Materials, Form and Architecture

Laurence King Pub

I Introduction 06 Materials for Building 10 Materials and Form 36 In the Nature of Materials 68 Place 98 Time 116 Use 132 Junctions 146 Surfaces 158 Meaning 170 Materiality and Translucency 184 Conclusion 228 Index 230 Notes 236 Acknowledgments 240 Basso, Keith 100 Colonna. Francescn.... 58-- Index Bath. Enaland: Lansdowne Crescent 42. 43 colour 7, 54, 56, 58, 58. 59, 59-60. 61, 61-2,76, 100, l~,,-~, 102, ~auhausythe52,79, 82, 163 103,104, 105,106, 106,161 161 16% 167 Bear Run, Pennsylva?ia: 'Fallingwater' (Wright) 84, Como, Italy: Casa del Fascio (Terragni)-@ 82-' *" *" ** *** 54,YI,YL, l l l, Ill concrete 26,27, 27,32. 41. 70, I I 8, I 57,' I 74, I 76, 190, 191, 93 Beeston, nr Nottingham, England: Boots Factory Williams) 82, 83 206,208,211.211 Behne, Adolf 82 conoer-stained 206 207,208 Behnisch. GunterIBehnisch and Partners 148-9 reinforced 28. 32, 3234, 34, 63-4, 65, 81. 86, 86-8, 90, 91, 92, 92, Lutheran Seminary, Stuttgart 149 111 190 Parliament, Bonn 219 ~onta&;~uguste:Copenhagen 7, 102. Galerie 103 des Machines, Paris 30, 78, 79 Benedikt, Michael: For an Architecture of Realiw 186, 190 Benjamin. Walter 79, 176 Bank of Denmark (Jacobsen) 166. 167 Benthem and Crouwel: ~avilion.Sonsbeek 221 Citv Hall (Nvroo) 179 Benvon, Baqe and ~arshall:miil, Shrewsbury 27 ~rundtvigChurch (Jensen-Klint) 168 Berlage, Hel-idrik Petrus 161, 164 refurbished- - -- -~ street- -.... 99 Amsterdam Stock Exchanae 72. 72 Thorvaldsen Museum (Bindesb~ll)59, 60, 61, 102, 103, 140, 141 U-,Rnrlin ,,, , copper 123,123-4, 124,128, 155,173. 183, 183,201 Bauakademie (Schinkel)71 stained concrete 206, 207, 208 GSW Buildina (Sauerbruch Hunonl 226. 227 Cornwall,Cor-ten steel England: 28, 28, Eden 124, Project 124 (Grimshaw and Hunt) 224 Jewish ~usgum(Libeskind) 212,214 Reichstag refurbishment (Foster) 82, 82, 219 Cosham, England: roof (Weston) 221 Bessemer. Sir hen^ 28 Cosmati pavements 58 beton brut 88, 100 Cotswold vjllages, England 100, 101, 120 Aalto, Alvar 128, 130, 134, 180 Beuys, Joseph 194-5 Crvstal Chaln 52. 81 Academic Bookshop, Helsinki 173, 173 Bibury, England: Arlington Row 100, 101 ~GstalPalace, iondon (PaXron) 30, 73, 74, 76, 76, 78, 149 Baker House, MIT 93.94.95 Bilbao, Spain: Guggenheim Museum (Gehry) 28,123,214,215 Curl, James Stevens 121 Church of the Three Crosses, lmatra 52, 52 Bindesbmll, Michael Gotilieb: Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen 59, Finlandia Hall, Helsinki 137, 143, 143, 149 60, 61,102, 103, 140, 141 Helsinki Technical University 124, 130, 173, 173 Birmingham, England: Selfrldges (Future Systems) 214 Dacca, Bangladesh: Assembly Building (Kahn) 90, 90 Jyvaskyla University Festival Hall 94, 137-8, 138 'blob architecture' 214 Darde, Paul 86 Paimio Sanatorium 137, 137,176, 176 Bloch, Ernst 176 Davos, Switzerland: Kirchner Museum (Gigon Guyer) 203 Saynatsalo Town Hall 69, 93, 94, 100, 100, 134-5, 135, 137 Blossfeldt, Karl 222 Deane & Woodward: Oxford Univers~tyMuseum 71 Seinajoki Town Hall 165, 165 Blue Rider group 80-1 Deconstructivism 194 summerhouse, Muuratsalo 94, 94, 128, 128 Bohnstedt, Ludwig 76 Delft, Netherlands 108, 109 Viipuri library 137, 140 Bonn, Germany: Parliament (Behnisch and Partners) 219 Montessori School (Hertzberger) 138, 139 Villa Mairea, Noormarkku 128, 129, 135, 135, 136, 137, Bordeaux, France: Law Courts, Bordeaux 219 De Stiil movement 52. 53. 181 180, 180, 181,182 Borromini, Francesco: San Carlo alle Quanro Fontane, Rome 42, ~ewhLrstMacfarlane: conservatory, Hampstead 221, 221 adobe 19, 19 43,44 Dickens, Charles 31 Adorno, Theodor: Minima Moralia 138 Boston. Massachusetts Diener and Diener: Migros Shop, Lucerne 201 Agos~nodi Duccio: Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini 166 driveway, Beacon Hill 134, 134 Dixon, Jeremy and Jones, Edward: Said Business School, Oxford 124 Ahmedabad, India: Institute of Management (Kahn)94, 94 Public Library (McKim, Mead and Whjte) 138, 138 Djenne, Mali: Great Mosque 19 Alberti, Leon Battista 21,41. 54-5. 57. 58, 65 Botta. Marlo: house. Tclno 168 Doesburg, Theo van 53.82 Rucellal Palace, Florence 55, 55 ~otticher,Karl 45, 62, 76 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 165 Santa Maria Novella, Florence 54, 55, 55 Bottningen, nr Basel, Switzerland: house (Helzog and Dorman Long 155 Albi Cathedral. France 20 de Meuron) 199 Dudok. Willem: Hilversum Town Hall 168, 169 Algarotti, ~rancesco71 Brancusi, Constantin 38, 80, 174 Duisburg. Germany: Business Promotion Centre (Foster) 227, 227 aluminium 7, 28, 29, 30. 62, 62, 214, 214 'The Kiss' 80.. Dutert, Charles-LOUIS-Ferdinand:Galerie des Machines, Paris 30, Amsterdam 108, 109 Brecht, Bertolt 176 78.79 Apollolaan (Hertzberger) 138 Bregenz, Austria: Art Gallery (Zumthor) 186, 208, 208, 209 Dyer, John l20 Eigen Haard housing (de Klerk) 168, 169 Breuer, Marcel: De Bijenkorf Dept Store, Rotterdam 124, 125 Stock Exchanae (Berlaae)72. 72 bricksibrickwork 19, 79-21, 20, 21, 24, 69, 70, 71, 924, 93-6, 96, 97, anathyrosis 22 104, 108,109,120,135. 135,168, 169, 173,179,182. 182, 192,193 earth construction 19, 34, 34-5 Ando, Tadao 114, 190,194,224 bridges 16, 16, 27, 154, 155 Easton. David 35 Koshino House, Ashiya 90,190, 190, 191, 193, 193 Brighton, England: Royal Pavilion (Nash) 75 ~berswalde,Switzerland: Llbraw (Herzog and de Meuron) 222, 222 Mount Rokko chapel, Kobe 224,224 Brinkman and van der Vlugt: Van Nelle cigarette factory, Rotterdam 82 Eden Project, Cornwall, England (GrimsKaw and Hunt) 224 Row House, Osaka 190 Brunelleschi, Filippo 43 Eaeraat. Erick van: Ichthus Hoaeschool. Rotterdam 220 Andre, Carl: 'Tate Bricks' 195 Brussels: Palais Stoclet (Hoffmann) 154, 154 Egyptian architecture 21-2, 2z23, 24, 166, 166, 173 'Angel of the North' (Gormley) 28, 124, 124 Bucher, Lothar 76 Eiffel Tower, Paris 30, 30, 78, 78, 79 Appenzell, Switzerland: Liner Museum (Gigon Guyer) 204,205 built olaces' 99. 100 Ekler. Dezso: Recewtlon Hall, Haranaod 179 Architectural Review 163 Burano, Italy 7, 102, 103 el-Khoury, ~odolphe21 1 Aristotle 44-5, 54 Burkhalter and Sum1 Zurlchberg Hotel extension 200, 200 Ely Cathedral, England 48 Art Deco 64,163 Burnham Dane and Root, John Rellance Buildlng, Chlcago 76, 76 octagonal larrtern 16, 17 Art Nouveau 41. 143 Burton, Declmus Palm House, Kew Gardens 30.30 Endell, August: Die Schonheit der grossen Stadt 53 Arte Povera 8,194 BunerFleId, Willlam Keble College, Oxford 94, 95 Ericson. Slafrid: Gothenbura Art Museum 168 169 Arts and Crafts movement 74,148 Byzantine archltecture 48 50, 50 ~r~kine:~iph: metal connector 151 Asam, Egid Quinn: 'Assumption of the Virgin' 51 ETFE (ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene) 222, 224, 224 Ashiya, Japan: Koshino House (Ando) 90, 190, 190, 191 Ethio~ia:Church of St Georae in the ,nit, . Ldibal2 20. 152 ashlar 42.43 Calatrava. Santiaao 155 ~xeter,England: Cathedral 754 Asplund, Gunnar l40 Calvino, ltalo 48,-l 18 Exeter, New Hampshire: Phillips Academy library (Kahn) 93, 93, 96 Gothenburg Town Hall 134, 140, 141 Cambridge University 134, 134 Evck. Aldo van 12. 100. 138. 138 Karl Johan School. Gothenbura 162. 163 cardboard-tubestructured hall, Hanover Expo 2000 (Ban) 75, 75 'ESTEC centre, ~ordwiik1'53 Stockholm Public Library 163.~164 Caruso, Adam and St John, Peter: Walsall Art Gallery 210 Woodland Crematorium wai.iing-rooms, Stockholm 140, 140 carving 38, 38.39, 73,80,80-1,166 Athens, Greece 19, 24, 24, 43 cemeteries 120, 121 'Fallingwater', Bear Run, Pennsylvania (Wright) 84, 84, 91, Atklns, Robert and Bagenal, Hope: Theoryand Elements of Chareau. Pierre: Maison de Verre, Paris 176 92 111 111 Architecture 21 Chicago 28 ~~t,Sverre: Bispegard Museum, Hamar 17, 122, 122 Auxerre Cathedral. France 47 Federal Center (Mies van der Rohe) 83 Fiat Factory, Turln 32 Gem/ Tomb (Sullivan) 166, 166 Finsterlin, Hermann 52 Lake Shore Drive apartments (Mies van der Rohe) 149, 153 Flavin. Dan 196. 208 Bagsvsrd, Denmark. church (Utzon) 35, 153, 198, 199 Ludington Building (Jenney) 28 Fletcher, Sir Banister: A History of Architecture.12. 12 Baird, George 137 Marin Center (Lapidus) 86 Florence, Italy 21, 101, 101, 138, 174 balloon-frame construction 16 16 office tower (KPF) 194 Palano Medici 42. 43 bamboolcane 34,35,60, 136, l37 Prairie Houses (Wright) 11 0-1 1 Pini Palace 41, 43 Ban, Shlgeru cardboard-tubestructured hall, Hanover Expo 2000 Reliance Building (Burnham & Root) 76, 76 Rucellai Palace (Alberti) 55, 55 75. 75 Robie House Wright) l l l, 157 San,Miniato cemetery 121 ~arc'elona,Spain Unity Temple. Oak Park Wright) 86, 86-7 Santa Maria Novella (Alberti) 54,55 55 Casa Bofarull balustrade (Jujol) 41 Christiani and Nielsen: The golden age of concrete 174 Foggo, Peter: Clty of London building 72 Casa Mila (Gaudfi 43.43-4 Chur, Switzerland: woodslatted 'box' (Zumthor) 200, 200 Foreign Office Architects: Yokohama International Port Terminal 21 1 Casa Mila ceiling (~u~ol)37 Churton's Monastic Ruins of Yorkshire 121 Foster, NormanIFoster and Partners: Barcelona Pavilion (Mies van der Rohe) 84, 84, 153, 153, cladding 614, 1434.186 British Museum's Great Court. London 214 166-7. 167.224 Coca Castle. Soaln 20 Duisburg Business ~romotion'centre227, 227 Basel, Switzerland coffering 26, 27 Hong Kong Airport 217,217 Beyeler Gallery (Piano) 195 Coignet, Fran~ois32 Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank 218,219 railway signal box (Helzog and de Meuron) 201 Cologne Exhibition (1914):Glass Pavilion Vaut) 52-3, 81, 82, 176 North Greenwich Traffic interchange, London 214 Reichstag, Berlin 82, 82, 219 Vredenburg Music Centre 138, 139, 174, 175 Krautheimer, Richard 56 Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arjs, Norwich 141, 143, 143 Herzog, Jacques and de Meuron, Pierre 194,205 Kroll. Lucien: Louvain-la-Neuve Medical Faculty 86, 182 Willis Faber Dumas building, lpswlch 216, 217 Dominus Wlnen/. Yountville, California 787 Kultermann. Udo 88 ~~untainsAbbey, Yorkshire: visitor centre 198 Eberswalde Library 222, 222 Kutna Hora. Czech Republic: St Barbara (Ried) 49 Frampton, Kenneth 45, 72, 186 Frei studio, Weil am Rhein 199 Kyoto, Japan (see also Katsura) Fredensborg, Denmark: housing (Utzon) 229, 229 Goett Gallery, Munich 195 Ryoan-ji dry garden 127, 127 Functlonallsm 60, 176, 180 house, Bottningen, nr Basel 199 shrine wood ends 172 railway signal box, Basel 201 Future Systems 214 ' Media Centre, Lord's, London 214 Ricola storage building, Laufen 199, 199-200 Selfrldges, Blrmlngham 214 Ricoia building, Mulhouse 222, 223 Labrouste, Henri: Bibliotheque Ste Genevieve, Paris 75 Heydenreich, Erhard: Frauenkirche, Ingolstadt 49 Lafour, Lucien 109 Hilversum, Netherlands: Town Hall (Dudok) 168, 169 La Jolla, California: Salk Institute (Kahn) 88, 88, 153, 193 Gaudi, Antoni Hitchcock, Henry-R. and Philip Johnson: The lnternational Style Ldibala Ethiopia: Church of St George in the pit 20, 152 Casa Mila, Barcelona 43.43-4 81, 161 Lapidus. Morris: Marin Center, Chlcago 86 Guell Colony Crypt, Santa Coloma de Cervello 172 Hitler. Adolf 122 Larsson, Carl and Karin 144 Gehry. Frank. H~ttorff,Jacques-lgnace 59,60 Las Vegas, Nevada 114, 114 Guggenhelm Museum, Bilbao 28,123,214,215 Hoffmann, Josef Palals Stoclet, Brussels 154, 154 La Sota, Alejandro de: Civil Government Headquarters, Tarragona, 'Little Beaver' chair 187, Hoganas (tilemakers) 164 Spain 21 1 own house. Santa Mon~ca,California 130, 131 Holl (Steven) Architects: chapel doors, Seattle Washington 188 Laufen, Switzerland: Ricola storage building (Herzog and de Meuron) studio-houses, Venice, California 114, 7 15 Hollein, Hans 199,199-200 Giedion, Siegfried 79, 79, 87 Abteiberg Museum, Monchengladbach 114, 115,167, 167 Laugier, Abbe Marc-Antoine 12, 13, 15, 55-6, 172 Gigon, Annette and Guyer, Mike commercial development, Vienna 167 lead 123 Kirchner Museum, Davos 203 Retti candle shop, Vienna.29 Le Corbusier (CharlesJeanneret) 7,44, 45, 64-6, 74, 80, 81, 86, 87, Liner Museum, Appenzell204,205 Schullin iewellew, shols., Vlenna 160. 160-1 88,102, 118, 1 19.224 Romerholz, Winterthur 206, 207, 208 Hong ~ong Haward Universlty Carpenter Center 88, 88 Wlnterthur Art Museum extension 202,203,203 Airnort (Foster) 21 7. 21 7 Jaoul Houses, Paris 93. 93, 118 Gill, Eric 80 ~dns~oianbshanshai Bank (Foster) 218,219 La Tourette monastery, nr Lyons 80, 88, 88 Gilpin, William: Essay on the Picturesque 120 Hopkins, Michael: Portcullis House, London 152, 152 NotreDamedu-Haut, Ronchamp 206 Giotto di Bondone 56 Howe. George and Lescaze, William: PSFS Building, Philadelphia, Pessac workers' housing 66,87,87, 118, 118,161, 161,163 Arena Chapel (Padua) frescoes 58 Pennsylvania 163, 163 Salvation Army Hostel, Parls 82, 176, 176 Giza. Eavlst l l, 22, 22. 23 Hiibsch, Heinrich: 'In What Style Should We Build?' 71 Unite d'Habitation. Marseilles 88 Mull, England 20 Gllade Mandrot, ~e Pradet 11 0 Hunt, Tony: Eden Project, Cornwall 224 Villa Savoye, Poissy 65, 66, 80, 118, 119, 156, 157, 162 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 58 Weber house, Zurlch 81 Leicester, Enqland: National Space Science Centre (Grimshaw) 224 Leiden, Netherlands 109 Imatra, Finland: Church of the Three Crosses (Aalto) 52, 52 Leiper, William: Templeton Carpet Factotory GGsgow 94, 95 Imhotep: mortuary complex of King Djoser 21, 22 Leiviska, Juha: Myyrmaki Church, Helsinki 54, 54 Ingolstadt, Germany: Frauenkirche (Heydenreich) 49 Leonardo da Vinci 27,70,94,121 International Style 81. 110. 118. 161 Le Pradet. France: Villa de Mandrot (Le Corbusier) 11 0 Goller, Adolf 76 lnvar steel 28 Lescaze, William see Howe, George Gordon, J. E. 28 Ipswich, England: Willis Faber Dumas building (Foster) 276, 217 Le Thoronet abbey, France 122, 152, 152 Gormlev, Anthony: 'Angel of the North' 28, 124, 124 iron 27, 27-8, 30, 30, 41. 41, 71, 72, 72, 73, 73, 74-6, 75, 78, Levete. Amanda see Future Svstems ~othenburg,Sweden - 78-9, 101 ~evine,'Neil 110 Art Museum (Ericson) 168. 169 Ise, Japan: Shinto shrine 14, 15, 126-7 Lewerentz, Sigurd 96, 112. 122, 193, 194 Kar Johan School (Asplund) 162, 163 Islamic architecture 19, 20, 159, 164, 165, 175 St Mark's, Stockholm 94. 96 Town Hall (Asplund) 134, 140, 141 Isozaki. Arata: Tsukuba Civic Centre 186, 186 St Peter's, Kllppan 94, 96, 96, 97 Gothic architecture 46, 47,474, 48, 49, 71, 71, 724, 81, 154 Ito, Toyo 224 LeWin, Sol 196, 200 Gotland, Sweden: post-and-beam store 14, 15 Sendai Mediatheque 224,225 Libeskind, Daniel 183 Gowan, James 149,168 Itien. Johannes 79 Jewish Museum, Berlin 212,214 granite 21, 62, 123, 154, 160, 160-1, 163, 163, 166, 174, 174, 176. Ligornetto, Switzerland: house (Botta) 168 174, . , 179, . - Lille, France Graves, Michael: San Juan Capistrano Library, California 186, 186 Jackson, J. B. 113 Congrexpo (Koolhaas) 21 1 Great Coxwell, Gloucestershire: tithe barn 74, 74 Jacobsen, Arne: Bank of Denmark, Copenhagen 166, 167 Musee des Beaux Arts 83 Greek architecture 22, 24, 24, 43, 44, 44-5, 45,47, 54, 59, 59, Jenney, William Le Baron: Ludington Building, Chicago 28 Lippard, Lucy 113 60,71, 151 Jensen-Kl~nt,P V. 70 Lodoli, Carlo 71 'Griffiths cracks' 28 Grundwig Church, Copenhagen 168 loa construction 15. 15 Grimshaw, Nicholas Johnson, Philip: Seagram Building, New York City 87 don Eden Project, Cornwall, England 224 Jones. Edward see Dlxon, Jeremy British Museum's Great Court (Foster) 214 National Space Science Centre, Leicester, England 224 Jones, Owen 76 City of London building (Foggo) 72 Groningen, Netherlands: Glass Video Pavilion (Tschumi) 221 Judd. Donald 195.196.. . 199 conservatory, Hampstead (Mather) 221, 221 Gropius, Walter 82 JU~OI,'Josep Crystal Palace (Paxton)30, 73, 74, 76, 76, 78, 149 Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (Gehry) 28,123,214,215 balustrade, Casa Bofarull, Barcelona 41 Dulwich Picture Gallew (Soane) 168. 169 Guggenheim Museum, New York (Wright) 70,92,92 ceiling, Casa Mi!a, Barcelona 37 F~nsburySquare (No 30) (Parry) 152, 152 Guimard. Hector: Ecole du Sacre-Coeur. Parls 73 Jyvaskyla Universlty Fest~valHall, Flnland (Aalto) 94 Hungerford Flsh Market 30 Gurlin, Cornelius 78 Medla Centre, Lord's (Future Systems) 214 North Greenw~chTraff~c Interchange (Foster) 214 Kahn, Louis 27, 87, 88, 93, 96, 122, 140, 153 Palm House, Kew Gardens (Burton) 30,30 Hague, The Assembly Building, Dacca 90, 90 Portcull~sHouse (Hopklns) 152, 152 brick buildings (Siza) 108, 109 lnstitute of Management, Ahmedabad 94, 94 St George In the East 126, 126 housing estate (MVRDV) 7, 7, 8, 196, 229 Kimbell Museum, Texas 41,43,90 St Pancras Statlon 75 Hamar, Norway: Bispegard Museum (Fehn) 17, 122, 122 Phllips Academy library, Exetey. New Hampshire 93, 93, 96 St Paul's Cathedral 27 handles, door 135, 135, 136, 137 Salk Institute, La Jolla, Callfornla 88, 88, 153, 193 Westminster Hall (Herland) 16, 77 Harangod, Hungary: Reception Hall (Ekler) 179 Yale Universlty Mellon Center 140, 141 Lqos, Adolf 38,62,63,1434,161,163,166,222 Harries, Karsten 50. 51 Kant, lmmanuel54 Looshaus', Vienna 63.63-4, 64 Harvard University Kaplicky, Jan see Future Systems Muller House, Prague 144, 144, 145 Carpenter Center (Le Corbusier) 88, 88 Karnak, Egypt 22.22, 151 Los Anaeles Fogg Museum extension (Stirling and Wilford) 168 Katsura, Japan Brad& Building 73 Harvey, John 16 Katsura Detached Villa 156-7, 157 Gary Group offices, Culver City (Moss) 147 Hasegawa, ltsuko 224 Shoka-tei tea-house 130, 130 Lovell Health House (Neutral 87 Hawksmoor Nicholas: St George in the East, London 126, 126 Kimbell Museum, Texas (Kahn)41.43.90 National Boulevard (No. 8522) (Moss) 19 Heidegger, arti in 44, 194 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig 8M Louvain-la-Neuve Medical Faculty (Kroll) 86, 182 Helsinki, Finland 102 Klerk, Michel de: Eigen Haard housing, Amsterdam 168, 169 Lovell, Mark: Radiant House, Mllton Keynes, England 221, 221 Academic Bookshop (Aalto) 173, 173 Klippan, Sweden: St Peter's (Lewerentz) 94, 96, 96, 97 Lovell Health House, Los Angeles (Neutra) 87 Finlandia Hall (Aalto) 137, 143, 143, 149 Kobe, Japan: Mount Rokko chapel (Ando) 224,224 Lucerne, Switierland: Migros Shop (Diener and Diener) 201 Helsinki Technical University, Otaniemi (Aalto) 124, 130, 173, 173 Kommendant, August 94 Lucretius: De Rerurn Natura 134 Helsjnki Technical University chapel (K. and H. Siren) 151 Kontula Church, Finland (K. and S. Paavilainen) 168 Lux, Joseph August 79 Hels~nkiTelephone Company Building (Sonck) 179, 179 Koolhaas, Rem 196 Lynn. Greg 214 M~rmakiChurch (Leiviska)54, 54 Congrexpo, Lllle 21 1 Lyons, France: La Tourette monastery (Le Corbusier) 80, 88, 88 Hennebique, Fran~ois34 (with OMAi Kunsthal. Rotterdam 185, 196, 197,203.203,222 Hennlngsen Poul 135 Korn, Arthur 81 Herland, ~ugh:Westminster Hall, London 16, 17 Koshino House, Ashiya, Japan (Ando) 90,190, 190, 191,193, 193 He-berger, Hermann 138 Kotschach, Germany: church 48 Machado, Rodolfo 21 1 Delft schools 138, 139 KPF: office tower, Chicago 194 McKim, Mead and White: Boston Public Library, Mass. 138, 138 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie: Glasgow School of Art 140, 140, Noormarkku, Finland: Villa Mairea (Aalto) 128, 129, 135, 135, 136, 157, 162 167. 167 137, 180, 180, 18?, 182 Polo, Marco 118, 123 ~ajorca:Can Lis (Ukoni 11 1-12, 112, 113, 153, 194 Norberg-Schulz, Chr~stlan11 2 polycarbonate sheetlng 221-2 222 Mantegna, Andrea: Madonna of the Caves 24,25 Nordwijk, Netherlands: ESTEC centre (van Eyck) 153 polychromy 59, 5WO. 61. 76,' 103, I 20 marble 24, 55, 56, 62, 123, 143, 149, 149, 172, 173, 173 Norwich, Norfolk Pope, Alexander 100 Carrara 24, 25 Cathedral 48 Poros stone 60 Cipolin 64, 144, 145 Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arts (Foster) 141, 143, 143 porphyries 21, 173, 174 lstrian 104. 104. 125 Nouvel, Jean: Cartier Foundation, Paris 148, 219, 219 Portland Stone 126, 126 Pentelic 24, 24, 60 Nyrop, Martin: Copenhagen City Hall 179 Possagno, Italy: Canova plaster-cast gallery Porsgrunn 166, 167 post-and-beam construction 14 I 5 15 Verona 104. 174. 174 Post-Modernism 109, 183, 186, I 94 marmorino 109 Olbrich, Josef: Secession Building, Vienna 123 pozzolana 27 Marseilles, France: Unite dd'Habitation(Le Corbusier) 88 Oman: gabled structure 14 Prague (see also Prague Castle) Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Baker House (Aalto) 93, Onderdonk. Francis: The Ferro-Concrete Sivle 34 Church of the Sacred Heart (PleEnik) 182, na 9.5 Osaka, ~a~en Mijller House (Loos) 144. 144, 145 ~atkr;~ick:conservatory, Hampstead, London 221, 221 Baron Vert officelapartment building (Starck) 21 1 paving 133 MDF (medium-densitv fibreboard) 16, 203. 203 . Row House (Ando) 190, 193 Zacherl House (PleEniki 154, 154 Mebes, Paul: Um 1800 163 Oslo: housing 8 Prague Castle Medgyaszay, lstvan 34.86 Ostberg, Ragnar: Stockholm City Hall 93, 179 flagpoles (PleEniki 167 Medici, Cosimo de' 122 Otaniemi. Sweden: Helsinki Technical Universitv (Aaltoi 124. 130. obelisk iPleEniki 174 Meier, Richard 118 173, 173, 'rusticat'ed' building 165, 166 Memmo Andrea 71 Otto. Frei 34, 35 staircase (PleEnik)183, 183 ~endelsohn,Eric: Petersdorff store, Wroclaw 82 Oxford, England (see also Oxford University) Vladislav Hall (Ried)48, 49, 154 Merida, Spain: National Museum of Roman Art (Moneo) 192, Said Business School (Dixon and Jones) 124 Prairie Houses (Wright) l 10-1 l, 156 193. 193 Sheldonian Theatre Wren) 16 Prelovsek, Damjan 182 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 195 Oxford University 134 Price. Uvedale 130 Metapontum, Italy: temple 43 Keble College (Butterfield) 94. 95 'primitive huts' 12, 12-1 3, 15,45, 60-1 Metzger, Edvard 76 Museum (Deane & Woodward) 71 Prior, E. S.: St Andrew's Church, Roker 31 Meuron, Pierre de see Helzog, Jacques St Catherine's College 123 Proust, Marcel 100 M!chelangelo 24, 27, 38, 80 Ozenfant, Amedee 65 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 58 Cabive' 38. 38 Pudor, Heinrich 79, 86 ~ies'vander kiohe, Ludwig 53, 72, 79, 81, 87, 92, 96, 148, 153 Pugin, August W. N.: The True Principles of Pointedor Christianq Barcelona Pavilion 84, 84, 153, 153, 166-7, 167, 224 Paavilainen, Kapy and Simo: Kontula Church 168 ., Architecture 72-3 Brlck count^ House oroiect 92-3 Paestum, Italy: temple columns 44 Fye, David 41 Farnsworth ~ouse,pian6 156, 157, 157 Paimio, Finland: Sanatorium (Aalto) 137, 137, 176, 176 pyramids, Egyptian 22, 22, 23 Federal Center, Chicago 83 Palermo, Sicily: St Mary Martorana 50 glass building projects 53, 21 7 Palladio. Andrea 27. 120 Lake Shore Drlve apartments, Chicago 149, 153 b~dge16,16 ' Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostome 45. 59 Seagram Building, New York City 87 II Redentore, Venice 126 Milton Keynes, England: Radiant House (Weston) 221,221 San Gioraio Maaaiore. Venice 126. mimesis 44-5.55 Santo ~Grito,~G;ce 56, 57 Racine, Wisconsin: Johnson Wax headquarters (Wright) 84, 84, 85, Minimalism 8, 56, 195, 195, 196, 200 Pallasmaa, Juhani 135, 194, 229 92,92 Mirai, Tono: 'House of Stories' 34 Pantheon. Rome 21..... 24. 24. 26. 27 Raff, Thomas l74 Modernism 161, 162, 163, 174 Paris ~ailsirailings137. 137-8, 156, 156, 157, 203 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo 79 Bibliotheque Nationale (D. Perrault) 21 1, 218, 219 rainscreen cladding' 8, 197, 198, 198 Monark: Finnish Pavilion, 1990 Seville Expo 178 Bibliotheque Ste Genevieve (Labrouste) 75 Rauch, Martin 35 Monchengladbach, Germany: Abteiberg Museum (Hollein) 114, 115, Cartier Foundation (Nouveli 148, 21 9, 219 reed houses, Marsh Arab 13, 13,34 167. 167 Ecole du Sacri-Coeur (Guimard) 73 Renaissance architecture 21,41,43,54-6, 55, 58, 102, 104, 138, Moneo, Rafael Eiffel Tower 30, 30, 78, 78, 79 173,174 Kursaal, San Sebastian 21 1,222. 222 Galerie des Machines (Dutert and Contamin) 30, 78, 79 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 101,120 National Museum of Roman Art, Merida, Spain Jaoul Houses (Le Corbusier) 93, 93 Rheims Cathedral, France 71 Monler, Joseph 32,34 Maison de Verre (Chareau) 176 Rice. Peter 134. 148 Moravanszky, Akos 154, 182-3 Pompidou Centre (Piano and Rogers) 79, 150, 151 ~ied,Benedikt Morris. Robert 196 rue Franklin apartments (Perret) 176 St Barbara, Kutna Hora 49 ~orris;William 73, 74, 74, 100, 101, 121, 148 Sainte Chapelle 46 Vladislav Hall, Prague Castle 48, 49, 154 Moss, Eric Owen Salvation Army Hostel (Le Corbusier) 82, 176. 176 Riedijk, Michiel see Neutelings, Willem Gary Group offices, Culver City, Los Angeles 147 Paros, island of: street 8 Rietveld. Gerrit: Schroder House, Utrecht 53, 53-4 National Boulevard (No. 85221, Los Angeles 19 Parry, Eric: 30 Finsbuy Square, London 152, 152 - Rimini, Italy: Tempio Malatestiano (Agostino di Duccioi 166 mud-brick construction 19, 19 Parthenon, Athens 24,43 Rococo style 31.50-1, 51,52,53.54,54 Mulhouse, France: Ricola building (Heizog and de M euror Pater, Walter 56 Rogers, James Gamble: Yale University courtyard 128 Munlch, Germany pavinglpavements 57, 58, 58, 104, 106, 106, 128, 133, 134, 134 Rogers, Richard Goetz Gallery (Herzog and de Meuron) 195 Paxton, Joseph: Crystal Palace 30, 73, 74, 76, 76, 78, 149 Law Courts, Bordeaux 21 9 Magdalenenkapelle, The Nymphenburg 121 Paz. Octavio 134 (with Piano) Pompidou Centre, Paris 79, 150, 151 Murano, Italy: Santa Maria e Donato 104, 106 ~eiault,Claude 62, 71 Roker, England: St Andrew's Church glass 31 Mushet. Robert 28 Perrault, Dominique: Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris 21 1,?_1_8, 21 9 Romans (see also Rome) Perret. Auauste: alsartments. 25 bis rue Franklin. Paris I /D architecture 15, 16, 20, 21, 24, 61, 62, 71, 102 Muthesius, Hermann 78 ~essac,~r;?nce: workers' housing estate (Le ~orbusier)66, 87, 87. glass-making 30-1 Muuratsao, Flnland: summerhouse (Aalto) 94, 94, 128, 128 118, 178,161, 161,163 Rome 122 MVRDV: housina estate, nr The Haaue 7. 7.8, 196. 229 Pevsner. Nlkolaus 11 8. 163 Baths of Caracalla 27 Mycenae: Lion Gate 24 Phidias 59 Cosmati pavements 58 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Forum inscription 117 building under construction 149 Palano dei Consewatori 120 Nara, Japan: walls 167. 167 PSFS Building (Howe and Lescaze) 163, 163 Pantheon 21,24, 24, 26, 27 Nash. John: Roval Pavilion. Briohton 75 Piano, Renzo 94 St Peter's Cathedral 27 National Space science centre: Leicester (Grlmshaw) 224 Beyeler Gallery, Basel 195 San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Borromini) 42,43 Naxos, island of 102 (with Rogers) Pompidou Centre. Paris 79, 150, 151 Trevi Fountain 25, 171 Nehou. LOUISLucas de 31 Pietila, Reima: Kaleva Church, Tampere 141 Root, John see Burnham, Daniel Neoclassical movement 56, 59, 60, 65 Pilkington, Alastair 31 Rossi. Aldo 123. 126. 143. 199 Neresheim, Germany: church 54, 54 Pilkington Brothers 31, 32, 217 ~otte'rdam, etherl lands Newi, Pier Luigi 86, 90 Piper, John 100-1 De Bijenkorf Degartment Store (Breuer) 124, 125 Neumeyer, Frik 53 pise construction 19, 34, 35 lchthus Hogeschooi(van Egeraat) 220 Neutelings, Willem 21 1 Plano, Illinois: Farnsworth House (Mies van der Rohei 156, Kunsthal (KoolhaasIOMAi 185, 196, 197,203,203,222 (with Rledijki Minnaert Building, Utrecht University 21 1, 21 1 157 157 metro laminated glazing 32 Neutra, R~chard plastlc forms 37, 38. 38 Multiplex cinema (van Velsen) 196, 222. 222 Kaufmann 'Desert House', Colorado 110 Plato 54, 56, 100 Van Nelle cigarette factory (Brinkman and van der Vlugti 82 Love1 Health House 87 PleEnlk Joie Rowe, Col~n,and Koener, Fred: Collage City 114 New England churches 108, 109 Church of the Sacred Heart, Prague 182,182-3 ruins 11 8. 121. 121. 122. 130. 130 New Objectivity (Neue SachlichkeiO78, 222 flagpoles, Prague Castle 167 Ruscha, Ed 113 Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Tyne Bridge 154, 155 obellsk, Prague Castle 174 Ruskin, John 58,121. 122-3,206 New York City stalrcase, Prague Castle 183, 183 The Seven Lamps of Architecture 38,43, 59, 73,74, 74, 88, 120, Empire State Building 28 Zacherl House, Prague 154, 154 171. - . , l67. - . Guggenheim Museum (Wright) 70,92,92 Pllnv the Elder 19 The Stones of Venice 48, 50, 63, 73, 104, 106, 156, 167 Seagram Building (Mies van der Rohe and Johnson) 87 plyhood 16,19, 19,88,140, 141, 142,143,199 rust 28, 28, 124 Nieksche, Friedrlch 160 Poissy, France: Villa Savoye (Le Corbusler) 65, 66, 80, 118, 7 19, 156, rustication 41, 41. 42, 43, 165, 166 Saarinen, Eero: Deere &Co. headquarters 28 Weissenhof houses, Stuttgart 161 Williams, Slr Owen: Boots Factory, Beeston 82, 83 St John, Peter see Caruso, Adam Team Zoo: Yoga Promenade, Tokyo 109, 109 Wilton, New York: T-house (Ungers) 21 1 Saitowik, Stanley: McDonald House, Stinson Beach, California 35 'tectonic' 45. 47 Winckelmann. Johann Joachim 56 Salisbury Cathedral, England 47 Teheran: Melli Bahk (Utzon) 143 Winterthur, Switzerland Samarkand, Uzbekistan: mosque 175 Tengborn, Ivar: Stockholm Concert Hall 163, 163-4 Art Museum (Gigon Guyer) 202,203,203 Sammartini, Tudy 106 terracotta 20, 86 Romerholz (Gigon Guyer) 206,207,208 San Juan Capistrano, California: Library (Graves) 186, 186 Termgni, Giuseppe: Casa del Fascio. Como 82. 82 Wittkower, Rudolf: Architectural Principles... 56 San Sebastian, Spain: Kursaal (Moneo) 21 1,222,222 Thames Plate Glass Works 31 Wohl. Hellmut 56 Santa Coloma de Cewello, Spain: Guell Colony Crypt (GaudO 172 Thebes. Eavpt: Queen Hatshepsut's temple 21 ~olfflin,Heinrich 48 Saqqara, Egypt: mortuary complex of King Djoser 21.22 Thomas, Nkil227 wood 14, 15,15-16, 17,19,35, 108,109,126-7, 127,140, 140, Sauerbruch Hutton: GSW Building, Berlin 226, 227 tiles 101, 101, 109, 112, 128, 128, 159, 164, 164-5, 165, 167, 167, 178, 181 Saynatsalo Town Hall, Finland (Aalto) 69, 93, 94, 100, 100, 1345, 175, 182 cladding and panelling 7, 35, 140, 140, 141, 180, 180, 182, 206, 206 135, 137 timber see wood Wood, Robert: The Ruins of Balbec... 121 Scarpa. Carlo 128 titanium 28.. 123., 214 Wootton. Sir Henw 55 Canova plaster-cast gallery, Possagno, ltaly 56, 155, 155 Tobo Wren, Sir ~hristopher Castelvecchio, Verona 122, 122, 155, 1556, 156 Shugakuin Imperial garden tea-house 127 St Paul's Cathedral, London 27 Olivetti shop, Venice 106, 106 Yoga Promenade (Team Zoo) 109, 109 Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford 16 Querini Stampalia Foundation, Venice 106, 107, 109, 156, 156, 157 Torre dell' Orologio, Venice 174, 175 Wright, Frank Lloyd 8,47, 59, 70, 71, 72, 82, 86, 92, 101, 110, 124, Scheerbart, Paul 81,82 travertine 41, 41, 43, 106, 120 128, 140, 155, 172 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 92, Trelcat. Sophie 11 8 'Fallinawater'. Bear Run. Pennsvlvania 84. 84. 91.. 92. . 11 1. l 11 Bauakademie, Berlin 71 trulli 19, l9 Guggenheim Museum, New ~ork70.92; 92 Schmarsow, August: 'The Essence of Architectural Creation' 66 Tschumi, Bernard: Glass Video Pavilion. Groningen 221 Johnson Wax headquarters, Racine. Wisconsin 84, 84,85,92, 92 Schopenhauer, Arthur 44, 51 Tsukuba Civic Centre, Japan (lsozakii 186, 186 Pra~rleHouses 1 10-1 1, 156 Scott, Giles Gilbert: Remarks on Secularand Domestic Turin: Fiat Factory 32 Robie House, Chicago 111, 157 Architecture 74 Turrell, James 208 Taliesin East, Wisconsin 128 Seattle, Washington: Chapel doors (Holl Architects) 188 Taliesin West, Arizona 110, 110, 11 1 Seinajoki, Finland: Town Hall (Aaltoi 165, 165 Unity Temple, Oak Park. nr Chicago 86, 86-7 Semper, Gottfried38,44,60-2,63,94,110,143, 144,154, 174, ultramarine 173, 174 Wroclaw, Poland: Petersdorff store (Mendelsohn) 82 183.229 Unaers. Simon: T-house. Wilton. New York 21 1 ~e~dai.Japan: Sendai Mediatheque (lto) 224, 225 ~tGchiNetherlands ' Serra, Richard 124 Minnaert Building (Neutelings and Riedijki 21 1, 21 l Seville Exoo 1990: Finnish Pavilion (Monark) 178 Schroder House (Rietveld) 53, 53-4 sgrafito j65, 166,222 Vredenburg Music Centre (Hertzbergeri 138, 139, 174, 175 Shrewsbury, England: mill (Benyon, Bage and Marshall) 27 Ukon, Jmrn Yale Universitv Shuttleworth. Ken: Crescent House. Wiltshire 77 Bagsvierd Church, nr Copenhagen 35, 153,198, 199 courtyard (dogers) 128 Slcily Can Lis, Majorca 11 1-1 2, 112, 113, 153, 194 Mellon Center for British Art (Kahn) 140, 147 St Mary Martorana, Palermo 50 courtyard housing, Fredensborg, Denmark 229,229 Yazd, Iran: Friday Mosque 175 Selinus excavations 59 Melli Bank, Teheran 143 Yokohama, Japan: International Port Terminal (Foreiqn Office Siena, Italy 101, 101 Sydney Opera House 34, 142,143, 148, 150,151, 159, 164,164-5 Architects) 21 1 Cathedral campanile 168 Younwille, California: Dominus Winery (Herzog and de Meuron) 187 Sifnos, Greece: church 7, 9 Singapore Arts Centre Wilford and Atelier One and Ten) 227, 227 Vago, Jozsef and Laszlo: ceramic knobs 154 Siren, Kaija and Heikki: chapd, Helsinki Technical University 151 Vals. Swltzerland: Thermal Baths (Zumthori 205. 205 Zeche Zollverein mineworks, nr Essen 162. 163 Siza, Alvaro: The Hague buildings 108, 109 ~asari,Giorgio 174 zinc cladding 212, 214 Slessor, Catherine 222 Velsen, Koen van: Multiplex cinema, Rotterdam 196, 222, 222 Zumthor, Peter 186, 194, 199, 205 Smithson, Robert 113, 196,199 Venice, California: studlo-houses (Gehry) 114, 115 Bregenz Art Gallery 186, 208, 208, 209 Soane, Sir John 122 Venice, ltaly 102, 104, 104, 125, 174 Sogn Benedetg chapel, Sumvitg 205-6.206 Dulwich Picture Gallery, London 168, 169 Ca' d'0ro 104 Thermal Baths, Vals 205, 205 Sonck, Lars: Helsinki Telephone Company Building 179, 179 Doae's Palace 50. 50. 51. 104. 105. 125. 173. 173 wood-slatted 'box', Chur 200, 200 Sonsbeek, Netherlands: pavilion (Benthem and ,Crouwel) 221 mo'saic floor 58 Zurich, Swikerland Starck, Philippe: Baron Vert officeiapartment building, Osaka 21 1 Olivetti shop (Scarpa) 106, 106 ETH building 165, 166 steel 28, 28, 30, 35, 78-9, 81, 151, 157, 178 pavements and flooring 57, 58, 58, 104, 106, 106 Weber house (Le Corbusier) 81 stainless28, 123, 204, 205 Querini Stampalia Foundation (Scarpa) 106. 107, 109, 156, 157 Zurichberg Hotel (Burkhalter and Sumii 200, 200 weatherlng' (Cor-ten) 28, 28, 124, 124 II Redentore (Palladio) 126 Zwiefalten, Germany: abbey church 50, 51 Steinmann, Martin 203 St Mark's Cathedral 48, 63, 104, 105, 172 Stinson Beach, California: McDonald House (Saitowitz) 35 'San Giorgio Maggiore (Palladioi 126, 126 Stirling, James and Wilford, Michael Santa Maria dei-Miracoli 105 Fogg Museum eflension, Haward University 168 Santo Spirito (Palladio) 56, 57 Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart 114, 198, 198 San ~accaria106, 174 Stockholm, Sweden 102, 103 Torre dell' Oroloaio Venice 174. 175 City Hall (Ostbergi 93, 179 Venturl. Robert 112, 163 21 1 Concert Hall rrengborni 163, 163-4 Verona, ltaly 167 Public Library (Asplund) 163, 164 Castelvecchio (Scarpa) 122, 122, 155, 155-6, 156 St Mark's, Bjorkhagen 94, 96 Vienna University: metal connector (Erskine) 151 commercial development (Hollein) 167 Woodland Crematorium waiting-rooms (Asplund) 140, 140 Majolicahouse' Wagner! 62, 62 Stokes, Adrian 44, 86, 106, 166 Post Office Savings Bank Wagner) 32, 62,62-3, 79, l54 stone 21-2. 24, 42, 43, 43-5, 47, 59, 11 1, 112, 113, 14C-1 Reni candle shop (Hollelni 29, and weathering 124, 125, 126, 126 Schullin jewellery shop (Hollelni 160, 160-1 see also granite; marble; travertine Secession Building (Olbrich! 123 stucco alla veneziana 109, 128 Villa Mairea see Noormarkku, Finland Stuttgart, Germany Villa Savoye see Poissy, France Institute of Lightweight Structures 34, 35 Viollet-le-Duc. Eugene-Emmanuel 44, 71, 72, 72, 75 Lutheran Seminary (Behnisch) 149 primitive hut 12, 13 Staatsgalerie (Stirling and Wilford) 114, 198, 198 Vischer and Hilbersheimer: Concrete as a Determinant of Form 87 Weissenhof houses (Taut) 161 Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus 12, 13, 13, 21, 54, 55, 60, 61, 120 Sullivan, Louis 86 Getty Tomb, Chicago 166, 166 Sumvltg, Swltzerland: Sogn Benedetg chapel (Zumthor) 2056.206 Wfgner, Otto 63,70, 163 Suprematism 52, 181 Majol~cahouse',Vienna 62, 62 Sutton Place, Surrey, England (Sir R. Weston) 20 Post Offlce Savlngs Bank, Vlenna 32, 62, 62-3, 79, 154 Swiss School', the 194-5,199-200,2056,208 Walsall, England Art Gallery (Caruso St John) 210 Sydney wattle and daub 12-13, 13 Harbour Bridge 155 weatherlng 1 18-20,123-4,126,190,206,206,207 Opera House (Utzoni 34, 142,143, 148, 150, 151, 159, 164, 164-5 Well am Rheln, Germany Frel stud10(Herzog and de Meuron) 199 Wells Cathedral, England 38, 41, 47, 73 Weston, Slr Rlchard Sutton Place, Surrey, England 20 Taliesin East, Wisconsin (Wright) 128 Weston, Rlchard Taliesin West, Arizona (Wright) 110, 110 Radlant House Mllton Kevnes 221 221 Tampere, Finland: Kaleva Church (Pietila) 141 roof, Cosham 221 Tanizaki, Jun'ichiro 190, 224 Wles, Germany Dle Wies 50, 51, 52 Tarragona, Spain: Civil Government Headquarters (La Sotai 21 l Wlgley, Mark 64, 66 Taut, Bruno 52, 81, 82, 126, 172, Wllford, Mlchael (see also St~rl~ng,James) Glass Pavilion, Cologne Exhibtlon 52-3, 81, 82, 176 (with Ateller One and Ten) Singapore Arts Centre 227, 227