ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU TÜRK TARİH KURUMU YAYlNLARI XXVI. Dizi - Sa. 6

CIMETlERES ET TRADITIONS FUNERAIRES DANS LE MONDE ISLAMIQUE

ISLAM• A DUNYASINDA•• MEZARLIKLAR VE DEFİN GELENEKLERİ

I

Actes du Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique organise par l'Universite Mimar Sinan sous les auspices du Comite International d'Etudes Pre-ottomanes et Ottomanes, en collaboration avec la Societe d'Histoire Turque, I'Institut de Recherche sur I'Histoire, la Civilisation et l'Art lslamiques (IRCICA) et I'Institut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes. Osmanlı ve Osmanlı Öncesi Araştırmalan Uluslararası Komitesi Himayesi Altında Türk Tarih Kurumu, Tarih, Sanat ve Kültürü Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA) ve Fransız Anadolu Araştırmaları Enstitüsü İşbirliğiyle Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen Fransız Ulusal Bilimsel Araştırma Merkezi (CNRS) Uluslarara s ı Kollokyumunun Bildiriler Kitabı.

İstanbul, 28-30 Eylül 1 septembre 1991

Edites par Jean-Louis BACQuE-GRAMMONT et Aksel TİBET tarafından yayına hazırlanmıştır

Composes et mis en pages par l'Institut Français d'lhudes Anatoliennes Dizgisi ve sayfa düzeni Fransız Anadolu Araştırmaları Enstitüsü tarafından yapılmıştır

Publies par la Societe d'Histoire Turque Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından yayınlamıştır

TÜRK TARİli KURUMU BASIMEVİ- ANKARA

ı 9 9 6 Hamza Abdel Aziz BADR

STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN

W e can confirm that in spite of the im portance of be visited by many people, in achieving that they adjoin the funerary b uildings in Ottoman Cairo there was no these tombs to mosques and madrases sometimes, or serious study of it. There was no even survey for the other times they adjoin kuttab, sabil, zawia or ribat to Turkish tombs and mausoleums in Cairo different ce­ the tombs and mausoleums so these funerary buidings meteries. The waqf documents in Cairo archives are implore pity to the builders, they increased the benev­ full of infarınations about these funerary b uildings and alence trend and played an im portant social function, their social functions as these b uildings had many em­ therefore they achieve the aims of their builders in ployees, teaching orphans and offering water either both the world to come and the world that is. within the city or in its different cemeteries. So these buildings played an important part in the social se­ TERMS AND STRUCTURE curity of that period, which wc can consider a spiritual trend equal to the architectural trend of the b uildings There are different terrns for the funerary build­ itself, while the Turkish Ottomans did not erect the ings such as: turbe, tomb, mausoleum, dome, mashhad, tombs or mausoleums within the mosques, complying grave, marqad (holy bed) and maqam. In lan­ in that with the Islamic Sunnite instructions, wc found guage there aresome 25 terms for the funerary build­ them in neglect such instructions, they follow ings, some of these terms used for the tomb's building the local traditions in adjoining the mausoleums to the itself while the others have no relation between the mosques or to enter them within the mosques, and that s hape of the tomb or mausoleum and the term, also the trend was in different architectural styles inspite of its use of these terrns differs from a writer to another, strong forbiddance in Islam. lt is forbidden to ineJude whatever it was famous in Egypt the term magam, mausoleums within mosques or to built mosques over "mausoleuın", to point out to the tombs of the tombs. The lslamic famous four creeds forbid that Prophet's descendants and saints. W e find in Cairo Ot­ completely. toman documents the term turbe or madfan were very Inspite of such sttong forbiddance the Muslims in usually used for the funerary building of the ordinary all over the world built luxury mausoleums and they people whatever the shape of the building domed or were very accomplished in d eecrating the mausoleums undo med. of Sultans, Amirs and other state and relegious men, As the previous terms did not conform or point to there was a competition between the patrens to built specific types of funerary building I classified the funer­ luxury and highly elaborated tombs and mausoleums ary building in Ottoman Cairo according to its archi­ for themselves or for the Prophet's descendants and tectural styles in four groups as follows. the other saints. Frequently the tombs were ina relig­ ious atmesphere and their buil ders tried to make them 350 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

I. SINGLE TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS

This group can also be classified in two different styles: the first one local s tyle which is just square single do med mausoleums. The other type is the open canopy tombs. It is a style of the funerary architecture un­ konwn in Egypt before the Ottoman period. It became the popular style of the tombs b uildings in Cairo .ce­ meteries. These canopy tombs were single or inside walled enclosures. /~ / A. THE LO CAL TYPE 1 OF CAIRO OTTOMAN MAUSOLEUMS

THE MAVSOLBUM OF AL-QULSHANI 1 1519-1524 / ~/ lt is the first funerary foundation established in Cairo after the Ottoman conquest in 1517. This mau­ soleum situated opposite to the Mamluke funerary complex of Sultan al-Muayyad was inside walled enclo­ sure and included mausoleum,takiyya (tekke), mosque and other structures as it is designated by Ihrahim al­ Qulshani waqf deed. Qulshani mausoleum is square Fig. ı. The mausoleum of al-Kulshani (1519-24). Plan scale: l/100. chamber measuring 5,75 x 5,75 m, covered by a dome on stalactite triangle pendentives (Fig. 1). The base, the wne of transition and the dome itself are all of carved stone. It is close to the great Mamluke mauso­ leums, the entrance enhanced by a shallow trilobed re­ cess, it is in the middle of the south-western taeade which is covered with Turkish style tiles of various types (Pl. ı).

THE MAVSOLBUM OF SHAIKH SAUD 941/1534 (Index 516)

This mausoleum is located at Suwaiqat al-Izzi in Souk as-Silah (Weapons market) Quarter (Pl. 2). Its little square chamber measures 4x 4 m, covered with brick d ome on stalactite pendentives w hile the walL" it­ self are of carved stone. The mausoleum portal is en­ hanced by shallow semicircular recess. The interior of the dome is plain of any decoration, but i ts exterior is covered with green til es of Mamluke style, The span­ sor of this tomb is Sulayınan the governor of Egypt (931-941/1525-2535 and 943-945/1536-1538) as it is deseribed in his waqf deed.1 This tomb inspite of Pl. ı. The mausoleum of a Kulsbani (926/ 1519). its modesty is close to the·local origins.

1) Suleiroan Pas ha waqfdocuroent W 1074, copy in Awqaf M inistry Arehive for the origin in Egyptian Na tional Archive, datecl941 H. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTI'OMAN CAIRO 351

Pl. 2. The mausoleum of Sheikh Saud (941/1534). Fig. 2. The mausoleum of Amir Sulayman (1540). Plan scale: 1/100).

THE MAUSOLEUM OF AMIR SULAYMAN tarnan funerary architecture in Cairo. It is faithful to 951/1544 (Index 124) the Mamluke roots. We can compare it with that of Qanibay al-Rammah, 1503 A.D., near Cairo citadel This mausoleum is located in Cairo eastern ce­ (Index 136) (Pl. 4). metery (Mamlukes desert), at a distance of 250 m to the west of khanqah of Sultan Faraj Ibn Barquq. THE MAUSOLEUM OF SHAIKH SINAN It is a carved stone structure: the base is square 994/1585 (Index 41) 5,03 x 5,03 m. (Fig. 2); the zone of transition consists of five stories of stalactites and the carved s to ne dome. This mausoleum is located in Darb Qurrniz near The door of the mausoleum is in the middle of the Nahassin street It is a curious structure consisting of south eastem facade. It is axial atthemihrab. The foun­ an irregular chamber covered with two domes, a cen­ dation inscription on the entrance has been vanished, tral one and a smail one in front of the mihrab (Pl. 6). and the interior inscriptions were painted and fadded We must descend eight steps to reach the entrance too so we could not confırm if this mausoleum belongs which is in the middle of the western facade inside are­ to Sulayınan Pas ha the governor or to one of the Turk­ cess enhanced with a trilobed arch (Pl. 5). Above the ish Amirs in Egypt during this period. entrance the foundation inscription bears the name of The structure is ona stone plinth, the walls thick­ Sheikh Sinan and the date of erection (841 H.). Aside ness 93 cm, and i ts height up to the zone of transition the entrance are two cartouches with Holy Koran in- 6,25 m. The walls are decorated from outside by verıi­ • scriptions. The central d ome is plain of decora tion, but cal recesses enhanced by stalactites, and the drum of the smail one in front of the mihrab has a geometrical the dome covered by Turkish tiles with white Holy ornament. The mausoleum with its two domes is very Koran inscriptions ona blue background. The pointed strange to the Egyptian Ottoman mausoleums. It re­ s to ne dome covered with carved arabesque decoration sembles the Fatimid mausoleum of Yahia al-Shabih (Pl. 3). This mausoleum is the masterpiece of the Ot- near Imam Shafi, 542/1147.2

2) K.A.C. Creswell, TheMuslimArchitectureofEgypı, 2nd edition, Oxford , 1962, Vol. I, pp. 268·269. 352 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

P l. 3. Th e m a usoleum of Amir S ul ay ın an (951/1544).

Pl. 4. T he ru ner ary complex of Amir Qan ibay a i-Rammab (909/ l503). STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 353

h' l ~i ~ li> ~...,.\ ----1 1r f ~

Pl. S. The mausoleum of Shelkh Sinan (994/1585).

Pl. 6. Tbe mausoleum of Sbeikh Sinan. 354 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

B. THE OTTOMAN 1YPE Also it is alike Saltuk Dada in Ni&de, 708/1308, near OF CAIRO TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS Timur Khan medrese and other fine examples in Iznik. 5 There is nothing in the local funerary architecture in The tombs of this type are open canopy tombs. lt Egypt before the Ottoman period resembling such is a style of the funeraıy architecture which was un­ tombs (Pls 7, 8. Fig. 3, 5). known in Egypt before the Ottoman conquest but it The architectural origins ofthis type oftom bs were soon became the famous style of tombs buildings in not in Egypt but in Central Syria (Syria, Palestine and Cairo cemeteries. The tombs of this style were single Transjordan) where there are many fine examples of 6 or within funeraıy walled enclosures ( ). the canopy tombs in different sites. These Christian This type of tombs consists of four piers or col­ tombs are canopy tombs in different types and most of umns. On these piers rest four arehes which support them belong to the second and third centuries. The shallow do me or pyramidal roof often surmounted by popular type of such tombs consists of a plinth at i ts wooden or stone crescent. comers four columns supporting pyramidal roof. Creswell says: "I believe that the canopy ıype was We think that the open canopy tombs is an entire adopted for the first mausoleurns asa compromise be­ style bornin Chirstian Syria in the first century AD. tween the injunction of the Hadith and the desire to and resurrected in Anatolia in the 13th century and have a menumental tombs. It was probably felt that a forwardthenit was transfered to Egypt with the Otto­ tomb under a canopy o pen to the sun and wind and rain man conquest in 1517. Soon that style became very did not violate the Hadith too much. Morever canopy popular in Cairo cemeteries (Fig. 10). It became the tombs already known in Hellenistic Syria and the fact favorite style for the both Turkish and Circassian that it was the Greek m other of a Khalif who built the Maroluk as well as for other sectors of people for its first Muslim mausoleum provides the necessary link simplicity and its architectural elegance and at the between these Henenistic mausoleurns and Islarn",3 same time it is a Jow expenses structure. That reduce and he thaughts that the need for a mihrab made them of expenses compromise with the religious instruc­ close the qibla side to provide space for adequate tions concerning wasting money or the misuse of it.7 mihrabs which the previous mausoleums had lacked. The collections of Hadith for b id to erect dome or But we don't think such opinion is conform with Cairo any kind of building over the grave.8 During the funerary architecture. Such style of tombs (open ca­ Prophet period and little after they used to mark the nopy) did not appear in Egypt funeraıy architecture grave with just a pile oflittle stones or gravels but soon before the 16th century, and the few examples which this religious injunction has been broken. Cresswell refers to were just square chambers with 3 or As the siınplicity of the canopy tom bs make it the 4 axial doors situated in Cairo and Aswan cemeteries. popular type in Cairo cemeteries during the Ottoman But the Ottoman canopy tom bs in Cairo are something period.9 The same simplicity was the main reason of different. It is not reduce of the building like the tomb the destruction of these tombs: it was easy to pull the of Tankizbegha in desert as Hauttecreur canopy tomb down to reuse i ts marble columns and we says. 4 Wc;, could not either agree with this opinion be­ know that many Maroluk families were vanished be­ cause the oldest examples of the canopy tombs in Ot­ cause of the continuous fighting between themselves toman Cairo are close relative to Anatelian examples or between them and the Turkish Pasha. Therefore in their piers and their stepped hunch arches. The ol­ many of their tombs had no owner up to day. The destexamples of that typeoftombs alike those inAnat­ French Expedition ordered the people not to bury olian cities such as Amasia, Iznik, and other cities, we their deads within Cairo city and declared that if any can compare Amir Burham canopy tomb (the oldest body has no tomb he can use the Manıluke tombs.10 example of the canopy tomb in Cairo, 16th century) to Also the soldiers of the French Expedition11 pulled that of Shahzade turbe 813/14 lO (compare fig. 3 and 5). down many tombs near the citadel, and from time to

3) Op. cit. , pp. 111-112. 4) L. Hautecreur et G. Wiet, Les mosqutes du Caire, Paris, 1932, p. 146. 5) A. Gabriel,Monumenıs turcs d'Anatolie, I Kayseri- Niğde, II: Amasya-Tokat-Sivas, Paris, 1931, p. 45. 6) comte de Vogue, Syrie Centrale. Archilecıure civile et religieuse , Paris, 1877, pp. 117-118. 7) Shamsal-Din Abou Abdallah Mohammed al-Qurtbi (died 671/1272), Azab al·Qabr wa Na'imuh (The Grave Torment and Blee- ding), p. 105. 8) Nasir al-Din al-Alabany, Tahzir al·Sagid men Iıkhaz al-Qibar Masağed (A warning to use to tom bs as mosques), p. 116. 9) O. V. Volkoff, Le Caire 969-1969, (I.F.AO., Le Caire 1971), p. 147. 10) Abdel Rabman al - Gabart~ 'Ağa'ib al-Arar fi-l-Taragim wa-1-Akhlar, vol. 2, p. 438. ll) Al- Gabarti, Mazhar al·Taqaes fi·z·zawal Dawalat Franses, Cairo, 1969, p. 69. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 355

Pl. 7. The mausoleum of Amir Burham (17th c:entury).

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Fig. 3. The mausoleum of Amir Bıırham (16th c:entury). Plan scale: l/50. 356 HAMZA ABD EL AZlZ BAD R

PL 8. The mausolcuro of a l -Muıanl (l7tb century). time we found zealous partisans according to fatwa of Imam Shafii mausoleum. It consists of fo ur polygon (judicial sentence from shaikh) lead a demonstration stone piers supporting shallow brick dome. The mea­ to destroy the domed tombs, it was easicr to them to sures of this mausoleum 5,27 x 5,27 m. The piers rest strat with the canopy tombs.12 directly upon the ground lcvcl. The tombstones are in­ scripted with an elegy poem and Holy Ko ran sentence, 1YPES OF CANOPY TOMBS but no date on them. The second example of type ı is AI-Muzani tomb There are fo ur types of canopy tom bs in Ottoman (Index 622), located at lbn Baqa Allah street, 500 m. Ca i ro. The type I in which the covering is carried u pon east to Imam Shafii mausoleum. This square building fo ur polygon piers and that is the oldest appearan ce of measures 3,50 x 3,50 m. and consists of four polygon the canopy tom bs in Ca i ro. Wc have only two examples piers rest on plinth 65 cm. height. The piers are sup­ of that type both of them bclong to the 16th century. porting a brick shallow dome. The stone coffin has a The type ll in which the covering is carried upon four tombstone with Holy Ko ran inscriptions and the name angle piers (L Shape). The type m in which the roof of Sidi Isınail al-Muzani, but no da tc (Fig. 5, Pl. 9). rests upon marble cylindrical columns. The type IV in We have five examples of type II. Mohammed which the roof res ts u pon octagon stone columns. Agha Koklian tomb, 1049/1639, is not included in the The examples of the first type belong to the 16th index of cairo Islamic monuments and will be pub­ century, the examples of the second type to the 17th lished here for the first time. This tomb, the first dated century and types lll and IV to the 18th century. The canopy tomb in Cairo, is located in the backyard of previous classification depends on the plans of these Cairo National Archive. It measures 5,05 x 5,05 m and tombs, w hile some of thcm covcred with shallow d ome cansis ts of four angle piers resting on the ground with­ the others covered with pyramidal roofs rest ed on fo ur out plinth and supporting a brick dome (Pl. 9). An­ archcs, and same ofall the previous types their piers other example of type II is Ridwan Bey tomb, located or columns erected dirccly on the ground Ievcl and the in Ain al-Sira near Imam Shafi mausoleum. It is not in­ others rested on stone plinth. cluded either in the index and is published here for the The first example of typc I is Amir Burham tomb first time. This tom b belongs to the famous Amir Rid­ (Fig. 3, Pl. 7), located in Ca i ro western ceme tery, north wan Bey al-Fukari, the owner of Qasabet Ridwan (the

12) AJ-Öabarli, 'Aka'ib ai-A[ar, vol. 1, pp. 83-86. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 357

famous tent market now) in front of Bab Zwila. lt con­ sists of fo ur angle picrs spring from stone plinth and measures 4 x 4 m. The piers are supporting a pyrami­ dal roof (collapsed now, Pl. 9bis). There isa stonc cof­ fin on the plinth with head and feeı stones (Pl. 10). The head s tone bears an inscription with the name of Amir Ridwan the Haj prince and the date of his death, 1066 H., while the fecı stone's inscription is a Holy Koran sentence. Anather tomb of the same typc is Mustafa Agha Jalek's tomb, 1078/1667 (Index 29). It is located in Cairo southern cemetery. I ts measures 3,70 x 3,70 m. and consists of four angle piers rest on the ground level supporting a pyramidal roof (Fig. 5, Pl. 13). A fifth example of type m is Amir Ridwan's tomb, 1162/1749 (index 383). T!ıis tomb is ıocated in Cairo western ceme tery at Imaml il-Lith street. It cansisıs of square plin th and measures 3,20 x 3,20 m, 85 cm heigh ı, with four ocıagon columns at its corners. The roofhad been demolished, but the remains of i ts triangles clear that the roof was a dome. The arehes of this tomb is crowned with trilobed crestings (Pl. U). Above the plinth there isa highly decorated marblecoffin (Pl. 12).

THE TOMB OF MUSTAFA BEY SHAHJN 1166/1753 (Index 389) Located at Sida Nafisa St. in Cairo wcstern cc­ metery, this tomb belongs to Mustafa Bey Shahin, Egyptian Haj princc, and his fellow Saleh Bey at-Qas­ mi. It consists of a square plinth and measures 3,75 x 3,75m. with four columns at its corners, the columns Pl. 9. The tom b of Moh arnmed Agha Koklian (1 049/1639). supporting four archcs. The arehes s.upport pyramidal roof plain of dccoration (Pl. 14). is decorated with stucco chevrons. This tomb is re­ markable for its highly decorated columns (Pis 17-18). Theshaft of the co! um n s iscovered with differen tkinds QAZDUGHLIA TOMB 1169/1755 (Index 271) of decoration with inscription band in the middle of the column. It resembles the sabil at Souk al-Silah Alsa located in Imamal-Lith street, This tomb be­ street and dates to the same period (1171 H.). There is long to type III. It cansists of two adjoined platforms, no tombstone in this tomb as the architect used the 80 cm heigh, one of tbcm measuring 3,90 x 3,90 m. and four columns to inscribe the name of the buried per­ the other 3,90 x 3,45. One of them stili have i ts corner's son (Ruqia Dodo) and the da te of her death (PJ. 18). colurns and i ts decorated marble coffin. The s tone plat­ Undated canopy tombin Mamluks cemetery (Cai­ form is simply dccorated with geometrical elements, ro eastern cemetery): this tomb unregistered in the of­ and the marble coffins with inscriptions, cypress and ficial index of Cairo Jslamic monuments, is Iocated vases with Turkish nowers (Pl. 15). near the religious funerary complex of Sultan al-Aslı­ raf Qaytbay. It is ina good architectural condition (Pls RUQIA DODO TOMB 19-20). It consists of asıone platform with four octa­ 117111757 (Index 388) gon columns at its corners, the columns supporting This tomb is oneofthemostfineexamplcs ofCairo semi-circular arehes roofed by a brick domc. The ar­ canopy ıombs. It is located in Saida Nafisa cemetery ches are adamed with trilobed crestings and the dome near previous Mustafa Shahin tomb (Pl. 16). It consists crowned with wooden crescent. of a stone platform with four columns at its comers supporıing a brick dome. The outer face of the dome 358 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 9bls. Tbe tomb of Amir Redwan aı-Fokarf (1066/1655).

Pl. 10. Redwan al-Fokari tombstone. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 359

Pl. U. The tomb of Amir Ridwan (1162/1749).

PJ. 12. De tali or Amir Ridwan to mb. 360 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

.p----~----~.----~.,

Fig. 4. S babzade turbe in Arnasla (A. Gabriel). Pl. 13. Tlıe tomb of Mustafa Agba Chaliq (1078/1767).

II. MAUSOLEUMS COMBINEO WITH BENEVOLENT FOUNDATIONS

There is no doubt that the urban and religious can­ sicteration affected the planning of funerary buildings. IBRAHIM KALlFA]UNDIAN They tried to combine between the erection of fllner­ FUNERARY COMPLEX ary monument and benevolent and pious foundation. (Index 586) That type of building was known in Cairo before the Ottoman period since the funerary complex of Sultan Locatcd at Bab al-Wazir street, it consists of two al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, 1243-1250 AD. This type floors. In the ground tloor there are kitchen, sbops, of architecture became very comm on during the Marn­ sabil and the mausoleum whicb is situated in the luke period. W e found such foundations within Cairo middle of the western taeade (Pl. 21 ). The second tl oor or in its cemeteries, where the mausoleum combined cansis ts of smallliving units. The dome with its stalac­ withsabils (fountains),kuttabs,zawia,rabi (living units titcs transition zone is more close to be !ike Mamluke for poor founded oflen above wikala or khan) and style (Pls. 22, 23). This monument is dated in Cairo sametimes basin to provide water for animals. index 1001/1592, but the study of i ts waqf documents All the monuments of that style include domed and of its inscription led to correct that error. I ts cor­ ıiıausoleum. W i thin the city we find its plan controlled rect date is 1052/1642. Alsa it must be attributed to by the street line which effect mausoleum position to Ibrahim Agha Mustahfaı.an its builder. lbrahim Agha communicate with the street. In the cemeteries such decided not to be buried in that complex, and he type of funeral complex is distinguished by i ts includ­ erected another mausoleum for himselfin the east s ide inghosh (funeraıy enclosure). of Amir Aqsunqur mosque (1347 AD.) in Tabana STYLES OFTOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 361

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Fig. S. Al-Muzan i tom.b {16tb century). Scale: 1/ZS. 362 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

------n ------' ' , / , 0. . ' . , ı .• ' , ı .. ' , , ' ' , / ' ' , , , / ' ' ,>', , ./ ' ' , ' , ' , ', . , , ' ' ' o~---~ ~~~-_-~~-~ -o Fig. 6 . The tomb of Mustafa Chaliq (17tb centu ry). Facade and plan. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OITOMAN CAIRO 363

Pl. 14. The to mb or Mustafa Cbahin (1166/1753). Pl. ıs . QaıdughUa tom b (1 169/1755). quarter where he made important structural restora­ complex inside walled enclosure is 4,40 m. height, en­ tions in that mosque. 13 hanced with steeped crestings 70 cm. heigbt. The main d oor is in the north west comer and leads to hosh whi ch ABOU JA'FARAL-TAHAWY distinguishes the majority of funerary complexes in FUNERARY COMPLEX ca i ro cemeteries. That hosh measures 9 x ll m. and in­ 1098!1636 (Index 384) cludes some simple graves. Tahawi's mausoleum, sur­ passed by a little zawia, measures 4,20 x 4,20 m. (Fig. This funerary complex is located at Imam al-Lith 7). street, in Imam Shafi cemetery. It consists of turbe, The mausoleum chamber had three arebed niches, zawia, s ab il, basin for visitors, animals and saqia. The and the fourth side is an open arch connecting the tomb of Imam al-Tahawy was very known by the visi­ zawia to the mausoleum. These arehes are supporting ters since hisdeathin 321/933.14 Hamza Pasha the gov­ a transition zone of 7 stalactites rows, then comes the ernor of Egypt (1094-1098/1682-1686) erected the drum of the dome, with eight arebed windows. The existing complex and financed it with a big waqf. 15 The dome is plain of decoration in the interior and its ex-

13) Doris Behrens Abousef, /slamic Archiıecture in Cairo, 1989, pp. 123-124. 14) Abi al-Hasan N or al-din ai-Sakhawy, Tuhfat al-Ahbab fi a/-Khiuıt wa al-Mazııra ı, 2nd edition, Cairo, 1986, pp. 179-180; Ali Mubarek, AI-Khitat al-Gadediı, vol. 6, p. 32. 15) Hamza Pasha waqf document, Awqaf Ministry Archive, document N°183. 364 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 16. The tombs or Ruqia Dodo and Mustafa Sbahin (1171/l 757).

Fig. 7. The funerary complex of al-Tahawi (1686). Plan. Scale: 1/200. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTIOMAN CAIRO 365

Pl. 17. Detail of decorated columm in Ruqia Dodo to mb. Pl. 18. Anotber column in Ruqia Do do tomb. terior is decorated with chevrons (Pl. 24), also this family of Amir Razaz, a close friend of Amir Abdel­ dome is close to the Mamluke traditions. Rabman Katkhoda. Ali Bey the Great exilcd both of themin the year 1168/1754, hereturned anddiedin REDWAN AGHA AL-RAZAZ 1181/1767. His body lies under one of the most beau­ FUNERARY COMPLEX tiful coffins in this hosh (Pl. 28). I 168/1754 (Index 387) SULAYMAN AGHA AL-HANFI This complex located just behind Imam Shafi mau­ FUNERARY COMPLEX soleum consists of sabil, water tank, hall for Holy 1206!1792 (Index 302) Ko ran reciters and kuttab for o rp han children (Pl. 25). The function of each part is stated in the waqf docu­ This funerary building is locatcd at the foot of ment16. The most important thing here is the absence Moqatam mountain in the southern ceme tery near the of tomb building over the graves which are distributed mausoleum of Ikhwat Yusuf (the brothers of prophet in that hosh. We find only stone and marble coffins Joseph). It consists of mausoleum, sabit, hosh and re­ with head and feet stones. Both of the coffins and the sidence unit for the owner (qasr). It has two doors, the tombstones are very interesting for their Turkish style main one is situated in western facade, the other in the decoration (Pls. 26-27). All these tombs belong to the north western facade (Pl. 29) leads directly to thehosh

16) Suleiman Agha al-Hanafy waq{documenı , Awqaf Arehive N• 2147. 366 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 19. Undated tombIn Cairo western cemetery.

Pl. 20. Detail of the previous tomb. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 367

PL 21. The western taeade or lbrablm Agha Mos tahtuan funeraıy c:omplex (lUSZ/ 1642). where are the tombs of the fellows anct slaves (Pl. 30). of the buildings. It measures 12 x 6 m and is There is a detailed desetiption of every part of this roofed with a hipped roof. The coffin looks as a building and its function in the waqfdeed of Amir Su­ stepped plinth covered with highly decorated layman Agha.17 Amir Sulayınan was a Turkish revenue marble plates (Pl. 31). The inscriptions of this officer responsible for coins house in the citade1.18 The plinth contains Holy Quran, bewail poem, name main tomb whi ch is devoted to Amir Sulayınan himself and date of death. The interior and exterior of as the waqf deed stated is an open canopy tom b, but that funerary complex are highly decorated with here we find it connected architecturally with the rest different elements.

m. THE MAUSOLEUM MOSQUES

This type of the in Cairo fal­ position must achieve interior and exterior communi­ lowed the local tradition, so we found that in Cairo the cation. mausoleums were integral parts ofthe mosques design. The location of the mausoleum inside the mosque was THE MOSQUE OF SULAYMAN PASHA, 1528 according to the street line. It was important to con­ nect the mausoleum to the street by casement win­ Situated in the northern enclosure of Cairo citadel dows. The design of such mosques were in different (index 142), this mosque is the first Ottoman one in plans, some of them in Turkish style white the others Cairo. It came also in Ottoman style. It consists of two are in local s tyle. The domed mausoleum in some mos­ parts: a prayhall covered by a central do me flanked by ques were behind the mihrab. In other mosques the three half domes and an open courtyard surrounded by mausoleum is in the east or west side of the sanctuary an areade covered by shallow domes. All the domes according to the street line. In some mosques the mau­ were covered with green tiles. The most interesting soleum is in the rear riwaq. Whatever the mausoleum's thing in that Turkish style mosque is that the mauso-

17) Al-Öabarti, 'Ağa 'ib al-Atar, Vol. 1, p. 614. 18) Suleiman Pasha waqf document, Egyptian National Archive, document N" 1074. 368 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

Fig. 8. The mosqoe and mausoleum of Altı Parmak Pl. 22. The mausoleum of Ibrahim Agha Mustahfazan. (1623). Plan. Scale: 1/200.

Pl. 23. The transition zone of Ibrab_im Agha mausoleum. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 369 leum inside it follows the local Mamluke tradition but in an Ottoman plan. The waqf document of Sulayınan Pasha the gov­ ernar of Egypt stated that he erected a mosque with a courtyard, a maqam (mausoleum) for Sidi Saria, a maktab sabi (orphan children school) and two open courtyards.19 S idi Saria mausoleum occupies the north eastern corner of the courtyard. It measures 13,50 x 12,50 m. and is covered by a dome a little higher than those of the courtyard areade (Pl. 32). Its transition zone consists of Turkish triangles. The mausoleum of Saria is preceded by an covered with six domes on Turkish triangles transition zone. Sulayınan Pasha erected this mosque in the site of Fati~id mosque the mausoleum over an old rock tomb. The shrineiwan in­ duces tombs ofs ome sons of the Turkish governors and officers. The cenotaphs of these tombs are topped with va rio us marble turbans, symbols of the ranks ofthe bu­ ried persons (PI. 33). The cenotaphs of this tombs are distinguished from their Turkish style paintings (Pls 32-34).

THE MOSQUE AND MAUSOLEUM OF SHAHIN AL-KHALWA'I;I 940/1538

This mosque is located at Muqatam mountain, a site difficult to reach, but it was a suitable place for this Sufism saint as he wanted to be isolated for wor­ shipping in this area. Shahin al-Khalwati was one of Sultan Qaytbay's Mamluks, and Qaytbay respected his 20 desire to be asufi. Actually this funerary complexcon­ Pl. 24. The dome of al-Tahawi mausoleum (1098/1686). sists of two units. The first one consists of mausoleum which is a square domed chamber measuring 4,50 x naret located at the north westem comer consists of 4,50 m. preceded by a rectangular iwan measuring three cylindrical floors with a pointed top. It is the sec­ 14,60 x 5 m. This iwan had once a band of inscription ond Ottoman in Cairo after that of Sulayınan stating a restoration by some Turkishamirsin the year Pasha mosqu~ (1528}. The plan of this mosque is very 1007/1598. This inscription vanished now but luckily unique. It is impressed by the topography of the site Van Berehem registered it.Z1 The dome of the mauso­ (Pl. 37). The mosque was built over a natural cave in leum has a long drum like those ofPersia (Pl. 35). The Moqatam mountain, so it shows different levels, and walls have different heights according to the different they use the cave to build cells for the sufis. levels of the ground (Pl. 37). The second unit in this complex is the mosque itself. W e could'nt confirm i ts THE MOSQUE AND MAUSOLEUM plan exactly now as i ts interior is completely ruined. It OF MAHMUD PASHA remains only the exteriorwalls. It measures 16,09x 8,57 1567 m. In the middle of the south eastern wall mihrab niche Iost i ts marb le dressing (Pl. 36). The north western wall Mahmud Pasha was governor of Egypt (973-975/ has fo ur windows alternated with blin d recess. The mi- 1565-1567). During this short period he built this great

19) Ali Mu barak, al- Khiıat, Vol. 5, p. 75; Abdel Ghahin Bin !smail al-Nabulsy, al-Hakika we al-Majaz, Cairo, 1986, p. 277. 20) Max van Berchem, Materiaux pour un corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum, Premiere Partie, Egypte, Paris, 1903, T. ı, p. 605. 21) Mahmud Pasha waqfdocument, Awqaf's Archive, documenl N• 1022. 370 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

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Fig. 9. The mosque and maus oleum of al-Irlan (1770). Plan. Scale: 1/ 100. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 371

,...... it ...ı ·~· ~ '1::1.. :· ·. . ı: \ ·~ .~... <> s.~ >... ~ ..a ..u o ·;.. 1 (.) .: . oı:ı. c a: (.) c:)... ci> ~ 372 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

mosque and mausoleum. Also he owned two great pa­ are two other casement windows in the southern wall. laccs, khan~, houses and vast fanns in different places The mausoleum measures 4 x 4 m. There is a mihrab in Cairo. Mahmud Pasha bequested in his waqf deed niche in the south wall flanked by low casement to be buried in his mosque. This will was respected.22 windows. W e enter the mausoleum through a door at Mahmud Pasha 's waqf deed d id not deseribe his rnos­ the left side of the nıihrab. The transition zone of the que and mausoleum, but it calls it turbe. The term turbe mausoleum's dome consistS of four corner arehes and in the Mamluke period was devoted to khanqah, also supports a cylindrical drum which is pierced by 12 the waqf deed stated the employmenıs of the mosque small windows alternated with the same number of and mausoleum and it includes appointment of sufis bii nd recesses. The transition zone is bevelled outSide and sufi sheikhs. Maybe he was intending to build cells in a pyramidal shape. This brick do me is plain of deco­ unit for sufism, but as he died accidentally, this was not ration from exterior and interior. The minaret is a possible. This mosque is the first Ottoman one in Cairo slender circular tower in the north western corner with a domed mausoleum behind the mihrab. It res­ aside the dome. It has a wooden balcony anda conical sembles in its scale the great religious foundations of pointed top. the great Mamluke Sultans, for instance the nearby Sultan Hasan Mamluke madrase, in two features: the THE MOSQUE AND MAUSOLEUM mausoleum beyand the nıihrab and the minaret leeat­ OF AL·IRIAN AND AL·A RROSY ing at the sanctuary corner nanking the dorne. 1184!1770 (Index 600) Mahmud Pasha is theonlyTurkish Govemerwho built a religious foundation at such a big scale Pl. 38). The Located at Souk ai-Zalat street in Bab-al Shairia domcd rnausoleurn measures 6,82 x 6,82 m., the en­ Quarter (Pl. 40), this mosque has been erected by trance is in theqibla wall. At the left side of themihrab, Sheikh Ahmed al-lrian, 1184/1770. lt i ncludes a do med the d omerestson stalactites and is plain of interior and mausoleum, asabil anda laı.ttab. Afterwards be addcd extcrior decoration (Pl. 38). Inside this mausoleum tombs for Ahmed al-Arrosy (the sheikh of al-Azhar) there are three simple marble sarcophagus, the big one and his family. The main facade is the northern one, for Mahmud Pasha, the others for unk:nown persons. the mausoleum being Iocated at i ts western corner, the They are crowned by little turbans. sabil surmounted by thelaı.ttab (PI. 14). The main entran ce is at the western end of the fa­ THE MOSQUE AND MAVSOLBUM cade. It is a trilobed arebed portal framed with bands OF ALT/ BARMAQ of carved stone with repetitive arabesque, these bands 1033/1623 (Index 126) or frames decorating the whole facade of the mosque, rnausoleum, sabil andlaı.ttab. lt is one ofthe most high­ This mosque is located at Ghandour street from ly decorated facades in Ottoman Cairo (Pls 40-41). Souk al Silah street. The do med mausoleum is located The porta! leading to the dergah measures 1,25 x beyond the qibla walllike those of Sultan Hasan Marn­ 2,10 m. Then we climb a few steps leading to the corri­ luke madrase, 1356-61, and Mahmud Pasha mosque, dor, the level of which being a Iittle higher than the 1567. mosque ground. The mausoleum is situated at the end The mosque measures U,68 x 13,18 m. I ts interior of this corridor. The sanctuary measures 3,85 x 3,85 consists of three arcades by two rows of octagon stone (Fig. 9). The square roof is supported by three rows of columns, these colurnns supponing pointed arehes colurnns, and slightly pointed arehes are paraBed to which consists the arcades. The arcades are perpen­ qibla wall, so that the mosque consists offour arcades dicular to the qibla wall (Fig. 8). The mosque is light­ supporting the ceiling, in the center of wbich is a ened by fo ur pairs of windows in the north fa ca de, fo ur square pavilion lantern to adınit light. candie windows above four casemen ıs (Pl. 39). There

22) AI-Öabarti, 'Aga'ib al-Aıar, vol. 1, pp 282-284. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 373

Pl. 25. The funerary complex of Redwan al-Razaz (L168/1675).

Pl. 26. A tombin Hosh al-Raıaz. 374 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

PL 27. al-Razaı tomb stone. Pl. 28. Tombs tone in Hos h al-Ra zaı.

IV. THE HOSHS (FUNERARY WALLED ENCLOSURES)

Thchoshs or the funerary courtyards are one of the HOSH AL-SINARY OSMAN BEYABOU-SIF oldest types of the funerary buildings. There were 1166/1753 (Index 390) hoshs in Cairo cemeteries in the earlier Islamic period, but what is inside the hosh differs from one period to This hosh belongs to type ı. lt has only two mo­ another. Sametimes there were domed mausoleums numental tombs but there are many new tombs inside inside the hosh, or just graves without b uildings, only it. One of these monumental tombs is an open canopy stone sarcophagus above the graves. The main reason style (Pl. 42). It consists of a stone platform measuring of that walled enclosure is to define the properties in 3,80 x 3,80 m., its height 1 m., plain of any kin d of dec­ the cemetery. The dominating funerary structure in oration or inscriptions. At the comer of this platform Cairo Ottoman hosh were canopy tombs. Some of there are four marble columns supporting semi-circu­ these hosh have very highly decorated open canopy lar archs. Thecolumns are 2,70 m. heigh, these four ar­ tombs. W e can classify thehosh in two types: I rectan­ ches supporting pyramidal roof and the arehes being gular o r square walled enclosure includes the tombs. II crowned with trilobed crestings. Over the platform walled enclosure but with halis, rooms and sabil aside there is a sarcophagus covered with decorated marble i ts main enırance for the funerary use. plates (PI. 43) and topped with two tombstones, one of STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 375

PL 29. Tbe funerary compJex of Suleiman Agha al Hanafy (1206/1792).

Pl. 30. The western facade of Sulayman Agha Mausoleum. 376 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 31. The sarcophagus of Sulayman Agba. Pl. 32. The mausoleum of Sidi Saria inside Sulayman Pasha mosque (935/1528). them inscribed with Holy Quran and the Unification HOSH AL MATARABAZ, 1183/1769 sentence "There is no God except Allah. Mohammed is God's· Prophet". The other tombstone bears the This hosh belongs to Mohammed Mamwa al Ma­ name of Osman Kashif, follower of Amir al-liva Qasim tarabaz (the broker) and is located in the north side of Bey and the date of his death, 1207 H. Mamluks cemetery. This hosh is not registered in the The second monumental tomb in this hosh has a index of Cairo Islamic Monuments, It consists of a platform which measures 3,80 x 3,80, i ts height 93 cm. walled enclosure measuring 35 x 45 m. The walls height It has lost its roof and columns, but the sarcophagus is 2,80 m. The portat is situated in the west side. There stili exist with i ts decoration and inscription. The plat­ is no annex building in it It lost also its monumental form is decorated with three medallions in the long tombs. The foundation board stili exist with the name si des and one in each of the short sides. Each medal­ of al Matarabaz and the date of erection, 1183/1769. lion has a vase with Turkish flowers. The inscription of The walls are crowned with trilobed crestings (Pl. 44). the feet stone includes Holy Quran recitence "all on the earth will be died" and the Unification sentence. HOSH AL QA.ZDVGHLIA The head sto ne inscriptions i ncludes the name ofAbou 1187/1773 (Index 385) Seif "The Governor of Jerja city" and the date of his death 1166/1752. Situated ıso m. north. Imam Shafii mausoleum, this hosh has a walled enclosure with an open kiosk STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 377

J 1

Pl. 33. Turbans topping the tombstones in Sulayman Pasha mosque.

Pl. 34. Tomb ins ide the mosque of Su layman Pasha. 378 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

PI. 35. The dome of Chahln al-Khalwaty (945/1538). PJ. 36. Inside lbe mosque or Chabin ai-Kbalvaty. over its entrance as AI..Öabarti stated.23 Al-Gabarti This tomb has three marble sarcophagus covered caJled it Qasr. We think that this Qasr was a canopy with highly decorated marble plates. Their decoration hall over the entrance but it is ruined now. It was is in pure Turkish style. The tombstone of Ali bey al­ erected by lbrahim Katbuda al-Qazdughli, one of the Kabir bears the date of his death, 1187. The other famous Mamluke families (Qazdughlia) in Ottoman tombstone bears the name of Isınail Beyal-Kabir and history ofEgypt.24 The tomb of Ibrahim Katbuda and the date of his death, 23 sha 'ban 1205. This tom b is other menumental canopy tombs are inside this hosh. now under restcration (Pl. 45). There are the tombs of the most famous Amirs in the history of Ottoman Cairo: Ali Bey al-Kabir, died 1187/ HOSH OF IBRAHIM BEYAL-KABIR 1773, and Isınail Bey al-Kabir, died 1205/1792. (THE GREAT) These double canopy tombs consists of stone 1188/1774 plinth measuring 7,30 x 7,10 m. with three pairs of marble columns. The.columns support semicircular ar­ This hosh is not incJuded in the index of Cairo ches on which there isa double pyramidal roof. The ar­ monuments. We publish it for the first time. It was ches are cn~wned with trilobed crestings. The arehes erectedby IbrahimBeyal-Kabir (the Great) during the and the crestings are of stone, but the pyramidal roof period of Khalil Pasha, the Turkish governor of Egypt is made ofbrick. (1187-1188/1773-1774). Khalil Pasha was the official

23) Op. cil., p. 283. 24) Unknown author, Khulaset mayurad min akJıabar al-Amir Murad, manuscript in Paris National Library, Arabic department of ma · nuscripts, N• 1859, p. 126; Ahmed al-Rashidy, Hosen al-Safa wa-l-lbtihaj, Cairo, 1978, p. 221; Al-Gabarti, op. cit., cal. ı. p. 440. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 379

Pl. 37. The ruJns of Chabin al-Khalwaty Mosque mausoleum and Khankah.

Pt. 38. The mosque and mausoleum of Mahmud Pasha (975/1568). 380 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 39. The mosque and mausoleum of Altı Parmak (1033/1623). governor but the actual governor was Ibrahim Bey. architectural importance. It represents the type ofhosh Ibrahim Bey was one of Mo hammed Abou al-Dahab's with annex buildings: sabit, hallsfor reciting the Holy Mamluks. He alternated the job of sheikh al-baled Quran (PI. 47), and maybe there was a canopy over the (Cairo governor) with Murad Bey until the Prench Ex­ entrance as al-Gabarti deseribed Qazdughlia hosh. pedition in 1798. During that expedition Ibrahim Bey Over the sabifs window there is a foundation board escaped to Upper Egypt where he stayed until the (PI. 48). It registered the date of ereetion in ı 184/1774. French withdrawal. Inside this hosh there are many new tom bs anda mo­ Ibrahim remained the strong person in Egypt un til numental one belonging to Amir Ali Agha Jundian, Mohammed Ali became the governor of Egypt. He follower of Mohammed Bey Abou al-Dahab (Pl. 49). then escaped to Sudan where he lived until his death Ali Agha diedin 1189/1775. His tomb has a marble sar­ in 1232/1816. His wife Zelikha Hanem, sister of Abou cophagus decorated in Turkish style. al-Dahab, brought his body to be buried in Cairo. This hosh is located east of the religious funerary AB. complex of Sultan al Aslıraf Qaytbay {Pl. 46). It has an STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 381

Pl. 40. Tbe mosque and ~ausoleum of al-Irian (1184 B/1770).

Pl. 41. Tbe facade of al-lıian Sahil and Kuttab. 382 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BAD R

Pl. 42. Canopy tom b inside H osb aJ-Sinary (1166/1 753).

Pl. 43. Delatı of Pl. 42 STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 383

.Pl. 44. Hosh al-Matarabaz In Mamluks cemetery ( 1183/ 1769).

PJ. 45. The canopy tomb of All Beyai-Kabir (1187/1773). 384 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR

Pl. 46. The hosh of Ibrahlm Bey a l-Kablr (1188/1774 ).

Pl. 47. I n side the hol·h o tlbrahlm Bey ai-Kabir. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO 385

PJ. 48. The foundation board of Hos h Ihrahim Bey a l-Kablr.

PJ. 49. The tomb of Ali Agha inside Hosh Ihrahim Bey al-Kabir.