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Reindeer· Forage Plants in .The Early Grazing Season

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Reindeer· Forage Plants in .The Early Grazing Season ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 70 EDIDIT SVENSKA VAXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET Kristina Warenberg ,. Reindeer· forage plants in .the� early grazing season Growth and nutritional content in relation to climatic conditions . - � UPPSALA 1982 ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 70 EDIDIT SVENSKA VAXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET Kristina arenberg W Reindeer forage plants in the early grazing season Growth and nutritional content in relation to climatic conditions Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm UPPSALA 1982 Suggested citation: Warenberg, K., 1982. Reindeer fo rage plants in the early grazing season. Growth and nutritional content in relation to climatic conditions. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 70. Uppsala. ISBN 91-72 10-070-2 (paperback) ISBN 91-72 10-470-8 (cloth) ISSN 0084-5914 Doctoral thesis at Uppsala University 1982. <0 Kristina Warenberg 1982 Svenska Vaxtgeografiska Sallskapet Box 559, S-75 1 22 Uppsala Editor: Erik Sjogren Technical editor: Gunnel Sjors Phototypesetting by Textgruppen i Uppsala AB Printed in Sweden 1982 by Borgstroms Tryckeri AB, Motala Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. A rea of investigation 3 2. 1 Survey of vegetation 3 2.2 The reindeer range 5 2.3 General climatic conditions 5 3. Climate investigations 8 3.1 Methods 8 3.2 Air temperature 11 3.3 Soil temperature 15 Station 1 15, Station 2 17, Station 3 19 3.4 Measurements of snow and frost depths 21 Snow depth 21, Frost depth 21 3.5 Additional remarks and discussion 22 4. Winter grazing 25 5. Shoot development of evergreens and semi-evergreen species 27 5.1 Earlier investigations 2 7 5.2 Own investigations 28 Methods 28, Anthoxanthum odoratum 29, Carex aquatilis 30, Carex bigelowii 30, Carex lasiocarpa 33, Deschampsia caespi- tosa 33, Deschampsia flexuosa 34, Eriophorum angustifolium and E. vaginatum 35, Festuca vivipara 38, Festuca ovina 38, Juncus trifidus 38, Luzula pilosa 39, Molinia caerulea 40, Nardus stricta 42, Scirpus caespitosus 42, Comarum pa- lustre 43, Menyanthes trifoliata 43, Vaccinium myrtillus 44, Other species investigated 44 5.3 Summing-up of results 45 6. Biomass of some semi-evergreen species 4 7 6. 1 Methods 4 7 6.2 Results 48 6.3 Comparison with other investigations 53 7. Nutrient contents of some reindeer grazing plants 56 7. 1 Method and material 56 7.2 Results and comparison with other investigations 57 7.3 Discussion and summing-up of results 61 8. Discussion of environmental fa ctors, early growth, production, and grazing 64 8.1 Influence of snow on light conditions 64 8.2 Influence of snow on temperature conditions 64 8.3 Influence of environmental conditions on the early growth 65 8.4 Production conditions and grazing 66 References 69 Acta phytogeogr. suec. 70 Abstract Warenberg, Kristina, 1982. Reindeer forage plants in the early grazing season. Growth and nutritional content in relation to climatic conditions. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 70 Upp­ sala. 76 pp. The aims of this investigation were to elucidate how plants grazed by reindeer in the early spring survive the winter and develop their shoots and leaves, to study the environmental factors, mainly the local climate, which influence the early development of new biomass, and to determine the contents of nutrients (protein, sugar and minerals) in spring and autumn material. The area of investigation was the reindeer range at Ottfjallet, the Lapp community of Handolsdalen, W Jamtland, Sweden, where a large enclosure was operated partly for experimental purposes during the 1970's. Two sub-areas were studied, one in the forest and one in the alpine heathland. Local meteorology included year-long temperature determination above ground and in soil profiles and observation of snow conditions and the remarkably low intensity of soil frost under the sometimes very deep snow. Most forage plants showed some winter development beneath the snow but grew most rapidly during and after the thaw. Some plants were regarded as semi-evergreen. Quantitative investigations were made on the available above-ground biomass of four species before, during and following the snow-melt. The nutrient content and other results and their importance to reindeer are discussed at the end of the paper. Kristina Warenberg, Institute of Ecological Botany, Box 559, S-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden. BapJH6epr, KpHCTHHa, 1982. KopMOBbie pacreHH.RP.n.R oneneR B BecenneM nacr6HWHOM ceJone. Hx pocr H nHrarenbHbie cBoRcrBa B JaBHCHMOCTH or KnHMaTH'leCKHX ycnoBHR. B pa6oTe CTaB�TCH uenb 06nHCH�Tb, KaK�M o6pa30M paCTeH�H, Ha KOTO­ pblX nacyTCH oneH� paHHe� BeCHO�, nepe��Ba�T 3�MY � KaK�M o6pa30M pa3B�Ba�TCH �X no6er� � n�CTbH; �3Y4�Tb �aKTOphl OKpy�a�we� Cpenw, npe�ne scero MeCTHhl� Kn�MaT, sn�H�W�� Ha pa3B�T�e 6�oMaccw;�ccne­ nosaTb conep�aH�e n�TaTenbHbiX sewecTB/npoTe�Ha,caxapa � M�Hepanb­ Hwx 3neMeHTOB/ B seceHHeM � oceHHeM MaTep�anax. �ccnenosaH�H npo­ son�n�cb Ha oneHe� �epMe Xa�n3nbcnaneHc CaM36w B npoB�HU�� 3an. EMTnHHn B Wseu��, rne B 1970 r. 6wna co3naHa KpynHaH �3roponb, 4aCT�4HO nnH 3Knep�MeHTanbHhlX uene�. HccnenosaH�H 6wn� nposeneHw Ha nsyx nony4aCTKaX-B neCHOM � ropHOM BepeCKOBOM pa�OHaX. MecTHhle MeTepeonor�4eCK�e �ccnenosaH�H 6wn� HanpasneHwe Ha �3y- 4eH�e TeMnepaTypw Bo3nyxa � no4Bhl, a TaK�e Ha Ha6n�QeH�H rny6oK�x cnoeB cHera � Me3nOTW non �Horna 04eHb rny6oK�M cHerou. Y 6onw�Hc­ TBa KOpMOBblX paCTe�� Ha6n�nanOCb HeKOTOpOe pa3B�T�e B 3�MH�X ycno­ B�HX non cHeroM, Ho, OH� pocn�, onHaKo, 6wcTpee so speMH � nocne TaHH�H CHera. HeKOTOphle B�nhl MO�HO OTHeCT� K npOUBeTa�W�M 3MO� /Be4H03eneHwM/. 6wn� nposeneHw Kon�4eCTBeHHwe �ccnenosaH�R noaepx­ HOCTHoA 6�0MaCChl y 4eTwpex B�nOB pacTeH�� nepen, BO BpeMH � nocne TaHH�R cHera. B 3aKn�4�TenbHO� 4aCT� n�ccepTau�� paccMaTp�Ba�TCR n�TaTenbHbie � npyr�e pe3ynbTaTw, a TaK�e �x 3Ha4eH�e nna oneHe�. Acta phytogeogr. suec. 70 1. Introduction Since the spring of 1970 I have studied the grazing Aims of the investigation by reindeer on the Ottfjallet reindeer range, (1) How do the plants prepare for the winter? Is Handolsdalen Lapp community. The aims of earli­ there shoot development beneath the snow and er investigations were to make a vegetation map in how do the shoots develop during and following order to study where the most attractive types of the snow-melt? reindeer pasture were situated. A study of the (2) Which environmental factors influence the de­ semi-evergreen plants from which the reindeer velopment of the plants? obtain their food requirement during the late win­ (3) How does the biomass change during the ter and early spring was undertaken during the period of snow-melt? spring of 1972. The results of the investigation du­ (4) How large are the contents of protein, sugar ring 1970- 1974 were published in Warenberg and minerals in spring and autumn material? (1977). The later investigations concerned the shoot de­ At the start I had intended to extend my investiga­ velopment of several species grazed by the rein­ tions outside the Ottfjallet reindeer range so as to deer. The primary aim was to elucidate the deve­ enable the results to become of greater practical lopment in such species that produce new shoots use to the reindeer herders. However, this could early in the spring while still covered by snow . I not be achieved in the time available. Instead, the have called these plants semi-evergreen but the investigations concentrated on the shoot's rate of transition to evergreen is diffuse. The new shoots growth following the snow-melt. are believed to provide the reindeer with valuable The intention had also been to investigate how protein and carbohydrate during the critical period much of the plant's biomass over-wintered, but in the late winter and early spring. The availability this was modified to comprise the changes in the of these nutrients is of particularly great import­ biomass of certain species during and after the ance for the female as calving approaches. The snow-melt. investigations also include chemical analyses of the Nomenclature content of crude protein, sugar (inredos) and The nomenclature for vascular plants follows Lid minerals in the plants. (1974) and for lichens Dahl & Krog (1973). A eta phytogeogr. suec. 70 2 Kristina Warenberg N Fig. 1. Site of the investigation area and the rein­ * * deer grazing areas for the Handolsdalen Lapp * * * community, Jamtland and Harjedalen. * * 1 * * * * * * * * * *** ** : * ** * * * * * * t AMTLAND * J * * * * * * * ' * ' * ' * * HARJEDALEN \ * * * * * / The Ottfjallet reindeer * .. ' * �',, ,_ range * * � * § Snow- free grazing � Winter grazing 50 100 km N i 0 2 3km Fig. 2. Map of the southern part of the Ottfjallet reindeer range. Sub-area A = Investigation area in the coniferous forest. Sub-area B = Investigation area above tree limit (cf. Warenberg 1977). A eta phytogeogr. suec. 70 2. Area of investigation The investigations were conducted at the Ottfjallet phorum fens are important as they contain abundant reindeer range, Handolsdalen Lapp community in Carex spp., Eriophorum spp., and Scirpus caespitosus, all of which are grazed by the reindeer. On parts of the western Jamtland (Fig. 1). The reindeer range was fens the reindeer can find Menyanthes trifoliata and started in 1970 but ceased its activities in 1979 fairly large quantities of Comarum palustre. when most of the stock was sold to Norwegian in­ Most of the sub-area above the tree limit (B in Fig. 2), terests (Warenberg 1980). belongs to the low alpine belt but partly also to the The investigations upon which the present paper middle alpine belt. The last-mentioned belt begins at the upper limit of Vaccinium myrtillus. A Carex bigelowii is based were conducted between 1974 and 1979 heath dominates here. Frequent species are Carex and cover parts of the reindeer range (A and B in Fig. 2). A number of complementary investiga­ tions were conducted during the spring of 1980.
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