Interpersonal Analysis of Donald Trump’S Speeches

INTERPERSONAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECHES

A THESIS

PUTRI AGUSTIAN 167052020/MBE

ENGLISH POSTGRADUATE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This research is entitled Interpersonal Analysis of Donald Trump’s Speeches. The objectives of the research are to find out the types of speech function in Donald Trump’s speeches, to describe the differences of speech function and to identify the realization in the mood system. The data of this research were the clauses in Donald Trump’s speeches. The source of data was the transcript of Donald Trump’s speeches on the Iran nuclear deal and the immigration and the democratic response in the New York Times. The method used in this research was the descriptive qualitative method. The theory used in the research was the theory of the realization of speech function in mood structure by Halliday. The analysis of the data used in this research is search Donald Trump’s speeches, find the printed speeches, analyzed the clauses based on the Mood and Residue elements, describe the most dominant speech function used in the data. The data of transcription are classified into three basic types of speech function. There are statement, question, and command. The result showed that the statement with 201 occurances (98.53%) was the most dominant types of speech function. While the question with 2 occurances (0.98%) and command with 1 occurance (0.49%) were lower than the statement with the Donald Trump’s speech on the iran nuclear deal involved more types than immigration and the democratic response. The characteristics of statement on Donald Trump’s speech on the iran nuclear deal involved more features than immigration and the democratic response because the issue of iran nuclear deal had caused many reactions and actions that have taken place in the people of the United States. The speech function was realized in the wordings of the clause if analyzed based on the elements of interpersonal meaning, the most dominant Mood Types is Declarative through the use of modal finite and mood adjunct. Based on the Mood Types analysis, Donald Trump wanted to declare something and give information to the Americans through his speeches. Keyword: Interpersonal Metafunction, Speech function, Mood structure

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul Analisis Interpersonal pada pidato-pidato Donald Trump. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis Speech function dalam pidato-pidato Donald Trump, untuk menjelaskan perbedaan pada penggunaan Speech function dan untuk mengidentifikasi realisasi dalam sistem Mood structure. Data penelitian ini adalah klausa dalam pidato-pidato Donald Trump. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah transkrip pada pidato-pidato Donald Trump mengenai kesepakatan nuklir Iran dan imigrasi serta respons demokratis di New York Times. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori realisasi Speech function dalam Mood structure oleh Halliday. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah mencari pidato Donald Trump, menemukan pidato yang dicetak, menganalisis klausa berdasarkan elemen Mood dan Residue, menggambarkan Speech function yang paling dominan digunakan dalam data. Data transkripsi diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga tipe dasar Speech function. Yakni adalah pernyataan, pertanyaan, dan perintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pernyataan dengan 201 kejadian (98.53%) adalah jenis Speech function yang paling dominan. Sedangkan pertanyaan dengan 2 kejadian (0.98%) dan perintah dengan 1 kejadian (0.49%) lebih rendah dari pernyataan dengan pidato Donald Trump tentang pidato kesepakatan nuklir iran melibatkan lebih banyak fitur daripada imigrasi serta respons demokratis. Karakteristik pernyataan pada pidato Donald Trump mengenai kesepakatan nuklir iran melibatkan lebih banyak jenis- jenis dibandingkan dengan pidato imigrasi dan respons demokratis karena pidato masalah kesepakatan nuklir iran telah menyebabkan banyak reaksi dan tindakan yang telah terjadi pada masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Speech function diwujudkan dalam kata-kata klausa jika dianalisis berdasarkan unsur-unsur makna interpersonal, jenis Mood yang paling dominan adalah Deklaratif melalui penggunaan modal finite dan mood adjunct. Berdasarkan analisis jenis Mood, Donald Trump ingin menyatakan sesuatu dan memberikan informasi kepada Amerika melalui pidatonya.

Kata kunci: Interpersonal Metafunction, Speech function, Mood structure.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praised be to Allah, Lord of the world, who has given the writer His love and compassion to finish the last assignment in his study. Peace and salutation be upon to the prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companion and his adherence. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and contribution to all of lecturers, family, and friends who have contributed in different ways hence this thesis is processed until it becomes a complete writing which will be presented to the Postgraduate study Program of English in the University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in English. She would like to express her great honor and deepest gratitude to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S. 2. The Head of Department of English, Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and The Secretary of Department of English, Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum. 3. Her supervisors, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D and Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum who have patiently guided the researcher and provided input and suggestion in completing her thesis. 4. Her reviewers, Prof. Syahron Lubis, M.A. Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H,. M.A and Dr. Drs. Umar Umur, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum who have provided valuable knowledge in supporting her thesis, as well as all lecturers and staffs for helps during her academic year. 5. Her father and mother, Dwijan Lukito (AIPTU) and Rohana Sianipar who have given a lot of loves, cares, prayers, supports, and advice. 6. Her brothers and sister, Bethara Fitdianto. Rahman Adil. Bethari Dwi Ramadhani. Bethari Sri Despi Luana who never stopped motivating her in accomplishing this thesis. 7. Her postgraduate friends, Nurlaila Sari Harahap, M.A. Gunawan Setiadi, M.A. Laili Aisyah, M.A, Rika Wahyuni Tambunan, M.A. Dhara Ayu

iii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Paramitha M.A. Felicia Bernadeth, M.A, Ali Sakti Nasution, M.A and Madam Adri who have shared the valuable knowledge, times, touches of laughter and smiles. 8. Her wonder friend, Ahmad Qadar Ginting, S.Si who has given supports and prays and private advices

Medan, 29th May 2019 The writer,

PUTRI AGUSTIAN 167052020

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data Name : Putri Agustian Place, Date of Birth : Desa Durian, 20 Agustus 1992 Gender : Female Religion : Muslim Nationality : Indonesia Address : Desa Durian Dusun II Kec. Sei Balai Kab. Batu Bara Phone number : 085207311181 Email : [email protected]

Academic Background 1998 – 2004 : SD MIS Alwashliyah Desa Durian 2004 – 2007 : SMP Negeri 2 Sei Balai 2007 – 2010 : SMK Swasta Taman Siswa Kisaran 2012 – 2016 : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (UMSU) 2017 – 2019 : University of Sumatera Utara (USU)

Working Experience Years : Offices/ Companies : Positions : 2014 – 2015 German Center Medan Administration staff

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages ABSTRACT ...... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii CURRICULUM VITAE ...... v TABLE OF CONTENT ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii LIST OF DIAGRAMS ...... ix LIST OF TABLES ...... x LIST OF APPENDICES...... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of The Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the study ...... 6 1.3 Objectives of the study ...... 7 1.4 The Scopes of the study ...... 7 1.5 The significance of the study ...... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARTURE ...... 9 2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory ...... 9 2.1.1 Metafunctions ...... 10 2.1.2 Interpersonal Metafunction ...... 12 2.1.3 Speech Function ...... 14 2.1.3.1 Types of Speech Function ...... 15 2.1.3.1.1 Kinds of Statements by Halliday (2004) ...... 18 2.1.3.2 The Initiations and Responses of Speech Function ...... 19 2.1.4 Mood ...... 22 2.1.4.1 Declarative ...... 31 2.1.4.2 Interrogative ...... 32 2.1.4.3 Imperrative ...... 32 2.1.4.4 Minor...... 33 2.1.5 The Realization of Speech Function in Mood ...... 34 2.1.6 Public Speaking ...... 36

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.1.7 Speech and Political Speech ...... 38 2.2 Donald John Trump ...... 41 2.3 Relevant Studies ...... 42 2.4 Conceptual Framework ...... 45 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ...... 48 3.1 Research Design ...... 48 3.2 Data and Source of the Data ...... 48 3.3 Techniques of Data Collection ...... 49 3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis ...... 49 3.5 The Trustworthieness of The Study ...... 52 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...... 54 4.1 Findings ...... 54 4.1.1 The Types of Speech Function in Donald Trump’s Political Speeches .. 54 4.1.2 Differences in the Use of Speech Function ...... 69 4.1.3 Realization in Mood ...... 69 4.1.3.1 Person System ...... 74 4.1.3.2 Primary Tense ...... 75 4.1.3.3 Mood Types Distribution ...... 79 4.1.3.4 Mood Element ...... 85 4.2 Discussion ...... 93 CHAPTER V CONCUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 93 5.1 Conclusion...... 93 5.2 Suggestion ...... 94 REFERENCES ...... 95 APPENDICES ...... 98

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF FIGURES

No. Tittle Page 1 An analysis of metafunction ...... 12 2 The derivation of speech functions ...... 20 3 The types of Mood ...... 23 4 Mood network ...... 25 5 Mood Analysis ...... 26 6 Mood Analysis ...... 27 7 Mood Analysis ...... 28 8 Mood Analysis ...... 32 9 Mood Analysis : Elliptical major clause ...... 32 10 The Realization of Speech Function in Mood ...... 34 2.4 Conceptual Framework ...... 47 3.1 Interactive Model analysis of Miles, Huberman and Saldana .. 51 4.1 Trump’s speeches system of network ...... 65

viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF DIAGRAM

No. Tittle Page 4.1 The analysis of speech function in Donald Trump’s speeches . 55 4.2 The Comparison of Speech Function in Trump’s speeches ...... 68

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF TABLES

No. Tittle page 2.1 Types of meanings in the systemic model 10 2.2 Principal System 12 2.3 Speech Role and Commodities in Interaction 16 2.4 Speech Function and Responses 21 2.5 Types of Adjuncts 30 2.6 Elaboration of Realization of Speech Function in Mood 35 2.7 Speech Functions and Typical Mood in clauses 35 2.8 Speech Functions and Non Typical Clause Mood 36 4.1 The analysis of speech function in Donald trump’s Speeches 54 4.1.1 Analyzing of statement in Donald Trump’s speech on the iran Nuclear Deal 56 4.1.2 Analyzing of statement in Donald Trump’s speech on immigration and the democratic response 61 4.1.3 The analysis of command in Donald Trump’s speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal 66 4.1.4 The analysis of Question in Donald Trump’s speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response 67 4.1.1.1 Person system distribution 70 4.1.1.1.1 Person system in Donald Trump’s speech on immigration and democratic response 71 4.1.1.1.2 Person system in Donald Trump’s speech on the Iran nuclear Deal 71 4.1.1.2 The First Person System Distribution 73 4.1.2.4 Analysis of Adjunct in Donald Trump’s Political Speeches 83

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF APPENDICE No. Tittle Page Appendix 1 ...... 98 Appendix 2 ...... 102 Appendix 3 ...... 105 Appendix 4 ...... 113 Appendix 5 ...... 120 Appendix 6 ...... 143 Appendix 7 ...... 164 Appendix 8 ...... 174 Appendix 9 ...... 183 Appendix 10 ...... 187 Appendix 11 ...... 190 Appendix 12 ...... 196

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

People communicate with each other as the nature of human being in terms of doing interaction in their life, in order to share information or even goods and services. By communicating using language, human can interpret their ideas, thought, reality, concept or feeling and give information to other. There are three components of communication process, they are: (1) the participants (2) the information to be communicated and (3) a means that is used in communication.

The third component that is a means of communication can be in the form of language, sign, gesture, etc (Halliday, 1994).

Communication is done to convey idea, like statement, question, offer, commands. Wardaugh (1996:1) states that when two people or more communicate with each other, they use a communication system, called code. It means something we intend and it is also called as a language. In communication process, human being delivers their messages by speaking or writing. Speaking is a communication form to deliver messages directly. While, writing is a communication form that requires media to convey the messages, like newspaper, to convey the messages. There are many media in which human beings may express and communicate their information, idea, thought, emotion, and desire by using language, our basic of communication (Griffee, 1995:4). Therefore, language cannot be separated from the human being.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A speaker, in uttering of dialogue, select a speech role for her or himself and simultaneously and thereby, allocates a speech role to hearer or listener. If a speaker gives some information, he or she is inherently inviting to receive that information. Those both sides are important factor in speech situation factors in speech situation. Eggins (1994:199) states that dialogue is the means language gives us for expressing interpersonal meanings about roles and attitudes. Being able to take part in dialogue, then, means being able to negotiate the exchange of interpersonal meanings, being able to realize social relationships with other language users. Based on this statement, dialogue has a function to inform the interpersonal meanings of language.

In order to establish the relationship, people take turn at speaking and take on different speech roles in exchange. The basic speech roles people can take on are giving, demanding information, good and services. Talking about dialogue is related with speech functions. Halliday (1994:11) suggest that dialogue is a process of exchange involving two variables:

1. A commodity to be exchanged: either information or good and service.

2. Roles associated with exchange relations: either giving or demanding.

This study deals with analyzing language used in political speech by

Donald Trump from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) especially dealing with speech function and mood in order to see how language is used to maintain and establish the social relations and also to see how Donald

Trump uses language to express his opinion towards certain thing. Donald

Trump‘s political speeches itself began with the issues that happened to America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It then was focused on iran nuclear deal, and the democratic response because those two issues are closely related, and fundamental to American‘s future. This analysis is carried out based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach which is developed by Halliday. It is different from any other theory of language.

It interprets language as a system of meaning, accompanied by forms through which the meaning can be realized (Halliday, 1994:14).

In Systemic Functional Linguistics theory, how the writer expresses his idea, emotion, feeling can be seen through the use of interpersonal meaning.

Halliday (1994) states that interpersonal meaning is meaning as a form of action: the speaker or writer doing something to the listener or reader by means of language. Interpersonal meanings are meanings which express a speaker‘s attitudes and judgments. These are meanings for acting upon and with others. The elements of interpersonal meanings are Mood and Residue. Mood element carries the interpersonal functions of the clause and consists of Subject and Finite. The other element is called the Residue.

In this research, the researcher uses the political speech of Donald Trump as the President of United State about iran nuclear deal and immigration and the democratic response. This speeches are used as a data because the speeches initiate or respond to the act of giving or demanding for goods-and-services or information with the mood network as the principle grammatical system, within which is a choice between imperative and indicative. In Donald Trump‘s political speeches, it is found that many use of speech function in the utterances between those two speeches. The researcher also wants to see that the use of the types of statement on the Speech Function is used according to the portion in each data or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA even the opposite. Then, the use of Speech Function occurs in each speech has a difference or similarity. Those are the reason that the researcher compares both speeches and choose Donald Trump‘s political speeches as the object of the research to focus on the standpoint of the different issues about iran nuclear deal and immigration and the democratic response presented by Donald Trump in the adjacent period.

In delivering the speeches, Donald Trump as the President of United State uses some way to get as much information in order to achieve the goals of the speech. It is usually employed various processes to achive his purpose. The following is an example of speech functions that are realized into the mood analysis contained in the data:

a) How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its

job?

How much more must We Shed before Congress does its American blood job? Comp F S P Comp

Mood

Residue

85th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

b) The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror

The Iranian regime Is the leading state sponsor of

terror

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F Comp

Mood Residue

2nd line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal

From the example a), it can be seen that Donald Trump tries to convey the issues about the citizens of the United States who lost their lives due to the atrocities of illegal immigrants delivered in Immigration and the Democratic

Response. Donald Trump‘s utterance comes there that is the part of speech function or it calls as Question ―Q‖, and that is called Interrogative mood. Then, form the example b), Donald Trump conveys the issue on the iran nuclear deal speech in the form of information to citizens of America that Iran is the brain of a rebellion by spreading terror in the country. The speech function above is statement ―S‖. The mood is declarative mood.

There are numerous studies that have conducted the study about Speech function and Mood in utterances used by Martanto (2014) that analyze kinds of speech functions and interpersonal roles created by Alex and Sara in ―Hitch‖ movie. The researcher chose Nur (2015) that analyzes the interpersonal metafunction in Nelson Mandela‘s presidential inauguration speech. The result showed that the political purpose of Mandela‘s speech is well fulfilled by its interpersonal meaning not only by corresponding with its lexicogrammar but also by considering the contextual factors. Then, Firmansah (2015) that investigates the interpersonal meaning and the realization of mood structure in the speech of

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Thus, Susanto and Watik (2017) that examines the realization of interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Christina Perri‘s

Album ―Lovestrong‖ and the contribution for teaching of a modern English

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA grammar. Yuliana and Imperani (2017) also investigates the realizations of interpersonal meaning in newsletters offering online courses by general and

Islamic educational institutions.

From the previous studies about speech function and mood analysis, there is the finding related to phenomenon of how are speech function realized in the mood and speech function used the kind they do. Based on the priliminary data and the previous studies, the researcher is interested to conduct a research about speech function and mood in Donald Trump‘s political speeches. The researcher chooses Donald Trump's political speech because the clause in the data contained the element of speech function which should be realized into the mood structure to involve the interactions where the speaker initiate or respond to the act of giving or demanding for goods-and-services or information. The principle grammatical system here is the mood network, within which is a choice between imperative and indicative. If indicative is chosen, there is a choice between declarative and interrogative. These choices are realised by manipulating the mood element. Therefore, the researcher focuses on the types of speech function and mood‘s realization that happened in these speeches.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, the research problems of the study are:

1. What types of speech function are found in Donald Trump‘s speeches?

2. What the differences speech functions are found in Donald Trump‘s

speeches?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. How are the speech functions of the Donald Trump‘s speeches realized in

mood system?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the research questions above, the study is aimed:

1. To find out the types of speech function in Donald Trump‘s speeches.

2. To describe the differences of speech functions in Donald Trump‘s

speeches.

3. To identify the speech functions of the Donald Trump‘s speeches realized

in mood system.

1.4 Scopes of the Study

The study focuses on the speech function used by Donald Trump in the political speeches. In the study, the researcher limits the discussion in analyzing the types of speech function and the mood‘s realization in Donald Trump‘s political speeches.

1.5 Significances of Study

Findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, the findings are expected to be useful for linguistic

developments. The finding potentially will enrich the discussion about the

realization of speech functions in political speeches which can be used as a

reference for the similar studies in the future. Specifically, the findings can

add up more horizons to linguistics theories. In addition, the finding can be

references for further studies related to the language of politics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Practically, this study could be very useful for the learners in producing

speech writing. The speech users can apply type of language functions

which is most often used to promote something that they think as

interesting one and also apply the appropriate politeness strategy when

they are promoting something through speech. Last, the researcher hopes

this study can contribute to the development of new knowledge in general

linguistic and in particular field of sociolinguistic.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.

2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory

Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a functional approach to language proposed by MAK. Halliday which sees language in social context so that one can begin to analyze and explain how meanings are made in every linguistics interaction. Systemic functional linguistics analyses language from the view point of meaning. In other words, systemic functional linguistics views language as a resource for making meaning. It concerns with how words, word groups, and clauses (elements of language) are structured to form meaning that language-users want to communicate.

Halliday (1994:29-30) shows that there are twenty-one possible application of SFL which one of them includes theoretical concerns ( to understand the nature and functions of language). Generallty, to all those systematic linguistic is interest in how people use language with each other in accomplishing everyday social life. This interest leads systemic linguistics to advance four main theoretical claims on language, they are (1) that language use is functional, (2) that its function is to make meanings, (3) that these meanings are influenced by the social and cultural context in which they are exchanged, and (4) that the process of using language use is a semiotic process, a process of making meaning by choosing. In brief, that language use is functional, semantic, contextual and semiotic.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In SFL, functional bases of grammatical phenomena are divided into three broad categories, called as metafunction: the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual. Butt et.al (1995:5) states:

“ Language seems to have evolved for three major purposes. These are: 1. To talk about what is happening, what will happen and what has happened, 2. To interact and/ or to express a point of view, 3. To turn output of the previous two functions into coherent whole.” These metafunctions can be used as ‗weapon‘ whch enables the linguistic choices made in a given text, both is written or spoken texts. These three types of meaning or metafunctions can be glossed as follows (Eggins & Slade, 1997:49):

Table 2.1 Types of Meanings in the Systemic Model

Types of meaning Gloss/definition Example Ideational Meaning about the world, Conversation, representation of reality expressions; the french (e.g topic, subject matter) cigarettes Interpersonal Meaning about roles and Concfilctual relationship, relationships ( e.g. status, supportive relationship, intimacy, contact, provoking talk, assertive, shardness between less assertive. interactants) Textual Meanings about the Rapid-turn taking, message (e.g. cohesion through ellipsis foregrounding/ salience, and reference; type of cohesion) foregrounding of expression/idiom. Source: (Eggins & Slade,1997:49)

2.1.1 Metafunctions

Halliday (1994 :10) developed a theory of fundamental functions of language, in which he analyzed lexicogrammar into three broad metafunction: ideational, interpersonal and textual. It means that the language is used to represent, to exchange and to organize experiences. Each of the three metafunctions is about a different aspect of the world, and is concerned with a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA different mode of meaning of clauses (Ye,2010:146). In each metafunctions, an analysis of a clause gives a different kind of structure composed from a different set of elements.

The ideational function is the context function of language (Halliday,

2007:183). It is classified into experiental function, where language is used to describe experince. Here a clause is analysed into participants, process and circumstances with different participants types for different process types. And logical function, where language is used to relate experience which refers to some general organized relations that are expressed for instance by dependencies between elements in structure (hypotactic versus paratactic organizations)

Halliday (1994:68) stated that is through interpersonal function that users of language establish, negotiate, and assume their position in social relationship, and it is oncerned with clauses as exchange. The interpersonal function is the function of language to exchange human experience in which the clause is analysed into Mood and Residue, with the mood element further analysed into subject and finite.

Textual function refers to the way the text is organized. Halliday (

2007:184) stated that it is in textual function that ideational and interpersonal meanings are actualized. It is most centrally influenced by mode of discourse. This is known as thematic structure. Thematic structure is classified into two elements, they are Theme and Rheme.

Figure 1 below shows an analysis of the sentence ― in this job, Anne, we‘re working with silver‖ into three different structures in the three metafunctions. This

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA kind of diagram is called a ―metafunctional layering‖ diagram in SFG, but the metafunctions do not have any kind of relative ―depth‖, rather they are different dimensions.

In this Anne We ‗re Working With silver job

Theme Rheme

Vocative Mood Subject Finite Locative Actor Process Manner

(Source: Matthiessen & Bateman 1991) Figure 1. An analysis of Metafunctions

The metafunctional theory is part of the functional side of SFL, but it is also important in the systemic side of SFL. Each metafunction has a principal system in the networks for clauses, verbal groups and nominal groups. For example the TRANSITIVITY system is the principal system for the ideational metafunctions in the clause network. The table below shows that each metafunctions and its principal system in the networks for clauses, verbal groups and nominal groups.

Table 2.2 Principal System Ideational Interpersonal Textual Clause Transitivity Mood Theme Verbal Group Tense Modality Voice Nominal Group Modification Person Determination (Source : Matthiessen & Bateman 1991 ) 2.1.2 Interpersonal Metafunction

Interpersonal metafunction emphasizes that language is mainly a social phenomenon. It is used for communication. Apart from enabling communication

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with other people, it enables to project the speaker in the desired way and to represent the speaker. One of the main purposes of communicating is to interact with other people, to establish and to maintain social relationship between the adresser (speaker / writer ) and the addressee (listener/reader). The use of language to interact performs interpersonal function.

Language involves interactions where we initiate or respond to the act of giving or demanding for goods and services or information. So, when a speaker and listener build a communication, there will be an exchange of information or goods and services. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) regard this function as one of exchange. Halliday in Eggins (2004:144) states that:

Whenever we use language to interact, one of the things we are doing with it is establishing a relationship between us:between the person speaking now and the person who will probably speak next. To establish this relationship we take turns at speaking. As we take turns, we take on different speech role in the exchange.

Halliday (2007:184) also stated that interpersonal function is the participatory function of language. It enables us to participate in communicative acts with other people. Interpersonal meaning is a set out an interpretation of the clause in its function as an exchange. The act or interaction occured between the addresser and addressee in communication performed the interpersonal meaning.

The interpersonal metafunction of a speech represents the way the addresser and the audience interact, the use of language to establish and maintain relations with them, to influence their behavior, to express our own viewpoint on things in the world, and to elicit or change theirs (Ye, 2010:147). In other words,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the interpersonal metafunction in speech mainly concerns on the roles between the addresser and the audience which the basic purposes in exchange are giving and demanding for information or goods and services.

According to Halliday (1994:69), in any communicative language, there are four basic speech roles: giving information, demanding information, giving goods and services and demanding goods and services. The usual labels for these functions are statement, question, offer and command. In which, the functions of statement is closely associated with particular grammatical structure, that is, the declarative clauses; Question is related to interrogative clauses, and Command is associated with imperative clauses. These functions are labeled as speech functions.

There is a third dimensions to the interpersonal metafunction, i.e. whether a speaker is responding or initiating. These semantic categories are realized by grammatical mood options (Martin et.al.1997). in this network, the interpersonal meaning of the clause is defined by thetype of mood, e.g. either indicative or imperative and the like, and modality. This research is focused on the speech function and the realization in the mood.

2.1.3 Speech Function

Speech functions are the actions or performance done by language users as asking, commanding, and answering in order to fulfill the intention of the speakers and listeners Halliday (1994:30). Speech function is the speaker‘s role in communicative exchange. It implies that a form of action; the speakers or writers are doing something to the listeners or readers by a mean of language. To build an

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA interaction with other people, the speaker use the four specific forms: statements, questions, offers and commands or termed as Speech Function.

Speech functions can be identified as meaning addressed to the interactants/participants conveying the roles taken and commodity given.

Whenever two persons or more use language to interact, one of the things they do with it establishing a relationship between them. It means that there are two most fundamental types of speech roles: (1) giving and (2) demanding

(Halliday,1994:69).

Eggins in Ezeifeka (2014:52) describes that speech function involve

‗proposition‘ and ‗ proposals‘; giving and demanding information/goods and services through the use of statements, questions, offers and commands. It can be elaborated that propositions are when the language is used for exchanging information. It is something that can be argued about, affirmed, denied or judged whether it is true or false. Meanwhile, proposals are when the language is used to exchanging goods and services. On the other hand, proposals can not be argued about, affirmed or denied rather than the addressed or listener can decide to accept or refuse the goods and services offered.

2.1.3.1 Types of Speech Functions

The most fundamental types of speech role are giving and demanding. The two roles ‗giving and demanding‘ will have a significant roles in building an interaction between the addresser and addressee. When speaker is either giving something or demanding something, it is expected that, the listener is giving

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA something in the responses. Giving means inviting to receive and demanding means inviting to give. Gerot and Wignell (1994:22) describes that:

If a speaker gives you some information, he or she is inherently inviting you to receive that information. If a speaker offers you some goods (offers a chocolate, for example), or some services (offers to type up and distribute class lists), the speaker is inherently inviting you to receive those goods and services. Or if he or she demands information of you, inherently you‘re invited to give that information. And if he or she demands some goods or services of you (‗ooh, scratch my back just there please‘), you are thereby invited to render that service or provide the goods. In doing communication, the speaker performs a particular speech role and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role which the speaker wishes the listener to perform in his turn. For example, in asking a question, a speaker is taking on the role of seeker information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the information of goods and services. The elaboration of the speech role and the commodity exchanged can be seen from the table below.

Table 2.3 Speech Role and Commodities in Interaction

Speech role Commodity exchanged Information Goods and services Giving 1. Statement 2. Offer I helped my Would you mother yesterday like any help? Demanding 3. Question 4. Command Did you help your Help me! mother ? Source : (Halliday, 1994:69)

From the table above, these two variables (speech role and commodity exchanged) when taken together, define the four primary speech functions,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA namely, statement, question, offer and command that realized by Mood to perform two roles, they are giving and demanding.

According to Martin (1992:45) the speech function network can now elaborated as followings:

1. Call [attending :calling / initiating]

For example : John

2. Greeting [attending : greeting/initiating]

For example : see you

3. Exclamation [negotiating : reacting/initiating]

For example : Utter rubbish !!!

4. Offer [negotiating : exchanging : giving /goods & services]

For example : Let me get you a beer.

5. Command [negotiating : exchanging : demanding/goods and services]

For example : Get me a beer.

6. Statement [negotiating : exchanging : giving / information/ initiating]

For example: He was won

7. Question [negotiating : exchanging: demanding / information/ initiating]

For example : has he won?

With reference to systemic functional linguistics theories, as developed by Halliday (1994:69) and other systemicsts, the four speech functions can be briefly concluded as follows:

1. Giving/information = statement

2. Demanding/information = question

3. Giving/goods & services =offer

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Demanding/goods & services = command

Based from theory above, it will be easier to divide the types of speech functions in the sentences. Then, the delicate speech function will be developed in a system network. This system network is developer with reference to Halliday (2004). The system network indicated how the speech functions are developed from basic speech functions of statements. They are greeting, information, clarification, fury, suggestion, threat, affirmation, blame, achievement, promise and hope.

2.1.3.1.1 Kinds of Statements

a. Greeting is a statement that speaker said before starting his/her

speech.

b. Information is the process giving news or issue from the sources

where the speaker informed the all informations to the society.

c. Clarification is a speech function where the process clarification

and elaborated when the speaker informed in the speech.

d. Dissapointment was described the feeling disapointed or not as

good as it had hoped.

e. Fury is violent or very strong anger where the speaker expresses

the strong anger about the issue.

f. Affirmation is a statement of speech function about the issue

publicly.

g. Blame is described all of about something destroyed.

h. Achievement is the process of success in doing something after a

lot of effort.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA i. Promise is a statement which the speaker makes to people in which

he/she says that she/he definitely to do something.

j. Hope is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well

in the future where the speaker expected something good in the

future.

k. Suggestion is one of the type speech function where put forward an

idea or plan when the speaker wants to people think about the

issue.

2.1.3.2 The Initiations and Responses of Speech Functions

The four speech functions ( statement, question, offer, command) are initiated by the speaker or the addresser. In real interaction, the listener or the addresse responds to the speech functions produced by the speaker or the addresser. Martin (1992:56) stated that when ythe initiation and response as orientation of both interlocutors, other four speech functions are derived. It can be seen from the figure below.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Figure 2. The Derivation of Speech Functions (Martin,1992:56)

With the reference of figure 2. Eight speech functions are systematically derived as following:

1. Giving/information/initiating = Statement (S)

He attended the meeting

2. Giving/information/responding =acknowledgeStatement(AS)

Yes.

3. Demanding/information/initiating = question (Q)

Did he attend the meeting?

4. Demanding/information/responding = Response Statement to

Question (RSQ)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Yes, he did

5. Giving/goods & services/initiating = Offer (O)

Let me go the party

6. Giving/goods & services/responding = Acknowledge Offer (AO)

7. Demanding/goods & services/initiating = Command (C)

Pass me the salt!

8. Demanding/goods&services/responding = Response Offer to

Command (ROC)

Here you are.

Speech functions and responses define the four primary speech functions.

Semantic system can be expanded into four speech function pair choice between initiating and responding moves. In an interaction, when speaker/addresser initiates an interaction, he assigns to the listener/addressee. The choice of responding moves is constrained by the initiating move that has just been made.

The speech functions and the responses can be seen from the table below:

Table 2.4 Speech Functions and Responses

Initiation Elliptical Response Discretionary

Alternative

Give goods&services Offer Acceptance Rejection

Demand goods&services Command Undertaking Refusal

Give information Statement Acknowledgment Contradiction

Demand information Question Answer Disclaimer

Source: (Halliday,1994:69)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The example between initiation and responding speech function:

Statement Acknowledgment Statement

The performance will begin at 8 p.m Yes I know or Oh, is it ?

Question Response Statement to Question

What time will the performance begin? At 8 p.m or I don‘t know

Offer Acknowledge Offer

Would you like a help? Yes, I would or No, I wouldn‘t

Command Response Offer to Command

Cloce the window! Ok or No

From the example above, it can be concluded that a speech function may be coded by and elliptical mood or minor clause. By minor is meant an expression which has no process or verb. When the speaker says something in form of statement, question, offer and command to the listener, as the responding the listener gives different responses, could be in positive or negative responding speech function.

2.1.4 Mood

At the level of lexico-grammar, interpersonal meaning is realized by mood. Mood plays an important role in carrying out the interpersonal function of the clause exchange in English. Mood is the relationship between the grammatical subjects of the clause. According to Eggins (2004:187) the system of mood and

Modality are the keys to understanding relationships between interaction. Mood covers the elements of subject and finite. To quote Halliday (1994:76).‖ The subject supplies the rest of what it takes to form a proposition, namely, something by reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied‖. While finite is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA part of verbal group which expresses primary tense, modality and polarity or it refers to the the first functional element of the verbal group (Ye,2010:147).

Primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of speaking

(Halliday,1994:75).

Halliday states that modality is the speaker‘s judgment of the probabilities, or the obligations, involved in what he is saying. For example, ‗ she bought the book‘, ―she‖ is the subject and ―did‖ is finite. In ‗ Harry plays football‘, the finite is ‗does‘. In ‗she can do the homework‘, the finite is ‗can‘.

Besides primary tense and modality, Finite element also realizes a polarity feature. Polarity can be defined as the choice between positive and negative, fpr example: did/didn‘t, can/can‘t, and so on.

Mood marks a clause as declarative, interrogative and imperative. The types of mood can be seen from the figure below:

Declarative

Indicative

Mood Interrogative

Imperative

Figure 3. The Types of mood Source (Martin, 1992:31)

From the figure above, it can be concluded that there are two central mood systems, indicative and imperative. Indicative is called as proposition and imperative is called as proposals.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Otten (2010:9) and Meiristiani (2011:45) show that types of moods certain further subtypes as the following:

1) Indicative (i.e. exchanging information)

a. Declarative (i.e, making a statement)

 Affirmative

 Exclamative

b. Interrogative (i.e, asking a question)

 Yes / No

 Wh-question

2) Imperative (i.e, exchanging goods and services)

This framework and the tools provided for identying the mood of a clause give researchers a basis for making claims about the ways in which information is being shared and meaning is being construed in the discourse.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Figure 4. Mood Network Source: (Systems: Meaning as choice, by Suzanne Eggins, 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (2nd ed). Copyright 2004 by Continuum) To keep communication going, a component is indispensable for carrying out the interpersonal metafunctions of the clause as exchange. This component is called Mood and is make up of subject and finite (Thompson & Hunston, 2000:41 and Shayegh,2011:33). The ordering of subject and finite (two elementsof the

Mood system of the clause) in the clause plays and indispensable role in signaling speech roles so that it can show whether the clause is indicative or imperative.

The subject ^ finite (here ―^‖ is the symbol for ―followed by‖) ordering of the clauses differs declarative clauses (Subject ^ Finite) from interrogative clauses

(Finite ^ Subject).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The mood structure is used to enable us to exchange information. As mentioned above that when the clause is used to exchange information, it is as proposition. It can be divided into mood and residue.

Donald trump Becomes A president Subject Finite Predicator Mood Residue Figure 5. Mood Analysis

The grammar of the clause as an exchange consists of two functional constituents: a MOOD element, which functions to carry the argument, and a

RESIDUE, which can be left out or ellipse. There are three elements to the

MOOD constituents:

a. An expression of polarity, either ‗YES‘ (positive polarity) or ‗NO‘

(negative polarity)

b. A nominal-type element, which is called the subject

c. A verbal-type element, which is called the finite

The subject and the finite are the two essential functional constituents of the MOOD component of the clause. A subject always expressed by a nominal group in class terms and a finite always expressed by a verbal group. A clause must have these two elements.

The second essential contituent of the MOOD elements is the finite. Finite functions in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that it can be argued about it.finite will always be the first of the verbal elements and there will be one finite per clause. Through the function of finite as

‗anchor‘ the proposition Halliday noted it as finite verbal operators, which is identified two kinds as follows.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. Temporal finite break operators : the words anchor the proposition by

reference to time. Past (e.g : he ate pizza yesterday), present (e.g : the

school gives punishment for the late students), or future (e.g : the

company‘s financial situation will be better next year)

2. Finite modal operators : these words anchor the proposition by reference

to modality

For example:

The students could learn

The subject Finite:modal

RESIDUE component of the clause is that part of the clause which is important to argue rather than the MOOD component. Residue can be ellipsed (let out) in the responding moves in dialogue. It can also contain a number of functional elements: a predicator, one or more complements, and any number of different types of adjuncts.

The ‗ predicator‘ is the lexical or contents part of the verbal groups which identified as being all the verbal elements of the clause after the single finite element. Predicator fills the role of specifying the actual event, action and process being discussed.

Putri Is Estimating Her birthday cost Subject Finite MOOD RESIDUE Figure 6. MOOD analysis The verbal group contains two elements: is estimating. The first part of the verbal group, is , is the finite as it carries the selection for tense, polarity, ect. The second is , estimating as process was actually going on this elements is the predicator.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In clauses in which there is only a single verbal constituent the finite and the predicator are fused. See the following example:

He Knew Nothing about the subject Finite Predicator MOOD RESIDUE Figure 7. MOOD Analysis

Halliday (1985:79) points out that predicator has three other functions in the clause. The functions in clause are described as follows:

1. It adds time secondary tense. For example, in have been going to estimate

the primary tense (have, present) is specified in the finite, but the

secondary tense (been going to) is specified in the predicator.

2. It specifies aspects and phrases: meaning such as

‗seeming‘.‘trying‘,‘hoping‘, which colour the verbal process without

changing its experiental meaning.

For example:

Mirza was trying to estimate “the wedding cost”.

S Fin Predicator

3. It specifies the voice of the clause, the distinction between active voice

(Shakespeare wrote ―Romeo Juliet‖) and passive voice (―Romeo Juliet‖

was written by Shakespeare) will be expressed through the predicator.

„Romeo Juliet‟ was written by Shakespeare.

As explained above most non-elliptical clauses contain predicator. But there are two verbs which have no predicator in the simple past and simple present

‗posses‘, not in trhe sense of ‗take‘. Here are the examples:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. He is/was a minister Subject finite

2. Romi has/had a proposal of the project Subject Finite

3. He was being a minister Subject finite predicator

4. Does Romi have a proposal of the project? Finite subject predicator

The second components of RESIDUE are the complement is defined as a non-essential participant in the clause, a participant somehow affected by the main argument of the proposition. It is defined as an element within the Residue that has potential of being subject but is not. A complement can get to be subject through the process of passivizing the clause. For example:

Shakespeare wrote ‗Hamlet‘ Subject finite/.predicator complement

―Hamlet‘ was written by Shakespeare Subject finite predicator

Clauses may contains two complements, in which the predicator is ‗give‘ or a synonym. Here is the example:

Putri gave ica a present Subject finite/predicator compl. Compl.

The example above shows that both of ―ica‘ and ‗a present‘ are complements. There are also two complements in passive test. Here are examples:

1) Lulu was given a present by Tika Subject finite,predicator compl. Compl

2) A present was given to Lulu by Tika Subject finite predicator compl. Compl.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The examples above show that both of ‗ a present‘ and ‗by Tika‘ on first sentence and both of ‗to Lulu‘ and ‗by Tika‘ on second are complements. The somplement is typically a nominal group. It may at times be a whole clause. For example:

Wina is the girl that can sing Subject finite complement

‗the girl that can sing‘ is whole clause that becomes a complement.

The last constituents are adjuncts which are summarized as in the following table:

Table 2.5 Types of Adjuncts

Type Sub-type Meanings Class of noun Loc. In

analysis

Experiental Circumstantial Time,Place Prepositional in RESIDUE

Manner phrase, adverb

Interpersonal Mood Intensity Adverb in MOOD

Probability

Usuality

Presumption

Polarity Positive or Yes/No in MOOD

Negative

Comment Speakers‘ Adverb Not in

Assesment Prepositional MOOD or

Of Whole phrase RESIDUE

Message

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Vocative Nominating name Not in MOOD

Net speaker or RESIDUE

Textual Conjunctive Logical conjunction Not in MOOD

Linking of or RESIDUE

messages

Continuity Message Minor clauses Not in MOOD

Coming adverbs or RESIDUE

(yeh/nah)

The examples of Adjuncts :

- Time : we can‘t decide for sure this time

- Place : she studies English at school

- Matter : she wrote about hero

- Cause : they read novel for me

- Usuality : my father sometimes speaks like that

- Polaritty : putri is a girl that can sing. Yes

- Comment : Frankly, i can‘t read her mind.

- Vocative : did you learn Chemistry, Ayu?

- Conjunctive : because she didn‘t know anything about Math.

- Continuity : Well, what was that movie you watched?

2.1.4.1 Declarative

Declarative clause is structured as Subject plus Finite. It is in the form of statement which is used to give or state information. Eggins (2004:147) says that if you wish to make a statement, you will typically use a clause of a particular

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA structure: a declarative clause. It is may be either in positive or negative clause.

The structure of declarative form: Subject (S) ^ Finite (F). For example:

Shakespeare Wrote Hamlet Subject Finite Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE Figure 8. MOOD Analysis

There is also a form of allipsis of the subject. In general, every free clause requires a subject, because without a subject, it is impossible to express the mood of the clause, at least in the usual fashion.

Shakespeare (he Did) Adjunct Subject Finite MOOD Figure 9. Mood Analysis :Elliptical Major Clause

2.1.4.2 Interrogative

Interrogative clause is a clause in the form of a question. It is used to demand or seek for information. It can be in the form of non-polar interrogative

(Wh-question)such as what, who, why, which, when, where, whom, how or polar interrogative (yes-no question). The structure of the interrogative form:

Non-polar (Wh-question) : Wh/Subject)^ Finite (F) For example : when will the party begin? The party will begin at 6. P.m

Polar (Yes/No question): Finite (F) ^ Subject (S) For example: did George buy the car? Yes, he did or No, he didn‘t.

2.1.4.3 Imperative Mood

Araghi & Sayegh (2010:30) define imperative as clause by which the speaker demands addressee to do something. Imperative mood is a clause which refers to command sentence. Eggins (2004:147) also states that if you wish to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA make a command, you will use an imperative. Command is a clause which is used to demand or order for goods and services.

Imperative clause may be in positive or negative form. It doesn‘t contain the element of Subject and Finite but consists of only a predicator followed by complement or adjunct. The subject is ‗You‘ but it is omitted because the subject is already understood by the listener/reader.

For example:

a. Listen to me!

b. Keep quite!

c. Don‘t move!

There are two kinds of imperative responding. They are compliance and refusal. Compliance is the supporting respond to the imperative sentence.

Meanwhile refusal is the confronting to the imperative sentence.

2.1.4.4 Minor

There are two clauses discussed here. They are major clauses and minor clauses. A major clause is a clause which has a MOOD component, even though that MOOD component may be ellipsis. The other circumstance in which a clause dose not display a Mood + Residue structure is if it is realizing a minor speech function. Such minor clauses include yes, mnh, aha, sure. They do not constitute a turn in their own right, rather they are serve to ensure the continuity of the interaction by supporting the current speaker‘s turn.

Minor clauses are clauses which have never had a MOOD constituent. It is brief, but their brevity is not the result of ellipsis, and a subject and a finite cannot be field out. For example : ‗OK‘ does not mean ‗I am OK‘ or ‗we‘ll be OK‘, etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.1.5 The realization of Speech Function in Mood

The four types of speech functions find their realization in Mood which is an aspect of interpersonal meaning at level of lexicogrammar. The speech function of ‗statement‘ is realized by ‗declarative‘, ‗question‘ is realized by

‗interrogative‘ and ‗command‘ is realized by ‗imperative‘. However, the speech function of ‗offer‘ does not have unmarked representation of Mood. It is realized by any one of the four speech functions. The unmarked realizations of the speech function is shown in this following figure:

Speech Function

Statement Offer

Question Command

( = realized by

MOOD

Declarative O

Interrogative Imperative

Figure 10. The Realization of Speech Function in Mood

Source (Saragih,2004:15)

Further elaboration of the realization of speech function in mood can be seen from the following table:

Speech Function Mood Examples

Statement Declarative He bought the car yesterday.

Question Interrogative Did he buy the car yesterday?

Command Imperative Close the door!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Offer Let me bring the book for you.

Table 2.6 Elaboration of Realization of Speech Function in Mood System

Moreover, Eggins (2004:147) correlates the semantic choice of speech function and the grammatical structure of mood. It can be seen from the table below:

Table 2.7 Speech Function and Typical Mood of Clause

Speech Function Typical Mood in Clause

Statement Declarative Mood

Question Interrogative Mood

Command Imperative Mood

Offer Modulated interrogative Mood

Answer Elliptical Declarative Mood

Acknowledgment Elliptical Declarative Mood

Accept Minor Clause

Compliance Minor Clause

Source Eggins (2004:147)

Eggins (2004:14) also correlates the speech function with non-typical clause mood. Commands are typically coded by imperative clauses, but they can also be coded by declarative. For instance, ―Learn to cook!‖ can also be expressed with “ I hope you‟ll learn how to cook‖. The second sentence structurelly like an ordinary declarative but functionally different.

Questions are typically coded by interrogatives, however thay can also coded by modulated declaratives. For example, ― Is Hamlet” by William

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Shakespeare?” can also be expressed with “ I was wondering if the „ Hamlet‟ might be by William Shakespeare”.

Statements are typically realized by declarative, yet they can also be realized by tagged declarative. For instace, “Shakespeare wrote the Romeo and

Juliet” can also be expressed with “Shakespeare wrote the „Romeo and Juliet‟, didn‟t he?”. It can be concluded in the table below:

Table 2.8 Speech Functions and Non-Typical Clause Mood

Summary of Dialogue

Speech Function Typical Clause Mood Non-Typical Clause Mood

Command Imperative Modulated

Interrogative, Declarative

Offer Modulated Interrogative Imperative, Declarative

Statement Declarative Tagged declarative

Question Interrogative Modulated Interrogative

Source Eggins (2004:148)

The theory above will help the researcher to answer the problem of the study. It will be describing speech functions realized in moods in Presidential‘s speech.

2.1.6 Public Speaking

Public speaking involves talking in front of a group of people, usually with some preparation. It can be in front of people that you know (e.g at a family celebration) or a croed of strangers. It is intended to inform, influence , persuade, or entertain the listeners. There are five elements of public speaking often described as ―who is saying what to whom using what medium with what

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA effects?‖. In other words, who is the source of the message, what is the message itself, whom is the audience, while the medium is the actual delivery method and ending in the effect.

Public speaking can be a powerful tool for purposes such as to motivete, to influence, to persuade, to inform, to translate, or simply to entertain. Gregory

(1990) state that ―Public speaking is the process and act of speaking to group of people in a structured, deliberated manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening audience‖. Public speaking is commonly as face-to-face speaking between individuals and an audiences for the purpose of communication.

To achieve the purpose of public speaking, interaction plays a very important role. It is vital to keep the audiences engaged and involved with the speaker‘s content and with the speaker himself. Thus, public speaking is not just a one-way communication of ideas from speaker to audience, an affective public speaker is one who engages and interacts with his or her audiences.

According to Gregory (1990) ―There are two types of public speaking , namely speaking to inform and speaking to persuade.‖ Speaking to inform or informative speech is one that intends to educate the audience on a particular topic. It can be used to explain something you are interested in or describe how to do something. Informative speech can be categorized in may different ways, with many different labels. There are four most popular types of it, they are definition speech, description speech, process speech and expository speech.

Gregory (1990) also states taht ―Speaking is to persuade or persuasive speech is aimed to convince the audience to believe a certain view. It can be categorized in a variety of ways, but two objectives are the most popular

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA classification schemes. Namely, speech to influence thinking and speech to motivate action,‖ speech to influence thinking is the speaker way to convince people to have the same thinking with him or her, to reinforce what the people already thought or implant new ideas to people. The speech to influence thinking is an effort to convince people to adopt your position on a particular subject.

―Speech to motivated action tries to win people over to your way of thinking, but it also attempts one of the most challenging task of persuasion-getting people to take an action‖. It is clearly that speech to motivate action is further implementation or persuasion because the speaker can urge people to start doing something or stop doing certain things. One of the example of this is political speech.

2.1.7 Speech and Political Speech

Speech is one kind of public speaking. It is orally delivered in front of crowd people. Speech can be said as the power of speaking; the ability to express one‘s thoughts and emotions. According to Mulyana (1995:5), speech is an utterance with a good arrangement to be submitted to the crowd. It means besides the messages, good arrangement of the speech will make it better fot the audiences to understand what the speaker wants to convey. A good speech can give possitive impression for the people who listen to the speech.

According to Godam in www.organisasi.org, speech is commonly doing one of these things, they are to influence others, to explain or to give an information and to please or entertain others. To conclude, the aims of speeches are 1) to convey information (informative), 2) to convince and influence the attitude of the audience (persuasive) and 3) to entertain listeners (recreational).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Some examples of speech are state speech, welcoming speech, event speech, political speech and so on.

David Mc Cloud in Morgan (www.forbes.com), taught how to write a great speech, they are:

- great speeches are primarily emotional, not logical

- small shifts in tone make an enormous difference to the audience, so sweat

the details.

- A great speech has a clear voice speaking throughtout

- A great speech conveys one idea only, thought it can have lots of

supporting points.

- A great speech answers a great need.

For politician, speech is used to influence audience and to affect their thinking or to make public to do something in action. The better the politician speaks, the easier the audiences can be influenced. This is in line with Mulyana

(1995:7) who conveys that, in generally, in this speeches have three functions that are often done a lot of politics, namely; to influence others to go along with our willingness to volunteer, to give an insight or information on other people, and to make other people happy with an entertaining speech so that other people happy and satisfied with the speech.

Political speech can be classified as a persuasive speech since it contains information to help people make a decision. The purpose of a persuasive speech itself is to persuade people to change in some ways. For example, it could be to change the way they think about something or it could be to change the way they do things. Finally, it could be to persuade the audiences to do something that they

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA do not do now. The speech will be successfully if at the end of it, the audience is willing to make the change suggested.

Through the speech, a politician can convey what his/her point of view about certain matters and he/she can promote him/herself for being the next leader. In order to attract the public, the politicians should be able to utilize emotional and logica appeals and to explore language becoming an impressive and unforgetable speech. Gestures and body language also takes parts in the success of speech. Political speech may become a significant weapon for attracting the hearts of public. The language of speech itself should has the functions of expressing affect, appealing and motivating feelings.

Political speech is one of a rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of using language to communicate effectively and persuasively (theaccidentalcommunicator.com). what this means is when we use rhetoric to create a political speech, we want the speech to accomplish the goal, that is to convince an audience to vote or do our way. A good political speech needs to win over an audience no matter how you go about doing. It means that the politician should be able explore the language so that the audience are attracted to the speech.

According to Anderson in theaccidentalcommunicator.com, there are several characteristics of a good political speech. The first thing is that political speech needs to have a point. What is the main goal: you want the audience to take some action, vote a particular ways,, ect. A political speech without a point is just a waste of everyone‘s time. Next, you had better take the time to organize your speech in a way that your audience will be able to follow what you are saying. We have to give some reasons in a way so that the audiences can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA understand about the point that we want convey in the speech. Finally, and this may be the most important point of all, every single word in your speech must matter. This means that there can‘t be any phrases that are in there just for filter or just to transition from one thought to another. In conclusion, the good political speech will need to be well organized and every word in it will need to have a purpose for being there so that it can be a very powerful communication tool.

Speech has many purposes; to inform, to persuade and to entertain. The researcher chooses the persuasive speech. In this case, political speech from

Trump‘s Speeches. The researher chooses the political speech because those speeches attracted many attentions from audiences so it will be useful for the contribution of creating a powerful political speech which can attract many attentions from public.

2.2 Donald John Trump

Donald john trump or known as Trump was born on June 14th 1946 is the

45th and current president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and televisian personality. Trump was born and raised in the New york City. He received an Economics degree from the Wharton School of the

University of Pennsylvania and was appointed president of his family‘s real estate business in 1971 renamed it The Trump Organization and expanded it from

Queens and Brookklyn into Manhattan. The company built or renovated

Skyscrapers hotels, casinos and golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, including licensing his name for real estate and consumer product. He managed the company until his 2017 inauguration.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As a person who has natural talent as a ―salesman‖ and almost a lifetime of being a salesman, Trump used to sell feelings and ideas. It could be that this

―salesman‖ strategy is what he uses in campaigns and interviews in the mass media. the language used by Trump is very simple. Trump also often ends his sentence with a word ―power.‖ Trump is also said to often rearrange his sentence order to get a strong and powerful end. For example, harm, dead, die, and problem. These powerful and powerful words at the end of the sentence will ring and be remembered by the audiences, even though the initial speech is incoherence. In other words, Trump instills his influence and thoughts on prospective voters by repeating the same words/things/ideas. He doesn‘t need a complicated, normative, or even polite speech. Like a true salesman, Trump makes his speech simple: talk about things he likes over and over again.

Trump also tends to choose simple language construction. Trump rarely uses complex sentences, main clauses and subordinate clauses. He also likes to use sentences that tend to command or govern, or use similar sentences that are indirects. This kind of sentence makes the listeners inevitably agree with his statement. That‘s why, the researcher is interested in conduct a study on speech function from Trump‘s speeches.

2.3 Relevant Studies

In this study, the researcher wants to explain other researcher‘s studies related to the interpersonal meaning theory which focused on speech functions and mood system. These studies are found to be helpful in conducting the research of interpersonal metafunctions analysis of Donald Trump‘s speeches.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Nur (2015) analyzes the interpersonal metafunction in Nelson Mandela‘s presidential inauguration speech. This research used the theory of interpersonal metafunction by Halliday. The findings revealed that the political purpose of

Mandela‘s speech is well fulfilled by its interpersonal meaning not only by corresponding with its lexicogrammar but also by considering the contextual factors such as the need to reflect the economic and socio-political situation of the country at that time. This study contributes the researcher to develope the idea of interpersonal metafunction by usi g Halliday‘s theory.

Firmansah (2015) investigates the interpersonal meaning and the realization of mood structure in the speech of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin

Netanyahu. The research used Halliday‘s theory of Systemic Functional Grammar

(SFG) for analyzing Netanyahu‗s speech of Iran and Palestine. The finding showed that Netanyahu‗s interpersonal meaning was realized through the placement of Subject and the utilization of Finite, Modality and Mood Adjuncts. It was also found that the differences of the field influence the interpersonal meaning of the speaker through the comparison of subject and finite. The research contributes to helping the researcher in developing ideas in analyzing the realization of mood structure by using Halliday‘s theory.

Susanto and Watik (2017) examines the realization of interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Christina Perri‘s Album ―Lovestrong‖ and the contribution for teaching of a modern English grammar. The objectives of this research are to describe the interpersonal meaning realized in the lyrics of

Christina Perri‘s Album ―Love strong‖, to know the most dominant mood types and speech roles, to describe the modality realized in those lyrics and to describe

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the contribution of interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Christina Perri‘s Album

―Love strong‖ by using Halliday‘s theory. The results of data analysis shows that the realization of interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Christina Perri‘s Album

―Love strong‖ in the wordings of the clause was analyzed by the elements of interpersonal meaning, the most dominant mood types is declarative, the most dominant speech roles is giving information, the modality realized through the use of modal finite and mood adjunct, and the contribution of interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Christina Perri‘s Album ―Love strong‖ for teaching of a modern

English grammar is to help the students easier and more interesting to analyze the interpersonal meaning through the lyrics of their favorite song or favorite singer.

Yuliana and Imperani (2017) investigates the realizations of interpersonal meaning in newsletters offering online courses by general and Islamic educational institutions. This research used twelve newsletters from six educational institutions (three general and three Islamic) by using Halliday and Matthiessen‘s theory. The result showed that the most dominant mood types in the data used declarative by realizing the speech function of statement. The study also found that modalities and modulation are only used sparingly in the data. The relatively high use of offer in the data is hardly surprising due to the nature of the genres of newsletters. This research contributes in helping the researcher to analyze the mood types by using Halliday and Matthiese‘s theory.

From the previous study above, it helps the researcher to develope the idea of how the mood structures are realized in the speech function of Donald Trump‘s political speeches. Based on the previous study, the researcher found that there is still no research which described in detail about the elements of the speech

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA function type based on its function. Previous research mostly examined speech functions based on their type. Therefore, in this study, researchers explored the elements of the speech function based on their functions in each clause. All previous studies refer to the theory of interpersonal meaning from Halliday

(1994). However, the researcher used Halliday (2004) to analyze the realization of speech function in mood and Halliday (1994) to analyze the four speech functions

(statement, question, offer, and command) as an aspect on interpersonal function at the level of lexicogrammar.

2.4 Conceptual Framework

This research is undertaken from speech functions standpoint. This research is aimed to describe how speech functions realized in mood system in

Trump‘s speeches on the basis of interpersonal metafunctions at the clauses level.

The main function of communication is to build an interaction between the addresser and the addressee. This is called interpersonal function of language. The interpersonal function deals with language as interaction which focuses on the role of language in enacting interpersonal relations and in creating interpersonal relationship through linguistic interaction. When people communicate, they do more than talk, they interact with language and use it to express interpersonal meanings and to takes on the roles.

To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser

(speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform in two roles, that is giving and demanding and the commodity being exchanged could be information or goods and services. Giving means inviting to receive and demanding means inviting to give. When someone says something in the form of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA statement, the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when someone says something in the form of command, the speaker expects the listener to do something or to give some objects. These two variables, role and commodity exchanged, when taken together, define the four primary speech functions; statement, question, offer, and command. Speech function can be defined as the way speaker conveys his idea in order to make the listener understand the idea.

Political speech is one of the example in which language is utilized for interaction to build interpersonal relations between the speaker and the audiences.

In political speech, a speaker must be able to build maintain the interpersonal meanings with his/her audiences in order to impress them to take an action or to affect and persuade their way of thinking. Political speech is aimed to influence others to go along with our willingness to volunteer and to give and insight or information on other people. It could be to change the way they think about something or it could be to change the way they do things. Political speech may become a significant weapon for attracting the hearts of public. The language of speech itself should has the functions of expressing affect, appealing and motivating feelings.

In order to reach the aim of political speech, the application of speech functions is essential. Speech functions have a rule to create powerful speech that can persuade, affect and motivate audiences. In this case, speech functions will be related with mood system because speech functions are realized in mood system in the level of lexicogrammar. The illustration of conceptual framework can be seen in the following figure.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Figure 2.4 Conceptual Framework of Interpersonal Metafunction of Trump‘s

Speeches

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

This research employed the qualitative research approach with the content analysis as its research design. The research design adopted by this research was that of content analysis. A research design was a specific procedure affecting the data collection, data analysis, and report writing (Creswell, 2012). The use of content analysis in this research was reflected in the contextual unitizing in the data collecting technique, the use of systematic coding scheme in the data analysis, and the interpretive description in the report writing. Despite its use of certain numerical accounting, Krippendorf (2004) believed that content analysis belongs to qualitative research for it depends on the activity of reading or interpreting texts which is fundamentally a qualitative process.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The data of the research was the clauses in Donald Trump‘s political speeches. Then, the source of data were the transcript of Donald Trump‘s political speeches from New York Times and personally checked for accuracy by a comparison with its video recordings of each. The transcript of Donald Trump‘s political speeches that had been published by New York Times on May 8th, 2018 for Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal and January 8th, 2019 for

Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Techniques of Data Collection

The researcher used the techniques of data collection to make the process of searching data more clearly. The data collection techniques that used in this research were a documentary technique. To collect the data, the researcher had observed Donald Trump‘s political speeches which contained the interpersonal function aspects. Then the researcher rewrote the transcript of Donald Trump‘s political speeches from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/us/politics/trump- speech-iran-deal.htmland https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/08/us/politics/trump- speech-transcript.html After that, the data were divided into clauses and classified the clauses into functional element in bold.

3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis

To analyze the data in this study, the researcher used interactive technique from Miles, Huberman and Saldana model (2014) with four phases of data analysis. They are (1) data collection, (2) data condensation, (3) data display, and

(4) conclusion drawing or verification. their application is outlined as follows:

1. Data collection

Data collection refers to the process of collecting all the data from Donald

Trump‘s political speeches in New York Times‘ official page. The data would

be discussed in Chapter IV.

2. Data Condensation

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:31) data condensation

refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and/or

transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written-up field

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA notes, interview, transcript, documents, and other empirical materials. By

condensing, we made the data stronger.

a. Selecting

Data selection of this research was done by selecting the most suitable

data which were taken from New York Times

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/us/politics/trump-speech-iran-deal.html

and https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/08/us/politics/trump-speech-

transcript.html

b. Focusing

Focusing was done by concentrating on the types, the differences between

both political speeches and how were interpersonal function realized in

Donald Trump‘s political speeches.

c. Simplifying

Simplifying was done by categorizing Donald Trump‘s political

speeches.which were written in bold text into types, the differences and

realization of interpersonal function..

d. Abstracting

Abstracting was the process of making written summary on the types, the

differences and realization interpersonal function.

e. Transforming

Transforming was to describe and connect the data to the related theory.

3. Data display

Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:31) stated that the second major flow of

analysis is data display. Genetically, a display is organized, compressed

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA assembly information that allowed conclusion drawing and action. Looking at

displays help us understand what was happening and to do something either

analyze further or take action based on that understanding. In this step. the

data were organizred based on the word, phrase and sentences. They were

displayed in the form of matrix to ease the readers understand the data. The

data were organized from Donald Trump‘s political speeches.

4. Conclusion: Drawing and Verifying

Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:32) states that the last stream of analysis

activity is conclusion drawing and verification. The start data collection of the

qualitative analysis is to interpret what things mean by noting patterns,

explanations, casual flows and propositions. The reseacher result were

clarified and conducted about the types of interpersonal function and how are

interpersonal function realized in Donald Trump‘s political speeches.

Data Data Collectio Display n

Data Conclusion/ Condensation Verivication

Figure 3.1 Interactive Model Analysis of Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). 3.5 Trustworthiness of The Study

Trustworthiness of research is an important consideration for a qualitative study, It can be used to persuade the readers that the finding of a research are

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA worth paying and worth taking. it proposes four criteria that should be: considered by qualitative researchers in ensuring the trustworthiness of a qualitative research.

Each of the criteria, credibility, transferability and confirmability is described as follows.

a. Credibility

Credibility means trustee or credible. It means that both the process and the result of a research can be trusted by all researchers stakeholder. Credibility of reseach is in line with two important aspects; the finding is not bias and it is not subjective. Therefore, the researcher used triangulation method to verify the data and the finding was analyzed by using negative case analysis. Triangulation is perceived as a strategy for improving the research trustworthiness or finding evaluation. Triangulation is regarded to support findings in a research by showing that independent measures are suitable with it, or at least do not contradict it

(Miles and Huberman, I984: 234).

Denzin (1994: 513) classifies four basic types of triangulation, namely (1) time, space, and person-involving data triangulation, (2) multiple researchers- involving triangulations in one investigation, (3) theory triangulation involves more than one theoretical scheme application in the phenomena interpretation, and

(4) methodological triangulation applies more than one method in gathering, such as interview,observation, questionnaire, and documents. The triangulation technique applied in this research is interview and questionnaire. b. Transferability

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In assuring the transferability of this research, researcher provided a sufficiently thick description when analyzing the document, in this case, the researcher analyzed grammatical metaphor in an English textbook for senior high school. This step described the most detailed information needed to ensure transferability. The conclusion drawn in this research was assessed by other researchers so that the result can be transferred to another. By doing transferability, it is hoped that the findings can be applied in other contexts or with other respondents. As a qualitative research cannot be transferable unless it is credible, and it cannot be credible unless it is dependable, the writer applied some strategies in transferability. c. Confirmability

Contirmability is the degree to which the findings are the product of the focus of the inquiry and not of the biases of the researcher. ln assuring confirmability, all data such as grammatical metaphor and transcriptions of the document were kept securely. In assuring the credibility of this study, member-checking was conducted continuously through the data collection. This step can be used to recheck all the data collected. It is important to make sure all grammatical metaphor are correctly analyzed before presenting them.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presented the descriptions for the findings, interpretations, and discussions of the research. The findings of the research summarized the result of the analysis and were described under the sub-chapter of research findings. This sub-chapter was aided by tables and diagrams for comprehensive representation. Meanwhile the interpretations and discussions of the research were covered under the sub-chapter of discussions which reflected the efforts to achieve the proposed research objective.

4.1 Findings

4.1.1 Speech Function in Donald Trump‟s Political Speeches.

The finding deal with the first research question. It required an analysis on the interpersonal function of Donald Trump‘s political speeches to find out the speech function types of each data of the speeches. The data from which the speech function had been analyzed were categorized into statement, question, and offer. The results of the categorization were then quantified, and the overall results were summarized in the table below.

Table 4.1 Speech Function in the Donald Trump‘s Political Speeches

Statement Question Offer Command Total Trump‘s Speech on 106 0 0 1 107 the Iran Nuclear Deal 99.07% 0% 0% 0.93% 100% Trump‘s Speech on 95 2 0 0 97 Immigration and the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Democratic Response 97.9% 2.1% 0% 0% 100%

Total 98.53% 0.98% 0% 0.49% 204

Based on Table 4.1, the speech function used in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal consisted of 106 utterances, while the question form was not exist in the data. It indicated that Donald Trump wanted to state or declare something to the listeners through the speech. In Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response, statement form was consisted of 98 utterances. While the question form was consisted of 2 utteances and it made the question form in the lowest rank of the distribution.

Chart 4.1. The analysis of speech function in the Donald Trump‘s political speeches

Command [PERCENTA GE] [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTA [CATEGORY GE] NAME] [PERCENTAG E]

Based on chart 4.1, the most dominant speech function used in the data was statement form (64%), while the question form (25%) was lower than

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA statement form. It indicated that Donald Trump wanted to state or declare something to the listeners through the speech. Then, command placed in the lowest rank with 11%.

Then, the delicate speech functions by Donald Trump were developed in a system network. This system network is developer with reference to Halliday

(2004). The system network indicated how the speech functions are developed from the basic speech functions of statement, question, offer, and command. The list of speech function is summarized in Table 4.1.1.1 below:

Table 4.1.1 Analyzing of Statement in Donald Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal No Statement Number Percent 1 Information 48 45.28% 2 Clarification 16 15.09% 3 Dissappointment 5 4.72% 4 Fury 6 5.67% 5 Affirmation 5 4.72% 6 Blame 3 2.83% 7 Achievement 4 3.77% 8 Promise 9 8.49% 9 Hope 10 9.43% Total 106 100%

As shown in the table, the dominant speech function of statement more than 40% includes into information which is 45.28%. It was followed by clarification statement which had 15.09%. The hope (9.43%), promise (8.49%), and fury (5.67%) placed after that, while the dissappointment and affirmation had the same number with 4.72%. Then, achievement (3.77%) and blame (2.83%) placed in the lowest rank. It was indicated that Donald Trump had a purpose to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA inform the issues that was happened in America. The following was the speech function found in the data.

a) Information, was the process giving news or issue from the sources where

Donald Trump informed the all information to the society.

 The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror2nd line. It

exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East,

and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah,

Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda3rd line.

In the example above, Donald Trump informed to all American that the terror which has occurred so far was the action from Iran. This was informed that

Iran had stored many dangerous explosives and firearms that were ready to destroy many countries. The large number of firearms produced by Iran makes them export these firearms to other countries. Donald Trump also revealed that in addition to exporting firearms, Iran also supports countries that trigger conflict.

 Last week, Israel published intelligence documents — long

concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and

its history of pursuing nuclear weapons20th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump also informs his listeners that Israel had leaked confidential documents that Iran had possessed to him related to firearms that Iran has today.

b) Clarification, was a speech function where the process clarification and

elaborated when the speaker informed in the speech.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of

Action, or J.C.P.O.A8th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump clarifies the abbreviation of

J.C.P.O.A which has an extension Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action so that everyone knows and does not misinterpret.

c) Dissappointment, was described the feeling disappointed or not as good as

it had hoped.

 A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time15th line,

but it wasn‘t16th line.

The example above shows that Donald Trump revealed what should have happened but instead turned around by giving disappointment so that the expected reality is not in accordance with the reality that occurs.

d) Fury, is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger

about the issue.

 At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction17th line that a

murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy

program18th line.

In the example above shows that Donald Trump strongly condemned Iran's actions by saying that the deal was a giant fiction at the heart of the Iran which meant that this was a big lie and Iran regime just wants to use its nuclear weapons without being disturbed by anyone.

e) Affirmation, is a statement of speech function where the iran nuclear deal

as an issue publicly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of

Iran71st line. The people of America stand with you75th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump‘s statement of speech function appeased the victims of the Iranian regime's violence not to feel alone. Donald

Trump affirms that he and the American people will defend the rights of victims of the Iranian regime's violence.

f) Blame, is described all of about the iran nuclear deal by Donald Trump

that which has destroyed the country and captured the rights of citizens.

 It didn‘t bring calm23rd line, it didn‘t bring peace24th line, and it never

will25th line.

In the example clause above, Donald Trump considers Iran to be cruel and does not serve humanity for their disruptive actions. Iran's action is very far from peace and prosperity. Donald Trump also blames that Iran will always be like that.

g) Achievement, is the process of success in doing something after a lot of

effort

 Over the past few months, we have engaged extensively with our

allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany,

and the United Kingdom51st line, We have also consulted with our

friends from across the Middle East52nd line. We are unified in our

understanding of the threat and in our conviction53rd line that Iran

must never acquire a nuclear weapon54th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump revealed some of the things he had done to stop Iran's nuclear weapons production. Some of the things that have been

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA done are the achievement and proof of the hard work of Donald Trump as the leader of the superpower country by inviting several allied countries to discuss the chaos and the acquisition of nuclear weapons obtained or produced by Iran.

h) Promise, is a statement which he makes to people in which he says that he

will be defininitely to do something.

 America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail65th line. We

will not allow American cities to be threatened with destruction66th

line. And we will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖

to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth67th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump expressed the promise that the

Iranian regime's violence would not be able to touch America. Donald Trump also promised that America would be safe from Iran's nuclear weapons. Donald Trump also promises the American people not to worry because the cries of death from

Iran will not be heard in America.

i) Hope, is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the

future where he expected something good in the future.

 Hopefully, a deal will happen, and with the help of China, South

Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity75th line and security

can be achieved for everyone76th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump expressed his hope for the results of his agreement with the allied countries to immediately find a point of attack and immediately be able to implement the agreed upon matters.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After analyzing the part of the speech function, the statement. Next is the part of the speech function contained in the data, namely offer. The offer may be coded by a statement such as Let me take the book for you (Saragih, 2005:14). In

Donald Trump‘ speech about Iran nuclear deal, there was one.

Table 4.1.2 Analyzing of Statement in Donald Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

No Statement Number Percent 1 Information 53 55.79% 2 Clarification 17 17.89% 3 Fury 10 10.53% 4 Suggestion 6 6.32% 5 disappointment 1 1.05% 6 Promise 6 6.32% 7 Hope 2 2.11% Total 95 100%

As shown in the table above, the dominant speech function of statement more than 50% includes into information which is 55.79%. It was followed by clarification statement which had 17.89%. The fury (10.53%), suggestion

(6.32%), disappointment (1.05%) and promise (6.32%) placed after that. Then, hope (2.11%) placed in the lowest rank. It was indicated that Donald Trump had a purpose to inform the issues that was about immigration and the democratic response. The following was the speech function found in the data.

a) Information, was the process giving news or issue from the sources where

Donald Trump informed the all information to the society.

 Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs

including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl11th line. Every week,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone12th line. Ninety percent

of which floods across from our southern border13th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump informed the American people that the present American border is a place for illegal drug transactions. In the above phrase, Donald Trump also informed of the consequences of the widespread use of drugs which resulted in hundreds of American citizens dying. This is an information for Americans who listen to Donald Trump's speech on this matter.

b) Clarification, was a speech function where the process clarification and

elaborated when the speaker informed in the speech.

 This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of

the soul.

In the example above, Donald Trump clarifies what happens now is humanitarian crisis. After saying that this is humanitarian crisis, Donald Trump also stressed again that the crisis was happening too was the crisis of the heart, and the crisis of the soul. The addition of the word ―crisis of the heart, and the crisis of the soul‖ clarified that what happened was not just a humanitarian crisis, even more than that.

c) Fury, is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger

about the issue.

 The life of an American hero was stolen by someone74th line. who

had no right to be in our country75th line. Day after day, precious

lives are cut short by those76th line. who have violated our borders77th

line.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In the example above, the rights of American citizens who were seized were also expressed by Donald Trump that this was an incorrect thing and should not have happened.

 In California, an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten

to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal

history78th line. In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged with

murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor79th

line.

In the sentence above, Donald Trump revealed what was done by people who were very cruel immigration to American citizens by killing, raping and cutting their hands. This is the cruelty that happened to American citizens by illegal citizens who came to America. Therefore, Donald Trump conveyed this with anger by exposing the atrocities that occurred.

d) Suggestion, is one of the types speech function where put forward an idea

or plan when he want to people think about the issue.

 I would ask87th line, imagine if it was your child, your husband, or

your wife88th line, whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally

broken89th line. To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends

this crisis90th line. To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to

finally, after all of these decades, secure our border91st line.

In the example above, Donald Trump expressed the thoughts of the

American people to support one another by asking them to imagine if they were in the position of the American people who were affected by this event. Donald

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Trump also gives advice to congressmen and the American people about the hall they must do to overcome this.

e) Disappointment, was described the feeling disappointed or not as good as

it had hoped.

 But all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration8th line

f) Promise, is a statement which he makes to people in which he says that he

will be defininitely to do something.

 I swore to protect our e country97th linand that is what98th line I will

always do so help me god99th line.

In the example above, Donald Trump as president of the United States, promised to protect America wholeheartedly by including God to always be with him.

g) Hope, is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the

future where he expected something good in the future.

 Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support

national security64th line

In the example above, related and what happened to this, Donald Trump expressed his hope for the future of America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Then, second types of speech function were command. Like a statement, command may be positive or negative as in Open the door! Or Please don’t smoke here! (Saragih, 2005:13).

Based on the analysis of types of speech function from Trump‘s speeches, the types of speech functions of Trump‘s speeches can be seen in the following figure.

Figure 4.1 Trump‘s Speeches System of Network

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal, there were one which are categorized as command. This type has described in the table 4.1.1.3 for analyzing speech function of offer in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal.

Table 4.1.3 The Analysis of Command in Donald Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal No Initiating of Utterances Line Total Command 1 Command Let it end now. 106th 1

As shown in the table, the command in the data was a sentence that invites

Americans to forget all the bad things that have happened so far. For this reason,

Donald Trump called on the American people to end the bad things that happened to them right then and there. Then, in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal there was only one command identified in the data.

In Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response, no command forms found in the data. For this reason, it can be said that Donald

Trump did not reveal the sentence in the form of a command in delivering his speech regarding immigration and the democratic response.

Then, the third type of speech function was question. The question might be either information question (wh-question) or yes/no question such as Where did you go last week? and Did you go to the movie? (Saragih, 2005:13). This type had described in the table 4.1.1.4 for analyzing the question in Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 4.1.4 The Analysis of Question in Donald Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response No Initiating of Utterances Line Total Question 1 Question Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, 66th 2 fences, and gates around their homes? How much more American blood must we shed 85th before Congress does its job?

In the example above, it showed that the use of question forms is here to

conduct an interaction with the audience by Donald Trump. Basically, the

question posed by Donald Trump is not to solely need the right answer, it's just

that Donald Trump wants his audience to understand again the meaning of his

words through the questions he posed.

In Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response,

question forms found in the data was used in the data to ensure the audience or

listeners understand the intentions of the speeches made by Donald Trump. In this

case, the form of the questions contained in the data is obtained to straighten out

the thoughts that are in Donald Trump with his audience. The answers needed to

answer the questions in this data are not too necessary because what the speaker

wants is the same perception between the speaker and listener.

4.1.2 Differences in the Use of Speech Function

In this research, the analysis of speech function was done in Donald

Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response and the iran nuclear

deal. This data was used to see what was contained in Donald Trump‘s speech on

immigration and the democratic response and the iran nuclear deal. To further

specify the comparison of the speech function of its use in Donald Trump‘s

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA speech on immigration and the democratic response and the iran nuclear deal,

That was attached through the chart below:

Speech Function's comparison of both data 120

100

0 Iran Nuclear Deal Immigration and the Democratic Response

Information Clarification Dissappointment Fury Affirmation Blame Achievement Promise Hope Suggestion Question Command

Chart 4.1 The comparison of Speech Function from both of speeches

Based on the chart above, the use of Speech Function between Donald

Trump‘s political speeches was in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal with 106 utterances. The most dominant part of statement in speech function was information with 48 utterances, while the least one was blame with 3 utterances. It could be seen that the iran nuclear deal was delivered by Donald

Trump at different times and places had the purpose of conveying information regarding that issue that were currently occurring at that time. The statement of speech function contained in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA also had a characteristic statement that was more complete than with Donald

Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response. This was because, the issue of iran nuclear deal had caused many reactions and actions that have taken place in the people of the United States. The diversity of statement in the

Speech Function in iran nuclear deal explained that Donald Trump conveyed the things he expressed by involving the mixed feelings in order to be easily felt by the audiences.

This could be seen in the utterances in Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response that occur with 95 utterances. In Donald

Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response, the most part of the statement from the Speech Function was also on information with 53 utterances, while the least part was on dissappointment with 1 utterance. It could be seen that the immigration and the democratic response was delivered by Donald Trump at different times and places had the purpose of conveying information regarding that issue that were currently occurring at that time.

4.1.3 Realization in Mood After describing the data into speech function, the next procedure is deriving the realization on mood in the data.

4.1.3.1 Person System

Subject were classified into three categories: first person system, second person system, and third person system. The results of the analysis were quantified. The following table summarizes the overall results of the analysis on the person systems of Donald Trump‘s political speeches:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Table 4.1.1.1 Person Systems Distribution

Rank Person System Total Percentages 1 1st I 22 We 23 45 77.59% 2 2nd You 1 1 1.72% 3 3rd They 7 She - He - It 5 12 20.69% Total 58 100%

Table 4.1.1.1 presented the complete distribution of person systems in data. Obviously, the first person system was the most dominant person system in

Donald Trump‘s political speeches. It reached 77.59% of the person systems occurrences. In the second position was the third person system with 20.69%. The use of the third person system in the speeches exceeded that of the second person system. The percentage of the second person system occurrences only reached

1.72%. The following tables showed more-detailed information about the distribution of the person systems in each data.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 4.1.1.1.1 Person Systems in Donald Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

Rank Person System Total Percentages 1 1st I 10 We 12 Total 22 70.97% 2 2nd You - Total - 0% 3 3rd They - She - He - It 9 Total 9 29.03% Total 31 100%

Table 4.1.1.1.1 presented the distribution of person systems in Donald

Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response. Obviously, the first person system was the most dominant person system in the data. It reached

70.97% of the person systems occurrences. In the second position was the third person system with 29.03%. while, the percentage of the second person system occurrences reached none.

Table 4.1.1.1.2 Person Systems in Donald Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal

Rank Person System Total Percentages 1 1st I 11 We 11

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Total 22 62.86% 2 2nd You 1 Total 1 2.86% 3 3rd They 7 She - He - It 5 Total 12 34.28% Total 35 100%

Table 4.1.1.1.2 presented the distribution of person systems in Donald

Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal. Obviously, the first person system was also the most dominant person system in the data. It reached 62.86% of the person systems occurrences. In the second position was also the third person system with

34.28%. while, the percentage of the second person system occurrences reached

2.86%.

The tables above indicated how the first person system was most frequently used and dominates the person system occurrences in the data. In the data, the first person system occurred with 77.59%. It was got from the first person system in Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response (70.97%) and Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal (63.86%).

Automatically, it became the highest person system in the data.

It was followed by the third second system with 20.09%. It was got from the first person system in Donald Trump‘s speech on immigration and the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA democratic response (29.03%) and Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal (34.28%). While, the second person system became the lowest person system in the data with 1.73%. It was got from the second person system in Donald

Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response (0%) and Donald

Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal (2.86 %).

In addition, the use of the first person system inb the speeches, the distribution of the first person system which associated with pronoun ―I‖, and that which associated with pronoun ―we‖ was important to do in delivering a speech.

The role of ―I‖, or other pronouns which associated with it, and the role of ―we‖, or other pronouns which associated with it, were different in terms of interpersonal meanings. Therefore, the following table presents information on the distribution of the use of pronoun ―I‖ and the distribution of the use of pronoun

―we‖.

Table. 4.1.1.2 The First Person Systems Distribution

Pronoun Total Percentage

Donald Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and We 12 27.27% the Democratic Response

I 10 22.73%

Donald Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear We 11 25%

Deal

I 11 25%

Total 44 100%

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 4.1.1.2 above showed that the first person system ―We‖ dominated the use of the first person system with the overall percentage 52.27% in the data. With the overall percentage of 52.27% , the use of the first person system ―We‖ exceeds that of the first person system ―I‖. This showed that Donald Trump did not want to take his own actions in everything that happens but he wanted all Americans who watch his speech to be involved in the issue he was addressing.

4.1.3.2 Primary Tense

Primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of speaking

(Gerot and Wignell, 1994:27). It indicated the different times at which action took place. The table below showed the frequency of the primary tenses found in the data:

Pre Con Past Fut Perf FPT FCT PC Trump‘s Speech 58 2 26 10 12 0 1 0 on the Iran Nuclear Deal Trump‘s Speech 54 5 30 19 14 1 2 1 on the Iran Nuclear Deal Total 112 7 56 29 26 1 3 1

Most of clauses in the data were used in Present Tense form. According to

Azar (1989:11), there are three usages of Simple Present Tense, which are for expressing/indicating 1) general statements of fact, 2) habitual or everyday activity, and 3) a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking. Thus, the finding indicated that Donald Trump gave the general truth at the moment of the speaking. What Donald Trump shared was the real condition at the time of speaking.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.3.3 Mood Types Distribution

Mood in English was realized by the position in the clause of the Subject and Finite. Furthermore, it was mentioned two major kinds of Mood which were

Indicative and Imperative Mood.

Indicative Mood

It was realized by the feature Subject + Finite. The order of the Subject and Finite realized Declarative (Subject + Finite) and Interrogative (Finite +

Subject).

. Declarative (Subject + Finite)

a) Every day, Customs and Border Protection agents encounter thousands of

illegal immigrants trying to enter our country.

(3rd line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

Every day Customs and Border Encounter thousands of illegal Protection agents immigrants trying to enter our country Cir. A S F + P Comp Mood Residue

b) and we have no way to promptly return them back home to their country.

(5th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

And We Have No way to promptly return them back home to their country. Con. A S F P Comp Mood Residue

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c) Over the years, Iran and its proxies have bombed American Embassies and

military installations, murdered hundreds of American service members,

and kidnapped, imprisoned, and tortured American citizens.

(4th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

Over Iran and have bombed American Embassies and military the its installations, murdered hundreds of years proxies American service members, and kidnapped, imprisoned, and tortured American citizens. Cir. A S F P Comp Mood Residue

d) Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen.

(44th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

Since the Iran‘s bloody Have grown only more brazen. agreement ambitions

Con. A S F P Comp Mood Residue

e) In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with

criminal records.

(16th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

In the last two ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal years, records. Cir. A S F + P Comp Mood Residue

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA f) Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border

agents at the Department of Homeland Security.

(32th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

Our Was Developed by law enforcement at the Department of proposal professionals and Homeland Security border agents S F P Comp Cir. A Mood Residue . Interrogative (Finite + Subject)

g) Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around

their homes?

(66th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

Then Do Wealthy build walls, fences, and gates around why politicians their homes?

F S P Comp Comp M o oMood d Residue

h) How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its job?

(2nd line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

How much more Must We shed before Congress does American blood its job? F S P Comp Comp M o Moodo d Residue

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Imperative Mood

The features of Imperative mood could be: Subject + Finite, Subject only,

Finite only, or it may have no Mood element.

a) Let it end now.

(106th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

Let It End Now F + P S Comp. Mood Residue

b) Thank you and good night

(100th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

Thank you and good night

F + P Comp Mood Residue

Based on the analysis, the clauses in Donlad Trump‘s political speech were mostly declarative. As stated by (Eggins, 1994:121), declarative is the kind of grammatical structure we typically use for giving information. Gerot and

Wignell (1994:41) add if a speaker gives the audience some information, he or she was inherently inviting them to receive that information. Looking at the result of analysis above where in most of clauses were declarative. It meant that the speaker, Donald Trump, was trying to give information as much as possible to the audience. Giving much information to the audience meant that he tried to make the audience receive something from him: his idea.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.3.4 Mood Element

Mood had important role in realizing interpersonal meaning because it was the point in forming the speaker‘s judgments ant attitudes. When it took on the text, it played a critical role in carrying out the interpersonal function of the clause. Thus, Mood consisted of two components which were Subject and Finite.

Subject

Subject realized the thing by reference to which the proposition could be affirmed or denied. It provided the person or thing in whom was vested the success or failure of the proposition. There were some Subjects found in data:

a) I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a

nuclear weapon.

(1st line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

b) Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie.

(19th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

c) We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp

rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy.

(36th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

d) I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to

get this done.

(63th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

The examples above were the examples of dominant Subject found in the data. it‘s clear that the most frequently subject found in table 4.1.1.1.2 was We.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Subject We here refers to the speaker of the speech that was Donald Trump and his listeners, fellow Americans. Here, Donald Trump wanted to involve his americans to everything he delivered. It gave impression that there was unity between the government of America and all of the citizens in giving response to the issues.

The government of America did not stand alone, but there were American people supporting the government. Moreover, giving the subject We means that

Obama wanted to share responsibility. The second position belongs to I. Subject I here refered to the speaker of the speech that is Barack Obama. It meant that the most responsible person for that speech was Obama himself.

Finite

Finite was defined to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that people can argue about it.

. Primary Tense

Primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of speaking

(Gerot and Wignell, 1994:27). It indicated the different times at which action took place. There were primary tense found in the data:

a) America proudly welcomes millions of lawful immigrants

(6th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

b) More Americans will die from drugs this year

(14th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c) It exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and

supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the

Taliban and Al Qaeda.

(3rd line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

d) This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or

J.C.P.O.A.

(8th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

In the example a) and c) represented present tense form which indicated that Donald Trump gave the general truth at the moment of the speaking. What

Donald Trump shared was the real condition at the time of speaking. Example b) represented the use of future tense form in the data which provided an overview of the consequences that would occur when something was done. While example d) represented past form in the data which was used by Donald Trump to reveal issues that occurred at the time before he delivered the speeches.

Residue

Residue component was the other component of the clause that was somehow less essential to the arguability of the clause than was the Mood element, but Residue component could also contain a number of functional elements: Predicators, Complements, and any number of different types of

Adjuncts.

. Predicator

Predicator was the part of the clause that told reader or listener about what was actually happening.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a) The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year.

(46th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

b) I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to

get this done.

(63th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

c) I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their voices, and

the sadness gripping their souls.

(84th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

d) The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by

plundering the wealth of its own people.

(5th line – Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

e) There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction.

(105th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

The bold words above tell us about what is (are) one(s)/something(s) doing toward one(s) or something(s). The predicator indicates what activity that occurs in a situation.

. Complement

Complement was the part of residue that answers the question ‗is/had what‘, ‗to whom‘, ‗did to whom‘, ‗did to what‘. Complement was realized by getting Subject through the process of passivizing the clause.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a) Because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our

southern border.

(2nd line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

b) Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone.

(12th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

c) The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror.

(2nd line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

d) That a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program

(18th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

. Adjunct

Adjuncts were clause elements which contribute some additional (but non- essential) information to the clause. Adjuncts didn‘t have the potential to become

Subject. Adjunct contained of conjunctive adjunct, comment adjunct and mood adjunct.

Table 4.1.2.4 Analysis of Adjunct in Donald Trump‘s Political Speeches

No Conjunctive Circumtancial Mood Adjunct Adjunct Adjunct. a) Furthermore, we have In Maryland, MS-13 We know exactly asked Congress to close gang members who what will happen. border security arrived in the United loopholes States (58th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear (38th line - Trump‘s Speech (79th line - Trump‘s Speech Deal) on Immigration and the on Immigration and the Democratic Response) Democratic Response) b) In other words, at the Three months later, on I‘d probably say the point when the United January 12th, I same thing States had maximum repeated these

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA leverage, this disastrous conditions. (96th line - Trump‘s deal gave this regime — Speech on the Iran Nuclear (47th line - Trump‘s Speech Deal) (13th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal) on the Iran Nuclear Deal) c) And it‘s a regime of In the last two years, great terror — many ICE officers made billions of dollars, some 266,000 arrests of of it in actual cash — a aliens with criminal great embarrassment to records me as a citizen and to all citizens of the (16th line - Trump‘s Speech United States. on Immigration and the Democratic Response) (14th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal) d) But it wasn‘t

(16th line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

In the table Table 4.1.2.4 for analyzing the adjunct in donald trump‘s political speech above, it could be seen that circumstantial adjuncts answered the questions ‗how‘, ‗when‘, ‗where‘, ‗by whom‘. The examples of Circumstantial

Adjuncts found in Donald Trump‘s speech were presented in the table. The

Circumstantial Adjunct in the example b) Three months later, on January 12th and c) In the last two years answered the question about when something will happen, while both the Circumstantial Adjuncts in the example a) in the United

States answered the questions about where.

The Circumstantial Adjunct in many different ways indicated how something happens. Then, conjunctive adjuncts included the items such as ‗for instance‘, ‗anyway‘, ‗moreover‘, ‗meanwhile‘, ‗therefore‘, ‗nevertheless‘. These

Conjunctive Adjuncts had a textual function and so fall outside of analysis of

Mood.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Then, the comment adjunct was realized by expressing the Donald

Trump‘s comment on what he was saying. The examples of comment adjunct such as ‗frankly‘, ‗apparently‘, ‗hopefully‘, ‗broadly speaking‘, ‗understandably‘,

‗to my surprise‘. Unfortunately. In this research, there was no Comment Adjunct found in this data. After that, the mood adjuncts was realized by relating specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation, inclination or time. Both exactly and probably were adjuncts of polarity and modality. The adjunct exactly expressed obligation, while probably expresses probability.

From the finding above, it could be seen that the occurances of statement

(98.55%) were predominant in the data to provide the information about the issues without hesitation to the audience and give speeches to express their opinions, or provide an overview of something. While, the occurances of question (0.97%) contained in the data are interrogative sentences used to interact with the audience. Then, the occurances of command (0.48%) in this data intends to invite the audience together to have the same thoughts as the speaker, namely Donald

Trump.

4.2 Discussion

This section interpreted and discussed the research findings which were served in finding by discussing it based on the research questions. The first research question explored mood types in Donald Trump‘s political speeches. The findings of the analysis on the mood types of Donald Trump‘s political speeches

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA indicated that the dominant mood type among the speeches was the declarative one. The declarative mood dominated with 204 occurrences, or 97.14%.

The frequent employment of the declarative mood reflected in the speeches corresponds with the findings of on public speeches. It was in line with the previous study. The previous study showed that they employed mostly the declarative mood in the data. In conclusion, the studies show that public speeches frequently used the declarative mood; therefore, the domination of the declarative mood in Donald Trump‘s political speeches was appropriate.

It was same with the previous study Martanto (2014); Nur (2015);

Firmansah (2015); Susanto and Watik (2017); and Yuliana and Imperani (2017) which had statement as the highest rank for the research. then, it was also showed that the declarative mood was the most dominant in the research. the previous study helped the researcher to develope the idea of how the mood structures were realized in the speech function of Donald Trump‘s political speeches.

The frequent use of the declarative mood was to convey information to the listeners. A large number of the declarative mood employments in Donald

Trump‘s political speeches showed Donald Trump‘s effort to show his competence in delivering speeches especially in giving information about who he is, what issues he delivered, what his value was, what his vision and mission were, and what his policies would be in the speeches. Then, the characteristics of statement on the Speech Function in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal involved more features than immigration and the democratic response. This could be seen from the analysis in both data because the issue of iran nuclear deal

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA had caused many reactions and actions that have taken place in the people of the

United States. This comparison was not to see which Donald Trump's speech was good and not, but to see the Speech Function that occured in the data. Thus, this did not change the use of mood elements in the data at all because the way to realize comparisons in both data occured in the same way. The mood element consists of Subject which was followed by Finite which was a typical arrangement of declarative mood.

 I swore to protect our country

(96th line - Trump‘s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response)

I Swore to protect our country S F Comp Mood Residue

 My fellow Americans, today, I want to update the world on our efforts to

prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon.

(1st line - Trump‘s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal)

My fellow today I want to update the world on our efforts to Americans prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. Comp Cir. A S F Comp Mood Residue

As can be seen from the data above, the mood element consisted of

Subject which was followed by Finite which is a typical arrangement of declarative mood. The data above used the declarative mood to show Donald

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Tump‘s effort in giving information. In 96th line of Trump‘s speech on immigration and the democratic response, Donald Trump gave information about his vision and mission to protect the country, America. In 1st line of Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal, Donald Trump gave information about who he was and his current position in a country. Besides giving information about who he was, Donald Trump also used the declarative mood to show his competence in giving information.

The use of the declarative mood to inform the listeners about Donald

Trump‘s values as what was stated previously was regarded as his efforts to convince other people that he was strong leader and he had qualities that made them fit into the position to be the leader of the country. Another purpose of employing the declarative mood in Donald Trump‘s political speeches was to show his competence in stating his visions and missions. By employing the declarative mood, Donald Trump told the listeners about where he was going to bring the country in overcoming the problem. By doing this, Donald Trump could show the listeners that he was a visionary leader. He wanted to show that he had the competencies to make the listeners believe that he deserved to be chosen.

Another aim of using the declarative mood in the speeches was to show his competence in explaining what his policies would be.

All of those data employed the declarative mood through the use of

Subject^Finite arrangement on the mood elements. The declarative mood in those three data was employed to show Donald Trump‘s ability in explaining what policies that he had in his mind. Besides finding the declarative mood, this study also found that Donald Trump also employed the imperative mood in his speeches

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with 4 occurrences, or 1.91 %. The use of the imperative mood in Donald

Trump‘s political speeches also corresponded with some previous studies.

Imperative mood was a good means for persuasion to make the listeners take further action.

The data showed that Donald Trump used the imperative mood to make the listeners do something for the country through either positive polarity. Besides that, the use of the imperative mood also showed Donald Trump‘s effort to invite the listeners to take parts in in responding to issues that happen. It was interesting to note that among the data, there was only two occurances which showed the interrogative mood. The use of the interrogative mood in public speeches was not prominent. The interrogative mood in public speeches was to inform the listeners about how to act, not to seek an answer from the listeners.

Then, in person system, it identified in the data, there was 62.86% of them are in the form of the first person system. This meant that the first person system dominated all of the person systems occurring in the data. It was followed by the third person systems with 39.28%, while the second person system has the fewest percentage of occurrences among all person systems with 2.86%. The earlier studies indicated that the first person system was frequently employed in the data.

It argued that the first person system could create friendly atmosphere and shorten the distance between Donald Trump and his listeners.

This applied especially to the inclusive pronoun ―we‖. Pronoun ―we‖ could be used as a solidarity strategy intended to involve the reader and build a working relationship. Indeed, the use of ―we‖ in the data reflected Donald Trump‘s efforts

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to make his relationships towards his listeners closer and to involve the listeners to bring the actions that he was going to do. The data also used the Subject^Finite arrangement of the mood elements.

The use of ―we‖ also showed Donald Trump‘s intention to share responsibilities with his listeners. Donald Trump wanted to show that the responsibilities on managing a country was not only on the leader himself, but also on the listeners, as the citizens. Furthermore, the use of ―we‖ also showed

Donald Trump‘s humble attitude. However, the use of ―we‖ in Donald Trump‘s political speeches was same with the use of pronoun ―I‖. In fact, the use of pronoun ―I‖ was equal to pronoun ―we‖.

The use of ―I‖ implied some consequences. The use of ―I‖ in Donald

Trump‘s political speeches reflected Donald Trump‘s efforts to show the responsibilities he took towards what he said. The use of pronoun ―I‖ in the data implied that he was ready to take the responsibilities for being a leader in a country. Furthermore, the use of ―I‖ in Donald Trump‘s political speeches also told the listeners about Donald Trump‘s qualities in order to convince the listeners to believe that he deserved to be the leader of America.

Besides the first person system, the third person system also gave a close atmosphere between Donald Trump and his audience. By using the third person system, Donald Trump tried to invite the audience to have the same perception with his point of view. However, the use of the third person system was not significant. There are only 12 occurrences, or 20.69%.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In terms of the use of the second person system, this study found that the use of the second person system was on the third rank among the person systems.

The use of the second person system in Donald Trump‘s political speeches with only 2 occurrences or 1.72% showed that Donald Trump realized that he should not make the distance between them and the audience too far by using pronoun

―you‖. It seemed that Donald Trump‘s did not too much show his authoritativeness. Yet, the use of ―you‖ in Donald Trump‘s speeches showed his humble and sincere attitudes in expressing his hopes towards the audience.

Although the use of pronoun ―you‖ that reflected his authority appears, it was still acceptable since an orator at some points needs to show his authority towards the audiences in order to convince them.

Then, The modal adjuncts and the Finites of each data were explored and classified into three categories: high, median, and low modality. Based on the data, there were 39 modality identified. Based on the research finding, this study found that most Donald Trump employed the medium modality in his speeches with 27 occurrences or 69.23%. In the second rank was the low modality with 9 occurrences or 23.08% % and in the last rank was the high modality with 2 occurrences or 7.69%. The use of the medium modality lead the audiences to agree with the speaker. The use of medium modality in the speeches, especially the use of ―will‖, ―would‖, and ―should‖. Those finites were employed for the reasons to remove any probability that the audience will do, to impose the obligation that they must do, and to take for granted the ability of the population to do so. In conclusion, the use of the medium modality gave a fairly strong emphazed on what Donald Trump said to lead the listeners to agree with him.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Based on the data, Donald Trump also used the low modality in his speeches more than Donald Trump did the high modality to to open the possibility for other people to doubt the speaker‘s proposition. In the data, it was also found that Donald Trump used very few high modality. The use of the high modality with only 2 occurrences or 7.69% to show Donald Trump‘s strong determination to achieve his goals. Donald Trump‘s strong determination to achieve his goals was also reflected in Donald Trump‘s speeches.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The conclusions were drawn based on the findings which answer the research questions as follows:

1) The speech function used by Donald Trump were Statement, Question and

Command. It means that all speech function was found in the data. The

dominant type of speech function employed in Donald Trump‘s political

speeches was the Statement with 201 out of 201 occurrences (98.55%) in

the data, followed by Question with 2 occurrences (0.97%) while

Command with 1 occurrence (0.48%) was the least type found in the data.

By this, Donald Trump tried to give more information about the issue.

While, the question was used to ask all Americans interact with him by

giving some question in his speech. Then the command was used to invite

all Americans to do something together.

2) The differences found in the two speeches were seen from the

characteristics of statement on the Speech Function which was involved in

shaping the meaning in Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal

and immigration and the democratic response, where the characteristics of

statement on Donald Trump‘s speech on the iran nuclear deal involved

more types of statement than immigration and the democratic response

because the issue of iran nuclear deal had caused many reactions and

actions that have taken place in the people of the United States.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3) The Mood structure in the data was to realize the speech function through

subject and finite. Most of the person system found in the was the first

person system (77.59%) with the high frequency of the use of the first

person system ―I‖ and ―we‖ to shorten the distance between Donald

Trump as the speaker and the audiences. In shortening the distance

between Donald Trump and the audiences, it was also used the third and

second person system although the occurrences are very low.

5.2 Suggestion

There were some suggestions drawn from the findings of this study that it was suggested to the students to learn the interpersonal meanings realized in public figures‘ speeches in order to be able to make appropriate speeches in terms of interpersonal meanings. Considering that this study only focused on mood types, the person systems, and modality of the students‘ speeches, it was recommended that the next researchers also to conduct studies analyzing the leaders‘ speeches based on other focuses of interpersonal metafunction such as the modal responsibilities and the modal evaluations.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Anugratamur, SPD. (2013). Speech Function in The Comic Entitled „Detective Conan‟. (Thesis). Semarang. Udinus Araghi, S. M & Sayegh, K. (2011). Interpersonal Metafunction of Gender Talk in ELT Classrooms. Conaplin Journal: Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 1(2), 25-32. Retrieved from: http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/5305159/papaer8.pdf Anderson, J. (2011). How to write A (Good) Political Speech. Retrieved from: http://theaccidentalcommunicator.com/create/how-to-write-a-good-political- speech.Accessed on November,21st,2015. Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Inc Bilal, H.A. (2012). Analysis of Thank You M‟am:Halliday‟s Metafunction.Journal of Academic Research International, Vol.2, no.1. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1275719/ANALYSIS-OF-THANK-YOU-M- AM-HALLIDAY-S-METAFUNCTIONS. Bogdan, R, and Biklen, S.K.(1992). Qualitative Research for Education.Boston:Allyn and Bacon Butt, et.al.(1995). Using Functional Grammar: An Explorer‘s Guided.Sydney:Macquarie University Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Denzin, N.K.& Lincoln, Y.S.(1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousands Oaks:Sage Publication Eggins,S.(1994) .An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London:Covent Garden Eggins, S.(2004).An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London:Continuum. Ezeifeka,Chinwe R.(2014).Critical Discourse Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning of Power Relations in Selected Inaugural Political Speeches in Nigeria. Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities Vol.14. Retrieved from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ujah/article/view/101194 Firmansah, A. (2015). Interpersonal Meaning in Netanyahu‟s Speech. Journal of English Education. 4(1), 103-110 Gregory, H.(1990). Public Speaking for College and Career (2nd edition). New York:R.R.Donelly and Sons.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Halliday,M.A.K.(1985).An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Arnold Halliday,M.A.K.(1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Oxford University Press Halliday, M.A.K.(2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Oxford University Press. Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Lincoln,S.Y & Guba,G.E.(1985). Naturalistic Inquiry.Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications Martin,J.R.(1992). English Text: System and Structure.USA : John Benjamins Publishing Company Matanto, C. (2014). The Speech Functions Analysis in Utterances Used by Alex Hitches and Sara Mendes in “Hitch” Movie. Dian Nuswantoro University Semarang (Published Thesis) Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M & Saldana,J.(2014).Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook,Edition 3. California:Sage Publication Morgan,N.(2011) How to Write A Great Speech:5 Secret for Success. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorgan/2011/01/19/how- to-write-a-great-speech-5-secrets-for-success/#480ad0a16bfd. Accessed on December,10th,2015. Mulyana,Y.G.H.(1995). A practical Guide for Public Speaking. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc. Otten, S.(2010). Discourse Analysis and Functional Grammar in the Classroom: the Summary of a Mini-Reading Course. Retrieved from Michigan State University, https://www.msu.edu/~ottensam/954ottenMiniReading.pdf Nur, S. 2015. Analysis of Interpersonal Metafunction in Public Speeches: A Case Study of Nelson Mandela‟s Presidential Inauguration Speech. The International Journals of Social Sciences. 30(1). pp. 52 – 63. Saragih, A.(2004). Introducing Systemic Functional Grammar. (Unpublished lecturer handout). Medan: Pasca Sarjana UNIMED. Shayegh, K.(2011). Correlation between Exclamatives and Integratives in Classroom Discourse. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 1940, 33- 41. Retrieved from http://www.academians.org/images/Articles/november3.pdf Susanto, D. and Watik, S. (2017). The Interpersonal Meaning Realized in the Lyrics of Christina Perri‟s Album “Lovestrong” and the Contribution for Teaching a Modern English Grammar. DEIKSIS. 9(3). pp. 283-291. Wardhaugh, R. (1996). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Wignell, P & Linda G.(1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Gerd Stabler, AEE Publishing Ye, R.(2010). The interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Barrack Obama‟s Victory Speech. English Language Teaching, Vol. 3, No. 2. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/6258 Yuliana, D. and Imperani, E. (20170. The Realization of Interpersonal Meaning in Course Newsletters: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Perspective. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 7(1). pp. 181-188.

Electronic References https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/us/politics/trump-speech-iran-deal.html

Data retrieved on August, 4th 2018. 07.21 p.m. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/08/us/politics/trump-speech-transcript.html

Data retrieved on August, 4th 2018. 07.45 p.m.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 1 Trump‟s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal By The New York Times May 8, 2018

My fellow Americans,

Today, I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon.

The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror. It exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda.

Over the years, Iran and its proxies have bombed American Embassies and military installations, murdered hundreds of American service members, and kidnapped, imprisoned, and tortured American citizens.

The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people.

No action taken by the regime has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them.

In 2015, the previous administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding Iran‘s nuclear program. This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A.

In theory, the so-called ―Iran deal‖ was supposed to protect the United States and our allies from the lunacy of an Iranian nuclear bomb, a weapon that will only endanger the survival of the Iranian regime.

In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout.

The deal lifted crippling economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for very weak limits on the regime‘s nuclear activity — and no limits at all on its other malign behavior, including its sinister activities in Syria, Yemen, and other places all around the world.

In other words, at the point when the United States had maximum leverage, this disastrous deal gave this regime — and it‘s a regime of great terror — many billions of dollars, some of it in actual cash — a great embarrassment to me as a citizen and to all citizens of the United States.

A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time, but it wasn‘t.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program.

Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie. Last week, Israel published intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons.

The fact is, this was a horrible, one-sided deal that should have never, ever been made. It didn‘t bring calm, it didn‘t bring peace, and it never will.

In the years since the deal was reached, Iran‘s military budget has grown by almost 40 percent — while its economy is doing very badly. After the sanctions were lifted, the dictatorship used its new funds to build its nuclear-capable missiles, support terrorism, and cause havoc throughout the Middle East and beyond.

The agreement was so poorly negotiated that even if Iran fully complies, the regime can still be on the verge of a nuclear breakout in just a short period of time. The deal‘s sunset provisions are totally unacceptable.

If I allowed this deal to stand, there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs.

Making matters worse, the deal‘s inspection provisions lack adequate mechanisms to prevent, detect, and punish cheating and don‘t even have the unqualified right to inspect many important locations, including military facilities. Not only does the deal fail to halt Iran‘s nuclear ambitions, but it also fails to address the regime‘s development of ballistic missiles that could deliver nuclear warheads.

Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism.

Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October that the Iran deal must either be renegotiated or terminated.

Three months later, on January 12th, I repeated these conditions. I made clear that if the deal could not be fixed, the United States would no longer be a party to the agreement.

Over the past few months, we have engaged extensively with our allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We have also consulted with our friends from across the Middle East. We are unified in our understanding of the threat and in our conviction that Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After these consultations, it is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement. The Iran deal is defective at its core. If we do nothing, we know exactly what will happen. In just a short period of time, the world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons.

Therefore, I am announcing today that the United States will withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal.

In a few moments, I will sign a presidential memorandum to begin reinstating U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. We will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction. Any nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States.

America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail. We will not allow American cities to be threatened with destruction. And we will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth.

Today‘s action sends a critical message. The United States no longer makes empty threats. When I make promises, I keep them. In fact, at this very moment, Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. Plans are being made, relationships are building. Hopefully, a deal will happen, and with the help of China, South Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity and security can be achieved for everyone.

As we exit the Iran deal, we will be working with our allies to find a real, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Iranian nuclear threat. This will include efforts to eliminate the threat of Iran‘s ballistic missile program, to stop its terrorist activities worldwide, and to block its menacing activity across the Middle East.

In the meantime, powerful sanction also go into full effect. If the regime continues its its nuclear aspirations, it will have bigger problems than it has ever had before. Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of Iran.

The people of America stand with you.

It has now been almost 40 years since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens have sadly never known an Iran that prospered in peace with its neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world.

But the future of Iran belongs to its people. They are the rightful heirs to a rich culture and an ancient land, and they deserve a nation that does justice to their dreams, honor to their history and glory to God.

100

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Iran‘s leaders will naturally say that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. They refuse, and that‘s fine. I‘d probably say the same thing if I was in their position. But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, one that benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people.

When they do, I am ready, willing, and able. Great things can happen for Iran. And great things can happen for the peace and stability that we all want in the Middle East. There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction. Let it end now. Thank you. God bless.

101

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 2 Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response By The New York Times Jan. 8, 2019 My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to you because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border.

Every day, Customs and Border Protection agents encounter thousands of illegal immigrants trying to enter our country. We are out of space to hold them, and we have no way to promptly return them back home to their country. America proudly welcomes millions of lawful immigrants who enrich our society and contribute to our nation, but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration.

It strains public resources and drives down jobs and wages. Among those hardest hit are African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone. Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. More Americans will die from drugs this year than were killed in the entire Vietnam War.

In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. Over the years, thousands of Americans have been brutally killed by those who illegally entered our country and thousands more lives will be lost if we don‘t act right now.

This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of the soul. Last month, 20,000 migrant children were illegally brought into the United States, a dramatic increase. These children are used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs. One in three women are sexually assaulted on the dangerous trek up through Mexico. Women and children are the biggest victims, by far, of our broken system.

This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration on our southern border. This is the cycle of human suffering that I am determined to end. My administration has presented Congress with a detailed proposal to secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. It‘s a tremendous problem.

Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. These are the resources they have requested to properly perform their mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before.

102

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The proposal from homeland security includes cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy.

Our plan also contains an urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support. Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close border security loopholes so that illegal immigrant children can be safely and humanely returned back home.

Finally, as part of an overall approach to border security, law enforcement professionals have requested $5.7 billion for a physical barrier. At the request of Democrats it will be a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall. This barrier is absolutely critical to border security. It‘s also what our professionals at the border want and need. This is just common sense.

The border wall would very quickly pay for itself. The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year. Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have requested from Congress. The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the great new trade deal we have made with Mexico.

Senator Chuck Schumer, who you will be hearing from later tonight, has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the past along with many other Democrats. They changed their mind only after I was elected president.

Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools they desperately need to protect our families and our nation.

The federal government remains shut down for one reason, and one reason only, because Democrats will not fund border security. My administration is doing everything in our power to help those impacted by the situation, but the only solution is for Democrats to pass a spending bill that defends our borders and reopens the government.

This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security.

Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around their homes? They don‘t build walls because they hate the people on the outside but because they love the people on the inside. The only thing that is immoral is the politicians to do nothing and continue to allow more innocent people to be so horribly victimized.

103

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA no right to be in our country. Day after day, precious lives are cut short by those who have violated our borders.

In California, an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal history. In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged with murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. In Maryland, MS-13 gang members who arrived in the United States as unaccompanied minors were arrested and charged last year after viciously stabbing and beating a 16-year-old girl.

Over the last several years I have met with dozens of families whose loved ones were stolen by illegal immigration. I have held the hands of the weeping mothers and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their voices, and the sadness gripping their souls. How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its job?

To those who refuse to compromise in the name of border security, I would ask, imagine if it was your child, your husband, or your wife whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally broken. To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends this crisis. To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to finally, after all of these decades, secure our border.

This is a choice between right and wrong, justice and injustice. This is about whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the American citizens we serve. When I took the oath of office, I swore to protect our country and that is what I will always do so help me god.

Thank you and good night.

104

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 3 The First Speech The Text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on The Iran Nuclear Deal No Initiating of Statement Utterances Line Total 1 Information My fellow Americans, today, I 1st 48 want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon The Iranian regime is the leading 2nd state sponsor of terror It exports dangerous missiles, 3rd fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda Over the years, Iran and its 4th proxies have bombed American Embassies and military installations, murdered hundreds of American service members, and kidnapped, imprisoned, and tortured American citizens. The Iranian regime has funded its 5th long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people. No action taken by the regime 6th has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them. In 2015, the previous 7th administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding Iran‘s nuclear program. In theory, the so-called ―Iran 9th deal‖ was supposed to protect the

105

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA United States and our allies from the lunacy of an Iranian nuclear bomb, a weapon that will only endanger 10th the survival of the Iranian regime. In fact, the deal allowed Iran to 11th continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout. The deal lifted crippling 12th economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for very weak limits on the regime‘s nuclear activity — and no limits at all on its other malign behavior, including its sinister activities in Syria, Yemen, and other places all around the world. Last week, Israel published 20th intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons. In the years since the deal was 26th reached, Iran‘s military budget has grown 27th by almost 40 percent — while its economy is doing very 28th badly. After the sanctions were lifted, 29th the dictatorship used its new 30th funds to build its nuclear-capable missiles, support terrorism, and cause havoc throughout the Middle East and beyond. The agreement was so poorly 31st negotiated

106

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that even if Iran fully complies, 32nd the regime can still be on the 33rd verge of a nuclear breakout in just a short period of time. The deal‘s sunset provisions are 34th totally unacceptable. If I allowed this deal to stand, 35th there would soon be a nuclear 36th arms race in the Middle East. Everyone would want their 37th weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs. Making matters worse, the deal‘s 38th inspection provisions lack adequate mechanisms to prevent, detect, and punish cheating and don‘t even have the 39th unqualified right to inspect many important locations, including military facilities. Not only does the deal fail to halt 40th Iran‘s nuclear ambitions, but it also fails to address the 41st regime‘s development of ballistic missiles that could deliver nuclear 42nd warheads. Finally, the deal does nothing to 43rd constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism. Since the agreement, Iran‘s 44th bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. After these consultations, it is 55th clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten

107

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA structure of the current agreement. The Iran deal is defective at its 56th core. If we do nothing, 57th we know exactly what will 58th happen. In just a short period of time, the 59th world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons. As we exit the Iran deal, 77th we will be working with our 78th allies to find a real, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Iranian nuclear threat. This will include efforts to 79th eliminate the threat of Iran‘s ballistic missile program, to stop its terrorist activities worldwide, and to block its menacing activity across the Middle East. In the meantime, powerful 80th sanction also go into full effect. If the regime continues its its 81st nuclear aspirations, it will have bigger problems 82nd than it has ever had before. 83rd Iran‘s leaders will naturally say 93rd that they refuse to negotiate a 94th new deal. They refuse, and that‘s fine. 95th I‘d probably say the same thing 96th

108

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA if I was in their position. 97th 2 Clarification This agreement was known as 8th 16 the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A. The fact is, this was a horrible, 21st one-sided deal that should have never, ever been 22nd made. In light of these glaring flaws, I 45th announced last October that the Iran deal must either be 46th renegotiated or terminated. Three months later, on January 47th 12th, I repeated these conditions. I made clear that 48th if the deal could not be fixed, 49th the United States would no 50th longer be a party to the agreement. Therefore, I am announcing 60th today that the United States will 61st withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal. Today‘s action sends a critical 68th message. The United States no longer 69th makes empty threats. In fact, at this very moment, 72nd Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. Plans are being made, 73rd relationships are building. 74th

109

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3 Dissappointment In other words, at the point when 13th 5 the United States had maximum leverage, this disastrous deal gave this regime — and it‘s a regime of great terror 14th — many billions of dollars, some of it in actual cash — a great embarrassment to me as a citizen and to all citizens of the United States. A constructive deal could easily 15th have been struck at the time, but it wasn‘t. 16th But the fact is, they are going to 98th want to make a new and lasting deal, 4 Fury At the heart of the Iran deal was 17th 6 a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired 18th only a peaceful nuclear energy program. It has now been almost 40 years 86th since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens 87th have sadly never known an Iran that prospered in peace with its 88th neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world. But the future of Iran belongs to 89th its people. 5 Affirmative Today, we have definitive proof 19th 5 that this Iranian promise was a lie. When I make promises, 70th I keep them. 71st

110

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally, I want to deliver a 84th message to the long-suffering people of Iran. The people of America stand 85th with you. 6 Blame It didn‘t bring calm, 23rd 3 it didn‘t bring peace, 24th and it never will. 25th 7 Achievement Over the past few months, we 51st 4 have engaged extensively with our allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We have also consulted with our 52nd friends from across the Middle East. We are unified in our 53rd understanding of the threat and in our conviction that Iran must never acquire a 54th nuclear weapon. 8 Promise In a few moments, I will sign a 62nd 9 presidential memorandum to begin reinstating U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. We will be instituting the highest 63rd level of economic sanction. Any nation that helps Iran in its 64th quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States. America will not be held hostage 65th to nuclear blackmail. We will not allow American 66th cities to be threatened with destruction.

111

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And we will not allow a regime 67th that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth. one that benefits all of Iran and 99th the Iranian people. When they do, 100th I am ready, willing, and able. 101st 9 Hope Hopefully, a deal will happen, 75th 10 and with the help of China, South Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity and security can be achieved for 76th everyone. They are the rightful heirs to a 90th rich culture and an ancient land, and they deserve a nation 91st that does justice to their dreams, 92nd honor to their history and glory to God. Great things can happen for Iran. 102nd And great things can happen for 103rd the peace and stability that we all want in the Middle 104th East. There has been enough suffering, 105th death, and destruction. God bless you. 107th

No Initiating of Offer Utterances Line Total 1 Command Let it end now. 106th 1

112

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 4 The Second Speech The Text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

No Speech Function Utterances Line Total 1 Suggestion To those who refuse to compromise in the name 85th 6 of border security, I would ask, 87th imagine if it was your child, your husband, or 88th your wife whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally broken. 89th To every member of Congress: pass a bill that 90th ends this crisis. To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to 91st finally, after all of these decades, secure our border. 2 Dissappointment but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal 8th 1 migration 3 Hope Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in 64th 2 order to support national security. Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. 65th 4 Clarification Because there is a growing humanitarian and 2nd 15 security crisis at our southern border. This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the 22nd heart, and a crisis of the soul. These children are used as human pawns by 24th vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs. This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration 27th on our southern border. This is the cycle of human suffering 28th that I am determined to end. 29th These are the resources 33rd This barrier is absolutely critical to border 42nd security. It‘s also what our professionals at the border 43rd want and need This is just common sense. 44th This situation could be solved in a 45 minute 62nd meeting. They don‘t build walls 67th because they hate the people on the outside 68th but because they love the people on the inside. 69th The only thing that is immoral 70th is the politicians to do nothing and continue to 71st

113

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA allow more innocent people to be so horribly victimized. This is a choice between right and wrong, justice 92nd and injustice. 5 Promise When I took the oath of office, 96th 7 I swore to protect our country and 97th that is what 98th This is about 93rd whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the 94th American citizens we serve. 95th 6 Information My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to 1st you and we have no way to promptly return them 5th back home to their country America proudly welcomes millions of lawful 6th immigrants who enrich our society and contribute to our 7th nation, It strains public resources and drives down jobs 9th and wages. Among those hardest hit are African-Americans 10th and Hispanic-Americans Our southern border is a pipeline for vast 11th quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by 12th heroin alone. Ninety percent of which floods across from our 13th southern border. More Americans will die from drugs this year 14th than were killed in the entire Vietnam War. 15th In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 16th arrests of aliens with criminal records including those charged or convicted of 100,000 17th assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. Over the years, thousands of Americans have 18th been brutally killed by those who illegally entered our country 19th and thousands more lives will be lost 20th if we don‘t act right now. 21st Last month, 20,000 migrant children were 23rd illegally brought into the United States, a dramatic increase. One in three women are sexually assaulted on 25th the dangerous trek up through Mexico.

114

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Women and children are the biggest victims, by 26th far, of our broken system. My administration has presented Congress with 30th a detailed proposal to secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. It‘s a tremendous problem. 31st Our proposal was developed by law enforcement 32nd professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. they have requested to properly perform their 34th mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before. The proposal from homeland security includes 35th cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things We have requested more agents, immigration 36th judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy Our plan also contains an urgent request for 37th humanitarian assistance and medical support. Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close 38th border security loopholes so that illegal immigrant children can be safely 39th and humanely returned back home Finally, as part of an overall approach to border 40th security, law enforcement professionals have requested $5.7 billion for a physical barrier. At the request of Democrats it will be a steel 41st barrier rather than a concrete wall. The border wall would very quickly pay for 45th itself The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a 46th year. Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have 47th requested from Congress The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the 48th great new trade deal we have made with Mexico. 49th Senator Chuck Schumer, who you will be 50th hearing from later tonight, has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the 51st past along with many other Democrats. They changed their mind only 52nd after I was elected president. 53rd Democrats in Congress have refused to 54th

115

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA acknowledge the crisis and they have refused to provide our brave 55th border agents with the tools they desperately need to protect our families and 56th our nation The federal government remains shut down for 57th one reason, and one reason only, because Democrats will not fund border security. 58th My administration is doing everything in our 59th power to help those impacted by the situation, but the only solution is for Democrats to pass a 60th spending bill that defends our borders and reopens the 61st government. I have invited congressional leadership to the 63rd White House tomorrow to get this done. In Maryland, MS-13 gang members who arrived 79th in the United States as unaccompanied minors were arrested and 81st charged last year after viciously stabbing and beating a 16-year-old girl. Over the last several years I have met with 82nd dozens of families whose loved ones were stolen by illegal 83rd immigration. 7 Fury America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas 72nd 10 when a young police officer in California was 3rd savagely murdered in cold blood by an illegal alien, just came across the border. The life of an American hero was stolen by 74th someone who had no right to be in our country. 75th Day after day, precious lives are cut short by 76th those who have violated our borders. 77th In California, an air force veteran was raped, 78th murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal history. In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged 79th with murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. I have held the hands of the weeping mothers 84rd and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the 86th tremble in their voices, and the sadness gripping their souls.

116

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Appendix 5 The Text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on The Iran Nuclear Deal

1) My fellow Americans, today, I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon My fellow today I want to update the world on our efforts to Americans, prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon Vocative Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

2) The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror S F Compliment Mood Residue

3) It exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda It exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda S F Compliment

Mood Residue

4) Over the years, Iran and its proxies have bombed American Embassies and military installations, murdered hundreds of American service members, and kidnapped, imprisoned, and tortured American citizens.

117

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA My fellow today I want to update the world on our efforts to Americans, prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon Adj Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

5) The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people. The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people S F P Compliment Mood Residue

6) No action taken by the regime has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them. No action taken has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear by the regime weapons — and the means of delivering them S F P Compliment Mood Residue

7) In 2015, the previous administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding Iran‘s nuclear program. In 2015, the previous joined with other nations in a deal regarding administration Iran‘s nuclear program. Circ S F Compliment Mood Residue

8) This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A.

118

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

9) In theory, the so-called ―Iran deal‖ was supposed to protect the United States and our allies from the lunacy of an Iranian nuclear bomb, In theory, the so-called was supposed to protect the United States and ―Iran deal‖ our allies from the lunacy of an Iranian nuclear bomb, Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

10) a weapon that will only endanger the survival of the Iranian regime. a weapon that will only endanger the survival of the Iranian regime. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

11) In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout Circ S F Compliment Mood Residue

12) The deal lifted crippling economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for very weak limits on the regime‘s nuclear activity — and no limits at all on its other malign behavior, including its sinister activities in Syria, Yemen, and other places all around the world. The deal lifted crippling economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for very

119

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA weak limits on the regime‘s nuclear activity — and no limits at all on its other malign behavior, including its sinister activities in Syria, Yemen, and other places all around the world. S F Compliment Mood Residue

13) In other words, at the point when the United States had maximum leverage, this disastrous deal gave this regime — In other words, at the when the United had maximum leverage, this point States disastrous deal gave this regime — Circ Circ S F Compliment Mood Residue

14) and it‘s a regime of great terror — many billions of dollars, some of it in actual cash — a great embarrassment to me as a citizen and to all citizens of the United States. and it is a regime of great terror — many billions of dollars, some of it in actual cash — a great embarrassment to me as a citizen and to all citizens of the United States. S F Compliment Mood Residue

15) A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time, A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time S F P Compliment Mood Residue

16) but it wasn‘t. but it wasn‘t

120

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F Residue Mood

17) At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction:

S F Compliment Mood Residue

18) that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program That a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

19) Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie. Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie. Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

20) Last week, Israel published intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons. Last week, Israel published intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons. Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

121

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 21) The fact is, this was a horrible, one-sided deal The fact is, This was a horrible, one-sided deal Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

22) that should have never, ever been made. That should have never, ever been made. S F P Mood Residue

23) It didn‘t bring calm, It didn‘t bring calm, S F P Compliment Mood Residue

24) it didn‘t bring peace, It didn‘t bring peace, S F P Compliment Mood Residue

25) and it never will. And it never will. Adj S F Residue Mood

26) In the years since the deal was reached, In the years since the deal was reached, Circ S F P

122

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

27) Iran‘s military budget has grown by almost 40 percent — Iran‘s military budget has grown by almost 40 percent — S F P Compliment Mood Residue

28) while its economy is doing very badly. while its economy is doing very badly. Adj S F P Circ Mood Residue

29) After the sanctions were lifted, After the sanctions were lifted, Adj S F P Mood Residue

30) the dictatorship used its new funds to build its nuclear-capable missiles, support terrorism, and cause havoc throughout the Middle East and beyond. the dictatorship used its new funds to build its nuclear-capable missiles, support terrorism, and cause havoc throughout the Middle East and beyond. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

31) The agreement was so poorly negotiated

123

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The agreement was so poorly negotiated S F Circ P Mood Residue

32) that even if Iran fully complies, that even if Iran complies, fully Adj S F + P Circ Mood Residue

33) the regime can still be on the verge of a nuclear breakout in just a short period of time. the regime can still be on the verge of a nuclear breakout in just a short period of time. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

34) The deal‘s sunset provisions are totally unacceptable. The deal‘s sunset provisions are totally unacceptable S F Circ P Mood Residue

35) If I allowed this deal to stand, If I allowed this deal to stand, Adj S F + P Complimnet Mood Residue

36) there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the Middle East.

124

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

37) Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs. Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

38) Making matters worse, the deal‘s inspection provisions lack adequate mechanisms to prevent, detect, and punish cheating Making matters the deal‘s lack adequate mechanisms to prevent, worse, inspection detect, and punish cheating provisions Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

39) and don‘t even have the unqualified right to inspect many important locations, including military facilities. And don‘t even have the unqualified right to inspect many important locations, including military facilities. Adj F P Compliment Mood Residue

40) Not only does the deal fail to halt Iran‘s nuclear ambitions, Not only does the deal fail to halt Iran‘s nuclear ambitions, S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

125

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

41) but it also fails to address the regime‘s development of ballistic missiles But it also fails to address the regime‘s development of ballistic missiles Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

42) that could deliver nuclear warheads. that could deliver nuclear warheads S F P Compliment Mood Residue

43) Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism. Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism. Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

44) Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. Since the Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. agreement, Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

45) In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October

126

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Adj S F + P Circ Mood Residue

46) that the Iran deal must either be renegotiated or terminated. that the Iran must either be renegotiated or terminated. deal S F P Mood Residue

47) Three months later, on January 12th, I repeated these conditions. Three months later, on January 12th, I repeated these conditions. Circ Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

48) I made clear that I made clear that S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

49) if the deal could not be fixed, If the deal could not be fixed, Adj S F P Mood

50) the United States would no longer be a party to the agreement the United States would no longer be a party to the agreement

127

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F P Compliment Mood Residue

51) Over the past few months, we have engaged extensively with our allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Over the past we have engaged extensively with our allies and few months, partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

52) We have also consulted with our friends from across the Middle East. We have also consulted with our friends from across the Middle East. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

53) We are unified in our understanding of the threat and in our conviction

We Are unified in our understanding of the threat and in our conviction S F P Compliment Mood Residue

54) that Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon. That Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

128

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 55) After these consultations, it is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement. After these it Is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian consultations, nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement. Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

56) The Iran deal is defective at its core. The Iran deal is defective at its core. S F Compliment Mood Residue

57) If we do nothing, If we do nothing, Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

58) we know exactly what will happen. we know exactly what will happen. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

59) In just a short period of time, the world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons. In just a short the world‘s leading will be on the cusp of acquiring period of state sponsor of terror the world‘s most time, dangerous weapons.

129

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

60) Therefore, I am announcing today Therefore, I am announcing today Adj S F P Circ Mood Residue

61) that the United States will withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal. that the United States will withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

62) In a few moments, I will sign a presidential memorandum to begin reinstating U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. In a few moments, I will sign a presidential memorandum to begin reinstating U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

63) We will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction. We will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

130

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 64) Any nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States. Any nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

65) America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail. America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

66) We will not allow American cities to be threatened with destruction. We will not allow American cities to be threatened with destruction. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

67) And we will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth. And We will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

68) Today‘s action sends a critical message. Today‘s action sends a critical message. S F P Mood Residue

131

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 69) The United States no longer makes empty threats. The United States no longer makes empty threats. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

70) When I make promises, When I make promises, Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

71) I keep them. I keep them. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

72) In fact, at this very moment, Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. In fact, at this very Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in moment, preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. Adj Circ S F Compliment Mood Residue

73) Plans are being made, Plans are being made, S F P Mood Residue

132

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 74) relationships are building. relationships are building S F P Mood Residue

75) Hopefully, a deal will happen, and with the help of China, South Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity Hopefully, a deal will happen and with the help of China, South Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

76) and security can be achieved for everyone. and security can be achieved for everyone. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

77) As we exit the Iran deal, As we exit the Iran deal, Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

78) we will be working with our allies to find a real, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Iranian nuclear threat. we will be working with our allies to find a real, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Iranian nuclear threat. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

133

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

79) This will include efforts to eliminate the threat of Iran‘s ballistic missile program, to stop its terrorist activities worldwide, and to block its menacing activity across the Middle East. This will include efforts to eliminate the threat of Iran‘s ballistic missile program, to stop its terrorist activities worldwide, and to block its menacing activity across the Middle East. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

80) In the meantime, powerful sanction also go into full effect. In the meantime, powerful sanction also go into full effect. Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

81) If the regime continues its its nuclear aspirations, If the regime continues its its nuclear aspirations, S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

82) it will have bigger problems it will have bigger problems S F P Compliment Mood Residue

83) than it has ever had before. than it has ever had before. S F P Circ

134

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

84) Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of Iran. Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of Iran. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

85) The people of America stand with you. The people of America stand with you. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

86) It has now been almost 40 years since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. It has now been almost 40 years since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

87) Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens have sadly never known an Iran Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens have sadly never known an Iran S F P Comp Mood Residue

88) that prospered in peace with its neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world. that prospered in peace with its neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world.

135

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

89) But the future of Iran belongs to its people. But the future of Iran belongs to its people. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

90) They are the rightful heirs to a rich culture and an ancient land, They are the rightful heirs to a rich culture and an ancient land, S F Compliment Mood Residue

91) and they deserve a nation and they deserve a nation S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

92) that does justice to their dreams, honor to their history and glory to God. that does justice to their dreams, honor to their history and glory to God S F P Compliment Mood Residue

93) Iran‘s leaders will naturally say Iran‘s leaders will naturally say S F P Mood Residue

136

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 94) that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

95) They refuse, and that‘s fine. They refuse, and that‘s fine. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

96) I‘d probably say the same thing I ‗d probably say the same thing S F P Compliment Mood Residue

97) if I was in their position. if I was in their position. S F Compliment Mood Residue

98) But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, S F P Compliment Mood Residue

99) one that benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people. one that Benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people.

137

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

100) When they do, When they do, Adj S F + P Residue Mood

101) I am ready, willing, and able. I am ready, willing, and able. S F Compliment Mood Residue

102) Great things can happen for Iran. Great things Can happen for Iran. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

103) And great things can happen for the peace and stability And great things Can happen for the peace and stability Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

104) that we all want in the Middle East. that we all want in the Middle East. Adj S F + P Compliment Mood

138

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Residue

105) There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction. There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

106) Let it end now. Let It end now. F S P Circ Mood Residue

107) Thank you. Thank You F S Mood

108) God bless you. God bless you. S F + P P Mood Residue

109) Thank you. Thank You F S Mood

139

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 6 The Text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

1) My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to you My fellow Americans tonight I ‘m speaking to you Vocative Circ S F P Compliement Mood Residue

2) because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border. because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border. Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

3) Every day, Customs and Border Protection agents encounter thousands of illegal immigrants trying to enter our country Every day, Customs and Border encounter thousands of illegal Protection agents immigrants trying to enter our country Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

4) We are out of space to hold them, We are out of space to hold them, S F Compliment

140

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

5) and we have no way to promptly return them back home to their country. and we Have no way to promptly return them back home to their country. Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

6) America proudly welcomes millions of lawful immigrants America welcomes proudly millions of lawful immigrants S F + P Circ Compliment Mood Residue

7) who enrich our society and contribute to our nation, who enrich our society and contribute to our nation, S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

8) but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration. but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

9) It strains public resources and drives down jobs and wages. It strains public resources and drives down jobs and wages. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

141

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

10) Among those hardest hit are African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Among those hardest hit are African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. S F Compliment Mood Residue

11) Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. S F Compliment Mood Residue

12) Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone. Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone. Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

13) Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

14) More Americans will die from drugs this year More Americans will die from drugs this year S F P Compliment Mood Residue

142

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 15) than were killed in the entire Vietnam War. than were killed in the entire Vietnam War. S F P Circ Mood Residue

16) the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records Circ S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

17) including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

18) Over the years, thousands of Americans have been brutally killed by those Over the thousands of have been brutally killed by those years, Americans Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

19) who illegally entered our country who entered illegally our country S F + P Circ Compliment

143

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

20) and thousands more lives will be lost and thousands more lives will be lost Adj S F P Mood Residue

21) if we don‘t act right now. if we don‘t act right now. Adj S F P Circ Mood Residue

22) This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of the soul. This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of the soul. S F Compliment Mood Residue

23) Last month, 20,000 migrant children were illegally brought into the United States, a dramatic increase. Last 20,000 were illegally brought into the United States, a month, migrant dramatic increase. children Circ S F Circ P Compliment Mood Residue

24) These children are used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs.

144

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA These children are used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

25) One in three women are sexually assaulted on the dangerous trek up through Mexico. One in three women are sexually assaulted on the dangerous trek up through Mexico. S F Circ P Compliment Mood Residue

26) Women and children are the biggest victims, by far, of our broken system. Women and children are the biggest victims, by far, of our broken system. S F Compliment Mood Residue

27) This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration on our southern border. This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration on our southern border. S F Compliment Mood Residue

28) This is the cycle of human suffering This is the cycle of human suffering S F Compliment Mood Residue

29) that I am determined to end. that I am determined to end. Adj S F P Compliment

145

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

30) My administration has presented Congress with a detailed proposal to secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. My has presented Congress with a detailed proposal to administration secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

31) It‘s a tremendous problem. It‘s ‘s a tremendous problem. S F Compliment Mood Residue

32) Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

33) These are the resources These are the resources S F Compliment Mood Residue

146

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 34) they have requested to properly perform their mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before. they have Requested to properly perform their mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

35) The proposal from homeland security includes cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. The proposal from Includes cutting edge technology for detecting homeland security drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. S F Compliment Mood Residue

36) We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy. We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

37) Our plan also contains an urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support. Our plan also contains an urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support. S F Compliment Mood Residue

38) Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close border security loopholes Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close border security loopholes

147

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

39) so that illegal immigrant children can be safely and humanely returned back home. so illegal immigrant can be be safely and humanely returned that children back home.

Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

40) Finally, as part of an overall approach to border security, law enforcement professionals have requested $5.7 billion for a physical barrier. Finally, as part of law have requested $5.7 billion for a an overall enforcement physical barrier. approach professionals to border security, Adj Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

41) At the request of Democrats it will be a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall At the request of Democrats it will be a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall

Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

148

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 42) This barrier is absolutely critical to border security. This barrier is absolutely critical to border security. S F Circ Compliment Mood Residue

43) It‘s also what our professionals at the border want and need. It ‘s also what our professionals at the border want and need. S F Compliment Mood Residue

44) This is just common sense This is just common sense S F Compliment Mood Residue

45) The border wall would very quickly pay for itself. The border wall would very quickly pay for itself.

S F Compliment Mood Residue

46) The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year. The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year. S F Compliment Mood Residue

47) Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have requested from Congress. Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have requested from Congress.

149

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Adj S F P Circ Mood Residue

48) The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the great new trade deal The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the great new trade deal

S F Compliment Mood Residue

49) we have made with Mexico. we have made with Mexico S F P Compliment Mood Residue

50) who you , who you be hearing from later tonight, who you be hearing who you be hearing from later tonight, S F + P Compliment

Mood Residue

51) Senator Chuck Schumer has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the past along with many other Democrats. Senator Chuck has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the Schumer past along with many other Democrats. S F Circ P Compliment Mood Residue

52) They changed their mind only

150

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA They changed their mind only S F + P Compliment

Mood Residue

53) after I was elected president. after I was elected president Circ S F P Compliment

Mood Residue

54) Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis S F P Compliment

Mood Residue

55) and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

56) they desperately need to protect our families and our nation they need desperately to protect our families and our nation

S F + P Circ Compliment Mood Residue

151

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 57) The federal government remains shut down for one reason, and one reason only, The federal remains shut down for one reason, and one government reason only, S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

58) because Democrats will not fund border security. because Democrats will not fund border security Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

59) My administration is doing everything in our power to help those impacted by the situation, My is doing everything in our power to help those impacted administration by the situation, S F P Compliment Mood Residue

60) but the only solution is for Democrats to pass a spending bill but the only is for Democrats to pass a spending solution bill Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

61) that defends our borders and reopens the government. that defends our borders and reopens the government.

S F Compliment

152

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

62) This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. S F P Circ Mood Residue

63) I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. S F P Circ Mood Residue

64) Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security. Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security. Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

65) Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. S F P Circ Mood Residue

66) Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around their homes? Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around their homes?

153

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

67) They don‘t build walls They don‘t build Walls S F P Compliment Mood Residue 68) because they hate the people on the outside because they hate the people on the outside Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

69) but because they love the people on the inside. but because they love the people on the inside. Adj S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

70) The only thing that is immoral The only thing that is Immoral is the politicians to do nothing and continue to allow more innocent people to be so horribly victimized. S F Compliment Mood Residue

71) America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas

154

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

72) when a young police officer in California was savagely murdered in cold blood by an illegal alien, just came across the border. when a young police was murdered in cold blood by an illegal officer in California alien, just came across the border. Adj S F P Compliment Mood Residue

73) The life of an American hero was stolen by someone The life of an American hero was stolen by someone S F P Compliment Mood Residue

74) who had no right to be in our country. Who had no stolen to be in our country. S F + P P Compliment Mood Residue

75) who have violated our borders. who have violated our borders. S F P Compliment Mood Residue

76) In California, an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal history. In California, an air force was Raped and to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long

155

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA veteran beaten criminal history. Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

77) In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged with murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. In Georgia, an illegal was recently with murder for killing, alien charged beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. Circ S F P Compliment Mood Residue

78) In Maryland, MS-13 gang members who arrived in the United State In Maryland, MS-13 gang arrived in the United members who State Circ S F Circ Mood Residue

79) as unaccompanied minors were arrested and charged last year after viciously stabbing and beating a 16-year-old girl. as were arrested and last year after unaccompanied charged viciously stabbing minors and beating a 16- year-old girl. S F P Circ Mood Residue

80) Over the last several years I have met with dozens of families

156

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Over the last several I have met with dozens of years families Circ S F Circ Mood Residue

81) whose loved ones were stolen by illegal immigration. whose loved ones were stolen by illegal immigration. S F P Circ Mood Residue

82) I have held the hands of the weeping mothers and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. I have held the hands of the weeping mothers and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. S F P Circ Mood Residue

83) I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their voices, and the sadness gripping their souls. I will never the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their forget voices, and the sadness gripping their souls. S F P Circ Mood Residue

84) How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its job? How much more must we shed before Congress does its American blood job? Adj F S P Compliment

157

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood

85) To those who refuse to compromise in the name of border security, To those who Refuse to compromise in the name of border security, S F + P Circ Mood Residue

86) I would ask, I would ask, S F P Mood Residue

87) imagine if it was your child, your husband, or your wife imagine if it was your child, your husband, or your wife

Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

88) whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally broken. whose life was shattered and broken. cruelly totally S F P Circ Mood Residue

89) To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends this crisis. To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends this crisis.

S F + P Compliment

158

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mood Residue

90) To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to finally, after all of these decades, secure our border. To every citizen call Congress, and tell a bill that ends this crisis.

S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

91) This is a choice between right and wrong, justice and injustice. This is a choice between right and wrong, justice and injustice. S F + P Compliment Mood Residue 92) This is about This is About S F Compliment Mood Residue

93) whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the American citizens whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the American citizens Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

94) we serve. we serve S F + P Mood

95) When I took the oath of office,

159

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When I took the oath of office, Adj S F Compliment Mood Residue

96) I swore to protect our country and I swore to protect our country and S F + P Compliment Mood Residue

97) that is what that is What S F Adj Mood Residue

98) I will always do so help me god. I will do always so help me god. S F P Circ Compliment Mood Residue

99) Thank you and good night. Thank you and good night. F + P Compliment Mood Residue

160

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 7

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal

Declarative – Statement Interrogative – Question Imperrative – Command

My fellow Americans, today, I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon 1

The Iranian regime is the leading state sponsor of terror 2

It exports dangerous missiles, fuels conflicts across the Middle East, and supports terrorist proxies and militias such as Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban and Al Qaeda

The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people. 5

No action taken by the regime has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them. 6

In 2015, the previous administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding Iran‘s nuclear program. 7

This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A. 8

161

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In theory, the so-called ―Iran deal‖ was supposed to protect the United States and our allies from the lunacy of an Iranian nuclear bomb, 9

a weapon that will only endanger the survival of the Iranian regime. 10

In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout. 11

In other words, at the point when the United States had maximum leverage, this disastrous deal gave this regime — 13

and it‘s a regime of great terror — many billions of dollars, some of it in actual cash — a great embarrassment to me as a citizen and to all citizens of the United States.

A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time, 15

but it wasn‘t. 16

At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: 17

that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program. 18

162

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie. 19

Last week, Israel published intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons. 20

The fact is, this was a horrible, one-sided deal 21

that should have never, ever been made. 22

It didn‘t bring calm, 23

it didn‘t bring peace, 24

and it never will. 25

In the years since the deal was reached, 26

Iran‘s military budget has grown by almost 40 percent — 27

while its economy is doing very badly. 28

After the sanctions were lifted, 29

the dictatorship used its new funds to build its nuclear-capable missiles, support terrorism, and cause havoc throughout the Middle East and beyond. 30

163

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The agreement was so poorly negotiated 31 that even if Iran fully complies, 32

the regime can still be on the verge of a nuclear breakout in just a short period of time. 33

The deal‘s sunset provisions are totally unacceptable. 34

If I allowed this deal to stand, 35

there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. 36

Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs. 37

Making matters worse, the deal‘s inspection provisions lack adequate mechanisms to prevent, detect, and punish cheating 38

and don‘t even have the unqualified right to inspect many important locations, including military facilities. 39

Not only does the deal fail to halt Iran‘s nuclear ambitions, 40

but it also fails to address the regime‘s development of ballistic missiles 41

that could deliver nuclear warheads. 42

164

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism. 43

Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. 44

In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October 45

that the Iran deal must either be renegotiated or terminated. 46

Three months later, on January 12th, I repeated these conditions. 47

I made clear that 48

if the deal could not be fixed, 49

the United States would no longer be a party to the agreement. 50

Over the past few months, we have engaged extensively with our allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. 51

We have also consulted with our friends from across the Middle East. 52

We are unified in our understanding of the threat and in our conviction 53

that Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon. 54

165

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After these consultations, it is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement. 55

The Iran deal is defective at its core. 56

If we do nothing, 57

we know exactly what will happen. 58

In just a short period of time, the world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons. 59

Therefore, I am announcing today 60

that the United States will withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal. 61

In a few moments, I will sign a presidential memorandum to begin reinstating U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. 62

We will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction. 63

Any nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States. 64

America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail. 65

166

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA We will not allow American cities to be threatened with destruction. 66

And we will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on Earth. 67

Today‘s action sends a critical message. 68

The United States no longer makes empty threats. 69

When I make promises, 70

I keep them. 71

In fact, at this very moment, Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. 72

Plans are being made, 73

relationships are building. 74

Hopefully, a deal will happen, and with the help of China, South Korea, and Japan, a future of great prosperity 75

and security can be achieved for everyone. 76

167

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As we exit the Iran deal, 77

we will be working with our allies to find a real, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Iranian nuclear threat. 78

This will include efforts to eliminate the threat of Iran‘s ballistic missile program, to stop its terrorist activities worldwide, and to block its menacing activity across the Middle East. 79

In the meantime, powerful sanction also go into full effect. 80

If the regime continues its its nuclear aspirations, 81

it will have bigger problems 82

than it has ever had before. 83

Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of Iran. 84

The people of America stand with you. 85

It has now been almost 40 years since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. 86

Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens have sadly never known an Iran 87

that prospered in peace with its neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world. 88

168

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

But the future of Iran belongs to its people. 89

They are the rightful heirs to a rich culture and an ancient land, 90

and they deserve a nation 91

that does justice to their dreams, honor to their history and glory to God. 92

Iran‘s leaders will naturally say 93

that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. 94

They refuse, and that‘s fine. 95

I‘d probably say the same thing 96

if I was in their position. 97

But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, 98

one that benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people. 99

When they do, 100

169

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

I am ready, willing, and able. 101

Great things can happen for Iran. 102

And great things can happen for the peace and stability 103

that we all want in the Middle East. 104

There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction. 105

Let it end now. 1

Thank you. 2

God bless you. 106

Thank you. 3

170

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 8

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response Declarative – Statement Interrogative – Question Imperrative – Command

My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to you 1 because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border. 2

Every day, Customs and Border Protection agents encounter thousands of illegal immigrants trying to enter our country. 3

We are out of space to hold them, 4

and we have no way to promptly return them back home to their country. 5

America proudly welcomes millions of lawful immigrants 6

who enrich our society and contribute to our nation, 7

but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration. 8

It strains public resources and drives down jobs and wages. 9

Among those hardest hit are African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. 10

171

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. 11

Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed by heroin alone. 12

Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. 13

More Americans will die from drugs this year 14

than were killed in the entire Vietnam War. 15

In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records 16

including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. 17

Over the years, thousands of Americans have been brutally killed by those 18

who illegally entered our country 19

and thousands more lives will be lost 20

if we don‘t act right now. 21

This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of the soul. 22

172

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Last month, 20,000 migrant children were illegally brought into the United States, a dramatic increase. 23

These children are used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs.

One in three women are sexually assaulted on the dangerous trek up through Mexico. 25

Women and children are the biggest victims, by far, of our broken system. 26

This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration on our southern border. 27

This is the cycle of human suffering 28

that I am determined to end. 29

My administration has presented Congress with a detailed proposal to secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. 30

It‘s a tremendous problem. 31

Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. 32

These are the resources 33

173

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA they have requested to properly perform their mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before. 34

The proposal from homeland security includes cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. 35

We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy. 36

Our plan also contains an urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support. 37

Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close border security loopholes 38

so that illegal immigrant children can be safely and humanely returned back home.

Finally, as part of an overall approach to border security, law enforcement professionals have requested $5.7 billion for a physical barrier. 40

At the request of Democrats it will be a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall.

This barrier is absolutely critical to border security. 42

It‘s also what our professionals at the border want and need. 43

174

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

This is just common sense. 44

The border wall would very quickly pay for itself. 45

The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year. 46

Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have requested from Congress. 47

The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the great new trade deal 48

we have made with Mexico. 49

Senator Chuck Schumer, who you will be hearing from later tonight, 50

has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the past along with many other Democrats. 51

They changed their mind only 52

after I was elected president. 53

Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis 54

and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools 55

175

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA they desperately need to protect our families and our nation. 56

The federal government remains shut down for one reason, and one reason only,

because Democrats will not fund border security. 58

My administration is doing everything in our power to help those impacted by the situation, 59

but the only solution is for Democrats to pass a spending bill 60

that defends our borders and reopens the government. 61

This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. 62

I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. 63

Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security.

Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. 65

Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around their homes?

176

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

They don‘t build walls 66

because they hate the people on the outside 67

but because they love the people on the inside. 68

The only thing that is immoral 69

is the politicians to do nothing and continue to allow more innocent people to be so horribly victimized. 70

America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas 71

when a young police officer in California was savagely murdered in cold blood by an illegal alien, just came across the border. 72

The life of an American hero was stolen by someone 73

who had no right to be in our country. 74

Day after day, precious lives are cut short by those 75

who have violated our borders. 76

177

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In California, an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal history. 77

In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged with murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. 78

In Maryland, MS-13 gang members who arrived in the United States 79

as unaccompanied minors were arrested and charged last year after viciously stabbing and beating a 16-year-old girl. 80

Over the last several years I have met with dozens of families 81

whose loved ones were stolen by illegal immigration. 82

I have held the hands of the weeping mothers and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. 83

I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their voices, and the sadness gripping their souls. 84

How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its job? 2

To those who refuse to compromise in the name of border security, 85

I would ask, 86

imagine if it was your child, your husband, or your wife 87

178

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally broken. 88

To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends this crisis. 89

To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to finally, after all of these decades, secure our border. 90

This is a choice between right and wrong, justice and injustice. 91

This is about 92

whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the American citizens 93

we serve. 94

When I took the oath of office, 95

I swore to protect our country and 96

that is what 97

I will always do so help me god. 98

Thank you and good night. 1

179

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 9

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal

Subject Finite Residue Modality Circumstantial Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct Mood Adjunct

My fellow Americans,

Today, I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon.

The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people.

No action taken by the regime has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them.

In 2015, the previous administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding Iran‘s nuclear program. This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A.

In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout.

The deal lifted crippling economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for very weak limits on the regime‘s nuclear activity — and no limits at all on its other malign

180

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA behavior, including its sinister activities in Syria, Yemen, and other places all around the world.

A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time, but it wasn‘t.

At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program.

The fact is, this was a horrible, one-sided deal that should have never, ever been made. It didn‘t bring calm, it didn‘t bring peace, and it never will.

If I allowed this deal to stand, there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs.

Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism.

Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October that the Iran deal must either be renegotiated or terminated.

181

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Three months later, on January 12th, I repeated these conditions. I made clear that if the deal could not be fixed, the United States would no longer be a party to the agreement.

After these consultations, it is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement. The Iran deal is defective at its core. If we do nothing, we know exactly what will happen. In just a short period of time, the world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons.

Therefore, I am announcing today that the United States will withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal.

The people of America stand with you.

182

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It has now been almost 40 years since this dictatorship seized power and took a proud nation hostage. Most of Iran‘s 80 million citizens have sadly never known an Iran that prospered in peace with its neighbors and commanded the admiration of the world.

Iran‘s leaders will naturally say that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. They refuse, and that‘s fine. I‘d probably say the same thing if I was in their position. But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, one that benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people.

183

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 10

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

Subject Finite Residue Modality Circumstantial Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct Mood Adjunct

My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to you because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border.

Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. More Americans will die from drugs this year than were killed in the entire Vietnam War.

184

The proposal from homeland security includes cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy.

Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools they desperately need to protect our families and our nation.

185

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security.

America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas when a young police officer in California was savagely murdered in cold blood by an illegal alien, just came across the border. The life of an American hero was stolen by someone who had no right to be in our country. Day after day, precious lives are cut short by those who have violated our borders.

Thank you and good night.

186

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 11

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal

Present Tense Continuous Tense Past Tense Perfect Tense Future Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Continuous Tense Perfect Continuous

My fellow Americans,

Today, I want to update the world on our efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon.

The Iranian regime has funded its long reign of chaos and terror by plundering the wealth of its own people.

No action taken by the regime has been more dangerous than its pursuit of nuclear weapons — and the means of delivering them.

187

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In 2015, the previous administration joined with other nations in a deal regarding

Iran‘s nuclear program. This agreement was known as the Joint Comprehensive

Plan of Action, or J.C.P.O.A.

In fact, the deal allowed Iran to continue enriching uranium and — over time — reach the brink of a nuclear breakout.

A constructive deal could easily have been struck at the time, but it wasn‘t.

At the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program.

Today, we have definitive proof that this Iranian promise was a lie. Last week,

Israel published intelligence documents — long concealed by Iran — conclusively showing the Iranian regime and its history of pursuing nuclear weapons.

188

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The fact is, this was a horrible, one-sided deal that should have never, ever been made. It didn‘t bring calm, it didn‘t bring peace, and it never will.

If I allowed this deal to stand, there would soon be a nuclear arms race in the

Middle East. Everyone would want their weapons ready by the time Iran had theirs.

Finally, the deal does nothing to constrain Iran‘s destabilizing activities, including its support for terrorism.

Since the agreement, Iran‘s bloody ambitions have grown only more brazen. In light of these glaring flaws, I announced last October that the Iran deal must either be renegotiated or terminated.

189

Over the past few months, we have engaged extensively with our allies and partners around the world, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

We have also consulted with our friends from across the Middle East. We are unified in our understanding of the threat and in our conviction that Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon.

After these consultations, it is clear to me that we cannot prevent an Iranian nuclear bomb under the decaying and rotten structure of the current agreement.

The Iran deal is defective at its core. If we do nothing, we know exactly what will happen. In just a short period of time, the world‘s leading state sponsor of terror will be on the cusp of acquiring the world‘s most dangerous weapons.

Therefore, I am announcing today that the United States will withdraw from the

Iran nuclear deal.

In a few moments, I will sign a presidential memorandum to begin reinstating

U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime. We will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction. Any nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be strongly sanctioned by the United States.

America will not be held hostage to nuclear blackmail. We will not allow

American cities to be threatened with destruction. And we will not allow a regime that chants ―Death to America‖ to gain access to the most deadly weapons on

Earth.

190

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Today‘s action sends a critical message. The United States no longer makes empty threats. When I make promises, I keep them. In fact, at this very moment,

Secretary Pompeo is on his way to North Korea in preparation for my upcoming meeting with Kim Jong-un. Plans are being made, relationships are building.

Hopefully, a deal will happen, and with the help of China, South Korea, and

Japan, a future of great prosperity and security can be achieved for everyone.

East.

In the meantime, powerful sanction also go into full effect. If the regime continues its its nuclear aspirations, it will have bigger problems than it has ever had before.

Finally, I want to deliver a message to the long-suffering people of Iran.

The people of America stand with you.

191

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Iran‘s leaders will naturally say that they refuse to negotiate a new deal. They refuse, and that‘s fine. I‘d probably say the same thing if I was in their position.

But the fact is, they are going to want to make a new and lasting deal, one that benefits all of Iran and the Iranian people.

When they do, I am ready, willing, and able. Great things can happen for Iran.

And great things can happen for the peace and stability that we all want in the

Middle East. There has been enough suffering, death, and destruction. Let it end now. Thank you. God bless you. Thank you.

192

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Appendix 12

The text analyzed for Interpersonal Metafunction adapted from Halliday (1994) and (2004) Trump‟s Speech on Immigration and the Democratic Response

Present Tense Continuous Tense Past Tense Perfect Tense Future Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Continuous Tense Perfect Continuous

My fellow Americans, tonight I‘m speaking to you because there is a growing humanitarian and security crisis at our southern border. Every day, Customs and Border Protection agents encounter thousands of illegal immigrants trying to enter our country. We are out of space to hold them, and we have no way to promptly return them back home to their country. America proudly welcomes millions of lawful immigrants who enrich our society and contribute to our nation, but all Americans are hurt by uncontrolled illegal migration. It strains public resources and drives down jobs and wages. Among those hardest hit are African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Our southern border is a pipeline for vast quantities of illegal drugs including meth, heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. Every week, 300 of our citizens are killed Ninety percent of which floods across from our southern border. More Americans will die from drugs this year than were killed in the entire Vietnam War. In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. Over the years, thousands of Americans have been brutally killed by those who illegally entered our country and thousands more lives will be lost if we don‘t act right now. This is a humanitarian crisis. A crisis of the heart, and a crisis of the soul. Last month, 20,000 migrant children were illegally brought into the United States, a dramatic increase. These children are used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs. One in three women are sexually assaulted on the dangerous trek up through Mexico. Women and children are the biggest victims, by far, of our broken system.

193

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This is the tragic reality of illegal immigration on our southern border. This is the cycle of human suffering that I am determined to end. My administration has presented Congress with a detailed proposal to secure the border and stop the criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. It‘s a tremendous problem. Our proposal was developed by law enforcement professionals and border agents at the Department of Homeland Security. These are the resources they have requested to properly perform their mission and keep America safe. In fact, safer than ever before. The proposal from homeland security includes cutting edge technology for detecting drugs, weapons, illegal contraband and many other things. We have requested more agents, immigration judges to process the sharp rise of unlawful migration fueled by our very strong economy. Our plan also contains an urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support. Furthermore, we have asked Congress to close border security loopholes so that illegal immigrant children can be safely and humanely returned back home. Finally, as part of an overall approach to border security, law enforcement professionals have requested $5.7 billion for a physical barrier. At the request of Democrats it will be a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall. This barrier is absolutely critical to border security. It‘s also what our professionals at the border want and need. This is just common sense. The border wall would very quickly pay for itself. The cost of illegal drugs exceeds $500 billion a year. Vastly more than the $5.7 billion we have requested from Congress. The wall will also be paid for indirectly by the great new trade deal we have made with Mexico. Senator Chuck Schumer, who you will be hearing from later tonight, has repeatedly supported a physical barrier in the past along with many other Democrats. They changed their mind only after I was elected president. Democrats in Congress have refused to acknowledge the crisis and they have refused to provide our brave border agents with the tools they desperately need to protect our families and our nation. The federal government remains shut down for one reason, and one reason only, because Democrats will not fund border security. My administration is doing everything in our power to help those impacted by the situation, but the only solution is for Democrats to pass a spending bill that defends our borders and reopens the government. This situation could be solved in a 45 minute meeting. I have invited congressional leadership to the White House tomorrow to get this done. Hopefully we can rise above partisan politics in order to support national security.

194

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Some have suggested a barrier is immoral. Then why do wealthy politicians build walls, fences, and gates around their homes? They don‘t build walls because they hate the people on the outside but because they love the people on the inside. The only thing that is immoral is the politicians to do nothing and continue to allow more innocent people to be so horribly victimized. America‘s heart broke the day after Christmas when a young police officer in California was savagely murdered in cold blood by an illegal alien, just came across the border. The life of an American hero was stolen by someone who had no right to be in our country. Day after day, precious lives are cut short by those who have violated our borders. In California, an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien with a long criminal history. In Georgia, an illegal alien was recently charged with murder for killing, beheading, and dismembering his neighbor. In Maryland, MS-13 gang members who arrived in the United States as unaccompanied minors were arrested and charged last year after viciously stabbing and beating a 16-year-old girl. Over the last several years I have met with dozens of families whose loved ones were stolen by illegal immigration. I have held the hands of the weeping mothers and embraced the grief stricken fathers. So sad, so terrible. I will never forget the pain in their eyes, the tremble in their voices, and the sadness gripping their souls. How much more American blood must we shed before Congress does its job? To those who refuse to compromise in the name of border security, I would ask, imagine if it was your child, your husband, or your wife whose life was so cruelly shattered and totally broken. To every member of Congress: pass a bill that ends this crisis. To every citizen, call Congress, and tell them to finally, after all of these decades, secure our border. This is a choice between right and wrong, justice and injustice. This is about whether we fulfill our sacred duty to the American citizens we serve. When I took the oath of office, I swore to protect our country and that is what I will always do so help me god. Thank you and good night.

195

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA