Spirochaeta Thermophila Ligand Specificity ZZ-CBM64 Binds to Crystalline Forms of Cellulose

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Spirochaeta Thermophila Ligand Specificity ZZ-CBM64 Binds to Crystalline Forms of Cellulose

Storage temperature Carbohydrate Binding Module 64A, This protein is shipped at room temperature but should be (ZZ-CBM64) stored at 4 °C. Spirochaeta thermophila Ligand specificity ZZ-CBM64 binds to crystalline forms of cellulose. See the Catalogue number(s): CZ04991, 1 mg reference below for more details on the biochemical CZ04992, 3 × 1 mg properties of ZZ-CBM64. Assay conditions To recover maximal ZZ-CBM64 activity, centrifuge a required Description volume of the precipitated protein suspension (13000 xg for ZZ-CBM64 is a bacterial polypeptide displaying high affinity 5 min), remove the ammonium sulphate supernatant and to crystalline cellulose through a C-terminal Carbohydrate ressuspend the resulting pellet in the same volume of 20 mM Binding Module of Spirochaeta thermophila. Recombinant Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 20 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2. Proceed with the ZZ-CBM64, purified from Escherichia coli, is a modular assay as required. protein containing at its N-terminus the immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding ZZ domain of protein A from Staphylococcus Reference aureus fused to a family 64 Carbohydrate Binding Module Chen et al (2006). Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 45, 87-92. (CBM64) (www.cazy.org). This ZZ domain protein derivative is particularly recommended to mediate the anchorage of antibodies to cellulosic supports. The protein is provided in 3.2 M ammonium sulphate at a 1 mg/mL concentration. Bulk Quality control assay quantities of this product are available on request. Protein purity is >90% as judged by SDS-PAGE followed by BlueSafe staining (MB15201). Electrophoretic Purity ZZ-CBM64 purity was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by BlueSafe staining (MB15201) (Figure 1). Certificate of Analysis Test Result Enzyme purity Pass Approved by: José Prates Senior Manager, Quality Systems Revised 04/15 NZYTech Ltd Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, R/C 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal Tel.:+351 213643514 Figure 1. SDS-PAGE analysis of ZZ-CBM64 (Lane 1). Fax: +351 217151168 Electrophoresis was performed using a 14% polyacrylamide www.nzytech.com gel. The Mw of the protein is 25.2 kDa. Lane M contains NZYTech Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Protein Marker (MB082). .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Variations in the Two Last Steps of the Purine Biosynthetic Pathway in Prokaryotes
GBE Different Ways of Doing the Same: Variations in the Two Last Steps of the Purine Biosynthetic Pathway in Prokaryotes Denniﬁer Costa Brandao~ Cruz1, Lenon Lima Santana1, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes2, Jorge Teodoro de Souza3,*, and Phellippe Arthur Santos Marbach1,* 1CCAAB, Biological Sciences, Recoˆ ncavo da Bahia Federal University, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil 2Agronomy School, Federal University of Goias, Goiania,^ Goias, Brazil 3 Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/11/4/1235/5345563 by guest on 27 September 2021 *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]ﬂa.br; [email protected]. Accepted: February 16, 2019 Abstract The last two steps of the purine biosynthetic pathway may be catalyzed by different enzymes in prokaryotes. The genes that encode these enzymes include homologs of purH, purP, purO and those encoding the AICARFT and IMPCH domains of PurH, here named purV and purJ, respectively. In Bacteria, these reactions are mainly catalyzed by the domains AICARFT and IMPCH of PurH. In Archaea, these reactions may be carried out by PurH and also by PurP and PurO, both considered signatures of this domain and analogous to the AICARFT and IMPCH domains of PurH, respectively. These genes were searched for in 1,403 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes publicly available. Our analyses revealed taxonomic patterns for the distribution of these genes and anticorrelations in their occurrence. The analyses of bacterial genomes revealed the existence of genes coding for PurV, PurJ, and PurO, which may no longer be considered signatures of the domain Archaea. Although highly divergent, the PurOs of Archaea and Bacteria show a high level of conservation in the amino acids of the active sites of the protein, allowing us to infer that these enzymes are analogs.
[Show full text]
Genomic Insights Into the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of A
Genomic Insights into the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of a Thermophilic Deep-Sea Bacterium Deferribacter autotrophicus Revealed New Metabolic Traits in the Phylum Deferribacteres Alexander Slobodkin, Galina Slobodkina, Maxime Allioux, Karine Alain, Mohamed Jebbar, Valerian Shadrin, Ilya Kublanov, Stepan Toshchakov, Elizaveta Bonch-Osmolovskaya To cite this version: Alexander Slobodkin, Galina Slobodkina, Maxime Allioux, Karine Alain, Mohamed Jebbar, et al.. Genomic Insights into the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of a Thermophilic Deep-Sea Bacterium Deferribacter autotrophicus Revealed New Metabolic Traits in the Phylum Deferribacteres. Genes, MDPI, 2019, 10 (11), pp.849. 10.3390/genes10110849. hal-02359529 HAL Id: hal-02359529 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02359529 Submitted on 16 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Genomic Insights into the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of a Thermophilic Deep-Sea Bacterium Deferribacter autotrophicus Revealed New Metabolic Traits in the Phylum Deferribacteres
[Show full text]
Novel Hydrogenosomes in the Microaerophilic Jakobid Stygiella Incarcerata Article Open Access
Novel Hydrogenosomes in the Microaerophilic Jakobid Stygiella incarcerata Michelle M. Leger,1 Laura Eme,1 Laura A. Hug,‡,1 and Andrew J. Roger*,1 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada ‡Present address: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Associate editor: Inaki~ Ruiz-Trillo Abstract Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) have arisen independently in a wide range of anaerobic protist lineages. Only a few of these organelles and their functions have been investigated in detail, and most of what is known about MROs comes from studies of parasitic organisms such as the parabasalid Trichomonas vaginalis. Here, we describe the MRO of a free-living anaerobic jakobid excavate, Stygiella incarcerata. We report an RNAseq-based reconstruction of S. incarcerata’s MRO proteome, with an associated biochemical map of the pathways predicted to be present in this organelle. The pyruvate metabolism and oxidative stress response pathways are strikingly similar to those found in the MROs of other anaerobic protists, such as Pygsuia and Trichomonas. This elegant example of convergent evolution is suggestive of an anaerobic biochemical ‘module’ of prokaryotic origins that has been laterally transferred among eukaryotes, enabling them to adapt rapidly to anaerobiosis. We also identiﬁed genes corresponding to a variety of mitochondrial processes not Downloaded from found in Trichomonas, including intermembrane space components of the mitochondrial protein import apparatus, and enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and cardiolipin biosynthesis. In this respect, the MROs of S. incarcerata more closely resemble those of the much more distantly related free-living organisms Pygsuia biforma and Cantina marsupialis, likely reﬂecting these organisms’ shared lifestyle as free-living anaerobes.
[Show full text]
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,986,963 B2 Lee (45) Date of Patent: Mar
US008986,963B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,986,963 B2 Lee (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 24, 2015 (54) DESIGNER CALVIN-CYCLE-CHANNELED FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS PRODUCTION OF BUTANOL AND RELATED WO 2005100.582 A2 10, 2005 HIGHER ALCOHOLS WO 2006119066 11, 2006 WO 2007032837 A2 3, 2007 (76) Inventor: James Weifu Lee, Cockeysville, MD WO 2007047148 4/2007 (US) WO 2007065035 6, 2007 WO 2007134340 A2 11/2007 WO 2008OO6038 A2 1, 2008 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this WO 201OO68821 A1 6, 2010 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 714 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Appl. No.: 13/075,153 Chen et al., Photo. Res., 2005, 86:165-173.* (21) Raines et al., 2003, Photosynthesis Res., 75:1-10.* Filed: Mar. 29, 2011 Pickett-Heaps et al., 1999, Am. J. of Botany, 86:153-172.* (22) Shen et al., 2008, Metabolic Engineering, 10:312-320.* Prior Publication Data Sanderson, 2006, Nature, 444:673-676.* (65) Keneko Takakazu et al., Complete Genomic Sequence of the Fila US 2011/O177571 A1 Jul. 21, 2011 mentous Nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120, DNA Research 8,205-213 (2001). Ramesh V. Nair et al., Regulation of the Sol Locus Genes for Butanol and Acetone Formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 by Related U.S. Application Data a Putative Transcriptional Repressor, Journal of Bacteriology, Jan. (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 12/918,784, 1999, vol. 181, No. 1, pp. 319-330. filed as application No. PCT/US2009/034801 on Feb.
[Show full text]
Treponema Primitia Sp
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 2004, p. 1315–1320 Vol. 70, No. 3 0099-2240/04/$08.00ϩ0 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1315–1320.2004 Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Description of Treponema azotonutricium sp. nov. and Treponema primitia sp. nov., the First Spirochetes Isolated from Termite Guts Joseph R. Graber,1 Jared R. Leadbetter,2 and John A. Breznak1* Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-4320,1 and Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-78002 Received 12 August 2003/Accepted 27 November 2003 Long after their original discovery, termite gut spirochetes were recently isolated in pure culture for the first time. They revealed metabolic capabilities hitherto unknown in the Spirochaetes division of the Bacteria, i.e., H2 plus CO2 acetogenesis (J. R. Leadbetter, T. M. Schmidt, J. R. Graber, and J. A. Breznak, Science 283:686-689, 1999) and dinitrogen fixation (T. G. Lilburn, K. S. Kim, N. E. Ostrom, K. R. Byzek, J. R. Leadbetter, and J. A. Breznak, Science 292:2495-2498, 2001). However, application of specific epithets to the strains isolated (Trepo- nema strains ZAS-1, ZAS-2, and ZAS-9) was postponed pending a more complete characterization of their pheno- typic properties. Here we describe the major properties of strain ZAS-9, which is readily distinguished from strains ZAS-1 and ZAS-2 by its shorter mean cell wavelength or body pitch (1.1 versus 2.3 ␮m), by its nonhomoacetogenic fermentation of carbohydrates to acetate, ethanol, H2, and CO2, and by 7 to 8% dissimilarity between its 16S rRNA sequence and those of ZAS-1 and ZAS-2.
[Show full text]
Taxonomic, Genetic and Functional Diversity of Symbionts Associated with the Coastal Bivalve Family Lucinidae
Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations December 2018 Taxonomic, Genetic and Functional Diversity of Symbionts Associated with the Coastal Bivalve Family Lucinidae Jean S. Lim Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Lim, Jean S., "Taxonomic, Genetic and Functional Diversity of Symbionts Associated with the Coastal Bivalve Family Lucinidae" (2018). All Dissertations. 2566. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2566 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TAXONOMIC, GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF SYMBIONTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COASTAL BIVALVE FAMILY LUCINIDAE A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Biological Sciences by Lim Shen Jean December 2018 Accepted by: Barbara J. Campbell, Committee Chair Antonio J. Baeza Annette S. Engel Vincent P. Richards ABSTRACT Extant bivalve members from the family Lucinidae harbor chemosynthetic gammaproteobacterial gill endosymbionts capable of thioautotrophy. These endosymbionts are environmentally acquired and belong to a paraphyletic group distantly related to other marine chemosymbionts. In coastal habitats, lucinid chemosymbionts participate in facilitative interactions with their hosts and surrounding seagrass habitat that results in symbiotic sulfide detoxification, oxygen release from seagrass roots, carbon fixation, and/or symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Currently, the structural and functional complexity of whole lucinid gill microbiomes, as well as their interactions with lucinid bivalves and their surrounding environment, have not been comprehensively characterized.
[Show full text]
Enzymology and Bioenergetics of the Glycolytic Pathway of Pyrococcus Furiosus
Enzymology and bioenergetics of the glycolytic pathway of Pyrococcus furiosus Judith E. Tuininga Promotoren prof. dr. W.M. de Vos hoogleraar in de microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit prof. dr. ir. A.J.M. Stams persoonlijk hoogleraar aan het Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit Copromotor dr. S.W.M. Kengen universitair docent aan het Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie dr. B. Siebers Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duitsland prof. dr. A.J.M. Driessen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen prof. dr. S.C. de Vries Wageningen Universiteit dr. T. Abee Wageningen Universiteit dr. J. van der Oost Wageningen Universiteit Enzymology and bioenergetics of the glycolytic pathway of Pyrococcus furiosus Judith E. Tuininga Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 5 december 2003 des namiddags te half twee in de Aula. Enzymology and bioenergetics of the glycolytic pathway of Pyrococcus furiosus Judith E. Tuininga Ph.D. thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2003 151 p. - with summary in Dutch ISBN 90-5808-924-X hoe ver je gaat heeft met afstand niets te maken hoogstens met de tijd [Bløf – Omarm] Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Purification and characterisation of a novel 19 ADP-dependent glucokinase from the hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus CHAPTER 3 Molecular and biochemical characterisation of the 35 ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase
[Show full text]
Ixodes Scapularis Does Not Harbor a Stable Midgut Microbiome
The ISME Journal https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0161-6 ARTICLE Ixodes scapularis does not harbor a stable midgut microbiome 1 2 1 3 4 5 5 Benjamin D. Ross ● Beth Hayes ● Matthew C. Radey ● Xia Lee ● Tanya Josek ● Jenna Bjork ● David Neitzel ● 3 2 1,6 Susan Paskewitz ● Seemay Chou ● Joseph D. Mougous Received: 9 October 2017 / Revised: 19 April 2018 / Accepted: 9 May 2018 © International Society for Microbial Ecology 2018 Abstract Hard ticks of the order Ixodidae serve as vectors for numerous human pathogens, including the causative agent of Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi. Tick-associated microbes can influence pathogen colonization, offering the potential to inhibit disease transmission through engineering of the tick microbiota. Here, we investigate whether B. burgdorferi encounters abundant bacteria within the midgut of wild adult Ixodes scapularis, its primary vector. Through the use of controlled sequencing methods and confocal microscopy, we find that the majority of field-collected adult I. scapularis harbor limited internal microbial communities that are dominated by endosymbionts. A minority of I. scapularis ticks harbor abundant midgut bacteria and lack B. burgdorferi.Wefind that the lack of a stable resident midgut microbiota is not restricted to I. scapularis since extension of our studies to I. pacificus, Amblyomma maculatum, and Dermacentor spp showed similar 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: patterns. Finally, bioinformatic examination of the B. burgdorferi genome revealed the absence of genes encoding known interbacterial interaction pathways, a feature unique to the Borrelia genus within the phylum Spirochaetes. Our results suggest that reduced selective pressure from limited microbial populations within ticks may have facilitated the evolutionary loss of genes encoding interbacterial competition pathways from Borrelia.
[Show full text]
A Potential Source for Cellulolytic Enzyme Discovery And
Thompson et al. AMB Express 2013, 3:65 http://www.amb-express.com/content/3/1/65 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access A potential source for cellulolytic enzyme discovery and environmental aspects revealed through metagenomics of Brazilian mangroves Claudia Elizabeth Thompson1,2*†, Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva2†, Lucélia Santi2†, Markus Berger2, Marilene Henning Vainstein2, Jorge Almeida Guima rães2* and Ana Tereza Ribeiro Vasconcelos1* Abstract The mangroves are among the most productive and biologically important environments. The possible presence of cellulolytic enzymes and microorganisms useful for biomass degradation as well as taxonomic and functional aspects of two Brazilian mangroves were evaluated using cultivation and metagenomic approaches. From a total of 296 microorganisms with visual differences in colony morphology and growth (including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungus), 179 (60.5%) and 117 (39.5%) were isolated from the Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Bahia (BA) samples, respectively. RJ metagenome showed the higher number of microbial isolates, which is consistent with its most conserved state and higher diversity. The metagenomic sequencing data showed similar predominant bacterial phyla in the BA and RJ mangroves with an abundance of Proteobacteria (57.8% and 44.6%), Firmicutes (11% and 12.3%) and Actinobacteria (8.4% and 7.5%). A higher number of enzymes involved in the degradation of polycyclic aromatic compounds were found in the BA mangrove. Specific sequences involved in the cellulolytic degradation, belonging to cellulases, hemicellulases, carbohydrate binding domains, dockerins and cohesins were identified, and it was possible to isolate cultivable fungi and bacteria related to biomass decomposition and with potential applications for the production of biofuels.
[Show full text]
Fig. S1 Complete Chemosensory Class Profile of Spirochaetota. the Three
GB_GCA_002328585.1 GB_GCA_002407865.1 GB_GCA_001829455.1 GB_GCA_001829495.1 A B GB_GCA_002839375.1 GB_GCA_003246895.1 GB_GCA_002839285.1 GB_GCA_002418835.1 GB_GCA_002425885.1 Turneriella parva DSM 21527 Leptonema illini DSM 21528 GB_GCA_002730875.1 GB_GCA_002729885.1 GB_GCA_002717505.1 GB_GCA_002333425.1 GB_GCA_002786225.1 Leptospira sp. YH101 Leptospira sp. E30 Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc strain 'Patoc 1 (Paris)' Leptospira yanagawae serovar Saopaulo str. Sao Paulo = ATCC 700523 Leptospira sp. CN6-C-A1 Leptospira sp. E18 Leptospira sp. JW2-C-A2 Leptospira meyeri serovar Hardjo str. Went 5 Leptospira sp. FH2-B-A1 Leptospira terpstrae serovar Hualin str. LT 11-33 = ATCC 700639 Leptospira vanthielii serovar Holland str. Waz Holland = ATCC 700522 Leptospira wolbachii serovar Codice str. CDC Leptospira sp. FH1-B-B1 Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge str. BUT 6 Leptospira inadai serovar Lyme str. 10 Leptospira broomii serovar Hurstbridge str. 5399 Leptospira wolffii serovar Khorat str. Khorat-H2 Leptospira sp. B5-022 Leptospira licerasiae serovar Varillal str. VAR 010 Leptospira sp. MCA2-B-A3 Leptospira sp. ES4-C-A1 Leptospira sp. E8 Leptospira sp. FH4-C-A2 Leptospira venezuelensis Leptospira sp. ATI7-C-A4 Leptospira sp. FH2-B-C1 Leptospira alstonii Leptospira sp. ATI7-C-A5 Leptospira kmetyi serovar Malaysia str. Bejo-Iso9 Leptospira sp. FH4-C-A1 Leptospira alstonii serovar Sichuan str. 79601 Leptospira weilii serovar Ranarum str. ICFT Leptospira noguchii serovar Panama str. CZ214 Leptospira kirschneri serovar Cynopteri str. 3522 CT Leptospira interrogans Leptospira santarosai serovar Shermani str. LT 821 Leptospira mayottensis 200901116 Leptospira borgpetersenii Leptospira alexanderi serovar Manhao 3 str. L 60 Leptospira weilii serovar Topaz str. LT2116 GB_GCA_003497555.1 GB_GCA_000431595.1 Brachyspira pilosicoli P43/6/78 Brachyspira alvinipulli ATCC 51933 Brachyspira sp.
[Show full text]
A Phylogenomic and Molecular Signature Based
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 30 July 2013 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00217 A phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum Spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum Radhey S. Gupta*, Sharmeen Mahmood and Mobolaji Adeolu Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Edited by: The Spirochaetes species cause many important diseases including syphilis and Lyme Hiromi Nishida, Toyama Prefectural disease. Except for their containing a distinctive endoflagella, no other molecular or University, Japan biochemical characteristics are presently known that are specific for either all Spirochaetes Reviewed by: or its different families. We report detailed comparative and phylogenomic analyses Viktoria Shcherbakova, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of of protein sequences from Spirochaetes genomes to understand their evolutionary Microorganisms, Russian Academy relationships and to identify molecular signatures for this group. These studies have of Sciences, Russia identified 38 conserved signature indels (CSIs) that are specific for either all members David L. Bernick, University of of the phylum Spirochaetes or its different main clades. Of these CSIs, a 3 aa insert in California, Santa Cruz, USA the FlgC protein is uniquely shared by all sequenced Spirochaetes providing a molecular *Correspondence: Radhey S. Gupta, Department of marker for this phylum. Seven, six, and five CSIs in different proteins are specific Biochemistry and Biomedical for members of the families Spirochaetaceae, Brachyspiraceae, and Leptospiraceae, Sciences, McMaster University, respectively. Of the 19 other identified CSIs, 3 are uniquely shared by members of the 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, genera Sphaerochaeta, Spirochaeta,andTreponema, whereas 16 others are specific for ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail: [email protected] the genus Borrelia.
[Show full text]
Destruction of Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi Round-Body Propagules (Rbs) by the Antibiotic Tigecycline
Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline Øystein Brorsona, Sverre-Henning Brorsonb, John Scythesc, James MacAllisterd, Andrew Wiere,1, and Lynn Margulisd,2 aDepartment of Microbiology, Sentralsykehuset i Vestfold HF, N-3116 Tonsberg, Norway;bDepartment of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway; cGlad Day Bookshop, Toronto, ON, Canada M4Y 1Z3; dDepartment of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and eDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Contributed by Lynn Margulis, July 31, 2009 (sent for review May 4, 2009) Persistence of tissue spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi as helices different viscosity or temperature stimulates the formation of and round bodies (RBs) explains many erythema-Lyme disease RBs. Starvation, threat of desiccation, exposure to oxygen gas, symptoms. Spirochete RBs (reproductive propagules also called total anoxia and/or sulfide may induce RB formation (3–13). coccoid bodies, globular bodies, spherical bodies, granules, cysts, RBs revert to the active helical swimmers when favorable L-forms, sphaeroplasts, or vesicles) are induced by environmental conditions that support growth return (3–5). conditions unfavorable for growth. Viable, they grow, move and That RBs reversibly convertible to healthy motile helices is reversibly convert into motile helices. Reversible pleiomorphy was bolstered by the discovery of a new member of the genus recorded in at least six spirochete genera (>12 species). Penicillin Spirochaeta: S. coccoides (14) through 16S ribosomal RNA solution is one unfavorable condition that induces RBs. This anti- sequences. Related on phylogenies to Spirochaeta thermophila, biotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis cures neither the Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, and Spirochaeta smaragdinae, all second ‘‘Great Imitator’’ (Lyme borreliosis) nor the ﬁrst: syphilis.
[Show full text]