for comparison. Awl- or scale-like needles Juniperus Virginiana Eastern Red Cedar Leaves are dark green; leaves are both awl- and scale-like; cone is dark blue and berry-like. Thuja occidentalis Northern White Cedar Leaves are flattened and only of the scale type; cones have 4-6 scales; foliage is light green. Juniperus communis Common Juniper Leaves are awl shaped; cone is dark blue and berry-like. Pm-1383 | May 1996 Single needles, flattened with rounded tips Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Needles occur on raised pegs; 3/4-11/4 inches in length; cones have 3-pointed bracts between the cone scales. Abies balsamea Abies concolor Balsam Fir White (Concolor) Fir Needles are blunt and notched at Needles are somewhat pointed, the tip; 3/4-11/2 inches in length. curved towards the branch top and 11/2-3 inches in length; silver green in color. Single needles, Picea abies Norway Spruce square in cross Needles are 1/2-1 inch long; section, with needles are dark green; foliage appears to droop or weep; cone pointed tips is 4-7 inches long. -
The Supramolecular Organization of Self-Assembling Chlorosomal Bacteriochlorophyll C, D,Ore Mimics
The supramolecular organization of self-assembling chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll c, d,ore mimics Tobias Jochum*†, Chilla Malla Reddy†‡, Andreas Eichho¨ fer‡, Gernot Buth*, Je¸drzej Szmytkowski§¶, Heinz Kalt§¶, David Moss*, and Teodor Silviu Balaban‡¶ʈ *Institute for Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; ‡Institute for Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; §Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Universita¨t Karlsruhe (TH), D-76131 Karslruhe, Germany; and ¶Center for Functional Nanostructures, Universita¨t Karlsruhe (TH), D-76131 Karslruhe, Germany Edited by James R. Norris, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 18, 2008 (received for review March 22, 2008) Bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) c, d, and e are the main light-harvesting direct structural evidence from x-ray single crystal structures, the pigments of green photosynthetic bacteria that self-assemble into exact nature of BChl superstructures remain elusive and these nanostructures within the chlorosomes forming the most efficient have been controversially discussed in the literature (1–3, 7, antennas of photosynthetic organisms. All previous models of the 11–17). It is now generally accepted that the main feature of chlorosomal antennae, which are quite controversially discussed chlorosomes is the self-assembly of BChls and that these pig- because no single crystals could be grown so far from these or- ments are not bound by a rigid protein matrix as is the case of ganelles, involve a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the other, well characterized light-harvesting systems (1). Small- 31 hydroxyl group and the 131 carbonyl group. -
Information and Care Instructions Mother Fern
Information and Care Instructions Mother Fern Quick Reference Botanical Name - Asplenium bulbiferum Detailed Care Exposure - Shade to bright, indirect Your Mother Fern was grown in a plastic pot. Depending on the item, it may then have been Indoor Placement - Bright location but not in direct afternoon sun transplanted into a decorative pot before sale or simply “dropped” into a container while still in the USDA Hardiness - Zone 10a to 11 plastic pot. Inside Temperature - 50-70˚F WATERING Min Outside Temperature - 30˚F 1. Let the top of the soil dry out slightly before Plant Type - Evergreen Fern watering; check frequently, especially if kept in a hot, dry spot. Mother Ferns like to be kept evenly moist, Watering - Allow soil to dry out slightly before watering. Do not allow but not soggy. the pot to sit in standing water for more than a few minutes 2. When watering, use the recommended amount of water for your pot size (See Quick Reference Guide) Water Amount Used - 4” Pot = 1/3 cup of water poured directly on the soil. In order not to damage 6 1/2” Pot = 1 1/4 cups of water your furniture, countertop or floor, place your Mother Fertilizing - Fertilize monthly Fern in a saucer, bowl or sink when watering. Allow the water to drain for 5 minutes. Do not allow the soil to sit in water for any more than 5 minutes or damage to the roots may occur. Avoid continuous use of softened water as the sodium in it can build up to damaging levels in the soil. -
Cactus (Opuntia Spp.) As Forage 169
Cactus (Opuntia spp.) as forage 169 Food •••A.gricultv,.. Org•nU.taon or United -N••lon• FAO Cactus (Opuntiaspp.) PLANT PRODUCTION as forage AND PROTECTlON PAPER 169 Ed~ed by Candelario Mondragon-Jacobo lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (INIFAP) Mexico and Salvador Perez-Gonzalez Universidad Aut6noma de Queretaro Mexico Coordinated for FAD by Enrique Arias Horticultural Crops Group Stephen G. Reynolds Grassland and Pasture Crops Group FAO Plant Production and Protection Division and Manuel D. sanchez Feed Resources Group FAO Animal Production and HeaHh Division Produced within the frameworl< of the FAO International Technical Cooperation Networl< ot on Cactus Pear ••u nttttd• NaUon• Rome,2001 Reprinted 2002 The designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, country territory or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or of their affiliated organization(s). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-104705-7 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. -
Ordovician Land Plants and Fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee
PROOF The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): 1–33 The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): xxx–xxx 0031–0174/2019 0031–0174/2019 Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. *Email: gregr@uoregon. edu (Received 09 September, 2019; revised version accepted 15 December, 2019) ABSTRACT The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): Retallack GJ 2019. Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee. The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): xxx–xxx. 1–33. Ordovician land plants have long been suspected from indirect evidence of fossil spores, plant fragments, carbon isotopic studies, and paleosols, but now can be visualized from plant compressions in a Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian or 460 Ma) sinkhole at Douglas Dam, Tennessee, U. S. A. Five bryophyte clades and two fungal clades are represented: hornwort (Casterlorum crispum, new form genus and species), liverwort (Cestites mirabilis Caster & Brooks), balloonwort (Janegraya sibylla, new form genus and species), peat moss (Dollyphyton boucotii, new form genus and species), harsh moss (Edwardsiphyton ovatum, new form genus and species), endomycorrhiza (Palaeoglomus strotheri, new species) and lichen (Prototaxites honeggeri, new species). The Douglas Dam Lagerstätte is a benchmark assemblage of early plants and fungi on land. Ordovician plant diversity now supports the idea that life on land had increased terrestrial weathering to induce the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in the sea and latest Ordovician (Hirnantian)