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Taxonomy of Boesenbergia Parvula (Zingiberaceae) with New Synonymy

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Taxonomy of Boesenbergia Parvula (Zingiberaceae) with New Synonymy THAI FOREST BULL., BOT. 46(1): 10–24. 2018. DOI https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.03 Taxonomy of Boesenbergia parvula (Zingiberaceae) with new synonymy JOHN D. MOOD1*, HUU Đ. TRẦN2, JAN-FRITS VELDKAMP3 & LINDA M. PRINCE4 ABSTRACT The taxonomy and botanical history of Boesenbergia gelatinosa K. Larsen, B. jahaiana Meekiong & C.K.Lim, B. parvula (Wall.) Kuntze, and B. phyllostachya (Gagnep.) K.Larsen are reviewed as a group with similar characteristics. Based on morphological comparisons, ecological data, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data, these species are determined to be conspecific withB. parvula and are here made synonyms. A new variety, B. parvula var. major Mood & Veldkamp is described. KEYWORDS: Asexual propagule, axillary branching, Lao P.D.R., molecular phylogeny, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Published online: 30 March 2018 INTRODUCTION literature review, these six taxa were found to be very similar to B. gelatinosa K.Larsen, B. parvula Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) is a (Wall.) Kuntze, and B. phyllostachya (Gagnep.) genus of relatively small, herbaceous plants found K.Larsen. Over the next two years, more populations mostly in the forest understorey, although a few of similar species were discovered from which species can be found in more diverse habitats such specimens and living plants were collected for study. as open, sandstone plateaux [B. alba (K.Larsen & These sites included the type localities of B. gelatinosa R.M.Smith) Mood & L.M.Prince] and exposed and B. parvula. Separately, the second author obtained limestone outcrops near the ocean [B. ochroleuca material of B. phyllostachya near the type locality (Ridl.) Schltr.]. Currently, ca 70 species are recognized in Vietnam in 2009. with a distribution from the Western Ghats of India eastward into the Philippine Is., and from Nepal, While comparing these collections, it was south to Wallace’s Line. recognized that all of the specimens had two rare characters in common—a non-rhizomatous, peren- In August 2011, during a collection trip for the nating organ and axillary branching. Bulbils were Flora of Thailand Project, four Boesenbergia collec- also observed on all but B. phyllostachya. The only tions were made between Kanchanaburi and Ranong other Boesenbergia species which are known by the Provinces—[Mood & Vatcharakorn 3070 (BKF), authors to have at least two of these three characters 3076 (BKF), 3100 (BKF), & 3112 (BKF)]. The are B. ochroleuca (Ridl.) Schltr. and B. siamensis following year, similar plants were found in Yala (Gagnep.) Sirirugsa. After a review of the accumulated Province, ca 20 km north of the Malaysian border data, it appeared that Boesenbergia gelatinosa, [Mood & Vatcharakorn 3309 (BKF)] and in B. jahaiana, B. parvula, and B. phyllostachya were Chanthaburi Province [Mood & Vatcharakorn 3282 most likely conspecific. (BKF)] in SE Thailand. After a specimen and 1 Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawaii, 3860 Manoa Road, Honolulu, Hi 96822, USA. 2 Southern Institute of Ecology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi, Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 3 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of The Netherlands, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 4 The Field Museum, Department of Botany, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA. * Corresponding author: [email protected] © 2018 The Forest Herbarium TAXONOMY OF BOESENBERGIA PARVULA (ZINGIBERACEAE) WITH NEW SYNONYMY (J.D. MOOD, H.Đ. TRẦN, J.F. VELDKAMP & L.M. PRINCE) 11 HISTORY Kuntze’s generic nomenclature. Even though other Gastrochilus species were transferred during the Boesenbergia parvula (Wall.) Kuntze was first intervening years, this epithet was overlooked until collected in 1827 by William Gomez, a collector for 1997. Even then, this change was technically invalid Nathaniel Wallich. This very small ginger plant was as the basionym was cited without “a full and direct found in the mountains east of Tavoy without a precise reference given to its author and place of valid locality in southern Myanmar (Tenasserim). Although publication”, and without page or plate reference it was discovered prior to Wallich’s publication on and date (ICN Art. 41.5, see also Art. 41.6 and 41.8). Gastrochilus Wall. (1829), it was not included there, This has since been corrected (Veldkamp, 2014). but later documented in 1832 as Gastrochilus parvula Larsen also designated a lectotype, “Pierre s.n. Wall. [Wallich 6590 (K-W)]. This specimen was Vietnam: Ri-hao, Sept. 1865 (P)”. This location eventually described by Baker in 1890 where he called and date are found in the protologue, but are not it a “dwarf annual”. A year later, Kuntze (1891) annotated on the lectotype nor two other similar determined that Gastrochilus Wall. was a homonym Pierre specimens. The only other collection known of the Orchidaceae genus Gastrochilus D.Don from major herbaria which appears to be this species (1825) and changed the ginger genus to Boesenbergia is Trần 160 (E, SING, VMN) from Dak Nong Kuntze. It appears that the next collection in Burma Province, Vietnam. of B. parvula was not made until August 1908 and then in a distant region, ca 950 km north of Tavoy Boesenbergia gelatinosa was described in at Goke Hteik Gorge, Shan State [Lace 4153 (E)]. 1997 based on a single collection from Kaeng Kra In 1961, J. Keenan (RBGE), quite by chance while Chan NP, Thailand [Larsen et al. 45428 (AAU, K)]. awaiting clearance to collect in Shan State, Myanmar, In the protologue, it was diagnosed against B. longipes was allowed into the Tenasserim Division. Although (King & Prain ex Ridl.) Schltr. Recently, it was not specifically studying gingers, he noted that in determined that this epithet (B. longipes), as used in the Baungdaw area, B. parvula was “common, Thailand, represented a different taxon than the type abundant, plentiful and frequently seen” where he from Perak, Malaysia. Consequently, the Thai species subsequently collected five specimens (E). The first against which Larsen diagnosed B. gelatinosa is now author attempted to go to Baungdaw in 2014 but, B. purpureorubra Mood & L.M.Prince (Mood et al., due to floods, only got to within ca 10 km. Even so, 2014a) which has no close similarity or affinity to B. parvula was observed in abundance along many B. gelatinosa. streams in the area. Boesenbergia jahaiana was described in 2014 As noted by Craib (1913), the first record in from specimens from a single population found in Thailand of Boesenbergia parvula was from Doi Belum Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. Similar Sutep, Chiang Mai Province [Kerr 737 (K)]. In the plants have also been found in Kelantan, Malaysia following years, over 80 specimens annotated as this (pers. com. FRIM). species were collected in 20 Thai provinces from Chiang Rai [Norsaengsri & Tathana 9745 (QBG)] MATERIALS AND METHODS to Yala [Mood & Vatcharakorn 3309 (BKF)]. Recently, a collection was made in the Louangphabang Field work was conducted from 2010 through area, Lao P.D.R. [Leong-Skornickova 1694 (SING)] 2015. Over 20 sites were visited to include the type and another observation made nearby (wild in situ) localities of Boesenbergia gelatinosa and B. parvula, at Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden (Chalermglin, and an area very close to the type locality of B. jahaiana. TISTR). Further new collections have been made in The ecology at each site was documented to include southern Myanmar (Mood et al. 2016 b). photography with herbarium specimens, living plants, and silica dried leaf samples collected. Boesenbergia phyllostachya (Gagnep.) Follow-on observations of the living plants grown K.Larsen was described in 1906 from several 19th was documented over several growing seasons with century specimens from Cochinchina (Vietnam) measurements and photographs. During the study, over [Pierre s.n. ( )]. At the time Gagnepain, like others, P 100 herbarium specimens were examined that were e.g., Ridley, Schumann, and Valeton, did not follow either previously identified as one of the four species, 12 THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) VOL. 46 NO. 1 misidentified as another species, or undetermined, taxon for these exploratory searches since it has but with similarity to B. parvula. In the case of previously been identified as the first diverging B. phyllostachya, preliminary research was accom- lineage in the family (Kress et al. 2002). Similarly, plished by the second author in 2009 when the bootstrap analyses of the large data matrix were species was collected in Dak Nong Province, limited to 100,000 fast swap replicates. Alignment Vietnam near the type locality. This study provided of sequences across the family were challenging for a fertile specimen with a complete description, tissue the ITS region and the effect of alternative alignments sample, and photographs. or the exclusion of ambiguously aligned regions on resulting topologies were qualitatively compared. In 2014, a living plant of Boesenbergia cf. More extensive heuristic search methods were parvula was obtained from the Lao P.D.R. with a conducted (1000 random addition replicates, saving tissue sample. The final study of herbarium specimens all shortest trees) with a subset of sequences to allow and molecular analyses were completed in 2016. less ambiguity in the DNA sequence alignment in Molecular Phylogeny the target clade. Boesenbergia rotunda was selected as the outgroup taxon for these searches. Branch Leaf tissue samples were obtained as described support was estimated using heuristic search above. The authors have a large, on-going research parameters in a parsimony bootstrap (BS) in PAUP*. project in Boesenbergia that provided additional scaffold sequences. Those sequences, along with representatives of 31 other genera, were combined RESULTS AND DISCUSSION with data downloaded from GenBank. A list of Exploratory family-wide analyses of ITS relevant samples (with associated GenBank accession sequences identified a strongly supported numbers) is provided in Appendix 1. Boesenbergia parvula sensu lato clade (100% fast BS; As with prior publications by the authors, DNA results not shown) containing 19 ingroup sequences, extraction follows Kress et al.
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