Roving Vehicles for Lunar and Planetary Exploration
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The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team
NASA Special Publication 6107 Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team Stephen J. Hoffman, Editor David I. Kaplan, Editor Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas July 1997 NASA Special Publication 6107 Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team Stephen J. Hoffman, Editor Science Applications International Corporation Houston, Texas David I. Kaplan, Editor Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas July 1997 This publication is available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 (301) 621-0390. Foreword Mars has long beckoned to humankind interest in this fellow traveler of the solar from its travels high in the night sky. The system, adding impetus for exploration. ancients assumed this rust-red wanderer was Over the past several years studies the god of war and christened it with the have been conducted on various approaches name we still use today. to exploring Earth’s sister planet Mars. Much Early explorers armed with newly has been learned, and each study brings us invented telescopes discovered that this closer to realizing the goal of sending humans planet exhibited seasonal changes in color, to conduct science on the Red Planet and was subjected to dust storms that encircled explore its mysteries. The approach described the globe, and may have even had channels in this publication represents a culmination of that crisscrossed its surface. these efforts but should not be considered the final solution. It is our intent that this Recent explorers, using robotic document serve as a reference from which we surrogates to extend their reach, have can continuously compare and contrast other discovered that Mars is even more complex new innovative approaches to achieve our and fascinating—a planet peppered with long-term goal. -
High Performance Mars Ascent Vehicles, Earth Return Vehicles and “All-Up” Launch Strategy for Low Cost Sample Return
Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012) 4356.pdf HIGH PERFORMANCE MARS ASCENT VEHICLES, EARTH RETURN VEHICLES AND “ALL-UP” LAUNCH STRATEGY FOR LOW COST SAMPLE RETURN. L. G. Lemke1, C. R. Stoker1, B. J. Glass1, J. S. Karcz1, J. V. Bowles1, A. A. Gonzales1, S. Davis2 . 1NASA Ames Research Center, 2SpaceX Company. Introduction: Robotic missions to return carefully straints force a complex architecture to be fractionated selected samples of Mars atmosphere, regolith, and into smaller pieces and implemented over a longer rock have been actively studied and advocated by time than might otherwise be desireable. One conse- NASA for at least the last 15 years and remain a very quence of this mission fractionation is that the DSA high priority objective of both the Science Mission uses a small (≈ 300 kg) Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) Directorate (SMD) and the Human Exploration and with a ΔV of ≈ 4 km/s—just enough to attain low Mars Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) programs. orbit. This, in turn requires MOR to place the sample As a practical matter, such missions are intrinsically container in a hermetically sealed Earth Return Vehicle among the most complex robotic planetary missions (ERV) before departure toward Earth. The Mars Or- that can be engineered. The current Decadal Survey biter in the DSA is itself a large and highly capable Architecture (DSA) incorporates virtually every tech- spacecraft requiring a dedicated launch and mission nical capability in the robotic spaceflight repertoire— control. atmospheric Entry Descent and Landing (EDL) at A Johnson Space Center (JSC) study con- Mars, Mars surface mobility, subsurface sample acqui- ducted by the then Office of Exploration [1] examined sition, autonomous sample handling for planetary pro- the cost and risk benefits of MSR alternatives not re- tection, Mars surface rendezvous with rovers, launch quiring MOR. -
Spacecraft Deliberately Crashed on the Lunar Surface
A Summary of Human History on the Moon Only One of These Footprints is Protected The narrative of human history on the Moon represents the dawn of our evolution into a spacefaring species. The landing sites - hard, soft and crewed - are the ultimate example of universal human heritage; a true memorial to human ingenuity and accomplishment. They mark humankind’s greatest technological achievements, and they are the first archaeological sites with human activity that are not on Earth. We believe our cultural heritage in outer space, including our first Moonprints, deserves to be protected the same way we protect our first bipedal footsteps in Laetoli, Tanzania. Credit: John Reader/Science Photo Library Luna 2 is the first human-made object to impact our Moon. 2 September 1959: First Human Object Impacts the Moon On 12 September 1959, a rocket launched from Earth carrying a 390 kg spacecraft headed to the Moon. Luna 2 flew through space for more than 30 hours before releasing a bright orange cloud of sodium gas which both allowed scientists to track the spacecraft and provided data on the behavior of gas in space. On 14 September 1959, Luna 2 crash-landed on the Moon, as did part of the rocket that carried the spacecraft there. These were the first items humans placed on an extraterrestrial surface. Ever. Luna 2 carried a sphere, like the one pictured here, covered with medallions stamped with the emblem of the Soviet Union and the year. When Luna 2 impacted the Moon, the sphere was ejected and the medallions were scattered across the lunar Credit: Patrick Pelletier surface where they remain, undisturbed, to this day. -
Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options
Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options Steven R. Oleson,1 Melissa L. McGuire,2 Laura Burke,3 James Fincannon,4 Joe Warner,5 Glenn Williams,6 and Thomas Parkey7 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Tony Colozza,8 Jim Fittje,9 Mike Martini,10 and Tom Packard11 Analex Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Joseph Hemminger12 N&R Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 John Gyekenyesi13 ASRC Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 The COMPASS Team was tasked with the design of a Mars Sample Return Vehicle. The current Mars sample return mission is a joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency (ESA) mission, with ESA contributing the launch vehicle for the Mars Sample Return Vehicle. The COMPASS Team ran a series of design trades for this Mars sample return vehicle. Four design options were investigated: Chemical Return /solar electric propulsion (SEP) stage outbound, all-SEP, all chemical and chemical with aerobraking. The all-SEP and Chemical with aerobraking were deemed the best choices for comparison. SEP can eliminate both the Earth flyby and the aerobraking maneuver (both considered high risk by the Mars Sample Return Project) required by the chemical propulsion option but also require long low thrust spiral times. However this is offset somewhat by the chemical/aerobrake missions use of an Earth flyby and aerobraking which also take many months. Cost and risk analyses are used to further differentiate the all-SEP and Chemical/Aerobrake options. 1COMPASS Lead, DSB0, 21000 Brookpark Road, and AIAA Senior Member. 2COMPASS Integration Lead, DSB0, 21000 Brookpark Road, non-member. 3Mission Designer, DSB0, 21000 Brookpark Road, and Non-Member. -
FARSIDE Probe Study Final Report
Study Participants List, Disclaimers, and Acknowledgements Study Participants List Principal Authors Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder Gregg Hallinan, California Institute of Technology Co-Authors Jim Lux, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Andres Romero-Wolf, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Technology Institute of Technology Lawrence Teitelbaum, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Tzu-Ching Chang, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Institute of Technology Jonathon Kocz, California Institute of Technology Judd Bowman, Arizona State University Robert MacDowall, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Justin Kasper, University of Michigan Richard Bradley, National Radio Astronomy Observatory Marin Anderson, California Institute of Technology David Rapetti, University of Colorado Boulder Zhongwen Zhen, California Institute of Technology Wenbo Wu, California Institute of Technology Jonathan Pober, Brown University Steven Furlanetto, UCLA Jordan Mirocha, McGill University Alex Austin, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Disclaimers/Acknowledgements Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The cost information contained in this document is of a budgetary and planning nature and is intended for informational purposes only. It does not constitute a commitment on the part of JPL and/or Caltech © 2019. -
Rine and the Apennine Mountains. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 930 SE 012 016 AUTHOR Simmons, Gene TITLE On the Moon with Apollo 15,A Guidebook to Hadley Rine and the Apennine Mountains. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jun 71 NOTE 52p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (3300-0384 $0.50) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology, Geology, Reading Materials, Resource Materials IDENTIFIERS *Lunar Studies, Moon ABSTRACT The booklet, published before the Apollo 15 mission, gives a timeline for the mission; describes and illustrates the physiography of the landing site; and describes and illustrates each lunar surface scientific experiment. Separate timelines are included for all traverses (the traverses are the Moon walks and, for Apollo 15, the Moon rides in the Rover) with descriptions of activities at each traverse stop. Each member of the crew and the backup crew is identified. Also included is a bibliography of lunar literature and glossary of terms used in lunar studies. Photographs and diagrams are utilized throughout. Content is descriptive and informative but with a minimum of technical detail. (Author/PR) , ON THE MOON WITH APOLLO 15 A Guidebook to Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDUCATION,& WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEENREPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIG INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEWOR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY isr) 1..r1 w fl R CO iiii0OP" O NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION June 1971 1 \n ON THE MOON WITH APOLLO 15 A uidebook to Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains by Gene Simmons Chief Scientist Manned Spacecraft Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION June 1971 2 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. -
Mars Exploration Study Workshop II: Report of a Workshop Sponsored By
NASA Conference Publication 3243 Mars Exploration Study Workshop II Report of a workshop sponsored by NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center and held at the Ames Research Center May 24-25, 1993 Michael B. Duke and Nancy Ann Budden Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 1993 Preface The Mars Exploration Study Project was undertaken by the Exploration Programs Office (now the Planetary Projects Office) in response to the strategic planning initiatives of the Associate Administrator for Exploration, NASA Headquarters in the summer of 1992. The purpose of the study, as viewed by the Associate Administrator for Exploration, was to establish a vision for the human exploration of Mars which would serve as a mechanism for understanding program and technical requirements that would be placed on a precursor lunar exploration program being developed by the Office of Exploration (The First Lunar Outpost). Emphasis was placed on determining the commonality between the Mars and Moon exploration programs to help ensure that total costs for both programs would be minimized and that the lunar program would not contain dead ends which would be difficult or expensive for the Mars program to correct if both programs are carried out sequentially. The study team chose an approach that emphasized the important aspects of Mars exploration without consideration of the lunar capability. Because Mars exploration is inherently more complex than initial lunar exploration programs, it was considered important to identify the characteristics required for Mars so the evolution of a FLO-like lunar program that would optimize the programmatic interactions could be planned. -
NASA's Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities: How To
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’s Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities: How to Protect and Preserve the Historic and Scientific Value of U.S. Government Lunar Artifacts Release: July 20, 2011 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Revision and History Page Status Revision No. Description Release Date Release Baseline Initial Release 07/20/2011 Update Rev A Updated with imagery from Apollo 10/28/2011 missions 12, 14-17. Added Appendix D: Available Photo Documentation of Apollo Hardware 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration HUMAN EXPLORATION & OPERATIONS MISSION DIRECTORATE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION DIVISION NASA HEADQUARTERS NASA’S RECOMMENDATIONS TO SPACE-FARING ENTITIES: HOW TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE HISTORIC AND SCIENTIFIC VALUE OF U.S. GOVERNMENT ARTIFACTS THIS DOCUMENT, DATED JULY 20, 2011, CONTAINS THE NASA RECOMMENDATIONS AND ASSOCIATED RATIONALE FOR SPACECRAFT PLANNING TO VISIT U.S. HERITAGE LUNAR SITES. ORGANIZATIONS WITH COMMENTS, QUESTIONS OR SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD CONTACT NASA’S HUMAN EXPLORATION & OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE, STRATEGIC ANALYSIS & INTEGRATION DIVISION, NASA HEADQUARTERS, 202.358.1570. 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Table of Contents REVISION AND HISTORY PAGE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 SECTION A1 – PREFACE, AUTHORITY, AND DEFINITIONS 5 PREFACE 5 DEFINITIONS 7 A1-1 DISTURBANCE 7 A1-2 APPROACH PATH 7 A1-3 DESCENT/LANDING (D/L) BOUNDARY 7 A1-4 ARTIFACT BOUNDARY (AB) 8 A1-5 VISITING VEHICLE SURFACE MOBILITY BOUNDARY (VVSMB) 8 A1-6 OVERFLIGHT -
Mars Trajectories Integrated
Trajectory Options for Human Mars Missions Paul D. Wooster * Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 Robert D. Braun † Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332 Jaemyung Ahn ‡ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 and Zachary R. Putnam § Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332 This paper explores trajectory options for the human exploration of Mars, with an emphasis on conjunction-class missions. Conjunction-class missions are characterized by short in-space durations with long surface stays, as opposed to the long in-space durations and short surface stays characteristic of opposition-class missions. Earth-Mars and Mars- Earth trajectories are presented across a series of mission opportunities and transfer times in order to explore the space of possible crew and cargo transfer trajectories. In the specific instance of crew transfer from Earth to Mars, the potential for aborting the mission without capture into Mars orbit is also of interest. As such two additional classes of trajectories are considered: free-return trajectories, where the trajectory would return the crew to Earth after a fixed period of time; and propulsive-abort trajectories, where the propulsive capability of the transfer vehicle is used to modify the trajectory during a Mars swing-by. The propulsive requirements of a trajectory, due to their associated impact on spacecraft mass, are clearly of interest in assessing trajectories for human Mars missions. Beyond the propulsive requirements, trajectory selection can have a significant impact on the entry velocity and therefore the aeroassist system requirements. The paper suggests potential constraints for entry velocities at Earth and Mars. Based upon Mars entry velocity, the 2- year period free-return abort trajectory is shown to be less desirable than previously considered for many mission opportunities. -
The Flexible Lunar Architecture for Exploration (FLARE) Designed for the Artemis-3 Moon 2024 Mission and Beyond
NASA/TP-2020-220517 The Flexible Lunar Architecture for Exploration (FLARE) Designed for the Artemis-3 Moon 2024 mission and beyond Dr. Michael E. Evans Planetary Scientist Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Division NASA Johnson Space Center [email protected] 281-483-3276 Mr. Lee D. Graham Senior Research Engineer Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Division NASA Johnson Space Center [email protected] 281-244-5192 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 April 2020 NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. advancement of aeronautics and space science. The Collected papers from scientific and NASA scientific and technical information (STI) technical conferences, symposia, seminars, program plays a key part in helping NASA or other meetings sponsored or maintain this important role. co-sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information Officer. technical, or historical information from It collects, organizes, provides for archiving, and NASA programs, projects, and missions, disseminates NASA’s STI. The NASA STI often concerned with subjects having program provides access to the NTRS Registered substantial public interest. and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. collections of aeronautical and space science STI in English-language translations of foreign the world. Results are published in both non-NASA scientific and technical material pertinent to channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report NASA’s mission. Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services also include organizing • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. -
Human to Mars? • It’S Expensive!
Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 1 Human To Mars? • It’s Expensive! • Global Cooperation • Human Spirit • Science and Engineering • $20 Billion ‘Mars Direct Mission’ - Zubrin Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 2 Mars Reference Mission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rof. DavaNewman 16.423J/HST515JSpaceBiomedicalEngineeringandLifeSupport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
Strategies for Affordable Human Moon and Mars Exploration
Strategies for Affordable Human Moon and Mars Exploration by Paul Douglas Wooster B.Sc., Aerospace Engineering (2003) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 2007 © 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved Signature of Author………………………………………………………………………… Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics February 2, 2007 Certified by………………………………………………………………………………… Edward F. Crawley Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Thesis Supervisor Accepted by………………………………………………………………………………... Jaime Peraire Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chair, Committee on Graduate Students - 1 - - 2 - Strategies for Affordable Human Moon and Mars Exploration by Paul Douglas Wooster Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on February 2, 2007 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering. ABSTRACT The U.S. Vision for Space Exploration calls for NASA to undertake human exploration of the Moon and Mars. This endeavor must be performed in an affordable manner in order to be successful. This thesis outlines a series of affordability strategies that could be considered as part of the Vision for Space Exploration. Analyses of specific options for affordable human Moon and Mars missions along with integrated exploration campaigns are presented. Significant results for lunar missions include recommendations to employ extended pre-descent loiter for sortie missions to more challenging sites and the use of a single launch approach, as opposed to NASA’s current 1.5 launch baseline, for crewed lunar missions. There appears to be significant opportunity for commonality between Moon and Mars exploration systems if appropriate choices are made during system development.