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Historia De La Filosofía Segunda Parte Josef Estermann CURSO INTEGRAL DE FILOSOFÍA DESDE AMÉRICA LATINA 3 HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA SEGUNDA PARTE 2001 AMOR A LA SABIDURÍA CURSO INTEGRAL DE FILOSOFÍA DESDE AMÉRICA LATINA Josef Estermann TOMO III HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA II 1ra. Edición en Perú: Editorial Salesiana, Av. Brasil 210, 1996 Lima 5, Telf.: 423 5782. Lima Perú. 1ra. Edición en Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala 2001 Av. 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Telf.: 562-633 / 506-267 Fax: 506-255 / 506-267 Casilla 17-12-719 E-mail: [email protected] Quito-Ecuador Autoedición: Abya-Yala Editing Quito-Ecuador ISBN: 9978-04-693-3 Impresión: Producciones digitales Abya-Yala Quito-Ecuador ÍNDICE GENERAL PRESENTACIÓN............................................................................................................................................................... 9 C. LA HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA................................................................................................................................. 11 3.5.LA ILUSTRACIÓN........................................................................................................................................... 11 3.5.1. Características generales de la Ilustración ........................................................................................ 11 3.5.2. La Ilustración Inglesa ....................................................................................................................... 12 3.5.3. La Ilustración Francesa..................................................................................................................... 13 3.5.3.1. El escepticismo de Pierre Bayle ......................................................................................... 13 3.5.3.2. La teoría política de Montesquieu ..................................................................................... 14 3.5.3.3. El hilozoísmo de Maupertuis ............................................................................................. 14 3.5.3.4. El genio ilustrado de Voltaire............................................................................................. 14 3.5.3.5. El sensismo de Condillac................................................................................................... 15 3.5.3.6. El egoísmo ilustrado de Helvecio ...................................................................................... 15 3.5.3.7. La Enciclopedia de Diderot y d’Alembert.......................................................................... 15 3.5.3.8. El materialismo ilustrado ................................................................................................... 16 3.5.4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)................................................................................................. 16 3.5.4.1. Vida y obra........................................................................................................................ 17 3.5.4.2. Regreso a la naturaleza ..................................................................................................... 17 3.5.4.3. El contrato social............................................................................................................... 17 3.5.4.5. La voluntad general........................................................................................................... 18 3.5.4.6. Moral y educación ............................................................................................................ 18 3.5.5. La Ilustración Alemana..................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.5.1. El racionalismo de Wolf .................................................................................................... 19 3.5.5.2. El deísmo de Lessing ......................................................................................................... 20 3.5.5.3. La crítica de la ilustración ................................................................................................. 20 3.5.6. Ilustración: resumen esquemático .................................................................................................... 21 3.6. LA FILOSOFIA TRASCENDENTAL DE KANT ................................................................................................. 21 3.6.1. Vida y escritos de Kant..................................................................................................................... 21 3.6.1.1. Vida................................................................................................................................... 21 3.6.1.2. Escritos.............................................................................................................................. 22 3.6.2. La filosofía kantiana pre-crítica ........................................................................................................ 22 3.6.3. El problema crítico........................................................................................................................... 23 3.6.4. La crítica de la pura razón ............................................................................................................... 24 3.6.4.1. Los juicios sintéticos a priori ............................................................................................. 24 3.6.4.2. La división de la Crítica de la Razón Pura......................................................................... 26 3.6.4.3. La estética trascendental .................................................................................................. 26 3.6.4.4. La analítica trascendental .................................................................................................. 27 3.6.4.5. Dialéctica trascendental .................................................................................................... 27 3.6.5. La crítica de la razón práctica.......................................................................................................... 29 3.6.5.1. El formalismo kantiano...................................................................................................... 30 3.6.5.2. El deber y el imperativo categórico ................................................................................... 31 3.6.5.3. Los postulados de la razón práctica .................................................................................. 32 3.6.6. Kant y la religión ............................................................................................................................. 33 3.6.7. El impacto de Kant........................................................................................................................... 33 3.6.8. Filosofía Kantiana: resumen esquemático......................................................................................... 33 3.7. EL IDEALISMO ALEMÁN ............................................................................................................................... 34 3.7.1. Introducción .................................................................................................................................... 34 3.7.2. El idealismo subjetivo de Fichte (1762 -1814).................................................................................. 35 3.7.2.1. Vida y escritos .................................................................................................................. 35 4 CURSO INTEGRAL DE FILOSOFÍA 3.7.2.2. La filosofía como doctrina de la ciencia............................................................................ 35 3.7.2.3. La filosofía como ética ...................................................................................................... 37 3.7.2.4. La filosofía como teología racional.................................................................................... 38 3.7.3. El idealismo objetivo de Schelling (1775-1854) ............................................................................... 39 3.7.3.1. Vida y escritos ................................................................................................................... 39 3.7.3.2. Filosofía de la naturaleza................................................................................................... 40 3.7.3.3. Idealismo trascendental..................................................................................................... 40 3.7.3.4. Filosofía del Arte ............................................................................................................... 41 3.7.3.5. Filosofía del Absoluto........................................................................................................ 41 3.7.4. El idealismo absoluto de Hegel (1770- 1831) .................................................................................. 41 3.7.4.1. Vida y escritos ................................................................................................................... 42 3.7.4.2. Rasgos generales de la filosofía hegeliana ......................................................................... 43 3.7.4.3. La fenomenología del espíritu ........................................................................................... 44 3.7.4.4. La lógica o el Absoluto en-y-para-sí .................................................................................. 45 3.7.4.5. La filosofía de la naturaleza o el Absoluto-en-sí ...............................................................
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