STATEMENT OF FINDINGS CARLYLE LAKE ILLINOIS

I have reviewed, in light of the overall public interest, the operation and maintenance program at Carlyle Lake, Illinois, relative to the various practicable methods of carrying out its authorized^ purposes of flood control, navigation, domestic and industrial water supply, fish and wildlife conservation and recreation. I have considered the comments of all interested parties in response to the draft environ­ mental impact statement issued in August 1973. :

In my review of this lake's operation and maintenance program, I have found that Carlyle Lake has helped to reduce downstream flooding on the Kaskaskia River. This was especially true during the severe spring floods of 1973 when flood crests were reduced as much as 5. 8 feet at Posey, Illinois. During 1974, the Kaskaskia Navigation Project will open and Carlyle Lake will help to assure that its nine-foot minimum channel can be maintained during drought periods. My investigations have found that Carlyle Lake provides a large permanent warm water fishery while wildlife management programs carried on by the State of . Illinois' Conservation Department and Corps of Engineers' personnel have made this lake one of the most successful migratory bird areas in the State of Illinois. Recreation facilities have been provided for a multitude of outdoor activities ranging from areas where one may hunt to camping areas with hot showers. These facilities, combined with the basic land and water resources of Carlyle Lake, attracted over 2, 500, 000 visitors in 1973.

I have noted and carefully considered the adverse environmental impacts which have resulted or will result from the operation and maintenance program at Carlyle Lake. Lake regulation for the purpose of flood con­ trol has and will cause many periods of high water and fluctuating water levels. These high waters and fluctuating water levels have and will continue to cause severe shoreline erosion, the destruction of shoreline vegetation, the interference with normal fish spawning and the disrup­ tion of recreation activities on both land and water. I also recognize that the use of riprap for the purpose of shoreline protection has the effect of reducing the natural aesthetics of the lake shoreline. Other impacts of a less significant nature are recognized in the environmental impact statement.

I believe that all appropriate steps were taken in the preparation and presentation of the environmental impact statement to disclose fully all known environmental issues. All pertinent facts have been presented, studied, and discussed by appropriate professional personnel on my staff. : I believe the environmental impact statement complies, with / . the spirit of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.

Alternatives to the present operation and maintenance program have been studied according to environmental, social and economic effects including regional development and engineering feasibility. Alter­ natives considered included revised regulation plans and methods of shoreline protection.

Therefore, being appraised of the environmental, social and economic losses and gains that have and will accrue from the operation and maintenance program at Carlyle Lake and having considered the practicable alternatives in the light of economic and environmental factors, social well-being and engineering feasibility, I have con­ cluded that, on balance, the effects of the operation and maintenance program at Carlyle Lake are beneficial and that it is in the best public interest that they be continued.

THORWALD R. PETERSON (Date) Colonel, CE District Engineer

I concur in the preceding statement of findings.

CHARLES C. NOBLE Date . Major General, USA Division Engineer I concur in the preceding Statement of Findings.

FOR THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS:

f (Date) jZ w. morris /Major General, USA Director of Civil Works FINAL

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT

CARLYLE LAKE ILLINOIS

Prepared by

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. LOUIS ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS '

Section Page

SUMMARY SHEET 1

1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3 1.1 Location and Accessibility • 3 1.2 Authorized Purposes 3 1.3 Authority for the Project 3 1.4 Current Status and Benefit-Cost Ratio 3 1.5 Physical Data 3 1.6 Recreation Management Concepts 4 1.7 Operation and Maintenance Activities 6

2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT 7 2.1 General .7 2.2 Geological Elements 8 2.3 Hydrological Elements 10 2.4 Biological Elements 11 2.5 Cultural Elements 14 2.6 Interrelation of Other Projects in KaskaskiaWatershed 19

3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PROGRAMMED 20 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES 3. 1 Local Development as a Result of the Project 20 3.2 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage 21 3.3 Resource Management 25 3.4 Recreation Management 34 3.5 Archaeological and Historical Preservation 41

4 ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AS A RESULT 43 OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES 4. 1 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage 43

5 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED OPERATION AND 44 MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES 5. 1 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Operations 44 5_. 2 Shoreline Erosion • 45 5.3 Management of Project Land 45

6 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT- .45 TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG­ TERM PRODUCTIVITY Section . . Page

7 ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE 46 COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTIONS SHOULD THEY BE IMPLEMENTED

8 COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES 46

Appendix

A CARLYLE LAKE FISH SPECIES LIST

B CARLYLE LAKE

C CARLYLE DAM

D TEMPERATURE PROFILE

E COMMENTS RECEIVED CARLYLE LAKE, ILLINOIS

SUMMARY SHEET

•( ) Draft (X) Final Environmental Statement

Responsible Office: U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis, Missouri

1. Name of Action: (X) Administrative ( ) Legislative

2. Description of Action: Operation and Maintenance of a Multi-Pupose Reservoir in Clinton,.Fayette and Bond Counties, Illinois.

3. Environmental Impacts and Effects:

a. Environmental impacts - The Carlyle Lake Project provides flood control, water quality control by low-flow augmentation, navigation, industrial and domestic water supply and recreation benefits as well as certain other economic benefits within the area arising from employment and investment opportunities. The Lake provides a large permanent warm-water fishery while adjacent public lands are intensively managed for wildlife. The total magnitude of public use as expressed in visitors per day have increased greatly. Variable water levels due to flood control activities have damaged or destroyed vegetition at lower elevations while severe shoreline erosion has occurred due to wave action.

b. Adverse environmental effects - Conflict of use due to fluctuating water levels; shoreline erosion from wave action.

4. Alte rnatives: Revised regulation plans, shoreL'ne protection.

5. Draft Environmental Statements were sent to th* following for review and comment: An asterisk indicates that a response was received.

*U. S. Park Service U. S. Dep' "tment of Commerce, Advisory Council on Historic Secretary Environmental Affairs Preservation *U. S. Dep: tment of Housing and U. S. Department of Commerce Urban Development NOAA Environmental Clearance Officer

*U. S. Department of Agriculture *U. S. Dep* "tment of the Interior Soil Conservation Service Office of Environmental Project • Review Illinois Wildlife Federation Mr, Bill Anderson R. R. 2, Box 141a U. S. Office of Economic Tolono, Illinois 61880 Opportunity ♦ Illinois Chapter, American * Illinois Natural Resources Fisheries Society Development Board Illinois Division * U. S. Department of Izaak Walton League of America, Inc. Transportation Federal Highway Administration Kaskaskia Valley Association

Illinois Audubon Society ■City of Keyesport

Environmental Response Coalition for the Environment Washington University St. Louis Region

Committee to Save Allerton Park ♦ Illinois Archaeological Survey

City of Carlyle ♦ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

♦ Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

6. Draft Statement to CEQ 13 August 1973__

Final Statement to CEQ 1 7 DEC 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.

1. 1 Location and Accessibility. Carlyle Lake is located on the Kaskaskia River at about mile 107, upstream from its confluence with the Mississippi River, and about one-half mile upstream of the Town of Carlyle, Illinois, in Clinton County, approximately 50 miles east of St. Louis, Missouri, on U. S. Highway 50. The project area is bounded by Interstate 70 on the north, U„ S. Highway 50 on the south, U. S. Highway 51 on the east, and Illinois State Highway 127 on the west. The location of the project is shown in Appendix A.

1. 2 Authorized Purposes. The project is one of the key units in the comprehensive development of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The authorized purposes of the project include flood control on the Kaskaskia and Mississippi Rivers, navigation releases for Mississippi River and Kaskaskia River, domestic and industrial water supply, fish and wildlife conservation, and recreation.

1. 3 Authority for the Project. Carlyle Lake on the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, was authorized by:

1. 31 The Flood Control Act of 28 June 1938, as a unit in the compre­ hensive plan for flood control and other purposes in the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

1. 32 The Flood Control Act of 1958, approved 3 Ju’y 1958, Public Law 500, 85th Congress (72 Stat 297), authorized the establishment of the Carlyle Dam and Reservoir.

1.4 Current Status and Benefit-Cost Ratio. Construction was completed in Fiscal Year 1967. The current benefit-cost ratio, «.s submitted to the Division Engineer in July 1971, is 1.3 to 1.

1. 5 Physical Data.

1.51 Lake (Appendix B)

Storage, acre feet Flood control pool . 700,000. Normal pool 233, 000

Water areas, acres Flood control pool, top 57,500 Normal pool, top 26, 000 Elevation, feet above mean sea level Flood control pool, top ' 462.5 Normal pool, top 445.0 Streambed ’ 405.0 Length, miles (approx.) Flood control pool 25 Normal pool 15 Maximum width, miles (approx.) Flood control pool 5 Normal pool 3-1/2

1. 52 Dam (Appendix C)

Type: earthfill Height above stream bed, feet 67 Crest elevation, above mean sea level 472 Length, overall, feet 6, 570 Control gates, four, size in feet 38 x 39 Spillway: Type, concrete, gate controlled Length, feet 179 Crest elevation, above mean sea level 425 Outlet works: Conduit left side of main dam . Inside diameter, inches • 30 tapering to 24 Invert elevation 397

1. 6 Recreation Management Concepts. The great majority of the using public view Carlyle Lake as a recreational development. In the administration of the project, an important objective is minimizing adverse effects on recreational pursuits through proper coordination of all operational activities and concepts. Recreational management concepts include:

a. The provision of a wide range of appropriate outdoor oppor­ tunities and recreation facilities in a relatively natu/al setting. Tradi­ tionally and justifiably, the Corps of Engineers projects have provided ■facilities for the water oriented user. At Carlyle Like, access areas contain boat ramps, marinas, parking lots, campgrounds, picnic areas • near beaches, and fishing and hunting access areas. As good as these facilities are, recreation in, on or near water does not meet the needs of the whole family throughout their stay at a lake project. Since each member of a family has diverse recreational needs, it is our plan to provide non water oriented facilities or activities for diversification. Examples include providing playground equipment for the young, nature trails for education, hiking trails for exercise and exploring, camp- fire programs, shelters which may be reserved on a first come-first served basis for group meetings, group camps to serve underprivileged youth, and places where a person can just sit and enjoy being next to nature.

b. Reduction in conflict of use through activity and area zoning. The swimmer and motorboater have different requirements and neither can enjoy their pursuit while operating- in close proximity of each other. For this reason, beaches have been established and buoyed so that the swimmer will be safe from the boater and the boater will know the areas most likely to expect swimming activity. Other management steps taken to reduce conflict of use are the establish­ ment of campground control stations to provide security to the camper and eliminate the sightseer from the camping areas, providing an idle zone along the lake shore and in selected embayments to reduce the conflict between the fisherman and boater, and establishing wildlife refuge areas to protect the wildlife in certain areas so the public might see a deer, duck, or quail during a recreational outing.

c. The interpretation of natural resources and project objectives through a viable public relations program. Natural resources inter­ pretation is becoming increasingly important as society becomes progressively urbanized. Interpretive trails will be developed so that the user will understand more about his outdoor environment. These trails may take the form of a self-guiding trad, or Rangers may accompany groups pointing out features of interjst.

d. The development of policies which provide for maximum sustained public use without undue deterioration of mtural and project resources. Campground control stations ar*. provided not only to accommodate a means of fee collection and i.;curity, but also to prevent overuse of the campground. Once capaciy is reached, the area is closed and campers are referred to over-low campground •sites. The restriction of private development alonr he shoreline through a Mooring and Docking Policy prevents excessive development from degrading the environment. A Vegetative Marigement Permit is issued before an adjacent landowner can mow or c it brush on project land adjoining his residence. These permit: are restrictive in nature and serve to protect the naturalness of the shoreline. Title 36, Code of Federal Regulations, enforces these concepts and strengthens the enforcement of actions which tend to degrade the resources. Cross-country riding of motor vehicles and noise in the campgrounds are good examples of restrictive rules covered in Title 36.

e. The provision of additional recreational opportunities through concessions, and leases and licenses to State governments*. There are some activities that can be better served through private enter­ prise. The Governire nt has neither the expertise nor the money to provide lodge and marina facilities. Through concession agreements, private enterprise can benefit the economic climate of the lake area and provide services over and above those provided by the Corps of Engineers. The partnership between the Department of Conservation and the Corps of Engineers, through leased park areas, enables the public to have additional facilities beyond those the Corps could pro­ vide. One Government agency cannot provide for all of the appropriate outdoor activities of specialized interest groups. However, if the demand is sufficient, private enterprise, through concession agree­ ments, can often bridge the gap. All lease agreements indicate that the Corps will monitor the activities of the lessee to insure environ­ mental degradation will not take place.

f. The maintenance of facilities and grounds to a standard above that normally expected in a public area; It has been proven that a clean, we 11-maintained area will receive better care by the public, and have less litter and less vandalism than a poorly maintained area. At Carlyle Lake recreation areas, maintenance is performed by both Corps personnel and by contract. Operation:.! personnel are inspecting the contractor's work continually to assur : a clean, attractive recreation area. Twenty-four hour Rang.- patrols during the recreation season also assist in holding down vandalism and re­ ducing litter.

g. The provision of a safe and rewarding outdoor recreation experience to the using public. The outdoor expert ce we hope to provide will send the recreationist home with a bett .r understanding of nature after having had an opportunity to develop dlls associated with out-of-door living and renew his spirits in enje :.ble recreational pursuits.

1. 7 Operation and Maintenance Activities. 1. 71 Operation and maintenance of the dam, outlet structure, and subimpoundment pumping stations, in accordance with the approved regulation plans.

1.72 Operation, development, and maintenance of recreational facilities, roads, and grounds by utilization of resident personnel and contractual services. Services include mowing, trash removal, clean­ ing, safety patrol, and vector control.

1.73 Removal and disposal of drift from the lake.

1. 74 Development of resource management programs that enhance the environment through reforestation, brush control, and wildlife habitat improvement.

1. 75 Pumping and treatment or disposal of sewage from vault toilets, marine toilets, flush toilets, fish cleaning stations, and trailer dumping stations.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT.

2.1 General. Carlyle Lake, with its 26,000 acres of water, at nor­ mal pool elevation 445. 0 feet m. s.l., provides a tremendous potential for recreation. Six public access areas have .been developed by the Corps of Engineers totaling 880 acres, and four ams by the Illinois Department of Conservation encompassing 2,400 acres. Most of the State land will be a major State Park on the west sh.re of the lake.

The Corps sites provide picnic and camping are::, including swim­ ming beaches, tables, barbecue braziers, comfort ;.atjons, boat launching ramps, car and boat trailer parking, bo: docks, sales and service areas. The State areas provide picnic arc; boat launching ramps with car and boat trailer parking areas, boa* locks, sales and service areas, camping areas, organized game uni: .’, nature study area, and casual game areas. In 1973,2,535,000 ■ ople visited these facilities at Carlyle Lake.

The upper portion of the lake above the Burling: Northern Railroad, an area of approximately 16, 000 acres of project land and water, has been licensed to the Illinois Depart: nt of Conservation for intensive wildlife management pv.: ases.

There were 37,159 acres of fee land and 25,279 "res of ease­ ment land purchased for the project. Of this 62, 4* acres, 57, 500 acres will be flooded at flood control pool elevation .f 462. 5 feet. 2.2 Geological Elements.

2. 21 Geology.

2.211 A thin veneer of glacial drift blankets the upland, which, in turn, is generally overlain by three to seven feet of loess (except where removed by erosion).

2. 212 The flood plain of the Kaskaskia varies in width from 1/2 mile to 3 miles, and stands 15 to 20 feet above low-water stages. The drainage basin is long, narrow, and shallow. The river is a slow, turbid, meandering stream which has an average fall of less than one foot per mile. Tributaries are few and small, and the up­ lands are mainly undissected. Remnants of terrace deposits, which are very similar in composition to the recent alluvium, are scattered along the valley.

2. 213 The Glacial Drift of Illinoian Age which blankets most of the uplands and forms the drift hills consists of an intimate mixture of clay with pebbles and a few cobbles. Most of the pebbles are less than one inch in diameter, and there are few boulders larger than one-half cubic foot. Occasional sand and gravel lenses are encoun­ tered, particularly in the drift hills. The pebble mineralogy is predominantly silicate, with some carbonate rocks and a varied suite of igneous types.

2.214 Soils in the Carlyle Lake Area are formed mainly in loess and the underlying glacial till. Internal drainage ranges from poor to moderate and in some level areas poor drainage i3 a distinct problem. Most soils in the area have slowly permeable subsoils that present moderate to severe limitations for recreational uses. The project also lies almost in the center of a zone of problem solonetzic. soils peculiar to this part of the State. These soils have a high content of sodium which creates unfavorable conditions for tree growth. It is possible that some of these solonet­ zic soils may be present on project lands.

2.22 Mineral Resources.

2.221 Oil and Gas - Three oilfields, namely Bcolder, Fairman, and Patoka West, were affected by the lake. The Eoulder Oil Field in Clinton County, which was discovered in 1941 arc which had a proved area of 720 acres, lied entirely within the flood control reservoir, near the eastern side, opposite river m'les 113. to 115. The Patoka West Oil Field in Fayette County, which was discovered in 1950 and which had a proved area of 2, 500 acres, lied along the eastern shore of the lake opposite approximate river mile 138, The Fairman Oil Field in Clinton and Marion Counties, wtich was dis­ covered in 1939 and which had a proved area of 460 acres, lied in an area adjacent to the east fork of the Kaskaskia River and the county line between Clinton and Marion Counties. The St. Louis District purchased rights in all oil producing properties at Carlyle Lake in April 1963, under agreements which permitted the owners to continue operations to 1 October 1964. Upon completion of produc­ tion all equipment was removed and all wells capped or plugged in accordance with the laws of the State of Illinois. As of 1 January 1974 there were no gas or oil wells on Federal properties at Carlyle Lake. Any future development of gas or oil wells on Federal fee lands would be handled under Section 19 of ER 405-1-830 Department of the Army, through the Department of the Interior. At this time there are no plans for the reopening of the old oil fields which are presently considered depleted or .any new ones on Federal land.

2. 222 Coal - No coal mines are operating, and, so far as the file records of the Illinois State Geological Survey show, none have ever operated at locations within the lake area. There are strong .indica- ■ tions that the entire pool area is underlain with No. 6 coal resources.

2. 23 Topography. The topography of the lake area consists of gently rolling land with alluvial valleys and terrace ceveloped along the Kaskaskia River. The lake area is one of moderately low relief. The highest point is some four miles southwest of th-: Town of Carlyle, and is approximately 580 feet in elevation; while th* lower portions of the Kaskaskia River Valley have elevations near 400 feet. The uplands are generally flat, except where interrupted by occ; .ional drift hills. Elevations of these uplands range between 450 and 5:0 feet, with the drift hills standing 30 to 50 feet higher.

2.24 Climate.

2.241 Temperature - Occasional temperatures. ■ ’!00°F or higher 'have been experienced. The winters are usually si t and moderate, although temperatures below zero are occasionally perienced. The average annual temperature in this area is about 55 ', and the aver­ age monthly temperature ranges from a maximum •: 78°F during July to a minimum of 30°F in January. An extreme low of minus 34°F was recorded in Lincoln, Illinois, in January 1927, ■ .d minus 28 F was recorded in Morrisonville, Illinois, just outside th .';asin boundary. The maximum observed temperature of 115°F occurred at Centralia, Illinois, on 22 July 1901, and again at Greenville, Illinois, on 12 July 1936.

2.242 Wind - The maximum wind movement occurs in March, and the minimum average occurs in August.. The average annual wind velocity is about 10. 3 miles per hour. The prevailing winds over the basin are from the south.

2. 243 Humidity - The mean relative humidity varies from about 59 to 86 percent in the winter and from 51 to 89 percent during the other seasons of the year.

2. 244 Precipitation - The average annual precipitation over the drainage area is 38.6 inches of which about 22 percent falls in May and June. Although rainstorms are frequent in the spring, local cellular storms also occur in July and August. Snowfall is usually limited to the period from October through April and seldom covers the ground for more than a few days at a time. The average annual snowfall amounts to about 20 inches.

2. 3 Hydrological Elements.

2. 31 Existing Water Resources. The lake, at jcint-use pool eleva­ tion 445. 0, will have a water surface of 26, 000 acres and contain 233,000 acre-feet of joint-use storage above elevation 429.5 for water supply, navigation, recreation, and fish and wildlife purposes. A minimum downstream release of 50 c.f. s. is assured and is an im­ provement over the historically recorded minimum if 11 c.f. s. . The pool, at elevation 445.0, extends upstream from th; dam approximately 15 miles, and varies in width at this elevation from C to 3-1/2 miles. The average water depth throughout the lake at joii.t-use pool elevation is approximately 25 feet. Depths along the western shore are greater than along the eastern shore and in the upper reach s. Maximum depths of 40. 0 feet are along the old river bed and at sever'd of the bottom­ land lake sites which existed prior to inundation. 73e 83 miles of shoreline of the lake at the joint-use pool elevation ire rather regular. .At elevation 462. 5 feet water is backed up approxi. :tely 25 miles from

the dam and will have a water surface area of 57, f j acres. An additional 700, 000 acre-feet of flood storage capaci y are provided at this elevation. .

The major tributary is the Kaskaskia River. A' o providing inflows directly to the lake are the East Fork Kaskaskia R’.:er, Hurricane Creek, Coles Creek, Allen Branch, and numerous smaller tributaries. Nearly all water in the lake is derived from surface runoff since springs are sparse in this area. The drainage arca’upstream from the dam site comprises 2,680 square miles. Stream flows at the dam site dur­ ing a period between 1930 and 1954 averaged 1, 872 c.£s, Maximum flow of 54,400 and a minimum flow of 11 c.f. s. were recorded during that period.

2.32 Water Quality. Minor sources of pollution exist in some of the tributary streams, but these are quickly assimilated and the Kaskaskia River and Carlyle Lake are still considered relatively free of pollution. Potential sources of pollution which cou3d have consider­ able effect upon water quality in Carlyle Lake include wastewater from surrounding communities and runoff from agricultural! land. Because of this, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers will cooperate within the limits of its authority with local Soil and Water Conservation Districts in promoting an accelerated land treatment program throughout the watershed to reduce erosion sedimentation and water pollution.

The water quality of the Basin has been neither degraded nor im­ proved due to the impoundment of the stream. The temperatures of the stream below the dam outfall were as follows: 9 June (23°C), 6 July (28°C), 4 August (24°C), 31 August (28°C), 28 September (21°C), 26 October (18°C). The temperature profile for the lake is shown in Appendix D. The lake is eutrophic and in the summer, water below 12 to 15 feet deep, frequently becomes de-oxygenated. Terrain and the physical shape of the lake do not hinder frequent -;igh winds and waves which often keep the lake water mixed and eliminate any pro­ longed thermal stratification.

• Water quality conditions below the dam have shown higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and lower turbidity than water entering the lake. These improvements are primarily due to turbulence created in the stilling basin and entrapment of sediment behind the lam, respectively. The water quality in Carlyle Lake is of suitable qua;>y for use as a water supply, primary and secondary contact recre'.'lon, and for sup­ port of desirable biological communities. •

2.4 Biological Elements.

2.41 Vegetation. Prior to the construction of th-; reservoir, about 60 percent of the present fee-owned project acreage ;as forested. The majority of these lands was located below the norm; pool elevation and was inundated by the reservoir. In the low, poorly drained areas of the Kaskaskia bottoms are found the palustrine oak-hickory-maple forests’. This major plant community is variable in the nature and type of plant associations, largely as a result of minor differences in the amount of drainage and the periodicity of inundation.

A climax growth of this major plant community was observed in the swamps of the lake basin before clearing. Here the dominant trees were pin oak, cottonwood, pignut hickory, and soft maple. Overcup-oak occurred in reduced numbers. The undergrowth was largely young pin oak and pignut hickory, while the ground cover was composed of sedges and minor associations of grass. Remnants of this forest-type can still be found along the uncleared stream channel and in the subimpoundment areas.

Along the upper portions of the Kaskaskia Valley, in well-drained soils and gentle slopes, the upland oak-hickory forests are the climax growth.

The upland oak-hickory forest community is dominated by several species of the red oaks, bur oak, and shagbark hickory. The overstory in its natural form was dense and allowed only occasional light to penetrate below. This substratum consists largely of the young of the dominant trees. Surface cover is essentially non-existent, the ground being covered with a heavy matting of small twigs and leaves. On the edges of small sunbreaks in the upper stratum, grasses may be found as ground cover; grapes and other lianas may cover tie adjacent growth.

Minor floral associations which occur within the v. land oak-hickory forest are largely the result of variations in the amc.at of drainage and disruptions in the density of the upper stratum. For ...xample, in more open areas where lumbering has been carried out, rv. .'.or plant associ­ ations occur dispersed within the upland forest prop . In some broken spots, the surface cover maybe largely grasses, particularly brooms­ edge and young cottonwood, hickory, and locust. Tl. -e lower trees may be covered with lianas of both summer and fro;., rape. Along the edges of the forest proper, in the transitional zones tween the forests and the agricultural land, blackberry and dewberry . z abundant, as well as sassafras, black cherry, many lianas of sun cr and frost grape, Virginia creeper, and several species of gre >rier. Various sedges and grasses are also characteristic of the tr. dtional zones. Since project completion, two distinct areas of vegetative cover can be described on the project. One area lies above the Burlington Northern Railroad embankment; the other area lies below the railroad embankment.

The timbered area lying north of the embankment is devoted to management for wildlife habitat and public hunting. There are several units which have been enclosed in levees and which will be managed as ’’green tree" reservoirs. The remainder of this area, which has a substantial forest cover, is either inundated or subject to inundation. Most of the trees in this area are dead or dying, and it is expected that many of the remaining live trees will also die over the next ten years. There will probably be some scattered stands which will survive be­ cause they occupy higher ground, or islands created by the reservoir. Most of the timber in this area had been heavily cut and high-graded prior to acquisition for the project.

The project lands below the Burlington Northern embankment con­ tain scattered stands of timber which are the remnants of former farm woodlots. These stands are generally low in quality and have less than desirable species composition as a result of past management practices by private owners.

2.42 Animal Life. Located in the 37,159 acres of the Carlyle Lake Area are numerous species of wildlife'- most notable among these are deer, bobwhite quail, dove, fur bearers of several varieties, such as mink, muskrat, raccoon, opossum, and red and gre~ fox, and a large variety of non-game birds. During the migratory st.;?.son, all varieties of waterfowl indigenous to this flyway are represented. Among these are Canada geese, blue and snow geese, mallard, Kick duck, baldpate, pintail, gadwall, blue and green wing teal, scaup, rig-neck duck, can­ vasback, and several of the mergansers. Wood due .5, which nest here during the year and utilize the flooded timber areas; or rearing young, are a species which greatly benefit from the reserv.ir environment. In addition to these Spectacular forms of wildlife, t? re are a large number of songbirds which utilize this vast acreage. The lake area : contains heron and egret rookeries, and numerous • .ccies of shore- birds, including snipe, yellow legs, and sandpipers Carlyle Lake •does not provide important habitat for any endanger species. Biologists of the Illinois Department of Cons er vatic believe that the Federally-owned land around Carlyle Lake is incrc ingly productive in terms of wildlife abundance and diversity because ~iuch of this area has been retired from intensive agricultural produc .on and allowed to return to more favorable habitat conditions. It is estimated that from October to April, 100, 000 to 250, 000 waterfowl visit the project area. The number of birds attracted is dependent‘.on the food supply and the water level. The fur bearers are numerous throughout the area and one needs only navigate the area in a boat and note signs that are left by mink, muskrat, raccoon, and opossum. Carlyle Lake has a high wildlife habitat potential, and it is, at the present time, being developed at a rapid rate by the Corps of Engineers and by the Department of Conservation. Many of the practices that are being inaugurated now will further benefit this wildlife potential and will benefit most forms of wildlife.

2.43 Aquatic Life. The fish population of Carlyle Lake and its tail­ water is typical of midwestern waters. Major sport, commercial, and forage species are white and black crappie, bluegill, green sunfish, yellow bass, long-ear sunfish, warmouth, yellow and black bullhead, channel and flathead catfish, largemouth bass, freshwater drum, carp, numerous species of buffalo fishes, suckers, and carpsuckers, bowfin, gizzard shad, brook silversides, and many species cf minnow, shiners and darters. All totaled, there are approximately 50 species of fish found in this area. An overall listing of fish species sampled at Carlyle is presented in Appendix A.

The water of the lake and tailwater also has many diverse forms of phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. All, in one stage or another, are an integral part o; the food chain, necessary to sustain life of the lake organisms. Th food supply of the fishes is supplemented also by numerous terrestria': forms, particularly during periods of rainfall or windy days. Maintenar .3 of good water quality (free of inorganic or organic pollutants) is a ..o necessary for : the well-being of the diverse aquatic populaticns.

While presently not abundant, several species c!‘ ami-aquatic plants (smartweed, arrowhead, water willow, cattail) arc ztablished and contribute to the aquatic communities as a source c resting, feeding, and protective cover.

2. 5 Cultural Elements.

2.51 Archaeological Studies. A report on the £ ey of archaeologi­ cal sites in the Carlyle Lake Basin was accomplish ’ in I960 through a contract awarded to Melvin L. Fowler, Southern Ik _ris University, by the U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service (Contract No. 14-10-529-1983). Although it was previously known that this area contained aboriginal sites, it was not known how numerous or exten­ sive these sites were. Only minimal archaeological work had been accomplished in this area prior to the above survey. Eighty-three sites were identified as possibly having archaeological significance. On the basis of the survey, it was strongly recommended that sal- ' vage operations be undertaken at selected sites so that a greater understanding of the aboriginal occupants could be achieved. Sub­ sequent salvage studies carried out through cooperative agreements with the National Park Service (Contract No. 14-10-529-1984, No. 14-10-529-1993, and No. 14-10-529-2487) reported on specific sal­ vage operations. Contract No. 14-10-529-2877 entitled "Carlyle Reservoir Archaeology: Final Session," was authored by Frank Rackerby and published in April 1968.

Three cultural groups were identified in the studies as a result of finds in the work areas. They were the Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian groups or periods. No sites attributed to historic Indian groups were located in the area. The Carlyle Project cast no light on this shadow zone between the archaeological past and written history. A considerable amount of data collected still re­ quires analysis, interpretation, and then publication.

2. 52 Area History. The first white-man activity in the Carlyle Area dates back over a century and a half when, in tie latter part of 1808, a wagon road was laid out through what is now Clinton County. This road extended east and west and was part of whit was known as the Vincennes - St. Louis road. It ran along the site which is now Fairfax Street in Carlyle.

In 1812, the settlement of Carlyle began with John llill, who built a log fort and block house as a means of protection i jainst the war­ like Indians at a site six blocks east of the present c.arthouse square. Hill established a ferry for crossing the Kaskaskia Liver, and built a small shelter at the river which served as a toll hmse. This toll house and block house were the first buildings in Ca’lyle, and probably the first in Clinton County. Those to follow Hill anc. .ontinue the settlement of the area were of English birth or pare”age, hence the name they gave it - Carlyle - was in honor of Sir Th .nas Carlyle, who figured so prominently in Eighteenth Century E:^ lish literature. It was in 1824, six years after Illinois was granted statehood, that Clinton County was formed out of Washington, Bond, and Fayette Counties. Covington, which had been the County Seat, was situated in Washington County; therefore, the question of a new County Seat for Clinton County arose. Charles Slade, a prominent Carlyle citizen, in order to secure the Seat for Carlyle, made a grant of 20 acres on the condition that Carlyle would be selected. The present courthouse square is part of that grant.

In 1825, Charles Slade erected a toll bridge across the Kaskaskia River to replace the ferry which had been the only means of crossing the river. The bridge served the travelers on the Vincennes - St. Louis road until I860 when a suspension bridge, one of the earliest in the mid­ west, was constructed at a cost of $45, 000. In 1946, the Carlyle Suspension Bridge Restoration Association was formed to restore this picturesque structure which was deteriorating rapidly. Twenty thousand dollars was appropriated in 1951 by the State Legislature for the restora­ tion of the bridge because of its historical importance. When the res­ toration was completed, it was decided to name the bridge in honor of General William Dean, hero of the Korean War. On 11 November 1953, General Dean came to Carlyle to dedicate the bridge.

2^53 Population Trends. The area of immediate impact from Carlyle Lake is defined as Bond, Clinton, Fayette, and Marion Counties. Total population of the area fell steadily from ll4, 500 in 1940, to 99,400 in I960. The declining population trend was reversed during the 1960's and increased to 102, 000, as reported in the 1970 cci.sus. Nearly 87 percent of the increase occurred in Clinton County. The increase was diffused over 10 communities which are on or very n ar U. S. Highway 50 or Illinois Highway 161.

The Office of Business Economics (OBE) project! as for the Kaskaskia River Water Resources Planning Area (W PA)*, 17 March 1969, indi cate an increase in population beginning v.kh 1980 and aver­ aging almost 7. 5 percent per decade thereafter. P: itive rates of growth during the 1960's resulted in the 1970 Kaska. .a population exceeding the projected population for 1980. Since .. . Carlyle Area has maintained a population in proportion to the Kar ski a River Water Resources Planning Area since 1950, a popui ion increase

*The Kaskaskia River WRPA is composed of Monrc: . Randolph, Washington, Clinton, Bond, Fayette, Marion, Mont, mery, Shelby, and Moultrie Counties. of about 7. 5 percent per decade should be expected to approximate the next 20 or 30 years growth of the Carlyle Area.

2.54 Present Economic Conditions. In I960, median family income for the State of Illinois was $6, 566; in the Carlyle Area, median family income ranged from a low of $3, 806 in Fayette County to a high of $4, 808 in Clinton County. In 1950, median family income in the Carlyle Area was $2,580 or 81 percent of that for the State ($3,163); in I960, it had declined to 66 percent. Therefore, even though the area increased its median family income by 68 percent between 1950 and I960, it became less wealthy relative to the rest of the State. Although 1970 census figures on family income are not yet available, some indication that a disparity still exists is. provided by a comparison of per employee quar­ terly taxable payrolls for the State of Illinois and the Carlyle Counties from County Business Patterns (CBP) 1970. . The average quarterly pay- ' roll per employee for the State of Illinois was $1,803, while that for the Carlyle Area was $1, 303; or 72 percent of the State average and OBE per capita income projections for the Kaskaskia show per capita income in the WRPA increasing to only 82 percent of the average per capita income for the U. S. by 2020.

The Carlyle Area in some ways reflects national trends in economic conditions. For example, employment is generally expanding in the retail trade and services sectors, but continues to -decline in agricul­ ture. Some of this increase reflects new opportunities to provide sales and services which are related to recreation activities at the lake. It is not yet evident from County Business Patterns (C?P) what proportion is related to Carlyle Lake. Co'ntrary to national tr >.. Is, however, is the slow increase in median family income. In thic ategory, the Carlyle Area is not holding its own, and continues to lag be' id average family income for the State of Illinois. Although 1970 quar rly payroll per employee was below averags for the Carlyle Area, j!. has been increas­ ing at a rate of over eight percent per year since 19 . If, as projected, population begins to increase in the other three cou: :es during the 1970’s, income may also begin to rise.

Clinton County does show evidence of benefit fro. Carlyle Lake. Sales tax revenues are up in the area and several r bait shops, marinas, and private campgrounds have been opent The economic value of sport fishing at Carlyle Lake has been esti ted to be nearly $750,000 annually by Mr. Arnold Fritz, State Rest oir Fishery Biologist at Carlyle (based on a value of $5. 00 per rherman day taken from "1970 Economic Survey of Daily Expenditures Made by Carlyle Lake and Tailwater Anglers"). While much of this expen­ diture is non-local travel expense (only 23. 3 percent of the fisher­ men at Carlyle Lake live within a 25-mile radius), significant amounts are spent locally for food, beverages, gasoline, and bait. Employment in retail sales has risen in all but Fayette County since 1967 with Clinton County having an increase from about 800 to nearly 1, 000 in 1970. Extrapolating from the presait growth in retail and some services employment would not be sufficient to predict future growth without a detailed examination of the area.

2.55 Socio-Economic Patterns. The area is heavily German in ethnic background, but significant numbers of the foreign-born popu­ lation are English, Welsh, Czech, Polish, and Italian. In 1970, approximately two percent of the Carlyle Area population was Negro and less than one percent of the remainder was non-white. The median age (31. 5) is somewhat higher than the median age for the State of Illinois (28. 6). About 30 percent of the population was under age 18 in the four counties, which is also lower than the State’s 34.2 percent.

The median age in Clinton County is significantly lower (24) than in the remaining counties (32-33) and also lower than the State (28.6). This is probably due in part to the increased attraction to young people of staying in this area after high school due to the proximity of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area expansion directly to the west in St. Clair County and the construction of Carlyle Lake and the resulting recrea­ tional industry growth surrounding it.

The Carlyle Area, traditionally agricultural, is v rdergoing a change as the labor force no longer needed in agriculture e::. .er seeks employ­ ment in the expanding St. Louis Metropolitan Area c turns to new local activities, such as services generated by the r owing fishing and boating opportunities at Carlyle Lake.

It is projected that future growth in the area will enter in Centralia and in the communities between Carlyle Lake and Si Clair County on Highways 50 and 161. These communities have grov significantly in comparison to the other communities in the four ccv ;y area, and they are expected to continue the trend for the same rear .-is they have grown in the past.

2.56 Recreation Activity Trends and Projection: Trends in out­ door recreation activities at Carlyle Lake are expec ?d to reflect the broad trends observed at facilities within reach of the St. Louis Area. There appears to be a declining trend for sightseeing, driving for pleasure, and picnicking at facilities in close proximity to major metropolitan areas. In contrast, the preference for water-based recreation activities appears to be increasing. Boating, in particular, has shown a marked increase in recent years, and this general trend is expected to continue at Carlyle Lake. The demand for swimming has also increased greatly on the project with near capacity use being experienced on the beaches presently in operation. Fishing also has shown an increase, but less marked, and it is concentrated in the upper reaches above the Burlington Northern embankment and in the area immediately below the spillway. Projections for visitor days at the lake are expected to show a steady increase, reaching the annual design load capacity of 4, 886, 000 by 1986.

The upward trend in campground use at Carlyle Lake is particularly interesting. More and more families are purchasing equipment to enable them to spend weekends at lake projects instead of making day visits. Many of this new breed of campers require sophisticated equipment so the comforts of home can be carried to the outdoor setting. Tents are giving way to tent campers and travel trailers. More campers request electric service, water and sewer hookups, and they expect flush toilets and shower facilities. Greater security is necessary for the camper, and the campers have exhibited a willingness to pay for these services and extra facilities. It is expected that the Corps will develop camp­ grounds for youth groups, primitive overflow areas -’or families that find campgrounds full, and isolated primitive camps: ounds for the tenter and boater that find the major campgrounds t:o modern.

2.6 Interrelation of Other Projects in Kaskaski? Watershed.

2.61 Lake Shelbyville. Lake Shelbyville is an 11, )00-acre, at nor­ mal pool elevation 599. 7 feet m. s. 1., multi-purpose lake which was brought into operation for the first time in 1970. It vas formed by the construction of a dam across the Kaskaskia Rive approximately 116 miles above Carlyle Dam, and regulates the runoif from 1, 030 square miles of drainage area. There are 180, 000 f re-feet of stor­ age in the joint-use pool to meet the project purpose , which include a minimum downstream release of 10 c.f. s. - a disi’set improvement over the natural flows which were reported as low z. so flow in the past. Lake Shelbyville will release water to r e piers h Carlyle Lake during periods of low flow when Carlyle Lake makes releases to meet navigation deficiencies at the Kaskaskia Navigation I sck and Dam. 2.62 Kaskaskia Lock and Dam. Located approximately 107 miles downstream of Carlyle Dam, the Kaskaskia Navigation Lock and the Dam are essentially completed. It was authorized by Biblic Law 87-874, 87th Congress, 23 October 1962, and provides for navigation on the lower portion of the Kaskaskia River. The authorized plan consists of • a navigation channel nine-feet deep and 200-feet wide from the mouth of the Kaskaskia River to Fayetteville, Illinois, by enlarging the present channel where required, making overbank cuts to eliminate sharp bends, and constructing a single lock and dam at river mile 0.8.

2. 63 Levee District No. 21 (Vandalia). The Vandalia Levee, located on the left bank of the Kaskaskia River between miles 155. 5 and 172. 0 in Fayette County, Illinois, lies between Carlyle Lake and Lake Shelbyville. The existing levee offers only partial protection to 11,43® acres,of which 9, 530 acres are cleared. The proposed levee will redice the plain area's total need for rural flood damage prevention on 33, 000acres by its proj­ ect area of 11,430 acres. Improvement of this levee is an essential ele­ ment in the comprehensive plan of development of the Easkaskia River Basin. The improved levee would provide flood protection benefits amounting to $344,700 annually.

2. 64 Dively Drainage and Levee District. The Dively Levee District is located about 12 miles upstream from Vandalia, Illinois, on the east bank of the Kaskaskia River. The existing levee provides partial pro­ tection for 1,415 acres of productive agricultural land. With the recom­ mended alinement, the protected area remains about tie same. The improvements would afford protection to the levee district against a flood having a frequency of about once in 50 years. The existing levee provides protection against a flood having a frequency jf about once in 30 years.

3. - THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PROGRAMM'D OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES.

3.1 Local Development as a Result of the Projec Asa result of Carlyle Lake being constructed and operated, severs! pertinent situa­ tions have developed which to some extent affect the c . dronment of the project area. The Corps can control some of the situations, but others are less appropriate, particularly where t. philosophy of providing a shoreline as natural as possible is impor; -d to the experi­ ence received by the recreationist. The land acquisition policy at Carlyle was such that fee land was only purchased to elevation 450 (programmed five-year flood pool). The rest of the land remained in private ownership with the Government purchas­ ing the right to flood up to elevation 465. 5, including a five-foot free­ board. On flood easement tracts, the right to construct buildings for human habitation below 462. 5 is prohibited, but most other structures are permitted by making application to the Corps of Engineers.

Through the above-described land acquisition policy, a few small developments have been established near the shores of Carlyle Lake. Some developments are oriented to the overnight and vacation camper and are similar to facilities developed by the Corps and State. Other developments include summer homes and house trailers. When ease­ ment tracts are developed for subdivision purposes, the Corps requires that an approved sewage system must be provided for all lots. The sewage treatment must provide tertiary treatment. If the system is. to serve more than 15 people, applicant must submit a copy of permit issued by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. If the system is to serve.only one tract, septic tanks and disposal fields are required and they must be approved by the Corps before a permit is issued. Out­ door toilets (open pit) are not allowed. All facilities for which the Corps issues permits must meet the requirements as outlined in State of Illinois Department of Public Health Circular #4.002.

Some developments are located wholly on private land. The Corps has no control of these areas. A county zoning law is not in force and it appears that the surrounding area may be subject to some aesthetically displeasing and perhaps undesirable commercial facilities which will destroy the rural atmosphere which presently prevail ;. On the other hand, businesses offering recreational equipment an? services will perform a service to those visiting the lake, as well s having the effect of increasing the tax base of the county.

3. 2 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage.

3.21 In Carlyle Lake there are two levels of floor? control capacities. The fLood. control pool is that portion above elevatic- 445.0 (top of con­ servation pool) and below elevation 462. 5, and conta a, 700, 000 acre- feet of storage. The main purpose of this pool is to tore inflows which exceed downstream channel capacities (4, 000 r . f. s.). When and if the levee system between Carlyle, Illinois an-. Jew Athens, Illinois, is constructed, the downstream channel an’. food plain between the levees capacity will be 7, 000 c. f. s. The range ' releases from this pool can vary from 50 c.f. s. to 4, 000 c.f. s. under normal condi­ tions. It is imperative that releases from this storage are not changed too drastically since a large increase will tend to scour the downstream channel and a large decrease will cause the* banks to cave into the chan­ nel.- Because of this, the maximum 24-hour change in the tailwater stage is 1. 0 foot.

3. 22 The surcharge pool is that portion above elevation 462.5 and below elevation 467.2 and has a storage of 304,000 acre-feet. For all inflows less than 180, 000 c.f. s. with a rising pool, the releases will be adjusted upward so as to arrive at elevation 465.5 with a re­ lease of 152, 000 c.f. s. At this elevation and release, the spillway gates will be raised clear of the water surface and free outflow condi­ tions will exist. This will result in flooding and damage to the down­ stream area. A pool elevation of 462. 5 feet m. s.l. has a frequency of occurrence of once in over 200 years. If this flood were to occur, flows in excess of 150, 000 c.f. s. would be expected to last approxi­ mately 105 hours. With flows at this rate, approximately 220, 000 acres of land downstream would be flooded with corresponding damages estimated at approximately 18 million dollars.

From Carlyle Lake to the mouth of the Kaskaskia River, there are five major tributaries, namely, Crooked Creek, Su’ar Creek, Shoal Creek, Silver Creek, and Richland Creek. Since the plan of regulation of Carlyle Lake requires a distant "control point, " ‘lew Athens, Illinois (St. Clair. County) has been selected as the principle gage. Therefore, in order to minimize flood damage from Carlyle, Llinois, to the mouth of the Kaskaskia River, the release, under normal conditions, from Carlyle Lake is equal to the bank full flow at New A Lens minus the sum of the flows of the above five tributaries minus the f.iw value cf the ungaged local area, all adjusted to their respective .ravel times to New Athens.

This means that the releases from Carlyle'Lake .re reduced until the crests of the five tributaries enter the main sterShould the tributaries contribute above flood stage flows, the: -e Carlyle Lake releases are kept at a minimum until the downstre:-’ stage recedes to below bank full flows.

This plan actually reduces the adverse effects c: he environment. If Carlyle Lake were non-existent, then the daily si: age values would be added to the downstream tributary effect causing severe flooding of the basin with a resulting loss of property and perhaps danger to human life.

The present plan of operation of Carlyle Lake is to maintain the lake at pool elevation 445. 0 from mid or late April until December. In December the pool will be lowered to the winter drawdown level (440 m. s.l. ).’ This reduction of the pool level will commence after the duck hunting season -is finished. The releases required to evacuate the storage will be increased gradually to a maximum which will not cause flooding down­ stream of the dam. During the other seven months cf the year, pool fluctuations will be held to a minimum by either releasing a minimum amount of water required for downstream purposes ar by releasing inflow up to a maximum of 4, 000 c.f. s., which is a non-damaging release. Fluctuations of the lake level will be most noticeable when the joint-use pool is full and heavy summer thunderstorm activity in the basin in­ creases the inflow into the lake at a rate which would cause flooding downstream if passed through the dam and not stored..

3. 23 Adverse Effects of Flood Control.

3.231 Downstream - The degree of adverse effects on the down­ stream landowners depends on the severity of the storm causing flood­ ing and the elevation to which the lake is raised abov? the top of the joint-use pool. When the level of the lake is below the top of the joint­ use pool and a storm producing heavy runoff both above and below the dam occurs, the releases from the reservoir will b^ low until the tributaries downstream of Carlyle Dam have peaked .nd the main Kaskaskia River gages are falling. The releases frm the dam will then be increased to a maximum non-damaging flow. The adverse effects. of this plan of regulation are that the duratio . of high flow is extended considerably. This prolonged high river r .ge raises the ground water level to a point where downstream lane owners' fields, though not flooded by surface flow, are completely saturated and unworkable. When the lake is in the flood control p- 1 at the start of a storm runoff and rises above elevation 450. 0 fv m. s.l., the plan is to release between 7, 000 and 10, 000 c.f. s. :: :om the dam. This release will flood approximately 40, 000 to 44, 0 acres downstream of the dam. This release could occur <. -e every two years for a period of three.weeks. This releaf could adversely affect the planting, growing and/or harvesting of ci. 3.232 Upstream - As the level of the lake rises, portions of land used for recreation are inundated, thereby restricting their use. The degree and length of restriction depend upon the severity of the flood. A flood of the magnitude that can be expecte’d once every five years will have some detrimental effects upon recreation at the lake. All of the recreation areas will remain open; however, some swimming, picnic, camping, and boat launching facilities will be inundated. Adverse side effects will include the destruction of grass turf, loss of trees, accumulation of driftwood in mowed areas, erosion of the shoreline, reduction of visitation, and loss of marina income. Floods in excess of a five-year flood will cause proportionately greater damages. The fish population would be adversely affected if spawning coincides with receding high water. Because of the limited amount of fee lands, all sanitary facilities can be expected to be inundated at some time. These facilities include vault type toilets, septic tanks, and packaged sewage treatment plants. This type of facility is always placed on the highest ground within a developed area so as to reduce the frequency of flooding it will experience. Whenever any sanitary facility is in danger of inundation, it is closed and pumped out, with the content taken to one of the local city sewage treatment plants.

Swimming beaches are developed so that they may be used with a fluctuating water level of plus or minus three feet with little effect upon the recreationist. Greater fluctuations render them unusable due to the limits of spread sand.

Picnic and camping areas at Carlyle Lake are furbished with con­ crete tables which are less affected by flood waters. Most of the other facilities are located above the five-year flood freqv icy, thereby minimizing their damage.

Boat launching ramps are rendered unusable by th:. five-year flood, thereby greatly diminishing boating and fishing activ../ on the lake. Marina activity will still be available due to the floai.ug docks. Water elevations above the five-year flood will prohibit air »oat use since marina parking lots and some service facilities will . i inundated.

Management practices undertaken to reduce the c :ct of flooding on the recreation activities include the planting of v. ..r-tolerant trees and shrub species to preserve vegetative cover on J -lying recreation land, raising low portions of access roads to assure :cess to camp­ grounds and picnic areas during times of moderate '■ >ding, riprap protection of key recreation areas which are subject j erosion at high pool stages, protecting lift stations from flooding so that toilet facilities can be used during moderate flooding, and drawing the pool elevation down to winter pool after duck season each fall so that addi­ tional flood storage capacity is achieved. The last item mentioned above allows the flood waters to be contained within the joint-use pool first, utilizing the flood control pool only as necessary on more severe floods. The drawdown has the adverse effect of exposing mud flats in shallow reaches, thereby restricting access to portions of the lake1 by water. Since recreation activities are at a low intensity during the programmed drawdown between December and May, there is little adverse effect on recreation. In drought years, however, seasonal pool cannot be reached by the first of May. This low water does affect recreation in that beaches are not fully usable, the bare strip around the lake is unsightly, and the desire for boating is much less.

Steps taken to counteract for low water include the construction of boat channels from the launching ramps to deep water, excavation of marina boat harbors, and sufficient underwater portions of launching ramps to accommodate boats during a moderate drawdown. During fish spawning season, the level of the lake is maimtained at a constant elevation to assist in a productive fish spawn.

3. 3 Resource Management.

3. 31 Vegetative Management.

3. 311 Major emphasis is being placed upon refor*'station of old field areas and recreation areas where little tree c- ver exists. There is a-need for vegetative cover to serve as shade, .sc reening, buffers, windbreaks, wildlife habitat, erosion control, and : r its aesthetic values. Species selected for planting will approxir. 'te the stand com­ position originally found on the land before it was c. ared for farming. Principle species being considered include member of the following genera: Quercus - oak, Acer - maple, Carya - pec;Fraxinus - ash, Plantanus - sycamore, and Liquidambar - sweetgv .

Coniferous species, which are readily adaptable ? the site, will also be used for special effects. Principal specie, ill include white ‘and loblolly pine, bald cypress, and red cedar.

Planting of trees and shrubs will have beneficic.' fleet upon the environment. The vegetative cover will approach 1 -t of the original forests. Shade, wind protection, and the beauty of spring blooms and fall colors will add to the recreational experience received by the visitor. Erosion should be reduced and provide for greater stabilization of the soil and lake shoreline.

3. 312 The harvesting of timber may be a management technique that is employed to maintain or establish specific wildlife habitat, rid the forest of insects and disease, and develop a less densely stocked stand for multi-purpose use. In such cases, a merchantable product may be a logical side product. The harvesting of timber at Carlyle Lake for revenue alone is not anticipated. By thinning certain stands, increased light will reach the forest floor, thereby promoting the establishment of less shade tolerant species.

3. 313 Chemical or mechanical control of noxious or undesirable vegetation may be necessary on dam slopes, riprap, etc., to prevent establishment of vegetation. All chemical controls are in accordanc with EC 1130-2-82 and ER1130-2-332. The only chemical control of vegetation presently used at Carlyle Lake is the cor-trol of Johnson grass using a . 7 percent solution of Prometone ata rate of 9 pounds per acre. This herbicide will be applied to approximately 10 acres on an annual basis.

Other methods of control now being.used include mowing, disking, and bushhogging. All of the abovermentioned mechcnical means of control retard natural succession and maintain the vegetation at an early successional stage. This is desirable for wil-life habitat restoration where upland game and waterfowl requi: _ open fields with low shrubs, grasses and forbs.

3. 314 By manipulating the lake level,. vegetative management practices may be carried out. Minor lake level pulation during summer and fall will be used to improve shore and * Larsh bird and waterfowl habitat. During July, consistent with oth r joint-use pool demands, Carlyle Lake will be gradually lowered'. 444.0 m. s. 1. This minor late summer drawdown will provide a r row band of moist soil land in creeks and bays of the lake. Me . soil plants, such as smartweed and wild millet, will flourish and pr; ee large amounts of seed needed for wildlife food. The exposed moi. soil conditions would also permit the aerial seeding of Japanese n. et (Echinochloa crusgalli frumentacea). This type of millet grows 11 on very wet soil and will survive inundation if the growing tip of the plant remains above the water level. Fluctuating lake levels also inundate vegetative matter which helps clear up muddy water.

During mid-September, water levels at Carlyle will be raised slow­ ly and water allowed to flood into shoreline vegetation. The water level will continue a slow rise during October and November and stop at 445.5 m. s.l. near December 1st.- After 15 December, the lake levels will be manipulated as in the past.

There is no significant aquatic weed problem at Carlyle and no control measures are anticipated at this time. No significant adverse effects as a result of vegetative management practices by the Corps or State of Illinois are known.

3.32 Wildlife Management. Within the ownership entrusted to the Department of Conservation by the Corps of Engineers, much habitat development has taken place. A 3,200-acre sub impoundment area has been developed at the northwestern portion of the lake on either side of Hurricane Creek. A low levee structure has been built with pumping and draining facilities in order that this area may be drained and farmed in spring and flooded in migratory season. In these areas, numerous crops have been planted. Many wildlife species, such as the songbirds, quail, deer, squirrel, rabbit, and others, have'benefited by the injection of a guaranteed food supply into these areas. By faming these areas, an early successional stage has been maintained, thus maintaining the habitat important to waterfowl and upland game.

On both Corps-managed and State-licensed lands, habitat restora­ tion practices have been carried out. Travel lanes ha/e been established by planting coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs. Food sources have been established in the form of mast-bearing trevs, fruit-bearing shrubs, and wildlife plots of grain, seed-bearing her‘r.5, and grasses.

To date, there has been no definite lake fluctuate a management program prescribed to benefit wildlife except to delay the normal winter drawdown until after waterfowl season. The yetative manage­ ment technique of lowering the water level in the latt summer for the establishment of weeds is primarily for the'benefit c. ./aterfowl. This practice is described on page 26. No significant adverse effects are known as a result of wildlife management practices by the Corps or State.

3. 33 Fishery Management. The major goal of the Corps and the Illinois Department of Conservation, who through their Division of Fisheries has the responsibility for fish management at Carlyle Lake, is to produce the best fish population possible to provide the maximum amount of sport fishing. To achieve this goal, Biologists employ., various biological, physical, and chemical tools and methods. These management techniques will constitute no danger or physical harm, either to the aquatic environment, its organisms, or man. • The fish population of the Carlyle Lake is sampled by various methods to determine the total and individual species composition, relative abundance of major species, population fluctuations, age and growth, body plumpness, spawning success, and production of brood classes. An electro-fishing device (electric shocker), hoop, gill and trammel nets, and minnow seine are used to obtain the desired information. These techniques do not greatly affect the fish sampled.

Also used as a sampling tool is the organic fish toxicant, rotenone, which only affects those organisms with gill breathing mechanisms. Rotenone is non-toxic to lung-breathing animals, non-persistent, and non-accumulative in the ecosystem. This procedure, called embayment sampling, is used to ascertain a generalized picture cf total fish population structure, and properly administered, exerts no long-term adverse environmental impacts. The area treated is detoxified with potassium permanganate at the completion of samplir./.

The fishery management on Carlyle Lake has co: 'isted primarily of stocking desirable predator species to produce goo. sport fishing, greater forage utilization, and establish a more desir ble predator-prey relationship. Initially, this was accomplished by stocking over one million largemouth bass fry and fingerlings. Contino: attempts have been made to establish the white bass as another spar; species that would more fully utilize the abundant forage species, rizzard shad. Breeder sized white bass were stocked during the fal. of 1965 and 1966 (2, 000) and the spring of 1971 (1, 535). To date, this i- oject has met with limited success. One small year class of white c.ss has been produced in 1971.

The present fish population structure of Carlyle . ike indicates that additional management must be employed in the futur, to insure continued good fishing. The following management techniques c: programs may be implemented; a. Construction of nursery ponds (totaling 50 - 60 acres) adjoining the lake for production of non-vulnerable sized predator fishes to be released into the lake to:

(1) Supplement natural reproduction.

(2) Maintain a greater number of predator fishes.

(3) Produce better sport fishing.

b. Employ-the technique of a water level drawdown. The water level drawdown technique will occur in the fall with water levels being lowered after Labor Day. Once each five years, or when the need arises as determined by fish population and physical conditions surveys, the lake will be drawn down to a pool level of 436 or 438 m. s. 1. as rapidly as downstream conditions permit and being consistent with other recognized joint pool uses. The drawdown will achieve the following effects for fisheries management:

(1) A reduction in the total number of fishes by concentrating the fish in a smaller volume of water which would allow increased predation and result in increased growth of those fish remaining;

(2) Allow chemical oxidation to occur on the expt^ed lake bottom with subsequent greater release of soil nutrients; and

(3) The exposed bottom would settle and firm up vhich should later reduce lake turbidity.

Lake drawdown would be coordinated with conce.- ionaires, marina operators, and others involved with lake operations. The State's Fisheries Division would be responsible for the prim y public relations program that would be associated with peri, .ic drawdowns. The Division would also continue fish population and : ysical conditions surveys to monitor the results of the drawdowns.

The Corps Engineering Division conducts watei; ality tests at ten test sites at Carlyle Lake. The properties teste. ->r include air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, carb dioxide, fecal coliform, total alkalinity, chlorides, turbidity, cher al oxygen demand, total hardness, specific conductance, iron, Orogen, ortho phosphate, total phosphate, silica, and sulfates. Sa: ling is done once each month and results are coordinated with the ate's Reservoir Fisheries Biologist. It is not believed that fish populations are adversely- influenced by past water quality at Carlyle.

The major limiting factor of fish populations at Carlyle Lake is pool fluctuation during the spring spawning period. Due to normal flood control uses, Carlyle Lake water levels in the spring are usually changing often and abruptly. This condition either strands fish nests on mud flats or floods over nests so deep that fish abandon nests. For proper fish management, pool level fluctuations will not be permitted from 15 May to 15 June, except during a period when water stage is critical for flooding. A slowly rising pool at hatching time generally means a good spawn will be produced that year. Where pools must b.e lowered, if possible, the drop should be no more than . 10 of a foot per day.

No special problems regarding fish disease or parasites have been reported. However, the lake is eutrophic and in the summer, water below 12 to 15 feet deep frequently becomes de-oxygenated. No cold water fish habitat or fishery occurs at the project.

Upstream and downstream fishing has been affected by the Carlyle Lake Project. Although not documented by studies, reports received by the Reservoir Fisheries Biologist and Department of Conservation Officers indicate that the stream fishing above Carlyle Lake has been enhanced greatly. The downstream tailwater portion if the project has improved fishing also. Based on man-hours of use per acre of water, the tailwater area is the most heavily used at Cirlyle.

Present fish habitat and cover are provided main’' by standing and lodged flooded timber. Flooded dead timber tend. ,o concentrate fish and p: ovide good fishing areas. Essentially no a “-tic vegetation occurs at Carlyle. Consequently, the Corps does no. -ve an aquatic weed control spraying program at Carlyle Lake. Wil at the flooded timber and with a corresponding lack of aquatic veget on, the fishing at the project would be very poor. Establishment of :atic plant beds ‘ would improve the fishery and fishing. Aquatic vege: ; on would also provide food for other wildlife species such as water- i and muskrats, and reduce the turbidity of the lake.

3.34 Agricultural Leases. Agricultural leases be desirable from a management standpoint for the purpose of pre ing wildlife food, maintaining early successional stages for wild; habitat, control of noxious weeds, and preparation of a seed bed for e blishing new vegetative species. Although the Corps is not now a;.. ipating any ’ Corps-administered crop leases at Carlyle Lake, xv< . ...-y take advantage of this technique to accomplish some of the actices listed. We do not plan to provide any leases f^x the purpose {rowing cash crops. Substantial areas of the upper portion of the lake are leased to the Illinois Department of Conservation for wildlife management. A major management technique of the State is to provide agricultural leases to attract upland game and water fowl. The major effect of the State's ■program is to provide wildlife food and cover. This prevents the encroachment of bottom land hardwood and therefore, enables the land to have a higher carrying capacity of quail, rabbit, duck, geese,’ and deer.

It is doubtful if pollution or erosion result from agricultural leases within the lake project itself. Most of these lands are <£ low relief. They are very flat and very poorly drained and would not lend themselves to rapid erosion. Crop residue is left in the fields, so no plowing, disking, or other agricultural activities take place in the fall; consequently, the potential winter erosion is greatly reduced. Therefore, it is believed that agricultural leases within the project area do not contribute to erosion, and that there are no significant adverse effects from agricultural leasing practices.

3.35 Shoreline Alterations. The shoreline of the like has been altered because of wave action causing severe bank erosion. The action of waves eroding the shore has resulted in losses of useful land. Many shoreline trees, once valuable as wildlife habitat, have washed into the lake's edge and now provide fish habitat. Maintainiig "park type" vegetation along shorelines at intensively developed recreation areas has been ecologically difficult and very costly. As a result of the severe erosion on parts of the shoreline, particularly at the Eist Access Area, Hazlet State Park and South Shore State Park, bank stsiilization practices have been instituted to protect remaining portions of hijhly developed recreation areas. Quarry run ripiap has.been hauled ;nd dumped along a 2500-foot reach of the shore, at the East Access Arc-v, and at other areas where sloughing banks have not been stabilized. A 20-foot shelf was created at the East Access riprap area which was .. Lilized by trucks hauling riprap. Generally, this roadway is about five Ihct above seasonal pool. During the summer, this new trail receives muchuse from fisher­ men and sightseers. It is also used as a maintenance '.-ail for project vehicles. Fishing success has improved along this sh ■ve since the establishment of the riprap because the voids in the rt ne make excellent fish habitats. Vegetative means of control have been msidered; however, when the most severe bank sloughing occurred in a m: ' ire stand of timber, due to undercutting wave action, a mechanical means of control (riprap) was adopted. Shorelines protected by riprap - 111 protect and greatly reduce the loss of soil into the reservoir and ritluce the turbidity of the lake. Because of expense, this practice will b< extended in the future although to some individuals the riprap appearance of the shoreline will be unattractive.

In some areas where recreational facilities are not present and sufficient fee land has been purchased, the shore will be allowed to seek a natural angle of repose which in most cases is a 1 on 15 slope. By­ allowing this to happen, an additional 100 or 200 feet of shore will be allowed to wash away. Although on a shortterm this action will cause turbidity and an unsightly eroded shore, it will eventually produce sand beaches and a shore that can be protected by vegetative management practices.

At several locations around the lake, an urban environment has been created through the development of subdivisions on private lands. Permits have been issued for group or community docks, after the requesting group has constructed harbors off of the lake proper and then deeded the land around the harbor to the Government. Permits are required before any shore alterations, such as harbors, mowing, clearing, etc., are permitted. Generally, it is the Corps? policy to maintain a natural environment along the shore and extremely lev permits have been awarded, with even less anticipated in the future-

The shoreline has also been altered by the Government so that safe harbors for marina concessionaires could be provided, Breakwaters have been constructed for harbors and boat launching ramps. Swimming beaches have been developed to accommodate the recreationisd All of the above were constructed for the safety of the using public. Facilities must be constructed to accommodate the public or the people vill destroy the natural environment through uncontrolled use and access to ids lake.

3.36 Lake Fluctuations. Through regulating the ’ake level, certain resource management goals can be attained. General’y, the attainment of one or more goals can only be achieved through the :acrifice of some other objective. It is therefore the responsibility of d.e District to evaluate all factors and make the choice that serves d.a most people, protects or enhances the natural resources concerned, and minimizes conflicts of interest.

The fluctuation of the lake due to flood control r- -ulation and its effect are treated elsewhere, but it serves to illustr the comment above. To keep the floods from the downstream are ., the level of the lake is allowed to rise. This in turn adversely affec the operation of the concessionaires, may be detrimental to fish s/.twning, may kill vegetation on the shore, and could destroy recreatio facilities. However, much of the effect on the above items can be minimi tad through carrying out management practices prior to the inundation. Vegetation tolerant to'flooding can be established on the lower elevations, facilities can be located above frequently flooded areas, and lake levels can be maintained during fish spawning.

It is recommended in paragraph 3. 33, Fishery Management, that every five years a major drawdown be accomplished in the winter for . the benefit of the fish population of the lake. Side benefits could include an opportunity to perform underwater repair work at swimming beaches, harbors, and breakwaters; additional flood storage through the winter; and high release rates during drawdown at a usually dry time of the year, thereby augmenting the -river flow.

Disadvantages include the conflict of use in providing waterfowl habitat (this disadvantage is minimized by utilization of the sub impoundment in the upper portion of the lake), complete loss of lake recreational activities, such as marina service, boating, and swimming with a less appealing setting for the sightseer, picnicker, and camper.

The adverse effects considered in fluctuating late, levels are short term and therefore are not believed significant if the Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with the Illinois Department of Conservation, decides to institute one or more of the management technique described.

3.37 Erosion Control. Erosion control measure consist of vegetative plantings, mechanical protection of slopes and seeding or sodding turf areas. All of these practices have a po iive influence on the environment. The aspects of mechanical protect n. are discussed under Shoreline Alterations in paragraph 3.35. Lev s, dam embankments, and borrow areas have all received some form of er ion control measures. Techniques anticipated being used include:

a. Vegetative and mechanical barriers are use.’ in protecting sites and vegetation from traffic, thereby reducing erosic '..nd more evenly' distributing recreational use.

b. Modifying drainage systems in some areas : 1 sprigging or sodding to erosion resistant grasses.

c. Cut banks in some areas are eroding and h-: or will be planted with appropriate ground cover.

d. Unauthorized, unimproved parking areas cr led by the public have caused erosion through excessive wear. Barr s delineating parking limits will aid in controlling this problem. e. Planting trees in borrow areas, along shorelines, and in recreation areas.

Successful erosion control measures irnprove the quality of the lake water, preserve existing topsoil, eliminate unsightly and sometimes dangerous gullies, and help preserve the natural environment.

No significant adverse effects are known as a result of erosion control practices; conversely, their implementation has an extremely valuable effect on the lake setting.

3.4 Recreation Management.

3.41 Lake Zoning

3.411 Carlyle Lake has been zoned to restrict boat speeds in certain areas to eliminate conflicts of use. Generally, a no-wake speed regulation must be observed in the area north of the Burlington Northern Railroad and within 200 yards of the shoreline on the remainder of the lake. The remainder of the lake is not restricted and boaters may travel at any speed as long as they are operating their boats in a safe manner. The management practice of speed control by area was instituted so that fishermen might have some areas where they did not need to worry about collision with speeding boats. In addition, since the shallow areas generally lie next tc the shore, it would be hazardous to travel at high speeds in these areas. This philosophy of management allows for diverse use witlmit undue conflict.

3.412 Certain areas are zoned as waterfowl refvge areas during hunting seasons. Some are designed to attract water;'nvl by protecting them from hunting activities, while in other areas the refuge reduces conflicts between the hunter and fall picnicker or can per.

3.413 Campgrounds are separated from picnic <■ teas since these uses are not always compatible. This practice prov: cs additional security for the camper and less confinement to the rnicker who resents the campers' equipment scattered around th ,rea.

3.414 There are less than five community or g; .ip docks on Carlyle Lake. Present policy is very restrictive ar. few additional docks are anticipated. A permit for these docks is ? quired by the Corps and is not issued if the request adversely affe- ;.s the natural environment of the shoreline. Environmental benefits are gained through zoning practices and no adverse effects are known.

3.42 Disposal of Solid Waste. Approximately 1, 500 cubic yards of compacted solid waste are disposed of annually at Carlyle Lake. Nearly all of the trash disposed of consists of material left by the recreating public. Minimum trash collection occurs daily during the main recreation months with more frequent pickups when use demands. During the off­ season, trash is collected regularly 3 times a week. All trash collection and disposal is contracted. Thirty and fifty gallon drums with lids are provided as receptacles for trash and are located throughout the recreation areas and access points. It is the practice to line these containers with plastic bags so the area around the receptacle is not contaminated. Transportation of the trash to the truck is also facilitated.

All waste is hauled off the project to sanitary landfills which are licensed by the State of Illinois. It is the responsibility of the contractor to dispose of all trash properly according to State EF.\ Regulations. The Corps regularly checks to see that the contractor is dumping at approved sites.

No sanitary landfills are anticipated on the project due to the limited land available for development.

Littering by fishermen below Carlyle Dam has brcn a perpetual problem. Additional trash containers and enforceme by Conservation Officers have not proven highly effective. Two loud- makers on top of the tailwater gage structure have been erected in r ier that a recorded message can be directed to the fisherment remindin '• cm not to litter. The impact of the noise created by the loud-speakers -iay affect the enjoyment of those using the facility.

No significant adverse effects are known as a rc It of the methods used to dispose of solid waste at Carlyle Lake.

3.43 Sewage Disposal (Land). Three methods .. sewage disposal are presently being used at Carlyle Lake. They arc > sewage treatment plant, City sewage disposal facilities, an suit toilets.

3.431 A sewage treatment plant is located with; he Coles Creek Access Area. The plant has a maximum design loa<’ . 29, 000 gallons of raw sewage per 24-hour day and provides sanitary t tment with chlorination of the effluent. This plant provides 95 . 3% removal of B.O. D. and suspended solids, with 80% removal of . sphate. The plant is operated and maintained by a Corps of Engineers Sewage Treatment Plant Operator licensed by the State of Illinois.

3.432 The City of Carlyle’s sewage disposal system is being used in six locations at Carlyle Lake. They are the Administration Building, maintenance area, West Spillway Area, West Access Area, East Spillway Area, and East Access Area. The City's 40-acre sewage lagoon is located near the City of Carlyle, Illinois, off of project boundaries. The City treatment plant provides secondary treatment, and has a point of discharge below Highway 50 on the Kaskaskia. The City of Keyesport's sewage disposal system is being used for the Keyesport Access Area. This sewage system is approved by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

3.433 The Corps-managed access area at Boulder provides seven vault-type toilets. They are pumped out as needed by private individuals and disposed of at the City of Carlyle sewage lagoon. Boulder is presently under contract to upgrade the facilities to provide waterborne sewage and a 29, 000 gallon-a-day treatment plant. The plant at Boulder will provide tertiary treatment with 95 - 98% removal of B.O. D. aid suspended solids, with 80% removal of phosphate.

No significant adverse effects are known as a result of sewage disposal practices at Carlyle Lake.

3.44 Sewage Disposal (Marine). Many cruisers ar.d houseboats which use Carlyle Lake have permanently installed heeds. Illinois State law requires all permanent heads on boats operating ci reservoirs to have permanently installed holding tanks and be incapable of discharging waste directly into reservoir waters. Illinois State lav also prohibits refuse or sewage from being dumped directly or indirectly into reservoir waters. The above-mentioned laws provide enforceme.it authority to control any misuse of sewage.

The Corps has provided three sewage pump-out barges located near launching ramps and marinas to clean out the boaters’ molding tanks. There is no charge for this facility; it is operated by ' o boater himself.

The facilities provided by the Corps and the laws stablished by the State of Illinois have reduced the adverse impact < . marine toilets on the water quality of the lake to a negligible amount. The St. Louis District is one of the few State or Federal agencies v.b.-ch provide facilities for disposal of boat sewage. 3.45. Vector Control. A report on the mosquito control problem associated with Carlyle Lake was prepared by the U. S. Public Health Service in cooperation with the Illinois State Department of Public Health in 1957. It, in part, concluded that it’was unlikely that the lake would create a malaria or encephalitis hazard of any great significance. Since operation of the reservoir was begun in 1967, no outbreaks of the above-mentioned diseases have been reported.

Control of mosquitos in recreation areas is achieved through periodic use of a fogger using the chemical, Malathion. It is applied in a 4% solution at 40 gallons per hour traveling at 10 miles per hour. Frequency of treatment depends upon weather conditions and may be as often as two times per week or as little as one time per month. It is applied at night when wind velocities are low and the fog will not drift beyond the area intended for treatment. Application is accomplished by personnel trained in vector control.

In other areas control is obtained through a policy of minimum use of chemicals. Mechanical means such as grading to improve drainage and mowing is used in troubled spots. Overall, vector control has not been a major problem at Carlyle Lake.

No significant adverse effects are known as a result of the actions taken by the Corps to control noxious insects in campgrounds and picnic areas.

3.46 Pest Control. Carlyle Lake has two saddle dams, a total length of 7.6 miles. The main dam is over one-mile long. Burrowing rodents, such as groundhogs and muskrats, must be controlled so that their burrows will not weaken these flood control str. tures. When burrows are noticed, a suffocant, in the form of a g<;: bomb, is used to kill the animals in the burrows. The gas, which consists of sulphur - 11%, charcoal - 17%, red phosphorus - 3%, odium nitrate - 43%, mineral oil - 14%, and inert materials, dissipat.s in a short time.

Rats and mice are controlled in administrative r as by using Warfarin bait balls in . 0016% strength. Other passi’. measures include the proper storage, collection, and disposal refuse, removal of debris, rubbish and other materials that serve a$; narborage, and removal of brush and weeds in administrative and hi; use areas.

Pigeons have created a problem by nesting and i isting on the spillway structure of the main dam. Their presence creating a health hazard and their droppings are causing deteri-. .tion of the metal portions of the spillway. Control of the pigeons is a< mplished by live trapping. There are no known significant adverse effects of any pest control program now being carried out. Any future program will be closely coordinated with appropriate agencies to insure that the environmental effects are adequately considered.

3.47 Visitor Management. During Calendar Year 1973, 2,535, 000 visitors enjoyed the recreational opportunities provided by Carlyle Lake. During weekends, camping areas are filled to capacity while campers are still arriving seeking places to spend the night. At the West Access and Coles Creek Campgrounds a fee is charged, control is maintained, and the campgrounds are limited to designed capacity. The camper's environment is greatly improved by not having other families trying to use his table or grill and by not having a tent erected five feet from his tent or trailer. For late arrivers, an overflow campground is provided on an overnight basis only, and then only when the regular campgrounds are filled. At Boulder campground, fees are not yet collected and during a few weekends a year, overcrowding conditions exist. Constant Ranger patrol and enforcement of camping regulations helps alleviate the adverse effects of overuse of the area. When intensive recreational activity is carried out in a relatively small area, such as a campsite, surface litter and vegetation are worn away resulting in a surface bulk density increase of the soil. Increased surface bulk density can seriously restrict the vigor of remaining vegetation and the regrowth or re­ establishment of new vegetation. If continued, compaction of the site and sheet erosion will take place. The State of •Illinois is also developing facilities which should ease the demand for camping facilities in Corps campgrounds.

Access to the lake by vehicle is limited to develc ?.d public roads and parking facilities. Old county or state roads, w’ .h were inundated, have been barricaded and have had warning signs po.-d in advance of the barricade indicating that the road is closed. Although the public is allowed foot access to nearly all portions of the proj t, cross-country riding of four-wheel motorized vehicles, trail bikes, lini-bikes, etc. , is prohibited. This regulation protects the wildlife ’ , itat, prevents undue erosion, and reduces the noise pollution for o:. trying to find a quiet cove to relax in.

Carlyle Lake is subject to very rough water con : ions in moderate to heavy winds. When unsafe boating conditions exit , weather warning flags are flown at each launching ramp and the ramp ’ closed to entering traffic. High-intensity warning lights have been erec d at three key locations to alert boaters of impending bad weather. he lights could be considered an environmental intrusion; however, ■. is believed that the beneficial effects of possibly saving lives far out. ighs this disadvantage. In general, visitor control measures reduce the adverse impact of 2,534,267 visitors upon the environment. Without control, there would be undisciplined use with accompanying destruction of natural resources and recreation facilities. No significant adverse effects are known as a result of visitor management practices carried out by the Corps of Engineers.

3.48 Swimming Beaches. Carlyle Lake presently has three swimming beaches, and the construction of one more is anticipated soon. These beaches provide an opportunity for the using public to enjoy the sun and then cool -off in the water. All of these beaches have a sanded constant slope and are protected by buoys connected by cables. By concen­ trating swimming in a few areas, the beach areas can be kept clean, better regulated, and more desirable for public use.

A water sample is taken weekly at each beach (June-August) to insure that water quality is sufficiently high so as not to be a health hazard.

Standards applied to recreational areas, such as swimming beaches, consider only bacterial levels in the water. Bacteris. concentrations existing throughout the lake and incoming tributaries are generally consistent with the levels measured at the swimming beaches. These levels easily meet the State standards. The possibility of an increase in bacteria levels due to human wastes from swimmers and users of the beaches is extremely improbable. An increase ir bacteria level for a small confined area is possible, but due to the hrge dilution factor existing within the lake, no serious pollution problc, is should develop.

The use of swimming beaches at Carlyle has an ■ .significant effect on the turbidity of the water. Due to the turbid cond: irons existing naturally, the use of these beaches by visitors will v .:; degrade the aesthetic qualities of the area.

The swimming beaches at Carlyle Lake are not . own to have any significant adverse impact on the environment.

3.49 Cycle Trails. Mini-bikes and trail bikes e prohibited from cross-country riding on'lake projects by Title 36, C o of Federal Regulations. However, they may be permitted on a ^ulated and controlled course upon the discretion of the District igineer. Although this practice is not now being carried out at Carlyle <.ke, it is within the Corps' authority to provide courses for this act.v Adverse effects could include noise pollution if the course were lcca. close to high density recreation areas and erosion to the trail are These effects could somewhat be offset by locating the course away from public view and hearing distance, selecting an area, such as an old borrow area, where the course could not deteriorate the soil or vegetation further, and by closely regulating the trail's use to insure that misuse does not begin. One requirement is adequate land; since Carlyle Lake has little surplus land, it is not expected to provide this activity in the near future. The Corps does retain the prerogative of initiating this activity when demand and public use pattern warrant it.

3.410 Upgrading of Recreational Facilities. Initially, all Corps- developed recreation areas were provided with vault toilets which were designed for future upgrading to waterborne restrooms. As funds become available, recreation areas are "upgraded" to include waterborne restrooms, trailer sanitary stations, and shower-laundry buildings. The West Access Area and Coles Creek Access Area are now completed. Boulder Access Area, Dam East, and the Spillway Areas are presently under construction.

As sewer lines, water lines, and electric lines are installed in these recreation areas, the vegetation is disturbed. Trees are removed, trenches across roads are cut, and other construction activities render the areas unusable during the contract period. There is a resulting loss of recreation opportunity at these times. After the contract, the areas show signs of being tampered with resulting in a less natural appearance.

Offsetting these adverse conditions is an upgraded recreation area, free of odors, and toilets which are better able to hn: ile the sanitary demands of the public. Trailer sanitary stations eli» inate the desire on the part of some to empty their holding tank on th; -ampsite before departure. Tree planting, as part of the upgrading c ttract, usually provides the area with more shade than it had before ie disturbance.

Therefore, the adverse conditions of upgrading >.as are short­ term, have limited effects upon the environment, a: .re replaced by long-term benefits to the recreation user.

3.411 Development of New Access Areas. The 7 ised Master Plan for Carlyle Lake lists several areas for future reci ton development. These "wild areas" are being managed on an interir. .sis by improving wildlife population through habitat development. As se areas are opened to intensive recreation pressure, wildlife hat. t will be lost and the carrying capacity for wildlife will be reduce: Management techniques taken to minimize this loss include early plantings of woody vegetation which has high wildlife values, along with high aesthetic and shade values. It is anticipated that future areas will be developed in a rather primitive nature so that a wide range of facilities are available to the public. These more primitive sites will be less intensively used and therefore the areas will retain high wildlife values.

3. 5 Archaeological and Historical Preservation.

3. 51 As stated in Section 2. 51, eighty-three sites were identified as possibly having archaeological significance. The majority of these sites were inundated when the lake was impounded. At present approximately 34 of these sites still exist on fee land above the normal lake elevation of 445 feet m. s. 1. The bank erosion taking place on parts of the lake's shoreline has destroyed or is destroying a number of these remaining sites especially those located in Hazlet State Park and South Shore State Park. Since these 34 sites are located near the normal pool elevation of the lake and on low lying lands, they are generally flooded during high lake levels.

Inundation by itself has little effect on these sites. When high winds though, are added to high water then serious adverse effects are caused in the form of wave erosion of the shoreline which washes the site away. Some protection can be provided by rip rapping as destribed in Section 3.35, but this method can also be destructive to the site depending on how close the site is to the shore protection operation.

3.52 Many of the remaining sites have already 1 ten disturbed by past facility construction especially those in the area f the main dam and heavy use recreation access areas such as the Boulde • camping area. As stated in Section 2. 51, salvage studies were carried c .t through cooperative agreements with the National Park Service on many o: the original sites since it was recognized that most of the sites would be adversely effected by the construction of the dam and lake.

When any future construction is proposed, all re- aining archaeological sites will be considered. Whenever possible, facility. : will be placed so as not to interfere with the site. With all major cons- action completed at Carlyle Lake except for recreation facilities at the t. State Parks and some primitive areas as stated in Section 3.411, it is -It that little or no adverse effects from construction activities are to be xpected over the next 5 years. 3. 53 In compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the most recent listing of the National Register of Historic Places has been consulted and each monthly supplement thereafter. It has been determined that the present operation of Carlyle Lake may possibly have an effect upon the General Dean Bridge.

The General Dean Suspension Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 5 June 1973. This bridge is located downstream of the main dam just below the spillway access areas. While the bridge is adjacent to Government land, it and the land it is on are owned by the City of Carlyle. A fisherman access area has been built by the Corps at the east abutment of the bridge. This area provides public access to the bridge and an area to bank fish and picnic. It should be noted that Carlyle Lake became operational in 1967 and that no adverse effects to the General Dean Bridge have been detected to date. In fact, the fisherman access area has greatly enhanced the aesthetics of the area surrounding the bridge. Before the access area was built, the area was used indiscriminately by bank fishermen with resulting garbage problems. Since then, the area has been provided with access roads, parking, toilets, landscaped and is regularly mowed and cleaned.

To comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 the St. Louis District Corps of Engineers has initiated a study to determine the effects of its present flood regulation pl^i on the General Dean Bridge. This study is being conducted in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer for Illinois. The St. Lo;;is District Corps of Engineers will, of course, cooperate with the State Elistoric Preservation Officer for Illinois and Advisory Council on Historic F eservation on removing or mitigating any adverse effects, if found.

3. 54 In compliance with Executive Order 11593 of (ay 13, 1971, it has been determined that the operational plans and pr: . idures of Carlyle Lake by the Corps of Engineers will not result in the .nsfer, sale, demolition or substantial alteration of potential Natio: . Register properties located on lands under the control or jurisdiction of t’. Federal Government.

The St. Louis District Corps of Engineers feels 1 ■: the General Dean Bridge is the only non-federally owned site, building. ructure and/or object of historical, archaeological, architectural or tural significance which has been enhanced by the operational plans and • .cedures of Carlyle Lake. As stated in Section 3. 53, a fisherman access ea has been built and is maintained at the east abutment of the bridge. greatly improved the aesthetics of the area and allowed easier access to the bridge by the public.

4. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AS A RESULT OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES.

4.1 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage.

4.11 Effects of Flood Control-Storage. Of the authorized purposes of Carlyle Lake, flood control accounted for the major benefits to be derived by constructing the lake. With this in mind, the lake was designed so that additional water could be stored behind the dam to alleviate severe flooding from the downstream areas. From the first conception of the lake, it has been recognized that periodically, due to flood conditions upstream, downstream, or both, Carlyle Lake would maintain higher levels of water than what is considered normal.

By maintaining this higher level of water, perhaps for extended periods of several weeks, adverse effects on the project and its environment are realized.

4.111 Vegetation around the perimeter of the lake is damaged or killed when inundated. The time it takes to kill vegetation depends upon the species. Cottonwood, silver maple, willow, and sycamore can withstand longer periods of inundation that can oak, sugar-maple:, pine, and other upland species. Unfortunately, along the shore of the Lake below the Burlington Northern Railroad, the shoreline vegetatic. is predominantly upland species which are vulnerable to relatively shot; periods of inundation.

4.112 Wave wash occurring at all stages of pool actuation causes a wearing away of existing shoreline. Damage is gre est at high pool levels. The constant action of waves eroding the sho has resulted in losses of useful land, both Government-owned and, ir - ome instances at Carlyle Lake, private-ownership land. Trees and her vegetation valuable for wildlife habitat and soil protection is los Land which has eroded from the shoreline will either remain in susp ;ion or be spread over the lake bottom, contributing to underwater fill? . The resulting stable beach, composed primarily of sand, will form . an approximate 1 on 15 slope within the limits of pool fluctuation and , ve influence. In some cases the formed beach can be developed for rc national activities. However, the extent of shore erosion which has occu: d is serious. In general, the magnitude of erosion which can ultimate' be expected below the railroad on unprotected shoreline is in the range 130 feet to 400 feet. The northern portion of the east shore will . ierience 270 to 350 feet of erosion; the southern portion'.a’s much as 350 feet. The northern portion of the west shore above Allen Branch will be the least affected, with from 180 to 250 feet; the southern part, the greatest affected, with 350 to 400 feet of eroded shore. Extremely limited areas above the railroad may expect a small degree.of erosion.

Because of shoreline erosion at major recreationareas, it will be necessary to provide riprap protection to soil at these special locations. Quarry run riprap has been placed along eroded shorelines at East Access Area, Hazlet State Park and South Shore State Park, hi the future, additional severely eroded shoreline locations will require riprap treatment for soil protection even though many individuals feel that riprap detracts from the aesthetic appearance of the latke. The destruction of fire natural shoreline by the use of artificial protection must be considered an adverse effect.

4.12 Lake Regulation - High Discharges. After periods of flood control conditions, increased released rates are necessary to evacuate the water stored in the lake. These release rates, alfiough greatly reduced from original regulatory plans, still fill the river charnel and in some cases inundate lowland fields. This condition exists urtil the desired lake level is reached. A concern of the downstream farmea is the length of time this high water table exists. A flood before the lake vas built would inundate his fields in the spring, cause damage, and then recedi. Now the water may not cover his field, but it backs up into the field drainage system, possibly until early summer, resulting in fields too wet to farm. It should be noted that some of the lowland fields may have been cleared to take advantage of newly protected flood plains as a result of the estabishment of Carlyle Lake. The loss of timber resources through the clearing of fields which may be unsuitable for crops is an adverse effect in itsdf.

If, through high discharges, the laxe level drops uore than one foot per week during the later part of May and the first ha/ of June, the bass and sunfish species of fish will be affected since they spawn in relatively shallow waters.

5. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED OPERATIC AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES.

5.1 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Operatic' , The alternatives to the existing flood control regulation plan are: (1) t ‘laminate flood protection; and (2) to revise the plan so that normal y 1 elevations are reached in a more rapid manner. Neither alternative :s acceptable inasmuch as the release rates would increase, there! flooding additional land and causing damage to private, State and Feder?i acilities. Vegetation would be saved around the shore, but the rapid evacuation of water would cause caving banks, and perhaps cause adverse effects on the fish population of the lake. The present regulation plan has taken the benefits and disadvantages of these factors into consideration, and it is believed that it is the plan with the greatest environmental and economic benefits.

5.2 Shoreline Erosion. The alternative to dioreline erosion is protection. This alternative has been pursued at key recreation areas where facilities were in danger of being lost. It is net economically justifiable to riprap the entire shoreline. In addition, the riprapped shore does not appear as a natural shoreline environment. A combination of protective measures and no action, allowing the shore to assume a natural angle of repose, seems to be the best solution.

5. 3 Management of Project Land. Project lands around the lake are developed as intensive recreation sites, or devoted to wildlife manage­ ment either through lease agreements or by Corps operational personnel. Comprehensive vegetation, wildlife, project resources, fire, and safety plans are prepared to guide the management philosophies of the Lake Manager's Office. One alternative would be to take ns action on managing the resources of the lake. The alternative of "no action" would imply that no protection from encroachments, such as timbe r cutting, agricultural trespass, and unauthorized construction, would be available, and no attempt would be made to provide management plans for wildlife habitat improvement or reforestation. The "no action" alternative would result in total abandonment of all management of project land which, in time, would result in deterioration of recreation areas and a loss of pr< j- ct resources.

Specific management practices, such as pest ar..* vector control practices are necessary to protect the structural int. rity of the levies and dams, or to enable the lake visitor to enjoy am- •; pleasant outdoor experience. As described in paragraph 3., major r. 4ance of biological and mechanical methods are utilized before chemics . are used.

6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT ERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE / ) ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY. Long-ranged cv dative impacts that will occur due to operation and maintenance act' des at the lake are shoreline erosion protection by the placing of rj, p, vegetative changes at the lower elevations by the natural successional z acement of dry land tree species by more water tolerant species, and to lesser degree, the addition of a limited amount of pesticide. The imp? of riprapping shorelines and the vector control program have bee; deviously discussed. The change in lowland vegetation must be recognizee . Ince the water table and general lake levels of the area influenced by the lake have been changed since the lake was impounded. Tree species occurring in the uplands around the lake before and during early impoundment were of a dryland eco-system composition. The lake has now created a wetland­ flood plain type of eco-system and many of the former tree species are dying and being replaced by trees such as maple which can survive wetter environments.

This new lake environment can be preserved and enhanced by careful regulation and management of operational activities carried out on the lake project. Methods and practices used to insure the long-term enhancement of the environmental aspects of the lake include: stringent review and critical analysis of requests for permits on easement land; orderly and timely expansion of public access areas along with some degree of control to avoid over-use; development and implementation of vegetation, wildlife, fishery, fire protection, and safety management plans; and application of other sound recreation and resource management practices.

To further insure the long-term productivity, maintenance and enhancement of the lake project, professional resource managers have been employed to guide the husbandry of the lake resources. These people include foresters, wildlife biologists, park and recreation managers, and outdoor recreation planners. These people have developed long-range continuing plans to manage the resources of the lake. These resource oriented management plans are presently implemented.

7. ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE CO? ' fITMENT OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE OPPOSED ACTIONS SHOULD THEY BE IMPLEMENTED. No known irre rsible and irretrievable commitments of resources have been m !.e as a result of operation and maintenance activities at Carlyle Lake.

8. COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES.

8.1 Federal agencies having jurisdiction by lave - special expertise with respect to environmental matters, as well as S' : agencies concerned, were contacted and their comments requested to det . nine if there are any known environmental conflicts involving the operatic nd maintenance program at Carlyle Lake. No adverse comments wt. received to indicate a conflict with these interests.

8.2 The Draft Environmental Statement was fui -:hed to Federal, State, and local agencies authorized to develop and/-, enforce environmental standards, together with other groups, organizations, and individuals who have expressed concern in environmental matters. These are listed on the Summary Sheet. Their views and comments are summarized on the following pages. Only those comments which pertain to the environmental statement are given a written response. (1) U. S. National Park Service, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.

Comment: Pursuant to its responsibilities under Section 102 (2) (C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has determined that while you have discussed archaeological aspects related to the undertaking, the Advisory Council needs additional information to adequately evaluate the effects on these cultural resources. Please furnish additional data indicating:

a. Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U. S. C. 470 (f) ). The Council must have evidence that the most recent listing of the National Register of Historic Places has been consulted (see Federal Register, February 28, 1973, and monthly supplements each first Tuesday thereafter) and that either of the following conditions is satisfied:

1. If no National Register property is affected by the project, a section detailing this determination must appear in the environmental statement.

2. If a National Register property is affected by the project, the environmental statement must contain an account of steps taken in compliance with Section 106 and a comprehensive discussion of the contemplated effects on the National Register property. (Procedures for compliance with Section 106 are detailed in the Federal Register of November 14, 1972, pp. 24146-24148. )

Response: Section 3.53 has been added to cover tils comment.

Comment: Pursuant to its responsibilities under lection 102 (2) (C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has determined that while yc v have discussed archaeological aspects related to the undertaking, the Advisory Council, needs additional information to adequately evaluate th effects on these cultural resources. Please furnish additional data in A eating:

b. Compliance with Executive Order 11593 of 13, 1971

1. In the case of land under the control or jurisd lion of the Federal Government, a statement should be made as i whether or not the proposed undertaking will result in the transfer, :nJe, demolition, or substantial alteration of potential National Register properties. If such is the case, the nature of the effect should be clearly indicated.

2. In the case of lands not under the control or jurisdiction of the Federal Government, a statement should be made as to whether or not the proposed undertaking will contribute to the preservation and enhancement of non-federally owned districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of historical, archeological, architectural, or cultural significance.

Response; Section 3. 54 has been added to cover this comment.

Comment: To insure a comprehensive review of historical, cultural, archeological, and architectural resources, the Advisory Council suggests that the environmental statement contain evidence of contact with the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer and that a copy of his comments concerning the effects of the undertaking upon these resources be included in the environmental statement. The State Historic Preservation Officer for Illinois is Mr. Anthony Dean, Director, Department of Conservation, 102 State Office Building, 400 South Spring Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706.

Response: Mr. Anthony Dean, State Historic Preservation Officer for the State of Illinois was contacted by letter dated 16 November 1973. A copy of the Draft Environmental Statement, plus copies of the Illinois Natural History Survey and Illinois Archeological Survey comments were included. As of 31 January 1974, no response has been received from Mr. Dean.

(2) U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

■ Comment: Page 4, item c - This paragraph indicates the development of "Interpretive Trails. " We suggest including information on the soils and vegetation.

Response: Concur.

Comment: Page 6, item 1.74 - Because of the si. lablc watershed above the lake, special attention should be given to ac< derating soil and water conservation work in this area. Consider an ac itional statement such as "The Corps of U. S. Army Engineers will wo: k closely with the local Soil and Water Conservation Districts in promot ag an accelerated land treatment program throughout the watershed to reduce erosion, sedimentation and water pollution. " Response: Concur. The following statement has been added to Section 2.32; because of this, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers will cooperate within the limits of its authority with local Soil and Water Conservation Districts in promoting an accelerated land treatment program throughout the watershed to reduce erosion sedimentation and water pollution.

Comment: Page 7, item 2.211, second sentence - Suggest it read "A thin veneer of glacial drift blankets the upland, which, in turn, is generally overlain by three to seven feet of loess (except where removed by erosion). "

Response: This has been done.

Comment: Page 7, item 2.214 - Suggest the first three sentences read "Soils in the Carlyle Lake Area are formed mainly in loess and the underlying glacial till. Internal drainage ranges from poor to moderate and in some level areas poor drainage is a distinct problem. Most soils in the area have slowly permeable subsoils that present moderate to severe limitations for recreational uses." The project . . .

Response: This has been done.

Comment: Page 10, item 2.32 Water Quality, sentence two, mentions "runoff from agricultural land. " Our comment .on page 6, item 1. 74 relating to land treatment would also be applicable here.

Response: Concur. The following statement has fseen added to Section 2.32; because of this, the U. S. Army Corps cf Engineers will cooperate within the limits of its authority with local f oil and Water Conservation Districts in promoting an accelerated 1? ■ d treatment program throughout the watershed to reduce erosion sediment? :ion and water pollution.

Comment: Page 24 - Resource Management - Sv1..-est including a statement similar to "Management systems should uf .fze all available soil resource information in developing plans and re- lations."

Response; The use of soil resource information developing plans and regulations is standard procedure at all our lake • ojects. The District Conservationists for Clinton and Fayette Co. ties have prepared soil related supplements for the Fish and Wildlife ant Forestry Plans at Carlyle Lake. The Resource Development Ranger .. t Carlyle , as standard procedure, uses all available soils informs' :n in carrying out his daily work. Comment: Attached is a general soil map of Fayette County, Illinois. A few interpretation sheets are enclosed to indicate the type of information available from the Soil Conservation Service which may be useful in planning management systems, trails and other developments in the area.

Comment: Page 33, item 3.37 Erosion Control - To fully recognize the erosion control subject an item d may be appropriate. If included, suggest it read similar to our proposed quote for item 1.74 on page 6.

Response: The inclusion of the suggested quote is not felt to be appropriate in this section since the section deals with direct erosion control on Federal lands. The suggested quote has been added to Section 2.32 as stated before.

Comment: Page 45, item 8. 2 - You may wish to add the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of the involved counties to your coordination list. A directory of Soil and Water Conservation Districts is enclosed for your information.

Response: Soil and Water Conservation Districts, of the involved counties, will be placed on the coordination lists of all future O & M Environmental Statements.

Comment: Adequate zoning of the lands adjacent to the project is very important to avoid sewage disposal problems. Many c-f the soils have limitations for septic tank filter-field use. Soils information can be very valuable in avoiding serious mistakes by improper use of the soils.

Response: Concur.

Comment: As the surrounding lands are changed rom agricultural use, adequate planning and regulations are needed to ' tide development and provide for adequate soil erosion control.

Response: Concur.

Comment: If you have questions concerning the £ Is, erosion and sediment control, vegetative seedings, woodland or < .life plantings, tree and shrub plantings for noise barriers, fertilize: n, drainage, or any other soil and water conservation practice, don't ’ sitate to get in touch with our District Conservationist, Soil Conserv. ion Service.

(3) U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA

No comments have been received. (4) U, S. Department of Commerce, Secretary for Environmental Affairs.

No comments have been received.

(5) U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Comment: The subject proposal requires no comment from this Department.

(6) U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.

Comment: Water levels of Carlyle Lake have been higher for periods longer than originally forecast. These high waters have caused and will continue to cause the destruction of significant acreages of upland tree species, predominantly hickory and oak; and it is anticipated that more water tolerant species will replace these quality species. Although these changes in woodlands are recognized to some extent in the statement, their impact on the environment in total is not adequately covered.

Response: The above subject is treated in Section 3.232. Reservoir lands are used to reduce flooding downstream. The Corps can prevent flooding downstream of the dam for small volume floods by temporarily storing the water on fee land in the flood control pool t-nd releasing it later at a lower, non-damaging rate. Because of the f-ood control objective of the lake, periodically high water levels wLl be held in the lake. If this period occurs in spring or summer, non--zater tolerant trees will be damaged or killed.

Comment: We understand that the State of Illinois has offered various programs of lake regulation to benefit Lsh and wildlif. resources. These possible alternatives of time of drawdown and extent <.•' lake lowering should be assessed even though such variations in lake regul ions may not be compatible entirely with the primary purpose of flood ontrol.

Response: Concur. The Illinois Department of • iservation report has been received and is under consideration by the J ineering Division, Hydraulics Branch. The Hydraulics Branch is conch- ig a restudy of lake level regulation and recommendations should be mat the near future.

Comment: No existing or proposed units of the 1 Lonal Park System will be adversely affected by the project. The state: t should determine direct and indirect impacts to existing historical and theological resources, and the project sponsor should indicate steps which v. be taken to minimize- any adverse impacts in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P. L. 89 -665) in consultation with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.

Response; A new Section (3. 5) has been added to discuss historical and archeological resources.

Comment: Page 1, 3a -- This statement describes the project objectives and not the environmental impact'of the reservoir operation and maintenance.

Response: Concur. This section has been modified. • • Comment: Page 10, 2.32 - This section does not consider the stratification of oxygen within the lake. The reference to oxygen distribution on page 29, paragraph four, should be included in this section.

Response: Concur. The reference to oxygen distribution has been made to Section 2. 32.

Comment: Page 10, 2.32 - The temperature profile, Plate 3, (modified to Appendix D) would be more meaningful if depths to the stream bed were sampled. It appears from the graph that no samples v.-ere taken at bottom depth. The value of the temperature profile also would be increased if the pool elevation was stated for the particular day samples were taken.

Response: Water samples are always taken to the bottom at one meter intervals. Appendix D, Temperature Profile, has be n revised to include the lake bottom and pool elevations. Fluctuation in p-. >1 depth shown is due to pool fluctuation and sampling location. An atV. lpt is made to sample in the old river channel due to the extreme sk Tow lake depths.

Comment: Pages 14 and 15, Part 2.5 - This part < ,>es not ascertain what effect the project has on the cultural values which exist in the vicinity of the project.

Response: This section does not require discus n of impacts, however, a discussion covering cultural values has ’ -n added as Section 3. 5.

Comment: Page 17, Par. 1 - The value of $5.00 ’ :• fisherman day is in excess,.of the value allowed in Policies, Standards, : . ■ Procedures in the Formulation, Evaluation and Review of Plans for Use nd Development of Water and Related Land Resources, Senate Docume:.. ?7 Supplement 1. • The economic value of sport fishing at Carlyle Lake ; auld be revised according to acceptable Federal standards. Response: The reported economic value of sport fishing at Carlyle Lake was derived from actual detailed creel census sampling on the lake. This study showed that fishermen using the lake facilities averaged spending $5. 00 per fisherman day, with the expanded annual estimated value of $750,000. These values were not used to compute cost-benefit ratios for initial project justification.

Comment: Page 21, 3.21 - The construction of a levee system between Carlyle, Illinois, and New Athens, Illinois, will not necessarily increase channel capacities but would restrict the flood plain. This section should be restated io indicate the difference in terminology.

Response: Concur. When, and if, the levee system between Carlyle, Illinois, and New Athens, Illinois, is constructed, a release of 7, 000 c. f. s. will be contained in the channel and on the flood plain between the levees. Section 3.21 has been modified to reflect this change.

Comment: Paragraph 2, Page 22, seemingly reflects subjective attitudes centered on human ownership and human life. The assessment of adverse environmental effects must consider more than just the human aspect.

Response: The effect on fish and other aquatic forms is generally minor unless the released waters have high turbidities. Some benthic or Mollusca population may be destroyed as a result of heavy scouring with high CFS discharges.

Comment: Page 22, Par. 2 - It also is questionable as to how effective this project has been in protecting man's property.. 7he denial of Federal Crop Insurance for much of the bottomland below the Carlyle Dam indicates that flood protection is much less than expected.

Response; Only one complaint has been received jjy this District concerning Federal Crop Insurance. The farm owner was denied insurance but our investigation showed that the farm was on the Ihoal Creek drainage and the farm could have been flooded by Shoal Creek nr the Kaskaskia River backwaters.

Comment: Line 12, Paragraph 3.232, Page 23, :■ .ould be reworded to indicate that the fish population would in fact be ad\ :rsely affected if spawning coincides with receding high water.

Response: Concur. Sentence has been reworded. Comment: Page 27, Paragraph 3.33, Rotenone is extremely toxic to gill breathing insects, moderately toxic to'some mammals, and slightly toxic to birds. The discussion on the use of rotenone is not entirely correct.

Response: The use of rotenone as a fish population sampling technique is a standard procedure in fish management. Chemical treatment is applied only to small (less than 1 acre) portions of the lake. The treated area is detoxified by potassium permanganate at the completion of sampling. Further discussion on the use of rotenone can be found in Ricker, 1971, Pages 22 and 23, (Ricker, W. E. , 1971. Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Water. International Biological Program Handbook #3, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford).

Comment: Page 29, Par. 4 - This section should be considered in light of page 10, 2.32, which indicates an absence of lake stratification. Appropriate corrections should be made to indicate the types of stratification which do occur in the lake.

Response: Concur. Corrections have been madem Sections 2.32 and 3.33b.

Comment: Page 30, 3.35 - The conclusion that rb-.o significant adverse environmental effects are known as a result of shoreline alterations" is not supported in this draft and was not considered the tase during a recent visit of the area by Department of the Interior representatives. Extensive riprapping has taken place in the vicinity of Hazlet St; -a Park. The environmental and particularly the aesthetic effects c this procedure should be more thoroughly evaluated.

Response: Concur. Section 3.35 Las been revis to indicate that adverse environmental effects do result because of sb -eline alterations.

Comment: The environmental impact of the plar.r d State Highway 409 paralleling the dam should also be evaluated, particu- ly as it relates to the picnic areas, bank fishing, and recreational oppe mities below the spillway.

. Response: The State of Illinois Department of T. sportation has prepared the Environmental Impact Statement concei g State Highway 409. The U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation requested tl the Department of Transportation initiate a re study of the road location low the dam. The restudy is in progress and investigates the rerouting the road to the south of the town of Carlyle. Hearings on the rerouting ari tanned for late 1974. Comment; Page 42, 4.112 - The adverse environmental and aesthetic effects attributable to the extensive riprapping should be described in this section, as well as any effects which may result from the planned highway construction.

Response: Concur in regard to expanded attention for riprapping. Further comments have been added to this section concerning riprap.

The Illinois Department of Transportation has plans for routing FA 409 Highway near the Carlyle Lake Dam. They have prepared an Impact Statement concerning this road construction. As a result of their Impact Statement, the State has been requested to, and are conducting, a restudy of the road location at Carlyle. The restudy involves the resiting of the road south of Carlyle so that it will not parallel; the dam or interfere with recreational activities connected with the Dam or Lake.

(7) Illinois Wildlife Federation.

No comments have been received.

(8) U. S. Office of Economic Opportunity.

No comments have been received.

(9) Illinois Natural Resources Development Boar 1.

Comment: The Project Fact Force of the Natur:,’ Resource Development Board has reviewed your Draft Environ. ; ntal Statement on Carlyle Lake, Illinois, and has no adverse comment ‘ * make thereon. However, the Illinois Environmental Protection Age ' - may wish to ."submit comment on specific items relating to air, water, ar. noise pollution problems which may be encountered in the future.

(10) U. S. Department of Transportation, Fedc~ Highway Administration.

Comment: The draft was reviewed at the local ' cl by the Federal Highway Administration, Homewood, Illinois. They mmented as follows: "The proposed action would not appear to adversely ?ct any existing or proposed highways. We, therefore, have no comme. . to offer on this matter."

(11) Illinois Audubon Society.

No comments have been received. (12) Environmental Response, Washington University.

No comments have been received.

(13) Committee to Save Allerton Park.

No comments have been received.

(14) City of Carlyle.

No comments have been received.

(15) Wildlife Society, Illinois Chapter, Mr. William L. Anderson, President.

Comment: Thank you very much for the opportunity to comment on Draft Environmental Statement for Carlyle Lake, ClinSon County, Illinois. I have checked with various people who have a knowledge of the Carlyle Lake area and its problems and potential for wildlife nanagement.

Comment: The primary objection that the Illinois Chapter of the Wildlife Society has to the Carlyle Lake project is its Inability to get water off the land above 445 feet elevation. Water at bvels above such elevation has been, anu presently is, killing-large, miture oaks, maples, and other trees in the area. This of course, is disastrous for management programs involving wildlife species that require mature trees in their habitat.

Response: Concur. Whenever an artificial lake created,the environment around it is changed. The mature oaks ; ;d hickories surrounding Carlyle Lake now find themself in a wetlr. 1 environment, and will die. This situation is further intensified bee .se of the fluctuating pool elevation at Carlyle caused by its primary funct:' , flood control. As these mature oaks and hickories die, they are re; , ced by more water tolerant trees such as silver maple, pin oak and rive: irch. Lower lying areas become covered with brush and vines such as ’■ on bush or l trumpet vines. Those areas which are regularly flot 1 become-mud flats with little or no vegetation. While some wildlib secies no longer find a hospitable home at Carlyle, others such as get , ducks, sandpipers, yellow legs and other shore birds find their homes ii. oved.

(16) American Fisheries Society, Illinois Chapt*

Comment: On page 6, 1.74, the author writes of ngrams that enhance the environment; reforestation, brush contrc and wildlife habitat improvement. Such programs, as are listed, may work counter to one another so that much depends upon what one means by enhancing the environment.

Response; Resource management programs are primarily aimed at enhancing the wildlife or recreation value of the land, though aesthetics, safety and other values are considered. Depending on the present or contemplated use of a given piece of land , management techniques are recommended by the Carlyle Lake Forestry and Wildlife Plans. While these management techniques may work counter to one another if used without regard to the primary use of a given area, they do not when the use is considered first.

Comment: In view of the great decrease in fish-eating birds through their accumulation of pesticides, I hope that adequate protection and annual counts are planned for the heron and egret rookeries mentioned on page 13, line 3.

Response: The rookeries are located at the northern end of the lake on property licensed to the State of Illinois for the purpose of wildlife management. Management practices carried on by the State of Illinois have improved the habit and food supply of these fish-eating birds. Non-game wildlife specialists employed by the State have begun conducting annual counts as of 1973. These birds and their rookeries are offered the maximum protection that is possible through restriction of developments near their rookeries and protection from hunters.

Comment: Also, for my own information, Iwou-f like someone to suggest when visitor use of any new reservoir levels ff. Page 18, 2.56, gives an annual design load capacity of 4, 886, 000 by ’ -36. In my limited experience, use varies with the goodness of fishing, .-rter newness wears off in a few years.

Response: The determination .of when visitor ur - of any new reservoir levels off is undetermined due to the large xmber of variables involved in lake recreation attendance. Some of the riables are: the distance of the lake from urban population centers; i road network to and around the lake; the level and quality of facility deve' inent; the date at which full facilities are constructed for the recreate 1 capacity of the lake; and the scenic qualities of the lake.

The design load capacity is not calculated baser. , the high fisherman success in the first year of operation. Fishing visii ire initially high on a percentage basis, but conversely camping atter ace is initially low. Comment: Annual drawdowns of 9 feet, beginning in December, are going to do nothing to improve the fish populations. However, a more severe drawdown in early September about once in 5 years might have a very beneficial effect upon the fish and fishing. This drawdown should be as radical as is practical (429.5?) and should reduce the summer reservoir ’ surface area by more than 50 percent. In addition, arrangements should be made to crop populations of coarse fish, such as carp, buffalo, gizzard shad, etc. Otherwise, too many will survive and reduce the beneficial effect of the drawdown. The main objective of such a drawdown is to allow the production and high survival of a numerically large new year class of large mouth. If the effects of a drawdown are sufficiently severe, such a year class will be produced. The lowered water level should be held down as long as the water temperature remains above 55° - 60° F. Once the water level drops below 55°F., all fish life processes become very slow; in a sense winter might be considered a period of semi-hibernation for fishes.

Response: Concur. Drawdown date has been changed to recommend a mid-September start for the drawdown. The State is planning commercial fishing operations to crop rough fish species. The drawdown would extend into the winter as the State's Reservoir Fisheries Biologist believes that further reduction of small fishes may occur due to winter kill.

Comment: Once in five years duck hunters and fall boaters may be unhappy, but if they are sold on the idea of periodic drawdowns to improve fishing, they should be willing to go along. Good fishing will supply recreation for 10 to 50 fishermen for every satisfied duck hunter. Therefore, fish management should be given priority or at least equal consideration.

Response: We believe the management of the fishery should be an integral part of the Lake Management Plan. The State's Wildlife Resources Division is developing more waterfowl habitat for duck hunting at Carlyle Lake. During the drawdown year, the waterfowl hunting will be curtailed, but they will have limited areas available for hunting.

Comment: I agree that water levels during late April, May, and early June should be held as nearly constant as possible; however, this may become difficult or impossible in most years.

Response: Concur.

Comment: The one-foot drawdown proposed for July will have little or no adverse effect upon fishes; it may anger some fishermen. Response; As stated, the one-foot drawdown proposed for July will have little or no adverse effect upon fishes. As for fishermen, the one- foot drawdown will not hamper launching ramp or concessionaire operation. During July fishing slows down considerably. A slightly greater concentration of fish may have a beneficial effect on angling.

Comment: The subimpoundment area-described under 3. 32, p. 26, might be a fine place to raise a crop of bass fingerlings.

Response: Although not a part of the fisheries management plan, fish are produced in the waters of the subimpoundment areas. In years of high fall waters, these broods do become a contributing portion of the bass and sunfish population. However, these areas are developed for waterfowl management and will remain so. Special fish rearing ponds are being developed on the lower part of the lake.

Comment: Is food ever critical for such animals as quail, deer, squirrels, rabbits, or doves?

Response: Yes'. Thus the need for food plot development and land management practices to favor early successional stages which provides the best natural food plants for wildlife.

Comment: More logically, the 3200-acre food patch adjacent to Hurricane Creek may concentrate game for hunters .and I think we should admit this primary value.

Response: Concur. The habitat development is primarily for wildlife.

Comment: Probably my greatest objection to this report is the statement that a December drawdown represents fish-.ry management. In my opinion it would have almost no effect upon a fish population.

Response: Answered previously.

(17) Illinois Division, Izaak Walton League of America, Inc.

No comments have been received.

(18) Kaskaskia Valley Association.

No comments have been received. (19) City of Keyesport.

No comments have been received.

(20) Coalition For the Environment, St. Louis Region.

No comments have been received.

(21) Illinois Archaeological Survey.

Comment: A check of our master archaeological site file indicates that at least 130 sites are recorded within the maximum limits of the project as stated on page 2. Many, if not a majority, of the sites are probably inundated by the lake.

Response: This comment has been covered in Section 2.51 and Section 3. 51 has been added to cover it further.

Comment: It is recommended (that) any future shoreline and adjacent areas for development be aware of potential destruction of nearby archaeological sites.

Response: Concur. The statement has been revised to include this recommendation in Section 3. 5 Archaeological and Historical Preservation.

Comment: Since most of the prior archaeological salvage work in the Carlyle Lake Basin was undertaken, by Southern I/inois University, I am sending a copy of my letter and the Draft EIS to ’ r. Frank Rockerby, University Museum, Southern Illinois University, Ca: ondale, Illinois, for his review. Dr. Rockerby can provide you with n. re detailed information on past salvage projects, if needed, for t?,; Carlyle Lake Basin.

Response: Dr. Rockerby's work is noted in Sect: : i 2. 51 of this statement. All copies of archaeological studies condv. ted by Southern Illinois University for the U. S. Department of the Int -ior, National Park Service, have been obtained for and are used by Dist.< t and field personnel.

Comment: At the present time we are also cone -ing regional site surveys of the Silver Creek, Shoal Creek, and Beavt Greek drainages, west of Carlyle, under auspices of the Historic Sites . rvey Program of the State of Illinois. (22) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Comment: We have classified our comments on the Draft EIS as Category LO-2. Specifically, this means that we have no major objections to the proposed action and additional information is required to assess the total impact of the project. The classification and the date of our comments will be published in the Federal Register in accordance with cur responsibility to inform the public of our views on proposed Federal actions under Section 309 of the Clean Air Act. - The following comments should be addressed in the Final EIS:

Comment: 2. 22 Mineral Resources. Section 2. 221 indicates that three oil fields were affected by the flood control reservoir. The present status and future plans for these fields should be described in the EIS.

Response: Section 2.221 has been rewritten so as to better explain the present and future status of the oil fields in question.

Comment: 3.1 Local Development as a Result of the Project. It is stated in the second paragraph of this section that fee land was purchased to elevation 450. 0, leaving the rest of land in private ownership but with the Government purchasing the right to flood up to elevation 465. 5, including a five-foot freeboard.

For those flood easements granted to the Corps, the right to construct buildings for human habitation below 462. 5 was prohibited. Why is construction below the 462. 5 elevation prohibited while flood easements go to elevation 465. 5 ? From the wording used in describix g those tracts for which flood easements were granted, it appears that not all tracts have been granted easements for flooding. A clearer explan? tion of this section is needed.

Response: Section 3.1, paragraph 2 has been rewritten to clarify its meaning. The Government has the right to flood all e;. ■ ement tracts. Construction of buildings for human habitation is proh,; :ted below elevation 462.5 to reduce the possibility of drownings in case of sh flooding and to reduce property losses. While buildings for human i citation are permitted above elevation 462. 5, first floor elevation r 3t be above 467.2 feet m. s. 1. Elevation 462. 5 feet is the top of the flood ntrol pool while elevation 467.2 feet is the top of the surcharge-pool. A explained in Sections 3.21 and 3.22, releases from the lakes are co: oiled below elevation 462. 5 feet to prevent flooding downstream. I . when the pool reaches 462. 5 feet the spillway gates are slowly opened causing ; coding downstream. At elevation 465. 5 the spillway gates are raised clear < the water surface and free outflow conditions exist. At this point a relea . of 152, 000 c.f. s. is expected with the pool stabilizing at elevation 465. 5, though pool elevations of 467.2 feet are provided for in the surcharge pool.

Comment: 3.2 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage. This section should mention whether or not all sanitary facilities (vault toilets, septic tanks, proposed package plants) surrounding Carlyle Lake are located above the flood pool elevation.

Response: Section 2.232 has been changed to cover this item. At present all vault toilets, septic tanks and existing or proposed package sewage treatment plants are located below the flood pool elevation. Whenever any sanitary facility is in danger of inundation, it is closed and pumped out, with the contents taken to one of the local city Sewage Treatment Plants.

Comment: The winter drawdown level mentioned in paragraph 3, page 22 should be indicated.

Response: The winter drawdown level at Carlyle Lake is 440 feet m. s.l. This fact has been added to Section 3.22, paragraph 5.

Comment: Swimming beaches have been severely impacted by the high water levels present in the lake. We observed in the field that spread sand areas in the designated beach areas were inundated, thus exposing grass turf and underlying clay soils to excessive weathering and damage from swimmers and waders. Such practices have resulted in unsightly conditions and high turbidity with considerable degradation upon water quality in the swimming areas. We recommend that L?aches having such conditions be closed until additional sand is placed alc>: g shore to prevent shore damage for bathers or until lake levels recede io an elevation where the shore is adequately protected by sand.

Response: It is true that swimming beaches are impacted by high pool elevation, and this is stated in Section 3.232. T1 is fact was brought home forcefully during the spring floods of 73. Becav .n of this lesson, the elevations of spread sand will be increased at all ;■ aches at Carlyle Lake. This will reduce the number of days during a y-.ar that a beach area will be inundated. During those periods when a imach is inundated, swimming will be prohibited.

Comment: The paragraph on page 28 should be nr.re specific on the technique proposed for water level drawdown for fish management. How will this affect the aquatic community below the dam? Response: According to the State's Reservoir Fisheries Biologist, river discharges during this drawdown should not adversely affect the aquatic community. Discharges will not be of the magnitude of some flood control releases.

Comment: Item number two at the bottom of page 28 indicates that the water level drawdown will "allow chemical oxidation to occur . . . with subsequent release of soil nutrients. " Item number three indicates that the drawdown will result in a settling and firming of the bottom. These results should be further explained relative to the increased nutrient levels once the water level is raised, and to the loss of aquatic communities exposed by the drawdown.

Response: Quantitative analysis of nutrient exchange will not be monitored and is difficult to estimate specific levels. This technique is a standard procedure for improving Reservoir fish populations. The technique is further explained by Bennett, (Bennett, G. W. 1971, Management of Lakes and Ponds, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., New York. Page 216-218). It is recognized that the exposed benthic community will be stranded, however, remaining population of benthic organisms will repopulate the exposed area upon reflooding. The release of soil nutrients will promote better production of zooplankton which is essential for young fish.

Comment: The water quality data referred.to on page 29 should be presented in the EIS.

Response: Water quality data would be too voluminous to be placed in the EIS. The data are public documents and available to the public. The dataare supplied to the State Fisheries Biologists for their review.

Comment: Have any problems occurred due to o.T from watercraft in the lake ?

Response: No problems have occurred at Carly]': because of boats spilling oil.

Comment: Even though no special problems reg: rding fish disease have been reported, monitoring to assure the absence of any deleterious fish disease in Carlyle Lake should be carried out on a regular basis.

Response: The State's Reservoir Fisheries Biol-gists conduct routine fish sampling surveys. Also Corps personnel are in regular contact with fishermen. These surveys would quickly recognize if a fish disease problem developed. Comment: A contagious blood disease at Shelbyville last year resulted in the death of over a thousand bass. In light of this past occurrence and the fact that Shelbyville is upstream from this project, the EIS should include a discussion on the status of the disease in Shelbyville, its likelihood of occurrence in Carlyle Lake and an eradication program should the • disease appear.

Response: There is no known method of either controlling or eradicating fish disease that occur in large bodies of water. Trigger mechanism for disease outbreaks are even unknown, although it usually is associated with fish populations that are in poor body condition resulting in little or no feeding by sight feeding fishes following adverse winters and springs. Prolonged periods of low turbidities may precipitate such an outbreak also. There outbreaks have been minor (of short duration and affecting minor numbers.of fishes). The causitive organism is bacterial and natural occurring. Such a suggested program is neither practical or warranted at this time.

Comment: 3.36 Lake Fluctuations. Frequent uncontrolled fluctuations in the lake level have had serious environmental effects on recreation facilities, shore vegetation and soils. It should be noted that much of the Coles Creek Access Area, access roads to Hazlet State Park, and marina facilities at the West Access Area are inundated during high lake water periods.

Response: Section 3.36 lake fluctuations deals with regulating lake levels as a management tool and not as the result of flood control regulations. Such preplanned management manipulation of the lake level would not and have not inundated any recreation facilities. What Mr. Robert Kay saw on June 16, 1973 was high water caused by flcod control regulation during one of the worst spring floods in the history of the • Mississippi Valley. Section 3.232 covers the effects of flood control operation on upstream recreation areas. Section 3.232 recognizes the fact that at high lake elevations portions of land used for recreation are inundated. The higher the pool the worse the conditior; in fact, when lake levels would reach flood control pool, elevation 4 62. 5 feet m. s. 1. the majority of recreation areas would be under water.

Comment: The shoreline in several areas arount the lake, particularly along Hazlet State Park and the Coles Creek Access A: ea, is undergoing severe erosion and needs stabilization. Until lake ba» ks are stabilized and lake fluctuations are controlled, turbidity levels in th. lake will continue to remain high. Response: Approximately 20% of the eroded shoreline around Hazlet State Park has been covered with end-dumped riprap. Total stabilization plans for Hazlet and South Shore State Parks have been drawn-up and funds are being sought. The Coles Creek Area is receiving protection along those portions of the shoreline next to the boat ramp and camping areas. This protection will run into the millions of dollars thus the majority of areas which are eroding will be allowed to seek their natural angle of repose as stated in Section 3. 35.

Erosion of these areas contributed to the turbidity level of the lake but only when heavy wave action is present- At these times turbidity levels are raised considerably in the immediate area of the erosion but it is doubtful that the complete stabilization of the lake's shoreline would reduce the turbidity of the lake by any appreciable degree. The major cause of turbidity at Carlyle Lake is the thousands of acres of farm land located in the Kaskaskia River Basin above the lake."

Comment: 3.42 Disposal of Solid Waste. On pagj 35, the second paragraph states that ". . . the Corps has a contract with the county ..." for hauling wastes "to a sanitary landfill which is operated by the county and licensed by the State of Illinois. " This is not correct. The contract is with World-Wide Services, Inc. for refuse collection and disposal. The wastes are hauled to a landfill operated by the D and C Disposal Company in Bond County near Greenville, Illinois. Tie landfill is still operating under a permit issued several years ago by the Illinois State Health Department. Authority to operate under this permit will expire next year. No application for an operating permit fro. i Illinois EPA to continue operation after the current permit expires \as yet been received by Illinois EPA. The Greenville landfill has been ins 'cted several times by the state, and minor operating problems have bee:, brought to the attention of the operators. If wastes from the Carly. Lake area will continue to be disposed at the Greenville landfill, all < aerating problems needing correction at the site must be resolved at ths .arliest possible date and all waste disposal practices must comply wi state requirements.

Response: Section 3.42 Disposal of Solid Waste., .as been revised to reflect this comment. The Corps of Engineers does • t have the power to regulate the Greenville landfill or any other landfill . Corps owned lands. Our Solid Waste Disposal contracts state that all ref. a must be transported to and deposited in an approved sanitary landfill. Ar jng as the State of Illinois approves a landfill and allows it to operate v. 1. its blessings, our contractors can dump their waste there. Comment: With regard to waste disposal practices, we recommend that future contracts for refuse collection and disposal require that waste continue to be taken only to a site holding a valid permit issued by or recognized by the Illinois EPA. Also, we recommend that such contracts contain a termination condition if the contractor disposes of wastes at a site not holding a valid permit.

Response: Present Carlyle Lake refuse collection and disposal contracts contain such a clause. Further, the disposal of refuse at other than an approved sanitary landfill is grounds for termination of the contract.

Comment: It should be noted that the loud speakers on top of the tailwater gage structure are inoperative and have not been very effective in litter prevention.

Response: The loud speakers on top of the tailwater gage structure are operative. These loud speakers are not utilized during periods of light use thus it is hard to say if they were or were not operative on June 16, 1973. These speakers have been very effective in litter prevention. The tailwater access has been a perpetual problem area for litter. At present,.during the heavy-use months, our clean up contractor keeps one man on duty within this area just to pick up litter. The loud speaker, coupled with constant litter pickup and stronger Ranger patrolling has basically eliminated this litter problem. But, if one were to compare the tailwater area with his front yard it would on most days look a little dirty.

Comment: 3.43 Sewage Disposal. Section 3.431 needs revision in light of the information obtained from the Carlyle Lake Rangers. The rangers indicated that the East Access Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) has been abandoned and wastes are now being pumped to Carlyle's 40 acre oxidation lagoon.

Response: Section 3.431 has been revised to show the present sewage disposal situation.

Comment: Currently, no chlorination is provided for the effluent from the (City of Carlyle) lagoon. Disinfection of the effluent from the City of Carlyle's oxidation lagoon is a facility need required for this STP and should be installed as soon as possible.

Response: The plans for abandoning the East Access Sewage Treatment Plant and pumping directly into the City of Carlyle's Sewage Treatment Facilities were reviewed by the Federal EPA. A permit was issued for this • action by the Illinois EPA. The Corps of Engineers does not have authority to direct the City of Carlyle to chlorinate the effluent from their Sewage Treatment Facilities. The Illinois EPA office in Collinsville, Illinois was contacted regarding the status of chlorinating effluent at Carlyle. The City has employed an Engineering firm to design a chlorination system, however, they are waiting to see if federal funds can be obtained to construct the chlorination system.

Comment: Since this (City of Carlyle) lagoon is responsible for handling sanitary wastes from Carlyle Lake, we believe further discussion on its treatment capability and efficiency is warranted. Also, the EIS should discuss the environmental effects of the effluent from the lagoon upon local bio-productivity and water quality in the Kaskaskia River. Since the lagoon lies within the Kaskaskia River floodplain and is contiguous to the river, the EIS should mention whether the lagoon is ever subjected to flooding from the river or from internal drainage. If flooding is a problem, a discussion of the environmental impacts upon the river is necessary.

Response: Further discussion of the City of Carlyle lagoon in this environmental statement would serve no useful purpose. The City of Carlyle is responsible for the operation and maintenance of this installation not the Corps of Engineers. As stated before the Corps of Engineers has no authority to direct the City of Carlyle in its operation of this Sewage Treatment Plant. Such direction lies with the Illinois EPA and your office. . It is not the place for the Corps of Engineers to cormrent on the acceptability, operation procedures or impacts of the City of Carly??'- lagoon. Such questions should be asked of the City of Carlyle and answered by them.

Comment: It should be noted that the newly con: ucted sanitary treatment (package) plants located at Coles Creek ar: Boulder Access Areas will be discharging treated wastewater into th ake. Although mention is made of the removal efficiency for these nts, the long- range water quality effects of the discharges upon th ake should be addressed in the EIS.

Response: The discharge of the treated sewage om these plants will have a negligible impact on the long-range water qv.- y of the lake. The outfall lines are located 5 feet below normal pool ar here there will be good mixing characteristics. Also there are no wai intakes in the vicinity of these outfalls. With the low concentratic £ materials in the effluent and the dilution present it will be impossible > measure the effect of the discharge a short distance from the outfall li:

Comment: Also, the potential impacts of the (; --age) treatment plants . being flooded by high lake levels should be discussc special attention should be given to local health and water quality effects. Possible flooding of these facilities could result in a severe pollution problem.

Response: Section 3.232 has been revised to answer this comment. There is a possibility that all package treatment plants will be flooded during high lake levels. As stated in Section 3.232 these facilities will be closed and pumped out whenever there is any danger of inundation.. This has been standard practice in the past with vault type facilities and no problems have resulted.

Comment: Has dumping of sanitary wastes from holding tanks of camping vehicles onto campsite grounds been a problem?

Response: No. Trailer dumping stations are presently provided at West Access and Coles Creek Campground and will soon be provided at Boulder Campground. With these stations and regular ranger patrols, dumping of camper wastes, onto campsites? grounds has been nearly non­ existent.

Comment: 3.44 Sewage Disposal (Marine). During the field inspection, sewage pump-out barges were found to be inoperative, no doubt necessitation pf some boaters to open dump. We request that this coi lition be corrected immediately.

Response: The sewage pump-out barge located a* the Keyesport Marina was severely damaged twice during the spring floods ' 1973. The pump-out barge located at West Access was temporarily out of -rvice on a number of occasions during these spring floods. The pump-c barge at Coles Creek was not put into operation until the fall of 1973, r after Mr. Kays' visit. At present the Coles Creek and West Access 1 ges are operational. The Keyesport barge will have to be rebuilt but will ! ready by the spring of 1974. Another pump-out barge will be installed in n Boulder Access Area when the new sewage treatment plant at that 1<>. on becomes operational.

Comment: Oils that are transferred to the City TP are not removed under the existing treatment practices. Correction eeded if this is a problem; particularly if oil is affecting downstream cr quality.

Response: Oils are not transferred to the City'. .vage Treatment Plant. Oil has never been a problem at our Sewage ? nosal Plants, as all sewage is domestic waste. Very little oil waste .roduced by lake operations. The little oil waste that is produce . used to oil dirt roads and parking areas on the project. Comment: We suggest that a more complete program for control of mosquitos be undertaken. Such a program should emphasize cultural type practices and supplement these practices with insecticides.

Response: Cultural practices (mowings, drainage of water catch basins, etc. ) are used at the lake on an as'needed basis as described in the EIS in Section 3.45. Lake Projects in the St. Louis District have a policy of "minimum use of pesticides" in favor of cultural and natural controls.

Comment: For larviciding, we recommend using Abate crystals and/or Flit MLD. For a good description of effective cultural and insecticide practices, we refer you to Illinois Entomology Fact Sheet NHE 132 Revised, January 1, 1973. This document was prepared by the Illinois Cooperative Extension Service, Illinois Natural History Survey and the State Department of Public Health. Copies of this Fact Sheet should be available from the Clinton County Extension Advise in Agriculture.

Comment: 6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY.

This section should include a discussion of the cumulative and long­ term effects of the proposed action which may significantly reduce or enhance the state of the environment for future generations.

Response: Concur. Section 6 has been rewritten better cover the above.

Comment: 8. COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGE

The Federal Power Commission should be furnisl.-d a copy of the Draft EIS. Recently, we reviewed a preliminary pern t application for Carlyle Project No. 2728 which proposes to install a f, 000 kW power plant and appurtenant facilities for operation on a "rut ,’f the river" basis. A copy of our comments is attached. This pending ac. >n should be care­ fully examined with regard to its environmental effect nn the multi-purpose reservoir project.

Response: A copy of the Draft EIS was furnished ;• the Federal Power Commission on December 28, 1973. This proposed p er plant,as all proposals effecting Carlyle Lake, will be carefully ex lined with regard to its environmental effects on the lake. (23) Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

Comment: Based on our review of the information submitted, this section believes that the environmental statement presents a reasonable approach to the project from the standpoint of water pollution control • consideration. APPENDIX A

CARLYLE LAKE FISH SPECIES LIST

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Black Bullhead Ictalurus melas Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Flathead Catfish Pilodictis olivaris White Catfish •Ictalurus catus Yellow Bullhead Ictalurus natalis White Bass Roccus chrysops Yellow Bass Roccus mississippiensis Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus White Crappie ‘ Pomoxis annularis Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides Long-ear Sunfish Lepomis megalotis Orange-spotted Sunfish Lepomis humilis Red-ear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus Black Buffalo* Ictiobus niger Golden Redhorse* Moxostoma erythrurum Northern Redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus River Carpsucker Carpiodes carpio Smallmouth Buffalo Ictiobus bsbalus White Sucker Catostom- ' commersoni Blackstripe Topminnow Fundulus status Bluntnose Minnow Pimephal- • notatus Brook Silversides Labidesth - sicculus Carp Cyprinus rpio Golden Shiner Notemigo s crysoleucas Johnny Darter Etheosto: nigrum Mosquito Fish Gambus i. f finis Red Shiner Notropis ' Lrensis Sand Shiner Notropis ramineus Silvery Minnow Hybognai nuchalis . Grass Pickerel Esox am -.anus vermiculatus Sauger Stizostec canadense •Walleye Stizostec . vitreum vitreum Freshwater Drum Aplodino grunniens APPENDIX A

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Goldeye* Hiodon alosoides Skipjack Herring* Alosa chrysochloris American Eel* Anguilla rostrata Shortnose Gar Lepisosteus platostomus Bowfin Amia calva Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum Paddlefish* Polyodon spathula

*Only reported from tailwaters of Carlyle Dam. APPENDIX B

CARLYLE LAKE

APPENDIX C

CARLYLE DAM APPENDIX D

TEMPERATURE PROFILE

APPENDIX E

COMMENTS RECEIVED ADVISORY COUNCIL. ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION

WASHINGTON. D.C. 20240

. August 10, 1973

Colonel Guy E. Jester District Engineer St. Louis District, Army Corps of Engineers . 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester: .

This is in response to your request of May 23, 1973, for comments on the environmental statement for Carlyle Lake, Illinois. Pursuant to its responsibilities under Section 102(2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has determined that while you have discussed archeological aspects related to the undertaking, the Advisory Ccxincil needs additional information to adequately evaluate the effects on these cultural resources. Please furnish additional data indicating:

a. Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 470(f),). The Council must have evidence that the most recent listing of the National Register of Historic Places has been consulted (see Federal Register, February 28, 1973, and monthly supplements each first Tuesday thereafter) and that either of the following conditio:.; is satisfied:

1. If no National Register property is :. scted by the project, a section detailing this det. amination must appear in the environmental stat:"ent.

2. If a National Register property is aX acted by the project, the environmental statement . st contain an account of steps taken in complia-: with Section 106 and a comprehensive disc, ion of the contemplated effects on the National .gister property. (Procedures for compliance 1th Section 106 are detailed in the Federal Reg: r of November 14, 1972, pp. 24146-24148).

b. Compliance with Executive Order 11593 of v 13, 1971

1. In the case of land under the contrc -»r jurisdiction of the Federal Government, a statemc should be made as to whether or not the proposed undertaking will result in the transfer, sale, demolition, or substantial alteration of potential National Register properties. If such is the case, the nature of the effect should be clearly indicated.

2. In the case of lands not under the control or juris­ diction of the Federal Government, a statement should be made as to whether or not the proposed undertaking will contribute to the preservation and enhancement of non-federally owned districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of historical, archeological, architectural, or cultural significance.

To insure a comprehensive review of historical, cultural, archeological, and architectural resources, the Advisory Council suggests that the environmental statement contain evidence of contact with the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer and that a copy of his comments concerning the effects of the undertaking upon these resources be included in the environmental statement. The State Historic Preservation Officer for Illinois is Mr. Anthony Dean, Director, Department of Conservation, 102 State Office Building, 400 South Spring Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Should you have any questions on these comments or require any additional assistance, please contact James Cardwell of the Advisory Council staff.

Sincerely^yours,

Ken Tapman Compliance Offic UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE P.O. Box 678, Champaign, Illinois 61820

July 20, 1975

Colonel Guy E. Jester District Engineer U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th Street uSt. Louis, Missouri 6^101

Dear Colonel Jester:

Ihe draft environmental statement for Carlyle Lake, Illinois prepared by the U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis, Missouri, dated May 1975 > has been reviewed. We submit the following comments for your consideration.

Page 4, item c - Ihis paragraph indicates the development of "Interpretive Trails." We suggest including information on the soils and vegetation. Page 6, item 1.74 - Because of the sizeable watershed above the lake special attention should be given to accelerating soil and water conservation work in this area. Consider an additional statement such as "me Corps of U. S. Army Engineers will work closely with the local Soil and Water Conservation Districts in promoting an accelerated land treatment program throughout the watershed to reduce erosion, sedimentation and water pollution."

Page 1, item 2.211, second sentence - Suggest it read "A thin veneer of glacial drift blankets the up.’ .nd, which, in turn, is generally overlain by three to sever, feet of loess (except where removed by erosion)."

Page 7, item 2.214 - Suggest the first three sentences read "Soils in the Carlyle Lake Area are formed ir inly in loess and the underlying glacial till. Internal drair.' e ranges from poor to moderate and in some level areas poo drainage is a distinct problem. Most soils in the area hr slowly permeable subsoils that present moderate to severe Hi ations for recreational uses." Ihe project....

Page 10, item 2.J2 Water Quality, sentence i , mentions "runoff from agricultural land," Our commer on page 6, item 1.74 relating to land treatment would o. 0 be applicable here. Page 24- Resource Management - Suggest including a statement similar to "Management systems should utilize all available soil resource information in developing plans and regulations."

Attached is a general soil map of Fayette County, Illinois. A few interpretation sheets are enclosed to indicate the type of information available from the Soil Conservation Service which may be useful in planning management systems, trails and other developments in the area.

Page 55, item 5«57 Erosion Control - To fully recognize the erosion control subject an item d may be appropriate. If included, suggest it read similar to our'proposed quote for item 1.74 on page 6.

Page 45, item 8.2 - You may wish to add the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of the involved counties to your coordination list. A directory of Soil and Water Conservation Districts is enclosed for your information.

Adequate zoning of the lands adjacent to the project is very Important to avoid sewage disposal problems. Many of the soils have limitations for septic tank filter-field use. Soils information can be very valuable in avoiding serious mistakes by improper use of the soils.

As the surrounding lands are changed from agricultural use, adequate planning and regulations are needed to guide develop­ ment and provide for adequate soil erosion control.

If you have questions concerning the soils, rosion and sedi­ ment control, vegetative seedings, woodland :r wildlife plantings, tree and shrub plantings for noi.’ > barriers, fertilization, drainage, or any other soil : "1 water conser­ vation practice, don’t hesitate to get in to:ch with our District Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service.

We appreciate the opportunity to review and omment on the Carlyle Lake. Sincerely,

Howard W. Busch State Conservationist DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT AREA OFFICES AREA OFFICE. Chicago, llltnot* Columbus, Ohio 17 NORTH CEARBORN STREET Detroit, Michigan CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60602 Indianapolis, Indiana Milwaukee, Wisconsin Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn* REGION V E M 1373 ' REGIONAL OFFICE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Col. Guy E. Jester District Engineer U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101 Re: Carlyle Inke, Illinois Draft Environmental Statement Dear Col. Jester:

This is to aclmowledge receipt of the subject material, submitted

in accordance with the requirements of the National Environmental

Policy Act of 1969. Ue have revievred the material and have

determined the following regarding our obligation io reply to

your proposal within the Department of Housing and "rban

Development's jurisdiction by law or .expertise:

The subject proposal requires no comment fro . this Department

Kindly note the attached staff comment

lie intend to submit Departmental comsnts tc .~>u by

-Sincerely,

I I John L. v'aner j Director United States Department of the Interior

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NORTH CENTRAL REGION

536 South Clark Street Chicago, Illinois 60605

July 20, 1973

Colonel Guy E. Jester District Engineer U. S. Army Engineer District St. Louis 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

We have reviewed the Draft Environmental Statement on Carlyle Lake, Illinois, as you requested in your letter of May 23, 1973, and have the following comments:

Water levels of Carlyle Lake have been higher for periods longer than originally forecast. These high waters have caused ard will continue to cause the destruction of significant acreages of upland tree species, predominantly hickory and oak; and it is anticipated that more water tolerant species will replace these quality species. Although these changes in woodlands are recognized to some extent in she statement, their impact on the environment in total is not adequately covered.

We understand that the State of Illinois has offered x.rious programs of lake regulation to benefit fish and wildlife resource.. These possible alternatives of time of drawdown and extent of lake 1. .ering should be assessed even though such variations in lake regulati:s may not be compatible entirely with the primary purpose of flood ontrol.

No existing or proposed units of the National Park S< r-ra will be adversely affected by the project. The statement should deterr. 2 direct and indirect impacts to existing historical and archeological res<: ces, and the project sponsor should indicate steps which will be taken to . v.imize any adverse impacts in compliance with Section 106 of the Nation: listoric Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665) in consultation with the A<- sory Council on Historic Preservation. Our specific comments in respect to statement sections are as follows:

Page 1,3a —This statement describes the project objectives and not the environmental impact of the reservoir.operation and maintenance.

Page 10, 2.32 -- This section does not consider the stratification of oxygen within the lake. The reference to oxygen distribution on page 29, paragraph four, should be included i*i this section. The temperature profile, Plate 3, would be more meaningful if depths to the stream bed were sampled.. It appears from the graph that no samples were taken at bottom depth. The value of the,temperature profile also would be increased if the pool elevation was stated for the particular day samples were taken.

Pages 14 and 15, Part 2.5 — This part does not ascertain what effect the project has on the cultural values which exist in the vicinity of the project.

Page 17, Par. 1 — The value of $5.00 per fisherman day is in excess of the value allowed in Policies, Standards, and Procedures in the Formulation, Evaluation and Review of Plans for Use and Development of Water and Related Land Resources, Senate Document 97 Supplement 1. The economic value of sport fishing at Carlyle Lake should be revised according to acceptable Federal standards.

Page 21, 3.21 -- The construction of a levee system between Carlyle, Illinois, and New Athens, Illinois, will not necessarily increase channel capacities but would restrict the floodplain. This section should be restated to indicate the difference in terminology.

Page 22, Par. 2 — This paragraph seemingly reflect' subjective attitudes centered on human ownership and human life. The ai:cssment of adverse environmental effects must consider more than just le human aspect. It also is questionable as to how effective this proj..t has been in protecting man’s property. The denial of Federal crop insure.;e for much of the bottomland below the Carlyle Dam indicates that f■. d protection is much less than expected.

Page 23, 3.232 -- Line 12 should be reworded to i: cate that the fish population vzould in fact be adversely affected if ■•.•awning coincides with receding high water.

Page 27, 3.33 -- Rotenone is extremely toxic to g; ' breathing insects, • moderately toxic to some mammals, aid slightly to:-. to birds. The discussion on the use of rotenone is not entirely .rrect. Page 29, Par. 4 — This section should be considered in light of page 10, 2.32, which indicates an absence of lake stratification. Appropriate corrections should be made to indicate the types of stratification which do occur in the lake.

Page 30, 3.35 -- The conclusion that "no significant adverse environ­ mental effects are known as a result of shoreline alterations" is not supported in this draft and was not considered the case during a recent visit of the area by Department of the Interior representatives. Extensive riprapping has taken place in the vicinity of Hazlet State Park. The environmental and particularly the aesthetic effects of this procedure should be more thoroughly evaluated.

The environmental impact of the planned State Highway 409 paralleling the dam should also be evaluated, particularly as it relates to the picnic areas, bank fishing, and recreational opportunities below the spillway. Page 42, 4.112 — The adverse environmental and aesthetic effects attributable to the extensive riprapping should be described in this section, as well as any effects which may result from the planned highway construction. Sincerely,

Madonna F.McGrrth \ Staff Assistant to the Secretary STATE OF ILLINOIS NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD

CHAIRMAN TECHNICAL SECRETARY J.R. Webb, Chief, Div. of Water DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 222 South College Street Springfield, Illinois 62706 (217) 525-6135 June 25, 1973

Colonel Guy E. Jester District Engineer ‘ Department of the Army St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th St. St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

The Projects Task Force of the Natural Resource Development Board has reviewed your Draft Environmental Statemfent'rn Carlyle Lake, Illinois, and has no adverse comment to make thereon.

However, the Illinois Environmental Protection J.vticy may wish to submit comment on specific items relating to air, water, and noise pollu­ tion problems which may be encountered in the fc ire.

Sincerely,

James R. We: Technical Sa tary Natural Rest . a Development p.o I DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MAILING ADDRESS: U.S. COAST GUARD tVO/ OO ) UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 400 SEVENTH STREET SW. WASHINGTON. D.C. 205S > phone: 202- 426-1262

. 1 2 JUL 1973

Colonel Guy E. Jester District Engineer St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

This is in response to your letter of 23 May 1973 addressed to the Federal Highway Administration, Region 5, Homewood, Illinois, requesting comments on the draft environmental impact statement on Carlyle Lake, Illinois.

The draft was reviewed at the local level by the Federal Highway Admin­ istration, Homewood, Illinois. They commented as follows:

’’The proposed action would not appear to adversely affect any exist­ ing or proposed highways. We, therefore, have no comments to offer on this matter.”

The Department of Transportation has no further comments to offer. It should be noted that the above statements are field level comments.

The Department of Transportation would be pleased to review the revised environmental impact statement when it is forwarded for formal Head­ quarters review.

Sincerely,

j. d. McCfins Caplasn, U. S. Coast Z Acting Chief, Office c? Marine Environment and S;. zms THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY

ILLINOIS .CHAPTER ’

July 12, 1973

Colonel Guy E.’ Jester Dept, of the Army Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

Thank you very much for the opportunity to comment on Draft Environ­ mental Statement for Carlyle Lake, Clinton County, Illinois. I have checked with various people who have a knowledge of the Carlyle Lake area and Its problems and potential for wildlife management.

The primary objection that the Illinois Chapter of the Wildlife Soci­ ety has to the Carlyle Lake project is its inability to get water off the land above feet elevation. Water at levels stove such elevation has been, and presently is, killing large, mature oakt, maples, and other trees In the area. .This of course is disastrous for marngement programs involv­ ing wildlife species that require mature trees in their habitat.

Sincerely,

William L. Anerson, President 237 Natural Resources Studies Annex Urbana, lllir.-'s 61801 ' * STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OP - • REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION . TCDOWJEXMMasOSpringfield TJaaac Dr. Dean Barringer, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY W5OQOCXXMXXX5O0GOCK GEOLOGY ...... L. L. Slow CHEMISTRY...... Roger Ad»m« Natural Resources Building Telephone: 333-6380 ENGINEERING ... Robert H. Andereon BIOLOGY...... Thomae Park Urbana, Illinois 61801 Are* Code 217 FORESTRY...... Charles E. Olmetad UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Dean William L. Everitt SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Doan Roger E. Beyler June 8, 1973 George Sprugel, Jr, Cbi^f

Colonel Guy E. Jester St. Louis District, Corps of U. S. /rmy Engineers 210 N. 12th St. St. Louis, MO 63101 Dear Colonel Jester: In your letter of 23 May 1973 you invite comments on "Environmentt'l Statement, Carlyle Lake, Illinois." This report appears to be quite compre­ hensive and there are only a few points of question, and these mainly deal with lake management. On page 6, 1.71», the author writes of programs that enhance the environment: reforestation, brush control, and wildlife habitat improvement. Such programs as’ are listed may work counter to one another so that; much depends upon what one means by enhancing the environment. In view of the great decrease in fish-eating H- ls through their accumula­ tion of pesticides, I hope that adequate protection r.:.l annual counts are planned for the heron and egret rookeries mentioned on page I , line 3* Also, for my own information, I would like someone to suggest when vi r ‘ tor use of any new reservoir levels off. Page 18, 2.^ gives an annual design 1c... capacity of h,886,000 by 1986. In my limited experience, use varies with the oodness of fishing, after newness wears off in a few years. Annual drawdowns of 9 feet, beginning in Decc: -_r, are going to do nothing to improve the fish populations. However, a more r. re drawdovm in early September about once in 5 years might have a very V facial effect upon the fish and fishing. This drawdown should be as radi as is practical (h29.J>?) and should reduce the summer reservoir surface arc-. ■ more than $0 percent. In addition, arrangements should be made to crop poptij. ens of coarse fish, such as carp, buffalo, gizzard shad, etc. Otherwise, tc .:_ny will survive and reduce the beneficial effect of the drawdown. The main oh hive of such a drawdown is to allow the production and high survival of a nui... ally large now year class of largenouth. If the effects of a drawdown are s- jcicntly severe such a year class will bo produced. The lowered water lgvel ai d be held down as long as the water temperature remains above 55° - 60 F. 0 ; the water level drops below . 55° F., all fish life processes become very slow; : a sense winter might be con­ sidered a period of semi-hibernation for fishes. Ctice in five years duck hunters and fall boaters my be unhappy, but if they are sold on the idea of periodic drawdowns to improve fishing they should be willing to go along. Good fishing will supply recreation for 10 to $Q fishermen for every satisfied duck hunter. Therefore, fish management should be given priority or at least equal consideration! I agree that water levels during lato April, May, and early June should be held as nearly constant as possible; however, this say become difficult or impossible in most years. The one-foot drawdowi proposed for July will have little or no adverse effect upon the fishes; it.nay anger sone fishermen. The subimpoundnent area described under 3.32, p. 26, might be a fine place to raise a crop of bass fingerlings; is food ever critical for such animals as quail, deer, squirrels, rabbits, or doves? More logically, the 3200-acre food patch adjacent to Hurricane Creek nay concentrate game for hunters and I think we should admit this primary value. Probably ry greatest objection to this report is the statement that a December drawdown represents fishery management. In sy opinion, it would have almost no effect upon a fish population. I have no objection otherwise to drawing the lake down in December.

Very truly yours,

Georpa If. Bennett Head, Aquatic Biology Section Profatror of Zoology, U. of I. Presi.hnt, American Fisheries S x '-oty, Illinois Chapter ILLINOIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

109 DAVENPORT HALL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801

Cooperating Institutions: University of Illinois Southern Illinois University Illinois State Museum May 30, 1973

Colonel Guy E." Jester District Engineer Department of the Army St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers 210 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

Thank you for your letter of May 23 and enclosed copy of the Draft EIS for Carlyle Lake, Illinois. A check of our master archaeological site file indicates that at least 130 sites are recorded within the maximum limits of the project as stated on Page 2. Many, if not a majority, of the sites are probably inundated by the Lake; however, it is recommended any future shore line and adjacent areas for development be aware of potential destruction of nearby archaeological sites. Since most of the prior archaeological salvage work in the Carlyle Lake Basin was undertaken by Southern Illinois University, I am sending a copy of my letter and the Draft EIS to Dr. Frank Rackerby, University Museum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, for his review. Dr. Rackerby can provide you with r.ore detailed information on past salvage projects,if needed, for the Carlyle Lake Basin.

At the present time we are also conducting regi-nal site surveys of the Silver Creek, Shoal Creek, and Beaver Creek Drains.'. s, west of Carlyle, under th° auspices of the Historic Sites Survey p-. -.".ram of the State of Illinois.

Cordially yours,

Ch.'rles J. Bareisf -retary-Treasurer

cc: Dr. Frank Rackerby UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION V 1 NORTH WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606

July 26, 1973

Colonel Guy E. Jester, District Engineer U. S. Army Engineer District, St.- Louis 210 North 12th Street St, Louis, Missouri 63101

Dear Colonel Jester:

We have completed our review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Carlyle Multi-Purpose Reservoir Project in Clinton, Fayette and Bond Counties, Illinois, as requested in your letter of May 23, 1973. We have previously reviewed the specifications and drawings for upgrading sanitary facilities at the Boulder Access Area, East .and West Access Areas, and Coles Creek Access Area; our comments were sent to you on December 15, 1972, January 29, 1973 and February 26, 1973, respectively.

We have classified our comments on the Draft EIS as Category LO-2. Specifi­ cally, this means that we have no major objections to the proposed action; and additional information is required to assess the total impact of the project. The classification and the date of’our comments will be published in the Federal Register in accordance with our responsibility to inform the public of our views on proposed Federal actions under Section 309 of the Clean Air Act. The following comments should be addre ^sed in the Final EIS;

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT

2.2 Geological Elements.

2.22 Mineral Resources. Section 2.221 indicates that three oil fields were affected by the flood control eservoir. The present status and future plans for these fields s juld be described in the EIS. 3. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PROGRAMMED OPE? TON AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES.

3.1 Local Development as a Result of the T: iect.

It is stated in the second paragraph of t' s section that fee land was purchased to elevation 450.0, lc Ing the rest of land in private ownership but with the Governi; .t purchasing the right to flood up to elevation 465.5, including five-foot freeboard. For those flood easements granted to the Corps, the right to construct buildings for human habitation below 462.5 was pro­ hibited. Why is construction below the 462.5 elevation pro­ hibited while flood easements go to elevation 465.5? From the wording used in describing those tracts for which flood easements were granted, it appears that not all tracts have been granted easements for flooding. A clearer explanation of this section is needed.

3.2 Lake Regulation and Flood Control Storage.

This section should mention whether or not all sanitary facilities (vault toilets, septic tanks, proposed packaged plants), sur­ rounding Carlyle Lake are located above the flood pool elevation.

The winter drawdown level mentioned in paragraph 3, page 22 should be indicated.

Swimming beaches have been severely impacted by the high water levels present in the lake. We observed in the field that spread sand areas in the designated beach areas v’-sre inundated, thus, exposing grass turf and underlying clay soils to excessive weathering and damage from swimmers and waters. Such practices have resulted in unsightly conditions and • igh turbidity with considerable degradation upon water qualit in the swimming areas. We recommend that beaches having such con. cions be closed until additional sand is placed along shore to j :vent shore damage from bathers or until lake levels recede to an levation where the shore is adequately protected by sand.

3.3 Resource Management.

3.33 Fishery Management. The paragraph c- page 28 should be more specific on the technique proposed for wr.’ level drawdown for ° fish management. How will this affect th quatic community be­ low the dam? Item number two at the bott. of page 28 indicates that the water level drawdown will ’’allow miical oxidation to occur ... with subsequent release of soil trients.’’ Item number three indicates that the drawdown - 1 result in a settling and firming of the bottom. These results culd be further ex­ plained relative to the increased nutrie: evels once the water level is raised, and to the loss of aqual . communities exposed by the drawdown. The water quality data referred to on page 29 should be pre­ sented in the EIS. Have any problems occurred due to oil from watercraft in the lake?

Even though no special problems regarding fish disease have been reported, monitoring to assure the absence of any de­ leterious fish disease in Lake Carlyle should be carried out on a regular basis. A contagious blood disease at Shelby­ ville last year resulted in the death of over a thousand bass. In light of this past occurrence and the fact that Shelbyville is upstream from this project, the EIS should include a dis­ cussion on the status of the disease in Shelbyville, its likeli­ hood of occurrance in Carlyle Lake and an eradication program should the disease appear.

3.36 Lake Fluctuations. Frequent uncontrolled fluctuations in the lake level have had serious environmental effects on recreation facilities, shore vegetation and soils. It should be noted that much of the Coles Creek Access Area, access roads to Hazlet State Park, and marina facilities at the West Access Area are inundated during high lake water periods.

The shoreline in several areas around th: lake, particularly along Hazlet State Park and the Coles Crc.k Access Area, is undergoing severe erosion and needsstabil nation. Until lake banks are stabilized and lake fluctuation are controlled, tur­ bidity levels in the lake will continue t remain high.

3.4 Recreation Management.

3.42 Disposal of Solid Waste. On page : . the second paragraph states that ”... the Corps has.a contras Ith the county..." for hauling wastes "to a sanitary landf' . which is operated by the county and licensed by the State of. ;.inois." This is not correct. The contract is with World-Kl' Services, Inc. for refuse collection and disposal. The 5 are hauled to a landfill operated by the D and C Dispo: Company in Bond County near Greenville, Illinois. The landfil 5 still operating under a permit issued several years ago by tl llinois State Health Department. Authority to operate under is pennit will expire next year. No application for an opert ,.g permit from Illinois EPA to continue operation after the cui z permit expires has yet been received by Illinois.EPA. Th: .eenville landfill has been inspected several times by the state, and minor operating problems have been brought to the attention of the operators. If wastes from the Carlyle Lake area will continue to be dis­ posed at the Greenville landfill, all operating problems needing correction at the site must be resolved at the earliest possible date and all waste disposal practices must comply with state requirements.

With regard to waste disposal practices, we recommend that future contracts for refuse collection and disposal require that wastes continue to be taken only to a site holding a valid permit issued by or recognized by the Illinois EPA. Also, we recommend that such contracts contain a termination condition if the contractor disposes of wastes at a site not holding a valid permit.

It should be noted that the loud speaker? on top of the tail­ water gage structure are inoperative and Save not been very effec­ tive in litter prevention.

3.43 Sewage Disposal. Section 3.431 neel-: revision in light of the information obtained from the Carlyle Lake Rangers. The rangers indicated that the East Access Sc :igc Treatment Plant (STP) has been abandoned and wastes are i i being pumped to Carlyle’s 40 acre oxidation lagoon. Cui -tly, no chlorination is provided for the effluent from the lr n. Disinfection of the effluent from the City of Carlyle’s dation lsgoon is a facility need required for this STP and uld be installed as soon as possible. Since this lagoon is •ponsible for handling sanitary wastes from Carlyle Lake, we !• ve further discussion on its treatment capability and efficiei is warranted. Also, the EIS should discuss the environments) )fects of the effluent from the lagoon upon local bio-producti. • and water quality in the Kaskaskia River. Since the lagoon ‘ within the Kaskaskia River floodplain and is contiguous to V i.ver, the EIS should mention whether the lagoon is ever subj: d to flooding from the river or from internal drainage. If fl ng is a problem^ a dis­ cussion of the environmental impacts up. die river is necessary.

It should be noted that the newly const ed sanitary treatment (package) plants located at Coles Creek Boulder Access Areas will be discharging treated wastewater ' - the lake. Although mention is made of the removal efficiency for these plants, the long-range water quality effects of the discharges upon the lake should be addressed in the EIS. Also, the potential impacts of •the treatment plants being flooded by high lake levels should be discussed; special attention should be given to local health and water quality effects. Possible flooding of these facilities could result in a severe pollution problem.

Has dumping of sanitary wastes from holding tanks of camping vehicles onto campsite grounds been a problem?

3.44 Sewage Disposal (Marine). During the field inspection, sewage pump-out barges were found to be inoperative, no doubt necessitating some boaters to open dump. We request that this condition be corrected immediately. Oils that are transferred to the City’s STP are not removed under the existing treatment practices. Correction is needed if this is a problem; particularly if oil is affecting downstream water quality.

3.45 Vector Control. We suggest that a rore complete program for control of mosquitoes be undertaken. Such a program should emphasize cultural type practices and sup:lement these practices with insecticides. For larviciding, we i commend using Abate crystals and/or Flit MLD. For a good de; :iption of effective cultural and insecticide practices, we t :r you to Illinois Entomology Fact Sheet NHE 132 Revised, J- ary 1, 1973. This document was prepared by the Illinois Co rative Extension Service, Illinois Natural History Survey d the State Depart­ ment of Public Health. Copies of this I “ Sheet should be avail­ able fiom the Clinton County Extension A : ser in Agriculture.

6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM ' S OF MAN’S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LC 'SRM PRODUCTIVITY.

This section should include adiscussio. 7 the cumulative and long-term effects of the proposed actio ;ich may significantly reduce or enhance the state of the envi: :ent for future generations. 8. COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES.

The Federal Power Commission should be furnished a copy of the Draft EIS. Recently, we reviewed a preliminary permit appli­ cation for Carlyle Project No. 2728 which proposes to install a 8,000 kW power plant and appurtenant facilities for operation on a "run of the river" basis. A copy of our comments is attached. This pending action should be carefully examined with regard to its environmental effects on the multi-purpose reservoir project.

We would like to thank Messrs. Dennis Foss, David Wilson, and David Davis for their help and assistance to Robert Kay of my staff in conducting a field review of the project on June 16, 1973. We appreciate the opportunity to review this Draft EIS. Please send us two copies of the Final EIS when it is filed with the Council on Environmental Quality.

Sincerely yours,

Donald A. Wallgren Chief, Federal Activities Branch ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2200 Churchill Road Springfield, Illinois 62706

July 19, 1973

John Marco, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT - Carlyle Lake

Department of the Army St. Louis District Corps of Engineers 210 North Twelfth Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101

Gentlemen:

The Permit Section of the Division of Water Pollution Control has reviewed the draft environmental impact statement for Carlyle Lake concerning the program operation and maintenance activities.

Based on our review of the information submitted thia Section believes that the environmental statement presents a reasonable approach to the project from the standpoint of water pollution control considerations.

Very truly your;,

DIVISION OF WATIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Ward L. Akers, Acting Manager Permit Section