Evoluţia Avifaunei Pe Teritoriul Romaniei (Iii)

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Evoluţia Avifaunei Pe Teritoriul Romaniei (Iii) EVOLUŢIA AVIFAUNEI PE TERITORIUL ROMANIEI (III) Filogenie şi sistematică de TIBERIU JURCSAK, EUGEN KESSLER în cadrul cercetărilor paleornitologice noile descoperiri din ultimii ani ne-au îndemnat la elaborarea unei lucrări cu caracter monografic, menite să dea o privire de ansamblu asupra dezvoltării ornitofaunei din ţara noastră. în prima parte am prezentat alături de istoricul cercetărilor, evoluţia păs.::irilor în decursul erelor geologice, din mezozoic pînă în holocen (T. J u r c s a k & E. K e s s 1 e r, 1986). Partea a doua a lucrării se referă la morfologia speciilor fosile, re­ prezentate prin 24 de specii, 4 subspecii, precum şi 7 taxoni, determinaţi pînă la gen. (T. J urc sa k & E. K e s s 1 e r, 1987). În această parte a monografiei tratăm problemele filogenetice şi sis­ tematice ale păsărilor descoperite în România. Pînă în prezent au fost identificate 195 de specii (174+21 determinate pînă la gen) şi 3 subspecii fosile, în total 194 taxoni, aparţinînd la 20 ordine, 47 familii şi 113 genuri. Paleospeciile (reprezentate numai prin forme fosile) au fost tratate în partea a II-a a lucrătii şi nu vom mai reveni la ele, dE>cît în măsura în care sînt în context cu tematica prezentei lucrări. Pentru caracterizarea fiecărui ordin, familie, gen şi specie menţio­ năm şi legăturile filogenetice cunoscute în raport cu apariţia lor, confir­ mată prin resturi fosile; răspîndirea grupului pe continente cu privire specială asupra Europei, pe teritoriul Bazinului Carpatic, respectiv spa­ ţiul Danubian-Pontic pînă în actual. În prezentarea sistematică şi· în ex­ plicaţiile filogenetice ne-am bazat pe catalogul păsărilor fosile de pe glob, elaborat de P. B rod k orb (1963-64, 1967, 1971, 1978), completat cu datele din catalogul sistematic şi geografic a lui D. Jan os s y (1980) privind avifauna fosilă din Bazinul Carpatic, în contextul descoperirilor noastre. Noua clasificare a lui P. B rod k orb reprezintă perfecţionarea clasificărilor lui K. La mb rec h t (1933), A. S. Rome r (1955) şi a lui A. W e t more (1960), cuprinzînd o serie de modificări bazate pe revizuirea critică a materialelor paleoavifaunistice cu includerea noilor descoperiri, asupra cărora nu vom insista, constituind subiectul unei lu­ crări aparte cu scop informativ, clasificările ornitologice uzuale la noi fiind depăşite (V. I o nes cu, 1968, I. Că tun ea nu et al. 1972). Dorim doar să subliniem că modificările taxonomice din prezenta lucrare nu sînt eronate ci respectă consecvent concepţia lui P. B rod k orb, urmărind înrudirile între taxoni. https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 648 Tiberiu Jurcsâk, Eugen Kessier 2 în recapitulare, împărţirea cronologică a speciilor de păsări fosile descoperite pe teritoriul României se prezintă astfel: Cretacic 4 Eocen 1 Oligocen 1 Miocen 15 Pliocen 7 Pleistocen (total 133 specii) Interglaciarul Glinz-Mindel 71 Interglaciarul Riss-Wlirm 11 Glaciarul Wlirm I-II, 62 Wlirm final (III) 46 Holocen (total 111 specii) Post-glaciar 35 Neolitic 42 Bronz 24 Hallstatt 10 Timpurile istorice pînă în subactual 61. Pentru pleistocen şi holocen numerele reprezintă speciile cunoscute în fazele respective, din care cele prezente de-a lungul epocii repetîndu-se la fiecare numerotare. Astfel totalul speciilor pentru pleistocen şi holo­ cen nu corespunde matematic cu totalul cifrelor indicate în subunităţi. Partea finală a lucrării mai cuprinde şi o adendă, cu listele de specii identificate recent sau omise din părţile precedente, o bibliografie supli­ mentară1, lista alfabetică a speciilor şi a locurilor fosilifere. PARTEA SISTEMATICA Clasa Aves Scl. Saururae Ord. Archaeopterygiformes Fam. Archaeopterygidae Archaeopteryx sp. - Aştileu 1. (vezi partea a II-a). Scl. Ornithurae Infrcl. Ratitae Ord. Palaeocursorniformes Fam. Palaeocursornithidae 1 In vederea completării datelor privind istoricul cercetărilor paleo-ornitolo­ gice din ţara noastră (T. J u r c s ă k & E. K e s s 1 e r, 1986) amintim contribuţia lui J. L. Ne u g e bor e n încă din 1850, care publică lista cole::ţiei de fosile ale lui MI c ha e 1 Ac k ne r, din Guşteriţa, de fapt prima listă paleofaunistică din ţara noastră, în care sînt amintite resturile, probabil, ale unui passeriform, prove­ nite dintr-o fisură din calcarele de la Poplaca (jud. Sibiu): „Kleinen Vogeln dilrfte der zarten dilnnen Knochen angehoren, welche hie und da die Spalten der Kalkfelsen bei Poplaca breccienartig ausfilllen". Colecţia lui Ac k ne r a ajuns în patrimoniul Societăţii Naturaliştilor din Sibiu .şi, dacă se mai păstrează, ar fi de dorit să fie verificată, inclusiv pentru această primă semnalare paleo-ornitologică referitoare la ţara noastră. https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 3 Evoluţia avifaunei pe teritoriul României (III) 649 Palaeocursornis biharicus K e s s 1 e r, & Jur c sa k, 1985 Aştileu 1 (vezi partea a II-a). Infrcl. Carinatae Ord. Limnornithiformes Fam. Limnornithidae Eurolimnornis corneti K e s s 1 e r & Jur c sa k, 1986 - Aştileu 1 (vezi partea a II-a). Ord. Gaviiformes Fam. Gaviidae Gavia stellata (Pont op.) - Cazanele Mari 1. Specia este prezentă şi astăzi în avifauna ţării ca un element de pa­ saj sau ca oaspete de iarnă. Nu a fost însă semnalată din materiale pa­ leornitologice din zonele apropiate din cuprinsul Bazinului Carpatic. Este identificată din pleistocenul, respectiv holocenul Angliei, Danemarcăi, Ita­ liei şi Americii de Nord. Genul în schimb este semnalat din miocenul Cehoslovaciei şi R. S. S. Moldovenească (Gavia moldavica K e s s 1 e r, 1984 de la Chişinău) reprezentînd atestările cele mai vechi. Primii repre­ zentanţi ai familiei sînt cunoscuţi din paleocenul şi eocenul Franţei şi Angliei (genurile Eupterornis respectiv Colymboides) şi în oligocenul Americii de Nord (Gaviella). Ord. Podicipediformes Fam. Podicipedidae Podiceps cristatus (L.) - Biharea. Podiceps griseiogena (Bod d.) - Vîrghiş, Bratca, Cazanele Mari. Sînt specii relativ frecvente în avifauna actuală a ţării, clocitoare şi migratoare. Din sarmaţianul de la Chişinău este cunoscut Podiceps mio­ cenicus descris de K e s s 1 e r în 1984. Apar relativ frecvent şi în depo­ zitele pleistocene din Europa, mai cu seamă în ţările nordice, inclusiv în Bazinul Carpatic, asemenea altor neospecii ale genului. Numeroase pa-­ leospecii au fost identificate pe teritoriul Americii de Nord, de unde se cunoaşte şi _reprezentantul unei familii străvechi de vîrstă mezozoică: Baptornis advenus M a r s h. Ord. Procellariiformes Fam. Diomedeidae +Diomedea rumana Grigorescu & K e s s 1 e r, 1985 - Credinţa (vezi şi partea a II-a). Noua specie fosilă de albatros a fost descrisă sumar în partea precedentă a prezentei lucrări. Paleospeciile genu­ lui sînt identificate din miocenul S.U.A., pliocenul Angliei şi S.U.A., iar neospeciile din pleistocenul majorităţii continentelor. Din Europa Centrală nu a fost identificat nici genul şi nici familia sau alte fa­ milii ale ordinului. https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 650 Tiberiu Jurcsak, Eugen Kessler 4 Ord. Pelecaniformes Fam. Elopterygidae +Elopteryx nopcsai Andrews, 1913 - Sînpetru (vezi p. a II-a). +Eostega lebedinskyi La mb rec h t, 1927 - Cluj-Napoca (vezi p. a .II-a). Reprezintă forme străvechi ale acestui ordin, cunoscute numai din România. Din familia Elopterygidaelor face parte un alt gen, +Argillor­ nis emuinus (B o w e r b a n k, 1854) descris din eocenul Angliei şi Belgiei. Fam. Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) Cazanele Mari 1, Căscioarele, Băile 1 Mai. Specia - cu arealul în regres pe teritoriul ţării noastre - este frec­ ventă în cuaternarul din vestul continentului. In Bazinul Carpatic a mai fost semnalată din holocenul Ungariei. Reprezentanţii genului apar în oli­ gocenul Americii de Nord, miocenul Franţei, Germaniei şi Moldaviei. +Phalacrocorax lautus K u ro t schi n & G an ea a fost identificat şi de E. K e s s 1 e r în „Colecţia Mac ar o vi ci" din Iaşi, provenit din depozitele sarmaţiene de la Chişinău. Fam. Anhingidae +Anhinga pannonica (La mb rec h t, 1916) - Brusturi (vezi p. a II-a). Formele ancestrale ale anhingidelor nu se cunosc. Resturile desco­ perite în pannonianul de la Brusturi constituie şi cea mai veche specie cunoscută pe glob, reprezentînd şi extremitatea nordică a arealului păsă­ rilor şarpe, azi retrase în zonele tropicale. Din pleistocenul superior al Australiei au fost descrise +Anhinga parva (De Vis) şi Anhinga lati­ ceps (De Vis, 1906), +Anhinga nana (Newton & G ad o w, 1893) din cuaternarul Insulei Mauritius şi Anhinga anhinga (Li n n a eu s) din cuaternarul Americii de Nord. E. T c he r no v semnalează Anhinga rufa din pleistocenul mediu din Israel (1972). Fam. Sulidae +Sarmatosula dobrogensis Grigorescu & K e s s 1 e r - Credinţa (vezi partea a II-a). +Morus olsoni Grigorescu & K e s s 1 e r, 1985 - Credinţa. Sulidaele apar în oligocenul Europei, genul Sula fiind cunoscut din oligocen pînă în pleistocen. Azi este retras în nordul Europei. Genul Mo­ rus apare în miocenul Americii de Nord unde este răspîndit şi în prezent. In Europa apare doar în pleistocen şi holocen (Morus bassanus (L.): Da­ nemarca, Norvegia, Scoţia, Irlanda şi Anglia. Fam. Pelecanidae Pelecanus onocrotalus L. - Biharea, Cazanele Mari 1, Schela Cladovei. Pelecanus sp. - Cazanele Mari 1. Specie clocitoare, astăzi doar în Delta Dunării. In restul ţării se sem­ nalează în pasaj. Apare în materialele subfosile din holocenul ţării şi în https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 5 Evoluţia avifaunei pe teritoriul României (III) 651 restul Bazinului Carpatic. Genul este semnalat din miocenul Franţei: + Pelecanus gracilis M i 1 n e - E d w a r d s, + Pelecanus intermedius F r a as din Wlirttemberg, +Pelecanus fraasi L y de k k e r din mio­ cenul Bavariei, + Pelecanus odessanus L a m b r e c h t din pliocenul Ucrainei. Alte specii sînt semnalate din pliocenul Indiei şi pleistocenul Australiei. Neospeciile cunoscute azi în Europa au fost descrise din depo­ zitele .pleistocene şi holocene din nordul Europei, Anglia, Danemarca şi mai sporadic spre sud: Elveţia, Azerbaidjan.
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