DOCSLIB.ORG

International and Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International and Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies SUMMER SCHOOLS EXPERT COMMENTARIES GUEST LECTURES SCENARIOS TABLES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING FOREIGN POLICY DISCUSSIONS REFERENCE BOOKS IALOGUE ETWORK SCIENCE WORKING PAPERS DUCATION D N PROJECTS OUND E REPORTS NALYSISANDFORECASTING R A PROJECTS ECURITY ORGANIZATIONS COMPETITIONS NTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY CONFERENCES DUCATION E I S DUCATION FOREIGN POLICY TALENT POOL POOL E POLITICS REPORTS GLOBAL POLITICS ETWORK CENARIOS NTERNATIONAL I N NTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS S CIVIL SOCIETY I LOBAL RELATIONS G TALENT EFERENCEBOOKS NTERNATIONAL R RUSSIAN I ORGANIZATIONS SECURITY INTERNATIONALEDUCATION SUMMER RELATIONS AFFAIRS COUNCIL POLICY SCHOOLS ROUND GUEST LECTURES ISCUSSIONS TABLES OCIETY EPORTS IGRATION S PARTNERSHIP R OREIGN NTERNATIONAL IBRARY XPERT OADMAPS F R I E ONFERENCES IPLOMACY D M L NTERNATIONAL LOBAL IVIL IGRATION G COMMENTARIES C M I ACTIVITY NTHOLOGIES ILATERAL POOL D SCIENCE C REPORTS ECURITY BOOKS NTERNSHIPS I ISCUSSIONS B IPLOMACY A D WEBSITE PARTNERSHIP INTERNSHIPS S TALENT DIALOGUE ANTHOLOGIESGLOBAL GLOBAL D POLICY ONFERENCES SCIENCE C FORECASTING POLICY EFERENCE IGRATION ANALYSIS SCIENCE IBRARY EBSITE OADMAPS OREIGN R IPLOMACY CENARIOS NALYSIS F R L M OREIGN D S W AND FORECASTING F DIALOGUE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS A AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NETWORK CLUB MEETINGS DIALOGUE DIPLOMACY PROJECTS DIALOGUE IVIL OCIETY UMMER WORKINGC S PAPEREBSITE ECURITY COMMENTARIES EBSITE W S IGRATION PROJECTS LECTURES S SCHOOLS EXPERT COMMENTARIES FOREIGN POLICY W M RELATIONS XPERT E IPLOMACY EDUCATION UEST D G ETWORK ARTNERSHIP NTERNSHIPS NALYSISAND SCIENCE A I N P IBRARY FORECASTING INTERNATIONALL AND SOCIALIVIL OCIETY ONFERENCES C S ECURITY S C ANTHOLOGIES GLOBAL POLITICS CIENCE S ILATERAL LUBMEETINGS IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL C OMPETITIONS B USINESS ROUND TABLES C EPORTS INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES OADMAPS WORKING PAPERS IGRATION R PAPERS RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS COUNCIL (RIAC) ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING R B CENARIOS 1, B. Yakimanka street, 119180, Moscow, Russia ARTNERSHIP LOBAL S REFERENCE BOOKS P Tel.: +7 (495) 225 6283 OMPETITIONS ORKING IBRARY ARTNERSHIP L M NTERNSHIPS Fax: +7 (495) 225 6284 G C I W EXPERT COMMENTARIES P LIBRARY SCIENCE E–mail: [email protected] COMMENTARIES www.russiancouncil.ru 44 / 2018 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS REFERENCE BOOKS EDUCATION ISCUSSIONS ISCUSSIONS LOBAL UMMERSCHOOLS OADMAPS XPERT D S OMPETITIONS IVIL UEST LECTURES OCIETY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS G ILATERAL C S R C D G E B RELATIONS ORKING PAPERS NTHOLOGIES MEETINGS NTHOLOGIES W A UMMER ONFERENCES LOBALPOLITICS LUB G CIENCE NTERNATIONAL S SCHOOLS C S I A FOREIGN POLICY TALENT POOL REFERENCE BOOKS C RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS COUNCIL MOSCOW 2018 Russian International Affairs Council Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: I.S. Ivanov, RAS Corresponding Member, Dr. of History Authors: S.V. Karelov; M.V. Karliuk; A.G. Kolonin, PhD in Technical Sciences; N.М. Markotkin; D.R. Scheftelowitsch, PhD. in Natural Sciences Copy editors: I.N. Timofeev, Ph.D. in Political Science; T.A. Makhmutov, Ph.D. in Political Science; A.U. Tolstukhina, Ph.D. in Political Science; N.М. Markotkin, О.А. Pylova, M.V. Smekalova, I.S. Sorokina, A.L. Teslya International and Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies. Working Paper No. 44 / 2018 [S.V. Karelov, M.V. Karliuk, A.G. Kolonin, N.М. Markotkin, D.R. Scheftelowitsch]; [I.S. Ivanov, Editor-in- Chief]; Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC). – Moscow: NPMP RIAC, 2018. – 52 pages. – Names of authors and editors are listed on reverse of title page. ISBN 978-5-6041888-0-4 The Working Paper focuses on possible impacts of related technologies, such as machine learning and autonomous vehicles, on international relations and society. The authors also examine the ethical and le- gal aspects of the use of AI technologies. The present Working Paper of the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) includes analytical materials prepared by experts in the field of artificial intelligence, ma- chine learning and autonomous system, as well as by lawyers and sociologists. The materials presented here are intended to contribute to the public dialogue on issues of artificial intelligence and the possible consequences of using this technology. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of RIAC. Any linguistic inadequacies in the publication are the sole responsibility of the translation editors. The full text of the working paper is available on RIAC’s website. You can download it or leave a com- ment via this direct link – russiancouncil.ru/en/paper44 © S.V. Karelov, M.V. Karliuk, A.G. Kolonin, N.М. Markotkin, D.R. Scheftelowitsch, 2018 © Drafting, translation and design. NPMP RIAC, 2018 Contents Introduction 4 Artificial Intelligence: Time of the Weak 5 Artificial Intelligence: A Blessing or a Threat for Humanity? 13 AI Nationalism and AI Nationalization are Ahead 19 A Brave New World Without Work 36 Ethical and Legal Issues in Artificial Intelligence 43 About Authors 50 Russian International Affairs Council 51 www.russiancouncil.ru 3 INTERNATIONAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI), which until recently was the exclusive realm of sci- ence fiction, is now one of the most promising and rapidly developing technolo- gies. Limited or “weak” AI technologies are regularly used in various fields, from mobile phones and consumer electronics to defense products. At the same time, there are very few areas of scientific knowledge that are quite as mythologized as AI. Largely due to the images created by popular culture, ar- tificial intelligence often appears in the media as a kind of Pandora’s box which, when opened, will inevitably lead humanity to the brink of apocalypse. While such alarmism seems unfounded, the development of “strong” artificial intelli- gence that is capable of making informed management decisions is clearly on the agenda today. The prospect of creating a technology of this kind largely calls into question not only the current system of the global division of labour, but also the existing world order and the international security architecture. Against the backdrop of the heightened tensions and the collapse of confidence between the great powers, there is a real danger that a new arms race in the field of artificial intelligence tech- nologies could develop. Having said that, while control over the other types of weapons of mass destruction – nuclear, chemical and biological – is regulated by the relevant international agreements and conventions, the development of mili- tary artificial intelligence technologies remains in a “grey area” of international law. At the same time, it is clear today that artificial intelligence will be increasingly used in the military and civilian spheres, including in terms of ensuring strategic stability. The temptation to obtain a new and more advanced weapon and pull ahead in the technological race is too great for countries to take humanitarian considerations into account. One of the problems facing researchers is the massive conceptual and termino- logical confusion that exists in the field of AI. This working paper systematizes the current knowledge of AI technologies and evaluates the prospects for its de- velopment. At the centre of our analysis is the possible impact of artificial intelligence and related technologies (machine learning, automated devices) on international re- lations and various spheres of public life. The articles contained herein also con- sider the ethical and legal aspects of implementing AI technologies. The present Working Paper of the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) includes analytical materials prepared by experts in the field of artificial intelli- gence, machine learning and autonomous system, as well as by lawyers and so- ciologists. The materials presented here are intended to contribute to the public dialogue on issues of artificial intelligence and the possible consequences of us- ing this technology. 4 Working Paper No. 44 / 2018 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: TIME OF THE WEAK Artificial Intelligence: Time of the Weak D. Scheftelowitsch The term “artificial intelligence (AI) normally denotes a computer program, i.e. an al- gorithm, that is capable of solving problems which an adult human brain can solve. The International Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence1 denotes AI as the area of knowl- edge that deals with the development of technologies that enable computing sys- tems to operate in a way that resembles intelligent behaviour, including the behav- iour of humans. It should be noted that this definition is phenomenological; it leaves the notions of intellect and intelligent behaviour to be detailed by philosophy. Giv- en the shortage of knowledge about the brain and the cognitive apparatus of bio- logical systems, the notion of AI defies more precise mathematical formalization. At present, AI research is normally understood as the use of algorithms to solve problems that require cognitive strain.2 Such problems used to imply (and par- tially still imply) games such as chess and Go, handwriting recognition, machine translation and creative work. In the eyes of the general public, each of these problems was originally perceived as the last remaining obstacle to the creation of a “true” AI, one that would be able to replace humans in all fields of expertise. In reality, it turned out that teaching a computer to play chess is much easier than teaching it to play
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO
    GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO Table of Contents GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO......................................................................................................................1 by John Eikenberry..................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Symbolic Systems (GOFAI)................................................................................................................1 3. Connectionism.....................................................................................................................................1 4. Evolutionary Computing......................................................................................................................1 5. Alife & Complex Systems...................................................................................................................1 6. Agents & Robotics...............................................................................................................................1 7. Statistical & Machine Learning...........................................................................................................2 8. Missing & Dead...................................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • 1 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This Copy of the Thesis Has Been
    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2012 Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman Vita-More, Natasha http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1182 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. 1 Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman by NATASHA VITA-MORE A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Art & Media Faculty of Arts April 2012 2 Natasha Vita-More Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman The thesis’ study of life expansion proposes a framework for artistic, design-based approaches concerned with prolonging human life and sustaining personal identity. To delineate the topic: life expansion means increasing the length of time a person is alive and diversifying the matter in which a person exists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Technological Singularity and the Transhumanist Dream
    ETHICAL CHALLENGES The technological singularity and the transhumanist dream Miquel Casas Araya Peralta In 1997, an AI beat a human world chess champion for the first time in history (it was IBM’s Deep Blue playing Garry Kasparov). Fourteen years later, in 2011, IBM’s Watson beat two winners of Jeopardy! (Jeopardy is a general knowledge quiz that is very popular in the United States; it demands a good command of the language). In late 2017, DeepMind’s AlphaZero reached superhuman levels of play in three board games (chess, go and shogi) in just 24 hours of self-learning without any human intervention, i.e. it just played itself. Some of the people who have played against it say that the creativity of its moves make it seem more like an alien that a computer program. But despite all that, in 2019 nobody has yet designed anything that can go into a strange kitchen and fry an egg. Are our machines truly intelligent? Successes and failures of weak AI The fact is that today AI can solve ever more complex specific problems with a level of reliability and speed beyond our reach at an unbeatable cost, but it fails spectacularly in the face of any challenge for which it has not been programmed. On the other hand, human beings have become used to trivialising everything that can be solved by an algorithm and have learnt to value some basic human skills that we used to take for granted, like common sense, because they make us unique. Nevertheless, over the last decade, some influential voices have been warning that our skills PÀGINA 1 / 9 may not always be irreplaceable.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters to the Editor
    Articles Letters to the Editor Research Priorities for is a product of human intelligence; we puter scientists, innovators, entrepre - cannot predict what we might achieve neurs, statisti cians, journalists, engi - Robust and Beneficial when this intelligence is magnified by neers, authors, professors, teachers, stu - Artificial Intelligence: the tools AI may provide, but the eradi - dents, CEOs, economists, developers, An Open Letter cation of disease and poverty are not philosophers, artists, futurists, physi - unfathomable. Because of the great cists, filmmakers, health-care profes - rtificial intelligence (AI) research potential of AI, it is important to sionals, research analysts, and members Ahas explored a variety of problems research how to reap its benefits while of many other fields. The earliest signa - and approaches since its inception, but avoiding potential pitfalls. tories follow, reproduced in order and as for the last 20 years or so has been The progress in AI research makes it they signed. For the complete list, see focused on the problems surrounding timely to focus research not only on tinyurl.com/ailetter. - ed. the construction of intelligent agents making AI more capable, but also on Stuart Russell, Berkeley, Professor of Com - — systems that perceive and act in maximizing the societal benefit of AI. puter Science, director of the Center for some environment. In this context, Such considerations motivated the “intelligence” is related to statistical Intelligent Systems, and coauthor of the AAAI 2008–09 Presidential Panel on standard textbook Artificial Intelligence: a and economic notions of rationality — Long-Term AI Futures and other proj - Modern Approach colloquially, the ability to make good ects on AI impacts, and constitute a sig - Tom Dietterich, Oregon State, President of decisions, plans, or inferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Cognition: Cognitive Algorithms As Galois Connections
    Patterns of Cognition: Cognitive Algorithms as Galois Connections Fulfilled by Chronomorphisms On Probabilistically Typed Metagraphs Ben Goertzel February 23, 2021 Abstract It is argued that a broad class of AGI-relevant algorithms can be expressed in a common formal framework, via specifying Galois connections linking search and optimization processes on directed metagraphs whose edge targets are labeled with probabilistic dependent types, and then showing these connections are fulfilled by processes involving metagraph chronomorphisms. Examples are drawn from the core cognitive algorithms used in the OpenCog AGI framework: Probabilistic logical inference, evolutionary program learning, pattern mining, agglomerative clustering, pattern mining and nonlinear-dynamical attention allocation. The analysis presented involves representing these cognitive algorithms as re- cursive discrete decision processes involving optimizing functions defined over metagraphs, in which the key decisions involve sampling from probability distri- butions over metagraphs and enacting sets of combinatory operations on selected sub-metagraphs. The mutual associativity of the combinatory operations involved in a cognitive process is shown to often play a key role in enabling the decomposi- tion of the process into folding and unfolding operations; a conclusion that has some practical implications for the particulars of cognitive processes, e.g. militating to- ward use of reversible logic and reversible program execution. It is also observed that where this mutual associativity holds, there is an alignment between the hier- arXiv:2102.10581v1 [cs.AI] 21 Feb 2021 archy of subgoals used in recursive decision process execution and a hierarchy of subpatterns definable in terms of formal pattern theory. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Framing Probabilistic Cognitive Algorithms as Approximate Stochastic Greedy or Dynamic-Programming Optimization 5 2.1 A Discrete Decision Framework Encompassing Greedy Optimization andStochasticDynamicProgramming .
    [Show full text]
  • Singularitynet: Whitepaper
    SingularityNET A Decentralized, Open Market and Network for AIs Whitepaper 2.0: February 2019 Abstract Artificial intelligence is growing more valuable and powerful every year and will soon dominate the internet. Visionaries like Vernor Vinge and Ray Kurzweil have predicted that a “technological singularity” will occur during this century. The SingularityNET platform brings blockchain and AI together to create a new AI fabric that delivers superior practical AI functionality today while moving toward the fulfillment of Singularitarian artificial general intelligence visions. Today’s AI tools are fragmented by a closed development environment. Most are developed by one company and perform one extremely narrow task, and there is no straightforward, standard way to plug two tools together. SingularityNET aims to become the leading protocol for networking AI and machine learning tools to form highly effective applications across vertical markets and ultimately generate coordinated artificial general intelligence. Most AI research today is controlled by a handful of corporations—those with the resources to fund development. Independent developers of AI tools have no readily available way to monetize their creations. Usually, their most lucrative option is to sell their tool to one of the big tech companies, leading to control of the technology becoming even more concentrated. SingularityNET’s open-source protocol and collection of smart contracts are designed to address these problems. Developers can launch their AI tools on the network, where they can interoperate with other AIs and with paying users. Not only does the SingularityNET platform give developers a commercial launchpad (much like app stores give mobile app developers an easy path to market), it also allows the AIs to interoperate, creating a more synergistic, broadly capable intelligence.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial General Intelligence a Primer
    International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 7(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Artificial General Intelligence: A Primer 1Matthew N. O. Sadiku, 2Olaniyi D. Olaleye, 3Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi and 4Sarhan M. Musa, 1,4Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA 2Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA 3Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH, USA Abstract: The field of artificial intelligence (AI) aims at Fine Motor Skills: Very few humans would let any of creating and studying software or hardware systems with a the robot manipulators or humanoid hands we see do general intelligence similar to, or greater than, that of human that task for us. beings. AI has shown drastic improvement in some Natural Language Understanding: Machine will capabilities. The greatest fear about AI is producing a system interact with humans. If AI lacks understanding of capable of human-level thinking, known as artificial general natural language. it will not be able to operate in the intelligence (AGI), in which computers meet or even exceed real world. human intelligence. Other necessary capabilities include problem-solving, The goal of AGI research is the development and creativity or originality, navigation, etc. Some of the main demonstration of systems that exhibit the broad range of issues addressed in AGI research include [3]: general intelligence found in humans. AGI does not exist right now. This paper provides an introduction to AGI. Value specification: How do we get an AGI to work towards the right goals? Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Artificial General Reliability: How can we make an agent that keeps Intelligence (AGI), Superintelligences, Artificial Narrow pursuing the goals we have designed it with? Intelligence (ANI) Corrigibility: If we get something wrong in the design I.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Parsing and Unambiguous Word Representation in Opencog’S Unsupervised Language Learning Project
    Statistical parsing and unambiguous word representation in OpenCog’s Unsupervised Language Learning project Master’s thesis in MPALG and MPCAS CLAUDIA CASTILLO DOMENECH and ANDRES SUAREZ MADRIGAL Department of Computer Science and Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Gothenburg, Sweden 2018 Master’s thesis 2018 Statistical parsing and unambiguous word representation in OpenCog’s Unsupervised Language Learning project CLAUDIA CASTILLO DOMENECH ANDRES SUAREZ MADRIGAL Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2018 Statistical parsing and unambiguous word representation in OpenCog’s Unsupervised Language Learning project CLAUDIA CASTILLO DOMENECH ANDRES SUAREZ MADRIGAL « CLAUDIA CASTILLO DOMENECH and ANDRES SUAREZ MADRIGAL, 2018. Supervisor: Luis Nieto Piña, Faculty of Humanities Advisor: Ben Goertzel, Hanson Robotics Ltd. Examiner: Morteza Haghir Chehreghani, Data Science division Master’s Thesis 2018 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Typeset in LATEX Gothenburg, Sweden 2018 iv Statistical parsing and unambiguous word representation in OpenCog’s Unsupervised Language Learning project CLAUDIA CASTILLO DOMENECH and ANDRES SUAREZ MADRIGAL Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg Abstract The work presented in the current thesis is an effort
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2103.15100V3 [Cs.AI] 4 Apr 2021 2 Patternist Philosophy of Mind 7 2.1 Patternist Principles
    The General Theory of General Intelligence: A Pragmatic Patternist Perspective Ben Goertzel April 6, 2021 Abstract A multi-decade exploration into the theoretical foundations of artificial and nat- ural general intelligence, which has been expressed in a series of books and papers and used to guide a series of practical and research-prototype software systems, is reviewed at a moderate level of detail. The review covers underlying philosophies (patternist philosophy of mind, foundational phenomenological and logical ontol- ogy), formalizations of the concept of intelligence, and a proposed high level ar- chitecture for AGI systems partly driven by these formalizations and philosophies. The implementation of specific cognitive processes such as logical reasoning, pro- gram learning, clustering and attention allocation in the context and language of this high level architecture is considered, as is the importance of a common (e.g. typed metagraph based) knowledge representation for enabling "cognitive synergy" between the various processes. The specifics of human-like cognitive architecture are presented as manifestations of these general principles, and key aspects of ma- chine consciousness and machine ethics are also treated in this context. Lessons for practical implementation of advanced AGI in frameworks such as OpenCog Hyperon are briefly considered. Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Summary of Key Points . 5 arXiv:2103.15100v3 [cs.AI] 4 Apr 2021 2 Patternist Philosophy of Mind 7 2.1 Patternist Principles . 9 2.2 Cognitive Synergy . 10 3 Foundational Ontology 11 3.1 From Laws of Form to Paraconsistent and Probabilistic Logic . 11 3.2 From Distinction Graphs to Dynamic Knowledge Metagraphs . 12 3.2.1 Distinctions Transcending Distinctions .
    [Show full text]
  • Where We're At
    Where We’re At Progress of AI and Related Technologies How Big is the Field of AI? ● +50% publications/5 years ● 106 journals, 7,125 organizations ● Approx $56M funding from NSF in 2011, but ● Most funding is from private companies and hard to tally ● Large influx of corporate funding recently Deep Learning Causal Networks Geoffrey E. Hinton, Simon Pearl, Judea. Causality: Models, Osindero, Yee-Whye Teh: A fast Reasoning and Inference (2000) algorithm for deep belief nets (2006) Recent Progress DeepMind ● Combined deep learning (convolutional neural net) with reinforcement learning to play 7 Atari games ● Sold to Google for >$400M in Jan 2014 Demis Hassabis required an “AI ethics board” as a condition of sale ● Demis says: 50% chance of AGI within 15yrs Google ● Commercially deployed: language translation, speech recognition, OCR, image classification ● Massive software and hardware infrastructure for large- scale computation ● Large datasets: Web, Books, Scholar, ReCaptcha, YouTube ● Prominent researchers: Ray Kurzweil, Peter Norvig, Andrew Ng, Geoffrey Hinton, Jeff Dean ● In 2013, bought: DeepMind, DNNResearch, 8 Robotics companies Other Groups Working on AI IBM Watson Research Center Beat the world champion at Jeopardy (2011) Located in Cambridge Facebook New lab headed by Yann LeCun (famous for: backpropagation algorithm, convolutional neural nets), announced Dec 2013 Human Brain Project €1.1B in EU funding, aimed at simulating complete human brain on supercomputers Other Groups Working on AI Blue Brain Project Began 2005, simulated
    [Show full text]
  • SFU Thesis Template Files
    Identifying Contemplative Intensity in Cognitive Architectures for Virtual-Agent Minds by Jeremy O. Turner M.A. (Interactive Arts and Technology), Simon Fraser University, 2010 B.A. (History in Art), University of Victoria, 1997 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology Jeremy O. Turner 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Jeremy O. Turner Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Interactive Arts & Technology) Title: Identifying Contemplative Intensity in Cognitive Architectures for Virtual-Agent Minds Examining Committee: Chair: William Odom Assistant Professor Steve Dipaola Senior Supervisor Professor Jim Bizzocchi Co-Supervisor Associate Professor Joseph Thompson Internal Examiner Sessional Instructor Psychology Hamid Ekbia External Examiner Professor Informatics/Cognitive Science Indiana University, Bloomington Date Defended/Approved: November 29, 2018 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract This interdisciplinary dissertation identifies contemplative intensity in cognitive architectures for virtual-agent minds. This research semantically interprets contemplative intensity through rubrics derived from Kantian Aesthetic Philosophy and Crawfordian Interaction Design. This dissertation adopted mentalist rather than behaviorist epistemological approaches towards exploring the artificial psyche and the interactive capabilities of a virtual-agent’s mind (from mechanistic finite-state machines to “deep thinkers”). A qualitative methodology was selected to triangulate hermeneutic exegesis alongside an expert interview validation process. These methods scrutinized the: state-of-the-art; architectural cognitive components, interconnections; and their relationship to five speculative virtual-agent contemplation scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy
    http://gcrinstitute.org 2020 Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy McKenna Fitzgerald, Aaron Boddy, & Seth D. Baum Global Catastrophic Risk Institute Cite as: McKenna Fitzgerald, Aaron Boddy, and Seth D. Baum, 2020. 2020 Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy. Global Catastrophic Risk Institute Technical Report 20-1. Technical reports are published to share ideas and promote discussion. They have not necessarily gone through peer review. The views therein are the authors’ and are not necessarily the views of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. Executive Summary Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is artificial intelligence (AI) that can reason across a wide range of domains. While most AI research and development (R&D) deals with narrow AI, not AGI, there is some dedicated AGI R&D. If AGI is built, its impacts could be profound. Depending on how it is designed and used, it could either help solve the world’s problems or cause catastrophe, possibly even human extinction. This paper presents a survey of AGI R&D projects that are active in 2020 and updates a previous survey of projects active in 2017. Both surveys attempt to identify every active AGI R&D project and characterize them in terms of relevance to ethics, risk, and policy, focusing on seven attributes: The type of institution in which the project is based Whether the project publishes open-source code Whether the project has military connections The nation(s) in which the project is based The project’s goals for its AGI The extent of the project’s engagement with AGI safety issues The overall size of the project The surveys use openly published information as found in scholarly publications, project websites, popular media articles, and other websites.
    [Show full text]