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Cimetleres ET TRADITIONS FUNERAIRES DANS LE MONDE ISLAMIQUE

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Cimetleres ET TRADITIONS FUNERAIRES DANS LE MONDE ISLAMIQUE ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU TÜRK TARİH KURUMU YAYlNLARI XXVI. Dizi - Sa. 6 CIMETlERES ET TRADITIONS FUNERAIRES DANS LE MONDE ISLAMIQUE ISLAM• A DUNYASINDA•• MEZARLIKLAR VE DEFİN GELENEKLERİ I Actes du Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique organise par l'Universite Mimar Sinan sous les auspices du Comite International d'Etudes Pre-ottomanes et Ottomanes, en collaboration avec la Societe d'Histoire Turque, I'Institut de Recherche sur I'Histoire, la Civilisation et l'Art lslamiques (IRCICA) et I'Institut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes. Osmanlı ve Osmanlı Öncesi Araştırmalan Uluslararası Komitesi Himayesi Altında Türk Tarih Kurumu, İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültürü Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA) ve Fransız Anadolu Araştırmaları Enstitüsü İşbirliğiyle Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen Fransız Ulusal Bilimsel Araştırma Merkezi (CNRS) Uluslarara s ı Kollokyumunun Bildiriler Kitabı. İstanbul, 28-30 Eylül 1 septembre 1991 Edites par Jean-Louis BACQuE-GRAMMONT et Aksel TİBET tarafından yayına hazırlanmıştır Composes et mis en pages par l'Institut Français d'lhudes Anatoliennes Dizgisi ve sayfa düzeni Fransız Anadolu Araştırmaları Enstitüsü tarafından yapılmıştır Publies par la Societe d'Histoire Turque Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından yayınlamıştır TÜRK TARİli KURUMU BASIMEVİ- ANKARA ı 9 9 6 Hamza Abdel Aziz BADR STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTTOMAN CAIRO W e can confirm that in spite of the im portance of be visited by many people, in achieving that they adjoin the funerary b uildings in Ottoman Cairo there was no these tombs to mosques and madrases sometimes, or serious study of it. There was no even survey for the other times they adjoin kuttab, sabil, zawia or ribat to Turkish tombs and mausoleums in Cairo different ce­ the tombs and mausoleums so these funerary buidings meteries. The waqf documents in Cairo archives are implore pity to the builders, they increased the benev­ full of infarınations about these funerary b uildings and alence trend and played an im portant social function, their social functions as these b uildings had many em­ therefore they achieve the aims of their builders in ployees, teaching orphans and offering water either both the world to come and the world that is. within the city or in its different cemeteries. So these buildings played an important part in the social se­ TERMS AND STRUCTURE curity of that period, which wc can consider a spiritual trend equal to the architectural trend of the b uildings There are different terrns for the funerary build­ itself, while the Turkish Ottomans did not erect the ings such as: turbe, tomb, mausoleum, dome, mashhad, tombs or mausoleums within the mosques, complying grave, marqad (holy bed) and maqam. In Arabic lan­ in that with the Islamic Sunnite instructions, wc found guage there aresome 25 terms for the funerary build­ them in Egypt neglect such instructions, they follow ings, some of these terms used for the tomb's building the local traditions in adjoining the mausoleums to the itself while the others have no relation between the mosques or to enter them within the mosques, and that s hape of the tomb or mausoleum and the term, also the trend was in different architectural styles inspite of its use of these terrns differs from a writer to another, strong forbiddance in Islam. lt is forbidden to ineJude whatever it was famous in Egypt the term magam, mausoleums within mosques or to built mosques over "mausoleuın", to point out to the tombs of the tombs. The lslamic famous four creeds forbid that Prophet's descendants and saints. W e find in Cairo Ot­ completely. toman documents the term turbe or madfan were very Inspite of such sttong forbiddance the Muslims in usually used for the funerary building of the ordinary all over the world built luxury mausoleums and they people whatever the shape of the building domed or were very accomplished in d eecrating the mausoleums undo med. of Sultans, Amirs and other state and relegious men, As the previous terms did not conform or point to there was a competition between the patrens to built specific types of funerary building I classified the funer­ luxury and highly elaborated tombs and mausoleums ary building in Ottoman Cairo according to its archi­ for themselves or for the Prophet's descendants and tectural styles in four groups as follows. the other saints. Frequently the tombs were ina relig­ ious atmesphere and their buil ders tried to make them 350 HAMZA ABD EL AZIZ BADR I. SINGLE TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS This group can also be classified in two different styles: the first one local s tyle which is just square single do med mausoleums. The other type is the open canopy tombs. It is a style of the funerary architecture un­ konwn in Egypt before the Ottoman period. It became the popular style of the tombs b uildings in Cairo .ce­ meteries. These canopy tombs were single or inside walled enclosures. /~ / A. THE LO CAL TYPE 1 OF CAIRO OTTOMAN MAUSOLEUMS THE MAVSOLBUM OF AL-QULSHANI 1 1519-1524 / ~/ lt is the first funerary foundation established in Cairo after the Ottoman conquest in 1517. This mau­ soleum situated opposite to the Mamluke funerary complex of Sultan al-Muayyad was inside walled enclo­ sure and included mausoleum,takiyya (tekke), mosque and other structures as it is designated by Ihrahim al­ Qulshani waqf deed. Qulshani mausoleum is square Fig. ı. The mausoleum of al-Kulshani (1519-24). Plan scale: l/100. chamber measuring 5,75 x 5,75 m, covered by a dome on stalactite triangle pendentives (Fig. 1). The base, the wne of transition and the dome itself are all of carved stone. It is close to the great Mamluke mauso­ leums, the entrance enhanced by a shallow trilobed re­ cess, it is in the middle of the south-western taeade which is covered with Turkish style tiles of various types (Pl. ı). THE MAVSOLBUM OF SHAIKH SAUD 941/1534 (Index 516) This mausoleum is located at Suwaiqat al-Izzi in Souk as-Silah (Weapons market) Quarter (Pl. 2). Its little square chamber measures 4x 4 m, covered with brick d ome on stalactite pendentives w hile the walL" it­ self are of carved stone. The mausoleum portal is en­ hanced by shallow semicircular recess. The interior of the dome is plain of any decoration, but i ts exterior is covered with green til es of Mamluke style, The span­ sor of this tomb is Sulayınan Pasha the governor of Egypt (931-941/1525-2535 and 943-945/1536-1538) as it is deseribed in his waqf deed.1 This tomb inspite of Pl. ı. The mausoleum of a Kulsbani (926/ 1519). its modesty is close to the·local origins. 1) Suleiroan Pas ha waqfdocuroent W 1074, copy in Awqaf M inistry Arehive for the origin in Egyptian Na tional Archive, datecl941 H. STYLES OF TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN OTI'OMAN CAIRO 351 Pl. 2. The mausoleum of Sheikh Saud (941/1534). Fig. 2. The mausoleum of Amir Sulayman (1540). Plan scale: 1/100). THE MAUSOLEUM OF AMIR SULAYMAN tarnan funerary architecture in Cairo. It is faithful to 951/1544 (Index 124) the Mamluke roots. We can compare it with that of Qanibay al-Rammah, 1503 A.D., near Cairo citadel This mausoleum is located in Cairo eastern ce­ (Index 136) (Pl. 4). metery (Mamlukes desert), at a distance of 250 m to the west of khanqah of Sultan Faraj Ibn Barquq. THE MAUSOLEUM OF SHAIKH SINAN It is a carved stone structure: the base is square 994/1585 (Index 41) 5,03 x 5,03 m. (Fig. 2); the zone of transition consists of five stories of stalactites and the carved s to ne dome. This mausoleum is located in Darb Qurrniz near The door of the mausoleum is in the middle of the Nahassin street It is a curious structure consisting of south eastem facade. It is axial atthemihrab. The foun­ an irregular chamber covered with two domes, a cen­ dation inscription on the entrance has been vanished, tral one and a smail one in front of the mihrab (Pl. 6). and the interior inscriptions were painted and fadded We must descend eight steps to reach the entrance too so we could not confırm if this mausoleum belongs which is in the middle of the western facade inside are­ to Sulayınan Pas ha the governor or to one of the Turk­ cess enhanced with a trilobed arch (Pl. 5). Above the ish Amirs in Egypt during this period. entrance the foundation inscription bears the name of The structure is ona stone plinth, the walls thick­ Sheikh Sinan and the date of erection (841 H.). Aside ness 93 cm, and i ts height up to the zone of transition the entrance are two cartouches with Holy Koran in- 6,25 m. The walls are decorated from outside by verıi­ • scriptions. The central d ome is plain of decora tion, but cal recesses enhanced by stalactites, and the drum of the smail one in front of the mihrab has a geometrical the dome covered by Turkish tiles with white Holy ornament. The mausoleum with its two domes is very Koran inscriptions ona blue background. The pointed strange to the Egyptian Ottoman mausoleums. It re­ s to ne dome covered with carved arabesque decoration sembles the Fatimid mausoleum of Yahia al-Shabih (Pl. 3). This mausoleum is the masterpiece of the Ot- near Imam Shafi, 542/1147.2 2) K.A.C. Creswell, TheMuslimArchitectureofEgypı, 2nd edition, Oxford , 1962, Vol. I, pp. 268·269. 352 HAMZA ABDEL AZIZ BADR P l. 3. Th e m a usoleum of Amir S ul ay ın an (951/1544).
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