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Formulary Waste Management Page 1/2 Wobbe - Index Prof. Dr. Werner Bidlingmaier & Dr.-Ing. Christian Springer Projekt Orbit | Dr. W. Bidlingmaier | Bauhaus Universität Weimar | www.orbit-online.net Wobbe - Index: The Wobbe - Index (WI) or Wobbe number is an indicator of the interchangeability of fuel gases such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and town gas and is frequently defined in the specifications of gas supply and transport utilities. The Wobbe - Index was defined 1927 by the engineer Goffredo Wobbe. It allows the compatibility of different fuels. The Wobbe Index is used to compare the combustion energy output of different composition fuel gases in an appliance (fire, cooker etc.). If two fuels have identical Wobbe Indices then for given pressure and valve settings the energy output will also be identical. Typically variations of up to 5% are allowed as these would not be noticeable to the consumer. The Wobbe-Index is the quotient of the square root of the relation density fuel / air and the upper calorific value. To measure the Wobbe -Index a test gas is burned under standardized conditions. Hereby a gas mantle is heated and the temperature is measured. In comparison to a calibration gas the Wobbe-Index for a gas can be determed. Unit: kWh/Nm³ = 3,6 MJ/Nm³ = 3,6·106 J/Nm³ (1 Nm³ = 1 m³ under normal pressure: 1.013,25 mbar, 0 °C) Formulary Waste Management Page 2/2 Wobbe - Index Prof. Dr. Werner Bidlingmaier & Dr.-Ing. Christian Springer Projekt Orbit | Dr. W. Bidlingmaier | Bauhaus Universität Weimar | www.orbit-online.net Calculation: The Wobbe Index, , is defined as: or H H W = on bzw W = un on d un d Wo,n upper Wobbe-Index Wu,n lower Wobbe-Index Ho,n upper calorific value Hu,n lower calorific value ρL density air ρG density fuel d rel. Density of the gas (in relation to the density of air) Examples Gas Upper calorific value Lowe calorific value Wobbe - Index (kJ/Nm³) (kJ/Nm³) (kJ/Nm³) Converter Gas 4,080 3,975 4.,00 City Gas 18,000 16,120 26,540 Natural Gas 35,200 31,800 46,540 Propane 100,890 92,890 81,180 Methane 12,735 11,452 53,210 Bio methane (96% CH4) 51,030 Bio gas (65% CH4) 28,440.

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En Wobbe Index Control System in Gas Industry
~-4$ EN ! FROI05409 . ..+.. .“+_____________ WOBBE INDEX CONTROL SYSTEM IN GAS INDUSTRY PROCESSES SYSTEME DE CONTROLE DE L’INDEX DE WOBBE DU GAZ NATUREL DANS LES PROCESSUS INDUSTRIALS M. Cassibbaand M. Bertani SNAM, ltaly ABSTRACT Natural gassupplied toindustry forprocess utilisations originates from different sources and that can cause fluctuations in gas composition. Changing gas composition may lead to production problems in industry with sensitive thermal processes (particularly glass industry and thermal metal treatments), such as efficiency and product quality. An equipment suitable to control and adjust such variations has been developed. Experimental tests in laboratory were carried out in order to investigate the control system accuracy and reliability. In particular five different settings were tested: at a preset thermal input by adjusting the natural gas flow rate in respect to Wobbe Index variations; at a set furnace temperature and stack oxygen level with variable thermal input by monitoring the Wobbe Index value; at constant Wobbe Index value by adding air to natural gas; at constant thermal input and prefixed Wobbe Index value by adding air to natural gas and varying the air and gas mixture flow rate; gross calorific value control by adding air or LPG to natural gas. All the tested settings gave good results. This report illustrates these results and the main features of the control system. The control and regulation system was installed in two glass factories for field tests. RESUME Le gaz naturel utilise clans [es processus industrials provient de gisements a caracteristiques differences qui peuvent dormer lieu a des fluctuations clans la composition du gaz. Ces variations peuvent entralner des problemes clans certaines processus industrials tels que, en particulier, ceux du verre et du traitement des metaux.
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2002-00201-01-E.Pdf (Pdf)
report no. 2/95 alternative fuels in the automotive market Prepared for the CONCAWE Automotive Emissions Management Group by its Technical Coordinator, R.C. Hutcheson Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Ó CONCAWE Brussels October 1995 I report no. 2/95 ABSTRACT A review of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels for road transport has been conducted. Based on numerous literature sources and in-house data, CONCAWE concludes that: · Alternatives to conventional automotive transport fuels are unlikely to make a significant impact in the foreseeable future for either economic or environmental reasons. · Gaseous fuels have some advantages and some growth can be expected. More specifically, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) may be employed as an alternative to diesel fuel in urban fleet applications. · Bio-fuels remain marginal products and their use can only be justified if societal and/or agricultural policy outweigh market forces. · Methanol has a number of disadvantages in terms of its acute toxicity and the emissions of “air toxics”, notably formaldehyde. In addition, recent estimates suggest that methanol will remain uneconomic when compared with conventional fuels. KEYWORDS Gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, CNG, LNG, Methanol, LPG, bio-fuels, ethanol, rape seed methyl ester, RSME, carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This literature review is fully referenced (see Section 12). However, CONCAWE is grateful to the following for their permission to quote in detail from their publications: · SAE Paper No. 932778 ã1993 - reprinted with permission from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (15) · “Road vehicles - Efficiency and emissions” - Dr. Walter Ospelt, AVL LIST GmbH.
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Gas Interchangeability Defined
AGA Staff Paper: Technical Background and Issues of Gas Interchangeability Prepared for: Building Energy Codes and Standards Committee American Gas Association Prepared by: Ted A. Williams Director, Codes, Standards & Technical Support American Gas Association April 2006 Disclaimer This report was prepared by American Gas Association (AGA) Staff for the purpose of summarizing prior technical work, research, and technical application of gas interchangeability principles and practices. Neither AGA, its members, nor any person acting on behalf of these organizations: • Makes any warranty or representation with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or • Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information disclosed in this report. 2 Table of Contents 1. Gas Interchangeability Defined . 5. 1.1 The NGC+ Definition . 5. 1.2 Historical Definitions from the Gas Industry Literature . 6. 1.3 Implications of Gas Interchangeability as Defined . 6. 2. The Objectives of Gas Interchangeability Criteria . 7. 2.1 Anticipation and Avoidance of Adverse Combustion Behavior . 7. 2.2 Drivers for Gas Interchangeability Specifications in the U. S. 8. 2.3 Appliance Focus of Gas Interchangeability Studies and Specifications . 8. 2.4 Relevance of Historical Studies to Current End Uses . .11. 3. Combustion Issues in Classical and Contemporary Gas Interchangeability . 12. 3.1 General Combustion Issues . .12. 3.2 Combustion Failure Modes . .13. 3.2.1 Elevated Pollutant Generation . 13. 3.2.1.1 CO Production .
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Interchangeability & Wobbe Index Used As Quality Parameter For
INTERCHANGEABILITY AND WOBBE INDEX USED AS QUALITY PARAMETER FOR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS Rafael Rosal 1 and Sabrina Di Scipio 2. 1 Natural Gas Business Management Specialization. 2 Thermodynamics and Transfer Phenomena Department. Simón Bolívar University. Valle de Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo. Miranda. Venezuela. AP.89000. 1. Background The natural gas (NG) is projected like one of the most important energy sources in the future, due to its reduced contaminant effect and relatively low cost compared with liquid combustibles, like fuel oil or gasoline. Currently, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a common way to commercialize NG around the World. The main advantage of liquefaction process is the reduction by about 600 times of the total volume required for NG storage and transportation. Venezuela has big quantities of proven NG reserves (148 BCF). The country has to take profit of these reserves and monetize them in all possible ways [1]. Venezuela’s geographic location gives open access to most important oil markets, such as: Europe and USA. Historically, has sold to those regions the main part of its oil production and, few quantities are exported to Central America and Caribbean countries. In addition, Argentina, Brazil and, Chile have become in potential oil gas consumers. In order to verify the potential markets for the LNG that will be produced in Venezuela, it is important to analyze the influence of different gas compounds interchangeability on the final product; considering the specifications and gas compositions required by each country or region. A key interchangeability parameter is the Wobbe Index (WI). WI is used to compare the combustion energy output of different composition fuel gases in an appliance (fire, cooker, etc.), it changes with gas composition.
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Methane Number
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Current State and Prospects of Lng in the Unece Region
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Addressing Gas Turbine Fuel Flexibility
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Gas Turbine Fuel Flexibility: an Enabler for Regional Power Generation Jeffrey Goldmeer
GE Power & Water Power-GEN International Gas Turbine Fuel Flexibility: An Enabler For Regional Power Generation Jeffrey Goldmeer © 2013, General Electric Company. Proprietary information. All rights reserved. GE Power & Water © General Electric Company, 2013. GE Proprietary Information - The information contained in this document is General Electric Company (GE) proprietary information. It is the property of GE and shall not be used, disclosed to others or reproduced without the express written consent of GE, including, but without limitation, it is not to be used in the creation. manufacture. development, or derivation of any repairs, modifications, spare parts, or configuration changes or to obtain government or regulatory approval to do so, if consent is given for reproduction in whole or in part, this notice and the notice set forth on each page of this document shall appear in any such reproduction in whole or in part. The information contained in this document may also be controlled by the US export control laws. Unauthorized export or re-export is prohibited. 2 © 2013, General Electric Company. Proprietary information. All rights reserved. Concerns facing the global energy industry today Emissions Energy securitycosts Fuel Fuel diversification Changing Resource regulatory Increasing scarcity landscape renewables Grid stability Economic uncertainty Ancillary industry opportunities industry Ancillary 3 © 2013, General Electric Company. Proprietary information. All rights reserved. But, resources and fuels are regional E. Europe •
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Fundamentals of Energy Determination
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Monitoring the Wobbe Index of Natural Gas Using Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
sensors Article Monitoring the Wobbe Index of Natural Gas Using Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Vincenz Sandfort 1, Barbara M. Trabold 2, Amir Abdolvand 2,3, Carsten Bolwien 4, Philip St. J. Russell 2, Jürgen Wöllenstein 1,4 and Stefan Palzer 5,* ID 1 Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] (B.M.T.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (P.S.J.R.) 3 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore 4 Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstraße 8, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (J.W.) 5 Department of Computer Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 October 2017; Accepted: 23 November 2017; Published: 24 November 2017 Abstract: The fast and reliable analysis of the natural gas composition requires the simultaneous quantification of numerous gaseous components. To this end, fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to detect most components in a single measurement using a single laser source. However, practical issues such as detection limit, gas exchange time and background Raman signals from the fiber material still pose obstacles to utilizing the scheme in real-world settings. This paper compares the performance of two types of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF), namely photonic bandgap PCF and kagomé-style PCF, and assesses their potential for online determination of the Wobbe index.
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How to Measure Gas Quality the Composition of the Natural Gas Is Continuously Measured at a Number of Measurement Sites in Nybr
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Types of Gas and the Corresponding Supply Pressures According to Article 2(2) of Council Directive 90/396/EEC of 29 June 1990
Types of gas and the corresponding supply pressures according to Article 2(2) of Council Directive 90/396/EEC of 29 June 1990 Country Gas Wobbe index (gross) in Supply pressure in mbar family MJ/m3 or MJ/m3 or Minimum Nominal Maximum kWh/m3 kWh/m3 (0 °C) (15 °C) AUSTRIA SECOND Group H 47,7-56,5 MJ/m3 18 20 25 THIRD Group P 72,9-76,8 MJ/m3 42,5 50 57,5 Group B/P 72,9-87,3 MJ/m3 42,5 50 57,5 In leisure accommodation vehicles and boats 25 30 35 (1) BELGIUM SECOND Group L (a) 12,19-13,03 11,56-12,35 18 (2) 25 (2) 30 (2) kWh/m3 kWh/m3 (43,90-46,89 (41,61-44,45 MJ/m3) MJ/m3) Group H (a) 13,65-15,78 12,94-14,96 15 (2) 20 (2) 25 (2) kWh/m3 kWh/m3 (49,13-56,82 (46,57-53,86 MJ/m3) MJ/m3) THIRD Group P (a) 22,64 kWh/m3 21,46 kWh/m3 (3) 25 (2) 37 (2) 45 (2) (3) (81,5 MJ/m3) (77,26 MJ/m3) 42,5 (2) (4) 50 (2) (4) 57,5 (2) (4) Group B (a) 25,64 kWh/m3 24,30 kWh/m3 (5) 20 (2) 28-30 (2) 35 (2) (5) (92,3 MJ/m3) (87,50 kWh/m3) Country Gas Wobbe index (gross) in Supply pressure in mbar family MJ/m3 or MJ/m3 or Minimum Nominal Maximum kWh/m3 kWh/m3 (0 °C) (15 °C) BULGARIA SECOND Group H 48,2-53,6 MJ/m3 45,7-54,7 MJ/m3 17 20 25 THIRD Group B/P 72,9-87,3 MJ/m3 25 30 35 CROATIA CYPRUS THIRD 80,2-85,9 MJ/m3 20 28-30 35 CZECH SECOND REPUBLIC Group H 45,7-54,7 MJ/m3 17 20 25 THIRD Group B 81,8-87,3 MJ/m3 25 30 35 42,5 50 57,5 Group B/P 72,9-87,3 MJ/m3 25 30 35 42,5 50 57,5 Group P 72,9-76,8 MJ/m3 25 30 35 25 37 45 42,5 50 57,5 DENMARK FIRST 23,60-26,20 MJ/m3 22,37-24,84 6 (6) 8 (6) 15 (6) MJ/m3 Group a 6,56-7,28 kWh/m3 6,21-6,90 kWh/m3 SECOND 50,76-55,80 MJ/m3
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