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The Archaeology of Japanese Women at Amache, a WWII Internment Camp

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The Archaeology of Japanese Women at Amache, a WWII Internment Camp University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2010 Feminine Identity Confined: The Archaeology of Japanese Women at Amache, a WWII Internment Camp Dana Ogo Shew University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Shew, Dana Ogo, "Feminine Identity Confined: The Archaeology of Japanese Women at Amache, a WWII Internment Camp" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 598. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/598 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. FEMININE IDENTITY CONFINED: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF JAPANESE WOMEN AT AMACHE, A WWII INTERNMENT CAMP __________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Dana Ogo Shew June 2010 Advisor: Dr. Bonnie J. Clark ©Copyright by Dana Ogo Shew 2010 All Rights Reserved Author: Dana Ogo Shew Title: FEMININE IDENTITY CONFINED: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF JAPANESE WOMEN AT AMACHE, A WWII INTERNMENT CAMP Advisor: Dr. Bonnie J. Clark Degree Date: June 2010 Abstract In 1942, approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry were evacuated from the West Coast to ten different internment camps in the interior of the United States. One of these camps was the Granada Relocation Center, otherwise known as Amache, located in southeastern Colorado. Through the analysis of archaeological material, archival documents, and oral histories, this thesis explores the experiences of Japanese American women interned at Amache. Feminine identity was greatly changed and redefined during confinement. These changes in feminine identity are examined in the public and private arenas of daily life within confinement. The construction of new and altered individual and community identities are also explored. By examining how feminine identity was both changed as well as maintained during confinement, many differences between generations of Japanese women are exposed. Commonalities and similarities are also revealed that ultimately highlight the great adaptability, resilience, and perseverance of Japanese women in confinement. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this project was made possible by the invaluable participation and contributions of countless individuals, organizations, and communities. Funding for the research presented in this thesis was made possible through a generous donation from the Japanese Association of Colorado, a Public Good Grant from the University of Denver, and the Karen S.Greiner Endowment from the Colorado State University Anthropology Department. These contributions funded the oral history research and archaeological field work that produced the data for this project. An initial thank you goes to the pioneers of internment archaeology whose previous archaeological work at Amache and other internment camps informed the research design and provided insights into internment concepts and themes, creating a strong foundation from which to begin my own research process. The Amache Preservation Society and their tireless leader, John Hopper, deserve many thanks not only for their assistance in this project but for the excellent work they have done and continue to do towards the preservation and conservation of Amache. The Town of Granada has also played an instrumental role in the care of the site and was a more than gracious host during the Amache field school. The residents and the community leaders of Granada have a wonderful sense of hospitality as well as an inspiring amount of involvement and interest in Amache. Many thanks to the participants and volunteers in the field school whose physical strength and heat tolerance made it possible to collect an outstanding amount of data. Special thanks to volunteer and former internee, Gary Ono, whose eagerness and willingness to participate was inspiring to the whole crew. His presence at the field school helped personalize the research process, provided a valuable perspective, and reminded us of whose story we sought to tell. The support of the Japanese American community has also been a significant component of my research. Active local Japanese American organizations like the Mile- hi JACL chapter and the Japan America Society of Southern Colorado have shown support for the research endeavors of the DU Amache Project by collaborating and promoting community events. The community of former Amache internees has also played an important role in my research process. Many thanks go to the Amache Historical Society (AHS) for graciously including me and my colleagues in their events and reunions. Thank you to AHS president, Minoru Tonai, for promoting my research and helping me arrange interviews with members of his organization. His passion for educating the public about Japanese internment and his commitment to telling the story of Amache helped bring awareness of my project to many former internees. It is the voices of the former internees that have influenced and shaped my project the most. I am endlessly grateful to all of the former internees that welcomed me into their homes and shared their stories, memories, photographs, and mementos. Their contributions to my thesis have proven invaluable and I truly enjoyed the time I spent with them. I thank them for their participation and generosity as well as for being the inspiration and reason for doing this research. It is their story we tell and their past we remember. iii Thank you to Bonnie Clark for recognizing the importance and significance of Amache and for her commitment to continued research, education, and preservation of the site. I am very grateful for the opportunity to be a part of the DU Amache Project. I also owe Bonnie many thanks for her countless hours of guidance and editing as my advisor and mentor. The knowledge she has shared, the qualities of leadership she has shown---professionalism, passion, flexibility, and humor, and the magic she works with a green pen will always be appreciated. My classmate, colleague, and friend, April Kamp- Whittaker, also deserves my gratitude and appreciation. The development and execution of this project would not have been possible without her collaboration, her willingness to share ideas, and her boundless energy. I truly appreciate all of her help and am proud of the academic partnership our years of working together have created. My friends and family-specifically my mom, dad, sister, grandma, and aunt- have also shown an outstanding amount of support by making encouraging phone calls, buying and cooking meals and drinks, cleaning dishes, and showing endless amounts of patience. The intellectual input of my friends and family is also greatly appreciated, especially that of my favorite non-anthropological advisor and editor, Edith-Nicole Cameron. Finally, I would like to thank the long line of strong Japanese women that I come from whose achievements and stories motivated my research. It is the strength and resilience they exhibit, much like the women of Amache, that make me proud to be a Japanese American woman and honored to tell our story. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historical Background ...................................................................................... 8 Before World War II ............................................................................................... 8 Japanese Internment .............................................................................................. 15 The Granada Relocation Center, Amache ............................................................ 24 Archaeology at Amache ........................................................................................ 33 Amache Literature ................................................................................................ 35 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 38 Historical Archaeology ......................................................................................... 38 The Archaeology of Gender .................................................................................. 39 The Archaeology of Identity ................................................................................. 42 The Archaeology of Internment ............................................................................ 46 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 50 Chapter 4: Research Methods ........................................................................................... 57 Multiple Lines of Evidence ................................................................................... 57 Archival Methods ...................................................................................... 58 Archaeological Field Methods .................................................................. 64 Gender Attribution .................................................................................... 77 Oral Histories
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