Gas Interchangeability Testing Report

Report Prepared for:

Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) American Gas Association (A.G.A.) Association of Home Appliance Manufactures (AHAM)

November 12, 2009 Date of Testing: February 2008 to April 2009 Program Objective

The objective of this program was to investigate the operation of current designs of gas appliances when tested on four (4) different test gases representing possible gas mixtures that may be utilized in the United States in coming years. An advisory committee assembled by GAMA/AHRI and funded through various industry groups did the selection of gas composition. The four tests gases are presented as variations of their Wobbe Index (See the Appendix for a definition of Wobbe Index and its significance to appliance safety).

The test program detailed in this report used 78 new (from stock), current production products and technologies. The program did not review products that are no longer produced, often referred to as legacy products, but rather focused on products currently in production and available to the consumer.

A list of products by sample number only (manufacturers’ names omitted) is contained in the tables at the end of this report. Since the manufacturers supplied the samples without cost to the program, it is believed that anonymity of the test results is appropriate.

The testing was conducted in a manner that represents what would be required for that product to meet the national safety and performance tests that are outlined in the various ANSI standards that govern the design, testing and production of those products. The appliance industry has 80+ years of evaluating products per the protocols outlined in these standards and believes that compliance with these test procedures insures the upmost safety to the consumer over the life of the product when installed, maintained and serviced per the manufacturer’s instructions.

2 Test Results

Contained at the end of this report is a section labeled “Tables” and those tables contain the consolidated results in a condensed format along with a list of products submitted (by sample number only – manufacturers’ names withheld). The actual data for each sample tested has been provided to the sponsors and is not included herein due to its voluminous nature (approx. 430 pages)

When reviewing the individual data sheets, please be advised that any value of CO (carbon monoxide) recorded as “1050” ppm means that the upper CO range of the instrument has been exceeded. It was not determined how far above 1050 ppm the actual value was, but the 1050 value was used for computational purposes in determining the minimum Air Free CO value that the results could have been, hence there are times where the CO values may be recorded (air free) on the data sheets as 1200, 2000, or more ppm. This is just the result of the mathematics of using 1050 ppm (maximum range of instrument) inserted into the air free calculation. Hence, the value is at least the number shown and may be much higher. Most likely any recorded CO air free value over 1100 ppm in the tables (attached) were generated because the measured CO was above 1050 ppm1.

Some comments are in order when reviewing the consolidated data sheets (Tables).

 The individual sample data is presented with the lowest Wobbe Index gas (E) shown on the top row of data and the highest Wobbe Index gas (D) is shown as the fifth row of data, with test gas A in the middle or 3d row.

 The column labeled “Measured Input” is the measured input after any orifice or pressure change adjustments were made to bring the appliance within specifications as explained below.

 The column labeled “% of Data Plate Input” is the “Measured Input” column divided by the Data Plate Input. It is the data in the third row for gas “A” that should be within the specifications of tolerance detailed in the appropriate standard and as explained below in the test procedure write up.

 The column labeled “% of Test Gas A Input” reflects the change in input that occurred as the various Wobbe Index gas are used. By definition Test Gas “A” will always be 100.0%. In some cases the values do not follow the expected increase in input. This may have been human error in recording the results. But some of the reason may be that with some appliance designs, on a “hotter” gas such as gas D, there may have been conditions in which the actual heat on the manifold pipe or orifice increased to a point where the gas within the appliance

1 To make that determination: Multiply the stated value in the table by 12.2% and then divide the resultant value by the recorded CO2. This will give the reader the base CO value used for the calculation.

3 piping system became “hot”. Such a condition causes a density change in the gas before it travels through the flow control orifices, with the result that the measured gas input is reduced. It is expected that there will always be some density change of the gas in the appliance plumbing as the unit runs longer, and for this reason the appliance standards detail when the input rate is to be recorded. Ranges, water heaters and some boilers are very prone to rate reduction issues over elapsed time from a cold start. It was also noted that gas pressure regulator settings were changing by just changing the gas selection. This may be due to changes in mass flow through the regulators on products that are near the limit capacity of the regulator design.

 The word “Fail” is utilized in the test data as a way of stating the unit is not in compliance with the test criteria. This only means that the unit has exceeded the permissible values for some test parameter (CO, NOx, temperature, time for ignition, etc.) as detailed in the appropriate ANSI Z21 standard for that product type. It should not be taken in a negative context but only in the sense that most gas appliance testing has to meet a pass/fail criteria and this test program is utilizing these criteria to assist in the decision process.

Of the 79 products tested that worked satisfactorily on Test Gas “A”, 40 units encountered some form of non-compliance on the remaining 4 test gases (B, C, D, & E). Or stated another way, within the scope of this limited testing, 39 units successfully met the established pass/fail criteria on all gas mixtures. Yet, even within those 39 units that were under the established CO generation limits, many exhibited increased CO generation as the Wobbe Index increased.

4 Test Protocols – General

The following is to assist the reader in understanding some of the tests that were performed on the various test appliances and what some of the notes and comments in the presented data may be referring to. The discussions in this section are more generic in nature and specific deviations (by product type) from this general discussion can be found in each section detailing specific appliances.

The actual tests procedures for conducting the tests noted below are found in the appropriate ANSI standard. For instance, gas furnaces are tested to ANSI Z21.47, boilers are tested per ANSI Z21.13, domestic water heaters to Z21.10.1, etc. See the Appendix for a complete list of the appropriate standards and their full titles.

The normal test sequence for gas appliances as tested under this program was:

1. Rate the product to match the data plate input (Btu/Hr) in accordance with the procedures outlined in the appropriate ANSI standard for that appliance type using test gas A. In all cases that input had to be within either ±2% or ±5% depending upon product type. 2. Run ignition evaluation under a series of different adverse conditions to prove the reliability of safe ignition of the gas over the expected life of the product 3. Run Burner Operating Characteristics (B.O.C.) to prove the continued safe and satisfactory operation of the burners under a series of adverse conditions that proves the reliability of the product for the consumer 4. Evaluation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions from the appliance under a series of conditions that proves the safety of the product under conditions of variability that are historically considered to provide safe operation of gas appliance over the life of the product. 5. Conduct NOx 2 emission testing for products subject to state or regional NOx regulations (furnaces, boilers, water heaters) or where specified, by the ANSI standard such as for vent free heaters. 6. On some furnaces, additional data was accumulated concerning metal heat exchanger temperatures, but the test procedure utilized does not represent the full, and very in depth, manner of looking at possible heat exchanger fatigue as detailed in the ANSI Z21.47 standard. The goal of this program was to look at trends rather than absolute values.

A more in depth discussion of the appropriate test procedure is found in discussions below.

Procedures for Placing the Appliance “On Rate”

The appliance rate (input) was measured upon receipt of the appliance to verify that it was within the specifications detailed in the appropriate ANSI standard. As an example,

2 NOx=Nitrousoxide+Nitrogendioxide or NOx=NO+NO2

5 a furnace must be within ± 2% of the input as stated on the data plate as measured 15 minutes after starting the appliance from a cold start (room temperature).

To achieve those tolerances a slight variance of the manifold pressure is permitted (± 0.3” w.c.) from the nominal manifold pressure that is also stated on the data plate. If varying the manifold pressure will not meet the ± 2% value, then the “tester” must install new orifices that achieve this requirement. For safety reasons the testers goal is to be between 0.0 and + 2% rather than drift into the - 2% value. Basically, this is because the higher the input during testing, the harder it is to meet the other safety requirements laid out in the ANSI standard. By striving for the 0 to + 2% value, additional safety is ensured for the end user over the life of the product.

For this test program, a very defined gas (Test Gas “A”) was used that has a Wobbe Index that is representative of the average Wobbe Index of natural gas in the U.S.

Of some historical interest, it should also be noted that this gas also mimics the traditional test gas available in Cleveland, Ohio, and in the Appendix is a sample analysis with typical constituents of Cleveland pipeline gas. The significance of this location is that in the late 1920’s, Cleveland was the location where the gas utilities of the United States set up and funded the primary American Gas Association (A.G.A.) Testing Laboratory for gas appliance testing. Until the mid 1990’s this facility traditionally performed the vast majority of the household and light duty commercial gas appliance testing/listing programs.

Along with Test Gas “A” (Wobbe= 1345), four additional gases were used for testing input, ignition, BOC and combustions; the remaining four gases are designated alphabetically:

BGasWobbe=1405 or 4.4% higher than Gas A C Gas Wobbe = 1209 or 4.09% lower than Gas A DGasWobbe=1430 or 6.32% higher than Gas A E Gas Wobbe = 1230 or 8.55% lower than Gas A

Each gas has its own distinct composition and Wobbe Index.. Please review the table in the Appendix for gas composition, heating value and Wobbe Indexes.

As the other test gases (B through E) are tested, no adjustment of rate or manifold pressure was made.

Testing for Flue Product Emissions

The major testing issue/concept that relates to safety of gas appliances concerns the carbon monoxide emissions in the flue gases. Most of the ANSI standards require a carbon monoxide amount lower than 400 ppm (0.04%) Air-Free CO emissions with the exception of cooking products which permit 800 ppm (0.08%)Air-Free and unvented heating products which only permit 200 ppm (0.02%) Air-Free. (For a discussion of “Air Free” measurement procedures and their significance see the Appendix)

6 The CO and CO2 emissions were measured using Siemens Ultramat model 23 Non- Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) gas analyzers which were calibrated daily using NIST traceable calibration gases. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) effluent from the appliances were pumped from the appliance, through a conditioning system (to remove water vapor) and then into the analyzers. In the case of gas ranges, a siphon bottle technique was used for some top burner designs as a means of “averaging” the value of the effluent.

NOx emission testing, when the protocol called for it, was measured using either a Thermal Electron Corp. 10A or 42C chemiluminescent analyzer and was calibrated daily using EPA protocol gases containing known quantities of NO and NOx.

Emission compounds such as NOx and CO will be presented as ppm (parts per million) as these are the types of values the instruments read in and the values most often seen in publications. The ANSI standards most often give the allowable values as %. To convert from ppm to % simply shift the decimal point 4 digits to the left. Hence, 400 ppm becomes 0.04%.

Test Apparatus

All appliances were set up and connected to one of three test stations designed specifically for this test program. The stations had six gases piped directly to solenoid valves used for switching from five specific gas mixes: A, B, C, D, E and “local city gas”. The term “local city gas” refers to the local gas supply provided by Dominion East Ohio Gas Company. The temporary use of local city gas is done to reduce the consumption of test gases during initial start up and warm up procedures along with extended run time situations.

Because the test gas mixtures had up to 8 components they were expensive to have blended and analyzed. Therefore, the use of this test apparatus allowed for conservation of the “expensive” gases by not using it for heating up the appliance for extended test runs as called for under some conditions of test in the ANSI procedures. By using short gas lines from the test cart to the appliance being tested and preset pressure regulators to quickly switch from normal pressure to reduced and then increased inlet pressure conditions, conservation of the expensive test gases was successful. Sufficient time was always allowed when switching from “city gas” to the test gas to make sure the appliance was in fact operating on the test gas and not some blend of test gas and city gas. In some cases there were marked differences in flame appearance and noise levels as the gas compositions changed. Hence, it became easy to tell when the fuel mixtures were changing in the gas lines to the appliance.

The input rate was computed using calibrated gas meters specially ordered for this program that had 7 test point accuracy curves provided. All calculations were computed for STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) conditions by measuring the actual barometric pressure in the laboratory and the actual temperature of the gas in the gas

7 meter along with the gas pressure in the gas meter. At the completion of the test program, the gas meters were again sent out for calibration/verification and found to have not drifted in their accuracy from when the program began. Hence, the accuracy of the readings of gas input from the beginning of the test program to the end remained unchanged.

With rate established using Test Gas “A”, ANSI standard combustion tests were performed on each of the test gases. The same manifold pressures established on “A” gas, were repeated on the remaining four gases (B, C, D and E). Rates, as expected, increased and decreased with the changes in Wobbe Indexes.

This report outline is alphabetical by product type and listed below are some of the tests performed on the boilers. Therefore, a more in depth description of the basic set up and performed tests will be given to boilers. All of the appliances tested were set up and tested to ANSI test standards written for the respective appliance.

Actual Tests Performed

Combustion Tests

As interpreted from the ANSI Standards, throughout the tests outlined below, an appliance shall not produce a concentration of carbon monoxide in excess of 0.04 percent (the same as 400 ppm) in an air-free sample of the flue gases when tested in an atmosphere having approximately a normal oxygen supply.

 Normal Combustion Test: With the appliance at equilibrium with the room temperature, it is then placed in operation. After three minutes of operation the combustion and rate are checked for compliance with the standard. Note that the rate is also recorded at 3 minutes but that value may be different than that recorded at the 15 minute period of time as defined in the standard for taking rate.  Reduced Inlet Pressure Combustion Test: After the above sample is recorded, the inlet pressure is reduced to mimic low main line pressures that may occur in the “field” during peak gas usages. For “natural gas” appliances the pressure is reduced to 3.5” w.c. pressure or exactly half of the normal natural gas inlet test pressure. After five minutes of operation (from the cold start) the emission data is recorded.  Overfire or Increased Rate Combustion Test: This condition increases rate by raising the manifold pressure until an increased rate is achieved. The amount of increase required varies with the type of appliance being evaluated. It can be as high 112% for a gas furnace or as low 106.25% for a boiler. Increasing the input rate simulates a spike in heating value/Wobbe Index, which may happen when gas supplies fluctuate from a supplier’s well. It is also intended to mimic local atmospheric changes due to weather fronts, to compensate for production variations, installation variations, and varying field maintenance schedules. After fifteen minutes of operation from the initial start of combustion testing, emission levels are recorded for CO2 and CO.

8 After conducting the overfire test noted above, the product is returned to normal manifold pressure (normal input rate) and voltage variation testing is performed.

 Reduced Voltage Combustion Test: Check for operation at minimum line voltage based on 85% of the rating plate voltage. This can be critical on appliances with induced draft or power burners where the fan speed slows down at lower voltages. This fan speed reduction in turn has a direct effect on combustion emissions (CO, etc.). The evaluation is done with the appliance operating at “normal” input as opposed to low inlet pressure or an “overfire” condition.

Burner Operating Characteristics

Burners shall not flashback when the gas is turned on and off, per the Boiler ANSI Z21.13 standard section(s) 2.6.1 a. through f. The testing covers burner operation with cold and hot appliance conditions along with: a. At burner adjustments and inlet pressures specified in section 2.3: appliance inlet pressures: 3.5”, 7” & 10.5” water column.

Note: In North America the standard delivery pressure to homes and businesses is considered to be 7” w.c. pressure (1/4 psi or 4 oz.) and 3.5” and 10.5” w.c. are considered temporary pressure variations that may occur due to high gas demand issues caused by cold weather (low pressure) or lack of demand in the system during warm weather causing high pressures (10.5” w.c.). The demand issues may be in the local utilities pipeline or may be in the internal piping of the actual building or residence.

b. At 1/3 of the normal rate by closing down a manual gas valve ahead of the appliance. This test is only utilized in the furnace standard.

Note: This condition is viewed for some product types as a burner flexibility test such that under any adverse condition of low pressure to the appliance due to plumping issues within the building, etc, the burner will burner properly and not flashback, i.e., burner inside the burner.

c. At normal inlet with voltage varied to 85% and 110% of nameplate voltage. d. 87% of the minimum low fire input rate when equipped with a step-rate control. e. 87% of the minimum input when equipped with a modulating control.

Blocked Vent System

Sections: 2.22, 2.23 and 2.24 within the ANSI furnace standard covers potential blockage of the vent system. The standards for all appliances that are equipped with fan assisted have similar combustion requirements, i.e., that the blockage of the exhaust vent pipe must shut the appliance off (may be done by a pressure switch or other type sensor)

9 before the CO emissions, on an air free basis, exceed an allowable amount as established in the ANSI standards. In the case of most heating equipment such as boilers, the maximum permissible air free CO value is 400 ppm (0.04%).

On the consolidated test sheets, no results are shown for reduced inlet pressure, but there were two products that failed this test that could be attributed to Wobbe Index issues (See Vent Free and Water Heater Test Results). Those products have special notations concerning the issue.

10 Specific Test Programs by Product Type

The product types are listed in alphabetical order.

In the discussions below some general test results are give for each product type but the reader is cautioned to refer to the test results shown in the appendix for more detailed and in depth results. Boilers

Six (6) boiler manufacturers provided 13 samples of low pressure residential/commercial boilers for inclusion in this test program. The boilers were limited to a maximum 300,000 Btu/Hr input rating in order to conserve on gas consumption. Since all the products tested were “scalable” products, testing smaller input versions does not change the results that one would expect on the scaled up (or down) versions of the same product family. The breakdown by type of the thirteen boilers are:

2 Multiple input rates (non-condensing) 4 Natural draft with draft hoods (non-condensing), 2 Induced combustion system (non-condensing) 1 Flame retention power burner (non-condensing) 4 High efficiency (90%+ efficient) condensing with modulation

Using a tempered water reservoir (1,500 gallons), water throughput was maintained at the required test temperature enabling the appliances to run for the extended amount of time required for testing. Appliances were installed in accordance with the respective manufacturer’s instructions with thermocouples monitoring the inlet and outlet water temperatures; water flow was then adjusted to maintain the rise range.

Natural draft boilers were set up with a minimum vent pipe (stack) attached to the draft diverter as detailed in the Z21.13 standard. Fan assisted combustion systems were tested with the minimum vent length for sidewall venting as detailed in the manufacturer’s instructions/listing.

Observations and Comments: Boilers equipped with a “Natural Draft” vent system showed an increase in CO emissions from higher Wobbe Index gases but only one saw a marked increase (sample #50). As expected all units saw an increase in input by as much as 7% increase over normal data plate input rate. All “Natural Draft” combustion samples passed allowable Air Free CO emissions along with passing the Burner Operating Characteristics (B.O.C.) part of the program.

Two boilers sampled using “Induced Draft” vent systems produced overfire combustion samples with Air Free CO levels above 400 ppm (0.04%) while operating on tests gasses “B” and “D”.

11 “Normal” input rate increases over data plate rates on “D” gas were up to 7 percent above the normal input on “A” gas.

Further operational testing revealed no other failures in Ignition or Burner Operating Characteristics.

Two multiple input rate boilers (two stage) tested produced notable failures, including a B.O.C. failure operating on the lowest Wobbe Index (sample #16), “No Ignition” at reduced inlet pressure with cold (room ambient) and hot conditions on “E” Gas.

The same boiler sample (#16) failed reduced inlet test pressure on all gases with the lowest Wobbe Index gas giving the highest Air Free CO and the highest Wobbe Index gas resulting in the least Air Free CO (but still exceeded 400 ppm). But the same sample passed all overfire CO testing.

Four high efficiency “condensing” boilers were tested with input rates between 105,000 Btu/Hr and 155,000 Btu/Hr. Two samples failed “D” gas increased rate emission test with over 400 ppm CO air free. One sample would not operate at the 106% increased rate because the system would not adjust up to that required overfire condition using the throttle screw adjustment and when run to its maximum input (less than 106.25% overfire), it generated high levels of combustion noise and generated more than 400 ppm CO air free.

It should be noted that the testing of the high efficiency (condensing) modulating boilers involved the setting of a throttle screw rather than manifold pressure. The result is that the increase in input did not track well with changes in Wobbe Index because the actual gas flow is being manipulated for every test gas. Hence, the testing staff may not have gotten the throttle setting back to exactly the correct setting (CO2 was used as the “marker”) before advancing to the next test gas in the sequence. 3

NOx NOX emissions were recorded every time CO2 and CO samples were taken. This extra data aids in the determination of what effects the higher Wobbe and heating value indexes have on emissions during the operation on different gases. The results of these NOx values should not be confused with the procedures used for California or other state air quality testing. The NOx data presented here has been presented in a “ppm” format. For state EPA testing (California, etc.), the data is normalized based upon appliance efficiency data (either reported or actually generated during full NOx EPA testing) and

3 Testing Note: In hindsight and for any future “tester”, for any combustion system employing throttle screws and zero governors (commonly referred to as constant gas/air ratio controls or tracking controls), one should test each individual test condition (rate, normal combustion, reduced inlet pressure, combustion, blocked outlet and inlet, etc.) and then step through each gas (A through E). Thus, leaving the overfire test to be the last test conducted. In this manner one can avoid changing the throttle screw multiple times and loosing some continuity of data/settings.

12 presented in a weight of effluent per amount of energy consumed (nanograms per joule or Ng/J). This procedure requires a more in depth test procedure than was conducted for this program.

For boilers the data has been presented at 3% oxygen level (a typical reporting technique for boilers) but when presented for all other products it has been presented in “ppm” on a simple air free basis.

13 Dryers

Four (4) manufacturers contributed a total of nine (9) residential gas dryers to this project. All of these were tested to ANSI Z21.5.1 standard for Type 1 Residential Dryers.

Test consoles remain primarily the same as used for the boiler testing. Additional data acquisition capabilities were incorporated into the Siemens NDIR Combustion Analyzer to log emissions in 5-second intervals during the blocked outlet portion of the tests that simulates lint blockage in the vent. While running blocked exhaust cycle combustion testing, results were recorded into Excel Spreadsheets for post run analysis of CO emissions. The cyclic nature of the test (cycling on temperature or other safety type controls) and the time averaging method of the CO calculations called for by the standard, are better conducted consistently if the data is computed using a graphical post run analysis process such as a spreadsheet program.

Notable Differences in Test Procedures from the Generic Information Given Above

All tests were performed using cotton fabric test cloths as a dryer load material (see section 2.1.6 of Z21.5.1) with the correct dimensions and thread counts. Dryer cloth test load weights were based on each manufacturers stated dryer capacity.

Overfire (Section 2.3.3) Gas dryer overfire rates are different from the boiler 106.25 % and furnace 112% overfire combustion test. Dryers require 30% increase in manifold pressure above normal operating pressures rather than an absolute increase in input. Hence, the dryer overfire conditions are driven by pressure rather than input as found in almost all other appliance types.

Dryer Combustion tests were conducted in accordance with exhaust test conditions indicated in Table III, Dryer Exhaust Duct Connection for Performance tests section 2.1.5 of the standard.

Because dryer vents are very prone to blockage by lint buildup, a Blocked Vent test was conducted. Section 2.4.5 states that after 5,000 BTU of gas have been consumed, each dryer shall be cycled for five on/off cycles while the vent system is restricted or blocked. This blockage can be up to 100% of the outlet exhaust if need be. During the entire blocked vent system testing, the combustion/emissions data is continuously monitored and recorded on Excel spreadsheets to facilitate the necessary calculations that are based on a time averaging process. Every appliance has its own data file with graphs generated from the cyclic blocked exhaust tests on each of the test gases. Only the outcome of the data has been presented in the attached data sheets. Analyzing the cycling data contained in the Excel spreadsheets generated this information.

Observations and Comments: Dryer inputs and capacities varied on the nine sample appliances, inputs rates ranged from 10,500 Btu/hr (apartment style washer/dryer combination) up to 22,000 Btu/hr with drum capacities from 3.4 cubic foot (apartment unit) to 7 cubic foot per load. The load

14 weight of dampened ANSI test cloths ranges from 9 to19 pounds depending upon model tested.

Gas dryers are designed to operate with large amounts of excess air in the combustion chamber to keep from burning the clothes; this results in lower amounts of CO2 in the exhaust emission sample. This plays a crucial role in calculating the Air Free CO amounts because the low levels of CO2 in the denominator of the “air free” formula shown in the Appendix equal very high dilution factor multipliers when computing the air free CO levels.

Every dryer passed Burner Operating Characteristics (B.O.C.). While operating on “D” gas, one sample produced AFCO levels over 400 ppm.

15 Furnaces

Seven (7) manufacturers provided a total of 15 furnaces for testing. The appliance breakdown by furnace types were:

2 Outdoor (non-condensing) 5 80%+ non-condensing 8 90%+ condensing

Furnace products were set up using ductwork supplied by the manufacturers or ductwork from Gas Consultants, Inc. in-house inventory. Units were run at ANSI standard external static pressures on city gas during the initial start up and air throughput adjustment period. If the unit as received did not meet the ANSI Z21.47 rate requirement (see section 2.5.4) of ± 2 %, either the manifold pressure was changed from nominal data plate value by no more than ± 0.3”, or by re-orificing (or both).

Appliances were operated at prescribe data plate input rate and voltage on “A” gas for baseline input and baseline combustion results. The pressures at the gas meter, appliance inlet and manifold were recorded. These pressures were maintained when operating the appliance on the remaining test gases during: normal inlet, reduced inlet, overfire (112%), reduced voltage, minimum rate, blocked inlet / blocked flue and steady state. For the 1/3 flashback testing a special bypass gas loop equipped with a precision flow control valve was used so that once the condition was set on gas “A” the same setting would be maintained throughout the rest of the gas testing (B, C, D and E gases).

In a simplified description of the test, it should be noted that if a furnace does not light during conduction of the 1/3 rate test and shuts down within the flame proving period of time (lockout), the input is increased until successful ignition is obtained. Only a burner that flashes back (burns inside the burner head/mixer) under this condition is deemed to be non-compliant with the clause.

Since this program was to focus on changes between gas compositions, only the manufacturer’s specified minimum vent length was used on Category IV products (condensing) for the conduction of all tests noted above. It was felt that any trends in appliance performance would be recognizable when conducting the test on minimum vent length only, rather than both the minimum and maximum vent lengths traditionally used for safety product evaluation. Had maximum vent lengths been used for testing there may have been additional CO issues on more furnace samples (the same comment is applicable to any of the power vented products tested under this program). For Category I listed products the ANSI Z21.47 “spillage stack” was utilized for testing (see section 2.2.3 of ANSI Z21.47 and for Category II, III or IV products, per section 2.2.5 of Z21.47)

Minimum Vent pertains to what the manufacturer states in their installation instructions as the shortest allowable vent length for safe operation of the appliance after installation.

Test Performed (See ANSI Z21.47 Gas Fired Central Furnaces)

16 Rate (section 2.5) Rise (section 2.6) Burner Operating Characteristics (BOC) (section 2.9) Combustions (section 2.8) Blocked Inlet/Outlet (section 2.2 & 4.4.6) Heat exchanger Temperatures (section 2.17) (If the appliance manufacturer installed thermocouples.)

Comments about Specific Tests on Furnaces NOx NOX emissions were recorded every time CO2 and CO samples were taken. This extra data aids in the determination of what effects the higher Wobbe and heating value indexes have on emissions during the operation on different gases. The results of these NOx values should not be confused with the procedures used for California or other state air quality testing. The NOx data presented here has been presented in a “ppm” format and was not intended to be a substitution for the full EPA method required by some state agencies which is far more complex than the simple procedure utilized in this program.

Steady State Efficiency Steady state efficiency was recorded on the combustion data sheets for each gas. This data was taken during steady state operation and was calculated using a “Flue Loss” program. For condensing furnaces condensate was collected during a clocked time and weighed for use in the efficiency calculations. These results recorded were steady state values and should not be compared to AFUE results or expectations.

112% Overfire The increased manifold pressure required for 112% data plate input on “A” Gas determines the increased manifold pressure on the remaining test gases regardless of rate obtained. As an example, if 4.3” was required on “A” Gas to achieve the 112% overfire condition, this same manifold pressure was used on the remaining test gases, therefore on high Wobbe Index gases, overfire was above 112% of the data plate input. This was a decision made early on in the process of how testing would be conducted on all products.

Burner Operating Characteristics (BOC) There where two units that had ignition issues during the 1/3 turn down procedure (fail to ignite and then go into lockout) while running the lowest Wobbe gases, but they would light at a higher manifold rate and continue to operate on the slightly higher pressure.

There were no noisy burners or combustion noise at ignition, and aside from two separate manufacturers having the 1/3 turn down issues (on gases C and E only ) that required resetting of the 1/3 rate condition from that used on gas A, no other B.O.C. problems were encountered on any of the gases.

Combustions Combustion failures were found at overfire conditions on the higher Wobbe/heating value gases. With the higher Wobbe indexes; four furnaces failed overfire (112%).

17 Vent Systems Under vent testing, blocked inlet and outlet were another area where higher Wobbe Index gas has brought about some failures. Four furnaces encountered combustion failures on “B” or “D”, high Wobbe gases, with blocked Inlet / Outlets at factory switch settings. It was decided during initial discussions with GAMA (later AHRI) that the pressure switch would be left in the operational circuit, and the CO would be recorded at the pressure switch trip point.

18 Ranges & Cooktops, Domestic

Five (5) range manufacturers contributed a total of nine (9) products for testing. The following types of cooking appliances were tested to Z21.1:

1 Built in Oven 1 30” Commercial grade free standing range 2 48” Commercial grade free standing ranges 2 30” freestanding ranges 3 Drop in Cooktops (Top Section Only)

Notable Differences in Test Procedures from the Generic Information Given Above Special test pots are utilized for combustion testing of open top burners and are detailed in the Z21.1 standard. In addition to these pots; specifically detailed cast iron griddle plates are required for the increased rate overfire tests. (See the Appendix for photographs of the 7½” test pots and 9 ½” griddle plates used during testing)

Open top broiler sections require the use of a sheet metal plate to cover 75% of the grid area for combustion tests, the shape of the cover shall allow an equal uncovered width around the perimeter of the grill section.

Sampling hood requirement: A four-sided hood plus top cover with adjustable legs and adjustable sample hole opening in the center of the panel is required for range top/cook top combustion samples.

Appliances with ovens and broilers are to be set to operate at the maximum temperature when testing the cook top sections. All burners below cooktops (such as ovens) or at the same height of the burner under test (such as the other open top burners) shall be in operation when testing the emissions from those burners.

Combustion Tests: The maximum permissible CO air free is 800 ppm (0.08%) for cooking appliances. The operational time before sampling for emissions for any given section of the range is detailed in the standard but generally sampling starts at 5 minutes from a cold start. All open top burners are sampled as one combined sample but all other top burners (broilers and/or griddles) are sampled individually as are the ovens and enclosed broilers. Additionally, the open top burners (without ovens in operation) are to be tested at 112% overfire with specific cast iron griddle plates placed on two adjacent open top burners. All other top section burners shall also be in operation.

Burner Operating Characteristics: Burner ignition shall occur within 4 seconds of gas at the ports without undue noise, lifting, blowing or any undesirable operation. Ovens shall light at room temperature and at hot conditions without flame entering the oven cavity. Appliances using electric ignition systems (hot surface or direct spark) must operate at 85% and 110% of their rated voltage. At least five successive ignition attempts shall be made on each top surface

19 cooking section with the lower sections (ovens) in operation and the unit both at room temperature and hot.

Observations and Comments: All household-cooking products passed ignition testing along with the B.O.C. portion of the program.

When the CO testing was conducted utilizing the “standard” combustion test load (special 7.5” diameter test pots) with the lower ovens in operation, all ranges passed combustion (AFCO). As noted above, an additional test is required in the ANSI Z21.1 standard for open top burners in which 9.5” griddle plates are placed over two adjacent open top burners, then all top burners are placed in operation at overfire condition but the ovens are not operated and the AFCO is recorded. Two appliances (ranges) failed this open top burner “griddle” overfire AFCO emissions test.

20 Room Heaters: Vent Free Style Heaters

Two manufacturers supplied a total of 3 vent free heaters (formerly referred to as unvented heaters). Two heaters were blue flame burners and one utilized a ceramic infrared burner. These products were tested to the ANSI Z21.11.2 standard.

Combustion Tests: The over-fire increases to 123% compared to 112% or 106.25% for other types of e appliances, reduced inlet pressure is 50% of normal supply pressure (same as other appliances) along with allowable Air Free CO limit lowered to 200 ppm maximum.

Another requirement under Z21.11.2 (section 2.4.4) is that the NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) when measured on an air free basis must not be greater than 20 ppm. Determination of NO2 requires the measurement of NO and NOx.

NO and NOx emission samples are secured through the use of a stainless steel sample hood placed above the appliance as described in section 2.4.6.

Burner Operating Characteristics: Section 2.5, flashback at reduced inputs along with carry-over at both hot and cold test conditions.

Observations and Comments: The only notable failure was on the ceramic infra red style heater which failed combustion testing on all test gases at reduced inlet pressure, passed all but one gas at normal input and passed all gasses at overfire.

For almost all products, reduced inlet gas pressure is not something that results in increased emissions, hence, those results were not detailed on the consolidated test sheets. An exception was made for sample # 57 which utilizes a ceramic Infra Red burner which typically, because of the burner’s inherent design, encounter issues at low inputs or low manifold pressures rather than at high inputs or manifold pressures. The important issue to be aware of is that within the low inlet pressure test mode, the effect of higher Wobbe Indexes can be seen in an inverse pattern, i.e., higher heating values improved (but still failed) CO emissions while lower Wobbe Indexes (lower input) increased the CO production.

21 Room Heaters: Vented Fireplaces

Two (2) manufacturers provided a total of three (3) fireplaces for testing. All units were direct vented products with inputs ranging from 17,500 up to 37,500 BTU/Hr. All of these were tested to the ANSI Z21.50 standard. All sample appliances are built-in designs with standing pilots. The manufacturers supplied logs and rock wool with specific locations and coverage for flame effects. Test pressures and burner adjustments were as indicated for other product types; normal, reduced and increased inlet pressure tests along with 112% increased rate.

Notable Differences in Test Procedures from the Generic Information Given Above Starting with the appliances at room temperature, after 45 minutes of continuous operation, the rate must be within 100% to 105% of the manufacturer’s specified BTU/Hr rate. Flue samples were taken after two minutes of purge time when adjustments are made to rates and/or pressure increases during the prescribed test procedures.

Fireplaces are one of only a few appliances which are permitted to have carbon (soot) deposits during operation, but the carbon deposits formed during the combustion process shall not affect the performance of the appliance. The standard instructs the tester to distribute loose burner material, such as simulated embers (if provided with the appliance), over the burner ports per the manufacturer’s instructions and then operate the appliance for 24 hours at normal inlet test pressure. Any carbon deposits that develop during the 24 hour period shall not be removed during the remainder of the tests.

Combustion Tests: All combustion samples were taken after two-minute purge time after adjustments were made and one appliance failed Air Free CO operating on “D” gas at normal input.

Burner Operating Characteristics: One appliance failed ignition testing at reduced inlet pressures on “A” and “C” gases, along with slow ignitions (more than 4 seconds) at normal pressure on “C” gas. It failed all ignition tests on “E” gas.

Observations and Comments: One combustion failure was found on “D” gas operating at normal inlet test pressure. This failure was primarily due to the 105.5% increased rate at “normal” condition with a low CO2. This resulted in an Air Free CO of 432 ppm (limit for test was 400 ppm air free).

22 Room Heaters: Vented Space Heaters

Two (2) manufacturers provided a total of (3) models with different designs that included: direct vent, short wall mounted and a floor “hearth” type. Inputs ranged from 14,000 BTU/hr up to 65,000 BTU/Hr with no fan-assisted combustion processes on any product. The appliance breakdown is as noted below:

1 Direct vent hearth heater 2 Direct vent wall mounted (short)

ANSI Z21.86 Vented Gas-Fired Space heating Appliances covers the broad range and design of these furnaces. All types must pass combustion tests with 400 ppm (0.04%) as the Air Free CO limit. The overfire condition on natural gas is 112% of the data plate input. Many of the test procedures are similar to the furnace standard for the combustion test(s) and operational times for data taking.

Notable Differences in Test Procedures from the Generic Information Given Above

The ANSI standard has five specific sections covering the different design criteria for each type of wall furnace. Vent systems are critical with the natural draft designs and test set-ups have specific configurations/diameters. Natural draft wall furnaces require sufficient vent pipe to be added to the appliance such that the termination of the vent pipe shall be 12’ above the base of the heater/test floor. Using a standing pilot ignition system requires a warm up time before the combustion tests commence from a cold ambient start.

Observations and Comments: The natural draft flue systems operating at increased rates have elevated AFCO with one failing emission tests while operating at increased rate on B and D gases. Ignition systems consisted of standing pilots with milli-volt thermostat controls driven by the thermocouple or thermopile output voltage.

23 Pool Heaters Included with the Water Heaters information below.

Unit Heaters

Four (4) manufacturers contributed a total of four (4) unit heaters for this test program. All were power vented products with inputs ranging from 30,000 BTU/Hr to 250,000 BTU/Hr. ANSI Z83.8 Duct Furnace and Unit Heaters is the standard for these appliances. Most of the operational tests are the same or similar to the furnace standard.

Combustion Tests: The maximum Air Free CO is 400 ppm (0.04%) after 3 minutes at normal inlet pressures, an additional 2 minutes at reduced inlet pressure, a total run time of 15 minutes before the increased rate combustion test, and followed up with reduced voltage (85% of rating voltage).

Burner Operating Characteristics: B.O.C. tests are similar to ANSI Z21.47 Section 2.9 for appliances with inlet pressures less than 14 inches water column. They consist of 1/3 turn down, 87% of minimum input, 4” inlet and voltage variations: 85 and 110 percent of rating plate voltage. These tests are to be performed at cold (room ambient) and hot test conditions.

Observations and Comments: An emission test failure was found on one sample appliance while operating on “B” and “D” gases; while operating on “B” gas the actual over-fire rate was measured at 117.2%. “D” gas increased rate was higher with an over-fire rate of 118.1%. Both of these gases caused higher than allowable Air Free CO emissions. Blocked vent outlet test showed similar results on the two highest Wobbe Index gases, producing higher than the 400 ppm limit for Air Free CO.

24 Water Heaters and Pool Heaters

Four (4) water heater manufacturers and one (1) pool heater manufacturer provided a total of nineteen (19) water heaters and one (1) pool heater for inclusion in this program. There was a mix of both commercial and residential water heaters along with the one pool heater. Sample appliance breakdowns by type of the nineteen water heating products are:

2 Residential Power Vented 4 Residential Natural Draft 2 Residential Ultra Low NOx 2 Commercial Power Vented 4 Commercial Natural Draft 2 Residential Instantaneous Tankless 1 Commercial Instantaneous Tankless 1 Commercial /Residential Condensing 1 Pool Heater

ANSI Z21.10.1 covers storage water heaters with input rates 75,000 BTU/hr and below. ANSI Z21.10.3 applies to storage water heaters with input rates higher than 75,000 BTU/Hr and all instantaneous water heaters. ANSI Z21.56 covers pool heaters.

Notable Differences in Test Procedures from the Generic Information Given Above

The ANSI water heater standards have no “Normal” combustion test/CO requirement, but for this program data was recorded for a “Normal” condition. Per the standards, combustion samples are required to be taken at reduced inlet pressure with an allowable CO of 200 ppm air free, and increased/overfire condition with an allowable CO Air Free of 400 ppm. The overfire rate requirement is 106.25% for water heaters (see pool heaters difference below). Hence, there is no CO allowable given for normal operation, and it could be either 200 or 400 ppm.

For combustion testing the water heater is filled with 70  2 F water. The heater is placed in operation and after fifteen minutes of continuous operation at normal inlet test pressure, the combustion testing begins with an additional five minutes of operation at increased rate and then an additional five minutes of operation at reduced inlet pressure. If equipped with a fan/blower power combustion system, an additional test is run at 85% of line voltage (see further discussion below).

For the one pool heater included in the test program, the pool heater standard (ANSI Z21.56) requires an increased rate of 112% with AFCO requirement of less than 400 ppm (0.04%) at the increased rate. For both normal rate and reduced inlet pressure the allowable CO Air Free is 200 ppm (0.02%).

Combustion Tests; The combustion samples were taken at the water heater’s flue outlet without a vent system connected to the draft hood as detailed by the ANSI standard. Power vent

25 appliances are required to pass combustion tests at reduced voltage (85%) of data plate stated voltage and with both the maximum and minimum vent lengths specified by the manufacturer. Again, to look at trends, only the minimum vent length was tested in this program.

For an appliance equipped with a draft hood (atmospheric vented) two sample probes were placed in the flue (on either side of the typical restrictor baffle) and joined together in order to obtain an average sample before dilution in the draft hood. Once the probe system was placed in the appliance, it was “locked” in position and not moved for the testing of the other gases. The goal being to have consistency of data in what, sometimes, can become a stratified sample.

As noted above the initial start up procedure requires the water heater to be filled with 70º F water. For continuous operation, water flow through the water heater was adjusted to maintain a water outlet temperature of 130F with a 70ºF inlet water flow. In order to maintain these requirements the 1,500 gallon tempering water system was used for all water heater testing.

For almost all products, reduced inlet gas pressure was not something that resulted in increased emissions; hence, those results were not detailed on the consolidated test sheets. An exception was made for sample # 53 (Atmospheric, Commercial Tank Style Water Heater) which did experience issues at reduced inlet pressure. As the Wobbe Index decreased, the CO air free emissions levels increased and failed on gases “C” and “E”.

NOX: NOX emissions were recorded along with CO2 and CO samples, this extra data aids in the determination of what effects the higher Wobbe Indexes had on combustions during the use of different gases. The reader is cautioned that the NOx emissions recorded were not done under the same protocol as required for California and Texas EPA emission testing. See the more detailed explanation under Boilers and Furnaces sections of this report.

Burner Operating Characteristics: One Low NOX appliance had burner resonance noise at increased rates on both higher Wobbe Gases (“B” and “D”).

Observations and Comments: NOX readings followed the changes in Wobbe Index wherein the higher Wobbe Index gas resulted in higher NOX emissions. One Low NOX appliance had burner resonance noise at increased rate on both higher Wobbe Index gases.

Combustion failures were found primarily at increased rates on the high Wobbe “B” and “D” gases. One appliance failed while operating on “B” gas, but had passing results on the highest Wobbe “D” gas. The cause appears to be due to a rate reduction on “D” gas, possibly due to excessive heat on the manifold pipe and orifice.

26 The decision was made to discontinue testing on one appliance (#64) that had failing combustions operating on increased rate with “A” gas along with a failing “normal” condition on “B” gas. The data was left in the table because it does show that a “sensitive” product that just barely fails (or passes) the overfire condition on Gas “A” can be dramatically impacted by a Wobbe change when tested at normal inlet pressure with a gas that mimics the 106.25% overfire condition. The test difference was that on gas A at overfire condition, the manifold pressure was increased to obtain the overfire. By changing the gas but leaving the manifold pressure at normal condition, the effect of a higher input was much more dramatic than achieving the overfire by increasing the manifold pressure to achieve the overfire effect.

27 Tables

Note When reviewing the individual data sheets, please be advised that any value of CO recorded as “1050” ppm means that the upper range of the CO measuring instrument has been exceeded. It was not determined how far above 1050 ppm the actual value was, but the 1050 value was used for computational purposes in determining the minimum Air Free CO value that the results could have been. Therefore, there are times where the CO values may be recorded (air free) on the data sheets as 1200, 2000, or more ppm. This is just the result of the mathematics of using 1050 ppm (maximum range of instrument) for the CO value inserted into the air free calculation. Hence, the value is at least the number shown and may be much higher. Most likely any recorded CO air free value over 1100 ppm in the tables was generated because the measured CO was above 1050 ppm4.

4 To make that determination: Multiply the stated value in the table by 12.2% and then divide the resultant value by the recorded CO2. This will give the reader the base CO value used for the calculation.

28 ) k n a T

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u n s a D I n u g ( ( N r u e

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e t

R l e e r c r

d r H t t a p ( a e o e a a n p

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n e e e l t l t e o o o i i t t l r e y e s r v o r o o o a a n a u r i e F R B F C O D U R F T W W W Comment on Venting, Efficiency, Sub-type of product, etc. 12 3 13 10 6 3 5 3 1 9 4 4 3 3 Number of samples tested/data presented (Total 78) 1 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 2 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 3 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 4 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 5 X Heavy Duty 30" Freestanding Range 6 X Heavy Duty 48" Free Standing Range 7 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 8 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 9 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 10 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 11 X Clothes Dryer 12 X Clothes Dryer 13 X Clothes Dryer 16 X Non-Condensing Boiler Power vent 17 X Clothes Dryer 18 X Clothes Dryer 19 X Clothes Dryer 20 X 30" Free Standing Conventional Range 21 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 22 X 80 + Efficiency Furnace 23 X Heavy Duty 48" Free Standing Range 24 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) 25 X Clothes Dryer 26 X Cook Top 28 X Unit Heater Power Vent Residential Garage Type 29 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 30 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 31 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 32 X Wall Oven 33 X Cook Top 34 X Clothes Dryer (Apartment Size with Washer Attached) 35 X Clothes Dryer 36 X High Effeciency ( 90+ ) Furnace 37 X Power Vent Boiler (80+% Efficiency) 38 X Condensing (90+% Efficiency) Modulating Boiler 39 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Boiler 40 X Power Vent Boiler (80+% Efficiency) 41 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Boiler 42 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Boiler 43 X Power Vent Residential Water Heater 44 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Residential Water heater 45 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Commercial Water heater 46 X Power Vent Commercial Water Heater 47 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Residential Water heater 48 X Tankless/Instantaneous Water heater 49 X Power Vent Boiler (80+% Efficiency) 50 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Boiler 51 X Condensing (90+% Efficiency) Modulating Boiler 52 X Condensing (90+% Efficiency) Modulating Boiler 53 X Atmospheric Vent Commercial Water Heater 54 X Cook Top 55 X 30" Free Standing 56 X Tankless/Instantaneous Water heater 57 X Ceramic Infra Red Style Unvented Room Heater 58 X Atmospheric Vent Ultra Low Nox Residential Water Heater 59 X Power Vent Residential Water Heater Tables: Page 1

29 ) k n a T

- l a ) i e k c ) c r n s a e a u n T m r o c u n i m t ) r F e e o

t s d e r g l C n e b ( o n o

a t r m o a h m e s e o d e t R u g t n

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e r u a r r e n O e e o H i

l e e t c

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e e e e p l t n e l t t t l e o o o i i r e y s e a a a r v o r o o o n e u r i T F R B W W F C O D U R F W Comment on Venting, Efficiency, Sub-type of product, etc. 60 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Residential Water heater 61 X Tankless/Instantaneous Water heater 62 X Power Vent Commercial Water Heater 64 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Commercial Water heater 65 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Commercial Water heater 66 X Wall Furnace 68 X Atmospheric Vent (Draft Hood) Residential Water heater 69 X Atmospheric Vent Ultra Low Nox Residential Water Heater 70 X Condensing (90+% Efficiency) Water Heater 71 X Wall Furnace 72 X Wall Furnace 75 X Fireplace Concentric Direct vent 76 X Pool Heater 77 X Fireplace Concentric Direct vent 78 X Fireplace Concentric Direct vent 80 X Unit Heater Commercial Size 81 X Unit Heater Power Vent Residential Garage Type 82 X Blue Flame type unvented room heater 83 X Blue Flame type unvented room heater 84 X Unit Heater Commercial Size 85 X Condensing (90+% Efficiency) Modulating Boiler 86 X Gun Style Power Burner (80+ % efficiency)

Some products submitted were not tested because they did not meet the parameters of the test program

Tables: Page 2

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Appendix

46 Chart of Test Gases

GAMA Designation Baseline High Low Higher Lower Heating Value 1035 1110 985 1140 985 GCI Designation Gas A Gas B Gas C Gas D Gas E Specific Gravity 0.5903 0.6112 0.5830 0.6353 0.6396

Wobbe Index 1345 1405 1290 1430 1230 % Wobbe Index Change from Test Gas A 0.0% + 4.4% - 4.09% + 6.32% - 8.55% COMPONENT Mol % Mol % Mol % Mol % Mol % CARBON DIOXIDE 0.50 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.00 NITROGEN 1.40 0.20 0.60 0.00 6.70 METHANE 94.38 91.50 96.59 89.50 84.88 ETHANE 2.80 6.00 0.30 6.00 5.40 PROPANE 0.60 1.50 0.01 3.00 0.80 I-BUTANE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N-BUTANE 0.20 0.80 0.00 1.50 0.16 I-PENTANE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N-PENTANE 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 HEXANES PLUS 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 TOTAL 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.00

47 List of Test Standards Used

Z21.1 Household Cooking Appliances Z21.5.1 Type 1 Clothes Dryers Z21.10.1 Storage Water Heaters With Input Ratings of 75,000 Btu Per Hour or Less Z21.10.3 Storage Water Heaters With Input Ratings Above 75,000 Btu Per Hour, and Circulating and Instantaneous Water Heaters Z21.11.2 Gas Fired Room Heaters, Vol. II Unvented Room Heaters Z21.13 Gas Fired Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Boilers Z21.47 Gas Fired Central Furnaces Z21.50 Vented Decorative Appliances Z21.56 Gas Fired Pool Heaters Z21.86 Vented Gas-Fired Space Heating Appliances Z21.88 Vented Gas Fireplace Heaters Z83.8 Gas Unit heaters and Gas Fired Duct furnaces

48 49 Wobbe Index

Throughout this report the term “Wobbe Index” will be used to denote different gases being utilized in the test program. Although the term is well understood by staff of the gas utilities and European gas engineers, it has not gained much usage (until recently) within the North American gas appliance industry.

In a simplistic fashion most people will equate a shift in heating value as meaning a change in heat output of the appliance on a one to one basis, but this is not necessarily the case because gas flow through an orifice is also controlled by a number of factors, one of which is the specific gravity of the gas that passes through the orifice (Specific Gravity of air = 1.00).

Generally the heat input of an appliance or burner is given as:

BTU/Hr = H.V. X Q Where: H.V. = Heating Value of the gas (by convention in North America we use Gross or Higher heating value for our calculations) Q= Flow of gas in Cubic Feet per hour

And Q can be shown (in English units) as:

Q= 1658.5 k A (∆P÷S.G.)½ Where: k = k factor of orifice (a constant generally related to the internal geometry of the actual orifice) A= Area of orifice in square inches ∆P= Pressure differential (in inches water column) across the orifice face (In most gas appliance applications this is simply the manifold pressure expressed in inches of water column and assumes no losses through internal plumbing downstream of the pressure tap) S.G. = Specific Gravity of the gas flowing through the orifice where air = 1.00

And if only the medium flowing through the orifice changes, i.e. the gas mixture, but the k factor, ∆P, and A remain unchanged (which will be the case of an operational appliance), the change in flow (Q) is only related to 1/(S.G.) ½

Or the change in heat input (BTU/Hr) of the appliance is related to

Input ≡ H.V ÷ (S.G.) ½

The above term or equation is known as the Wobbe Index. With the result being that if the Wobbe Index of a gas changes by some percentage (say +8.1%) compared to another gas, the actual gas input of the appliance will increase by 8.1%. So an appliance that may have had an input of 100,000 Btu/Hr on the original test gas will now have an input of approximately 108,100 Btu/Hr.

50 Gas Heating Value and Specific Gravity

To the layman the term “natural gas” implies some kind of unique compound that has a chemical formula and remains unchanged no matter where one goes to get their natural gas.

In fact, as gas wells are drilled into the ground, the gas that comes out is a “mixture” of different compounds that do not bind to one another but stay as independent molecules within the mixture. The physical characteristics of the gas mixture are generally the sum total of each of the individual characteristics of each of the compounds. Hence, if we have a way to measure each percentage of each individual constituent within the gas mixture we can compute the heating value and specific gravity of the “final” mixture along with a number of other constants such as specific heat, etc..

Generally it is recognized that a gas mixture which contains 80% or more methane gas (CH4) is termed a “natural gas” but the remaining other compounds within that mixture will greatly influence the final physical properties of the “final” gas which will be generically termed “natural gas”.

From the ASTM tables in D3588-98 (Standard Practice for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative Density of Various Gases Fuels) we can look up the physical constants for the compounds that are naturally found in a gaseous fuel such as “natural gas”. By passing the gas mixture through a gas chromatograph, the actual percentage of each compound can be determined and this is a standard practice at most utilities.

A typical mixture may have a composition similar to the one on the following page. The example on the next page was actually taken from data for one of the suburbs of Cleveland, Ohio near where one of the gas national appliance testing laboratories is located, and represents the typical gas natural most appliances are tested on when going through that laboratory.

From the data it can be seen that approx. 10 % of the gaseous compounds in this mixture are other than methane gas (CH4).

51 East Ohio Gas Gas Analysis Laboratory

Analysis of Gas Phase Arcco Sample

1. Source: TPL 7, Twinsburg Station, EOG #83606, Serial #7226 2. Sample Period: 7/21/97 to 8/19/97 3. Sample Number: 9708n091 4. Gross Heating Value: 1039.8 (BTU/SCF @ 14.7 psia, 60 F, dry basis) 5. Specific Gravity: 0.6093 (density relative to air = 1.00) 6. Wobbe index: 1332 Btu/Ft3 7. Chromatographic Analysis:

Component Normalized ASTM H.V. ASTM S.G. Volume Constant Contribution Constant Contribution Percent H.V. to Final for S.G. to Final (Time (Gross) Mixture Mixture Averaged) Helium 0.03 0 0 .1382 0.00004 Hydrogen 0.01 342.2 .03422 .0696 0.000007 Oxygen & 0.02 0 0 1.1048 .00022 Argon Nitrogen 2.63 0 0 .9672 0.025 CarbonDioxide 0.51 0 0 1.5196 .00775 Methane 90.38 1010 912.83 .5539 .5006 Ethane 5.31 1769.7 93.97 1.0382 .0551 Propane 0.69 2516.1 17.36 1.5226 .0105 Iso-Butane 0.09 3251.9 2.93 2.0068 .00181 N-Butane 0.15 3262.3 4.89 2.0068 .00301 Neo-Pentane 0.00 4008.9 0 2.4912 0 Iso-Pentane 0.05 4000.9 2 2.4912 .00125 N-Pentane 0.04 3985 1.59 2.4912 .000996 Hexane 0.08 4198.1 3.788 2.9755 .00238 Total 100.00 1039.1 .609

Note: The calculations in the chart above (done for this report) are simple percentage calculations and do not take into account the gas compressibility factors. That omission may add up to a 1 BTU/Ft3 error. Values above the chart utilize the full ASTM calculation procedures including gas compressibility factors.

Analysis Based on ASTM D3588-89 using gas chromatography

52 Discussion of Air Free Sampling Procedures

The term “air free” sample is used though out this report. The concept within all safety standards (North America, Europe, Pacific Rim such as Japan, etc.) for the measurement or emissions from a combustion process such as a gas appliance is to determine the concentration of the effluent at its source, i.e. the burner, before it is diluted with excess dilution air. The measurement process is referred to as “… on an air free basis”, or in some standards it is referred to as “... computed for no excess air”.

In the case of vented gas appliances, the concentration of products in the flue pipe that conveys the products outdoors from a heating appliance has been diluted substantially by excess air that is incorporated in the design of the appliance. The excess air is very often used to cool the flue products down to extend the life of metal heat exchangers and baffles within the appliance that are utilized for increasing the efficiency of the heat transfer process and to reduce the risk of fire of surfaces near the flue pipe itself..

By requiring the “air free” value of an effluent such as CO, it does not permit an appliance to pass the emission test by deliberately adding extra dilution air to the total effluent to get the final value below the acceptable limits. Hence, all manufacturers of gas appliances are on an equal footing as to how they make their burner perform in order to comply with the safety standards.

Within the combustion process there is a “marker” that stays constant that can be used for a dilution calculation . The concentration of CO2 remains fixed in the combustion process and only depends upon the general gas type (natural gas, LP gas, etc.). We know that when one burns natural gas that the percentage of CO2 produced by the burning of the gas (at the burner ports) will be approximately 11.9% and only depends upon the composition of the natural gas and varies no more than ±0.3% for all natural gases. The term for this CO2 value is called the “Ultimate CO2” or “Stoichiometric CO2”. For LP gases the value increases to 14.0%.

On the other hand the amount of other effluents in the gas combustion process such as CO, UH (Unburnt Hydrocarbons), CHOs (aldehydes, formaldehydes, alcohols, etc), NO (Nitrous Oxide), NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) where NO + NO2 = NOx, are all variables that depend upon the appliance design, burner adjustment and the final values will vary greatly from one model of product to another, let alone from one manufacturer to another.

By using the Ultimate CO2 as a constant within the combustion process it is possible to measure the amount of CO2 at the same point where the other effluents are measured and do a very simple calculation that arrives at the concentration of the effluent at the source of the process (the burner ports). For many reasons it is impracticable to measure the effluent at the burner ports, so it is necessary to get a more uniform measurement remote from the burner ports and for heating equipment a convenient point is in the exhaust pipe. When doing this one must understand that the effluent will be diluted from the values at the burner ports.

Example: Let us say we had a “virtual” instrument that could measure the effluent right at the burner ports and we found that the CO2 was 11.9% (as we know should happen by the chemical equations) and the CO was at 900 ppm (same as 0.09%) and the NOx was at 126 ppm. The flue products leave the burner and travel through a number of passageways within the appliance and finally find their way into the exhaust pipe. Along the way to the exhaust pipe, additional air is entrained into the appliance to cool the flue

53 gases (effluent) down to prevent metal fatigue. When the effluent is measured at the exhaust pipe we find that the CO2 value is 3.4 %, the CO is 257 and the NOx is 36ppm.

Since we know the burner combustion process must generate 11.9% CO2, we will use this as the constant in the calculation to determine a dilution factor. Since we measure 3.4% CO2 in the exhaust pipe, the dilution factor is 11.9% ÷ 3.4% = 3.5.

Therefore, all other effluents measured in the exhaust stack have likewise been diluted by a factor of 3.5. Therefore, the CO on a non diluted basis or “air free” basis would be:

Measured CO = 257 ppm multiplied times the dilution factor of 3.5, gives CO on an air freebasis as: 257 x 3.5= 900 ppmand the NOx valueon an air free basis is 36 ppm x 3.5 or 126 ppmof NOx.

Therefore, although the CO from the exhaust stack is under the allowable of 400 ppm required in most heating equipment standards, the actual air free basis of measurement is well over the 400 ppm value.

Therefore, the formula for CO air free is:

COair free = (Ultimate CO2 ÷ Measured CO2) x Measured CO

And the ultimate CO2 for natural gas in Cleveland is typically about 11.9%*

(for LP gases Propane is approx. 13.8 and Butane is approx. 14.0%)

* Historical Note: For a number of historical reasons and again in an attempt to provide to utmost cushion of safety for gas appliances, one national testing agency still uses a historical Cleveland value of 12.2% in their calculation process, as this makes it slightly harder to pass the tests required in the standards. Hence, to create the upmost cushion of safety for this program, GCI has elected to use the same value for all calculation of air free values.

54 Above: Banks of 5 test gases

Below: Test cart for controlling 5 test gases plus house gas

55