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Tourism Environmental Zoning Powers of Mazandaran Province to Develop Ecotourism

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Tourism Environmental Zoning Powers of Mazandaran Province to Develop Ecotourism A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management www. en.iueam.ir Vol. 5, No. 1(17), Winter, 2016, Pages: 31-46 Indexed in: ISC, EconLit, Econbiz, SID, Noormags, Magiran, Ensani, Civilica, RICeST ISSN: 2345-2870 Tourism Environmental Zoning Powers of Mazandaran Province to Develop Ecotourism Sadegh Hadizadeh Zargar* Master of Urbanization- Urban-Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanization, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran Received: 2014/06/10 Accepted: 2014/08/30 Abstract: Locating potential areas of ecotourism is one of the important ideas in management and tourism development. This trend of tourism plays an important role in protecting environmental and economic resources of countries in the world. Its development in any country requires effective management and planning in this field. This research aims to identify potential areas of ecotourism in Mazandaran Province to protect natural resources and prepare the ground for sustainable financial resources for city management in this province. In terms of purpose, this research is applied and research method is descriptive-analytical. AHP, MCDM, fuzzy set interval value, and using results in geographical information system were used in order to identify potential areas of ecotourism in Mazandaran Province. The results indicated that the criterion of tourism potential (with relative normalized weigh of 0.311) had the most impact and the criterion of facilities and travel services (with normalized score of 0.120) had the least impact among four detected main criteria. However, detected areas for ecotourism development had the closest distance to tourism prominent centers and the farthest with undesirable areas as Downloaded from iueam.ir at 3:55 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 well. Keywords: Locating, tourism, ecotourism, fuzzy AHP model, Mazandaran Province JEL Classification: P48, C38, N75, Q57 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 23 ________________________________ A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management 1- Introduction which investable ecological attractions in Tourism industry, as one of the most Iran represent ecotourism as a unique important phenomena of the third millennium economic resource in our country (Akbari had increasingly significant impact on & Bemaniyan, 2008). economic growth, dynamism and One of the most serious problems of cultural exchanges in countries over the planning is inattention to decision-making. past half century. The global experiences This means that it results in the waste of indicate whenever tourism develops national wealth in many cases. Identifying accidentally and without planning, prone areas of ecotourism is one of the environmental and social problems will solutions preventing incorrect decision- emerge and tourism problems have exceeded making in the path of investment, leading on its benefits in long run since uncontrollable to tourism development. Given that development and lack of tourism management tourism can have many positive and reduce the attraction of tourism destinations negative impacts on host society, strongly preventing other interested tourists’ attention to sustainable tourism based on travel to these places, followed by serious nature to reduce negative impacts has socio-economic problems for host societies been regarded with serious discussion of (SeyyedAlipour, et.al, 2010). sustainable development in recent years Identification of prone areas to to protect nature features and prepare the develop tourism activities is one of the ground for sustainable development. most important issues of tourism planners In this regard, Mazandaran Province, and one of the most extensive and popular as a tourism hub in the country, with its GIS1 applications; tourism activities planning exclusive natural features that attract cannot be apart from finding suitable millions of domestic and foreign tourism place by using GIS. Thus, in tourism annually, is likely that nature-based issue, planners should look for combined tourism to be considered in this area. models and methods of GIS (Biranvand, Thus, identification of prone areas of Downloaded from iueam.ir at 3:55 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 2008). On the other hand, development of ecotourism in the province is the first step tourism industry in places that have for ecotourism cycle and introduction of potential to attract tourists can be applied its potentials. Considering existing as an efficient tool in line with complexities in it, identification of these comprehensive growth and development areas requires to regard criteria for of host societies. Attraction is counted as assessment. Different methods in multi- a necessary but not sufficient element for criteria decision-making have been tourism industry development and growth; introduced so far, but AHP2 , with simpler therefore, development of tourism mathematics, is more understandable for industry in any area requires accurate decision-makers than other ones. Because identification of the region, providing of using statistical data, uncertainty can services and facilities required for tourists be modeled better in Fuzzy sets in this and introduction in order to attract type of data compared to certain numbers. tourists (Mahallati, 2001). Geographical- In this research, effective factors on natural studies and feasibility of each of identification of prone areas of ecotourism 1- Geographic Information Systems 2- Analytic Hierarchy Process Tourism Environmental Zoning Powers …___________________________________________ 33 in Mazandaran Province were detected by By using AHP and ELECTRE methods, experts and to evaluate obtained indicators, he assessed selected activities. AHP with Fuzzy sets of interval values to Bunruamkaew and Murayam (2011) determine the importance of each criterion identified and prioritized ecotourism and sub-criterion. areas in Surat Thani Province in Thailand Given classification of these indicators by using GIS and AHP. Evaluation process in this research, firstly, four maps were was done according to experts’ views and designed indicating four main criteria of based on 9 criteria of perspective and communicative networks, natural hazards, view, land cover, protected areas, species ecotourism potential, and travel facilities diversity, height, slope, proximity to and services. These maps were obtained cultural centers, distance from roads, and by the outcome of any sub-criterion on settlements. corresponding layer in GIS. Finally, final Bukenya (2012) evaluated 10 national map that identifies prone areas of parks in Uganda with 10 selected criteria ecotourism in Mazandaran Province was in an article titled “application of GIS in obtained that is a combination of ecotourism development decisions: Evidence importance value of each of which from the Pearl of Africa”. The evaluation criteria on four maps obtained in previous was to develop ecotourism and invest in steps. each of these parks due to their specific features. 2- Literature Review b) Iranian Researches a) Foreign Researches Shayan & Parsi (2007) considered Boyd et.al, (1995) located prone parameters such as form of the land, areas of ecotourism in an article titles geology, vegetation, lithology, protected “identification of ecotourism criteria and areas, and climate and water flow in an parameters in the northern Ontario, article titled “feasibility of prone areas of Canada” after identifying criteria including ecotourism in Kohgilooyeh & BoyerAhmad Downloaded from iueam.ir at 3:55 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 nature, wild life, cultural heritages, Province” for zoning of prone areas of perspective, and society. ecotourism. Data were evaluated by GIS Fung and Marafa (2002) studied and the results indicated that Dena and ecological perspective and ecotourism Gachsaran cities are more capable to potential of Feng shui forests by using provide services and support tourism. IKONOS satellite pictures and GIS. They Joozi et.al, (2009) evaluated ecological specified prone areas of ecotourism in ability of Bolhasan area in Dezfool given northern Ethiopia by using parameters its ecological features. By using AHP and like height, slope, vegetation density, GIS, criteria were evaluated and ecological temperature, rainfall, and a combination ability was shown on map. of these indicators and using them in GIS. Farajzadeh Asl & Karimpanah (2008) Ok (2006) identified effective criteria identified suitable zones in an article titled on ecotourism planning in the forest area “analysis of suitable zones of ecotourism of Igneada, North West of Turkey. He development in Kordestan Province by also detected activities in environmental, using GIS” by detecting indicators and social, and economic activities as integrating information layers in GIS and effective factors on ecotourism planning. Boolean model. The results indicated that 23 ________________________________ A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management nearly 80 percent of the Province zone zoning accuracy was investigated with has required potential for ecotourism sample tourism areas in the province. development. Behniyafar & Mansoori Deneshvar 3- Theoretical Principles (2010) did zoning of spatial planning with One of the most important concerns multi-criteria evaluation approach and of urban management is to guide and using AHP in order to develop tourism in control physical-spatial development of GIS in watershed area of Golmakan. cities systematically. This requires resources Karami & Modiri 92010) identified
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